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* Literary JVebv* and Criticism A Stud?/ of the Causes of Our War icith Spain. THE KHLATTOXS OF THK UNITED STATES AND SPAIN. DIPLOMACY. By French Ensor Chadwlck. Rear Ad miral. U. S. N. >vo. pp. ix. t2O. Charles Scribner*s Sons. The man of action as historian and philosopher has not hitherto been un known to our literature or to that of other lands, and more than once his personality l:as been that of a naval of ficer, In line fulfilment of the ideal which T\as set for members of that service by the founder of the American navy. The present incursion of a veteran sea tighter Into the field of letters is peculiarly ap propriate, anal its result is more than ordinarily pratifying. There is probably no naval oflicer now living who Is more familiar with the circumstances and con ditions of our war with Spain from per sonal observation and participation than Rear Admiral Chadwick, and it is therefore fitting that he should be the - ••- - of a detailed review of those dip lomatic relation's of ours with Spain of which th«» war of ISO* was the logical end. humanly speaking, nil but in evitable culmination. For that Is the argument of ihe book before us, which th*> author maintains with a wealth of cited facts and with a cogency of deduc tion which will scarcely be challenged and which certainly will rot be success fully controverted. The folly, in which *ome have indulged, of attributing that •war to the destruction of the Maine or to other purely ephemeral Incident-; is authoritatively dismissed. The seeds of the conflict were planted in 1703; they germinated Just twenty years later and :he bitter harvest was finally garnered only twelve years ."-go. It was on February 10. 1763, that France, beaten in the war which is here ailed the "French and Indian" and in 'Europe the "Seven Years'," ceded to Er.e ;sinn the territory between the Alle jraanles and the Mississippi, and by **• treaty of cession declared the Mississippi from source to mouth free to the British for navigation on equal terms with the French. It was on the same day, too, Haul France ceded to Spain the territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, known in history as the Lou isiana Territory. Thus tho Spanish do minions and the British American col onies were brought into a contact pro ductive cf more or less incessant friction and irritation until 1% years later, when that contact was tally ended. Logically anfi morally Spain succeeded to the ob- Mpatlons as -• ■ V. as to th« authority of the French In Louisiana, and in ITS', the United States succeeded to the privileges of Great Britain hi the Northwest and Fonthwest territories. That. is to cay, the United States had a right to navi srate the Mississippi freely from source to mouth on equal terms with Spain. But there Is nothing more familiar in the history of those times than the tcrtuous efforts of Spain to deny and to nullify that right and to forbid its ex ercise. To that end her policy was di rected during the Revolution. On April 28. 1779. the eecretly allied herself with* France against England, and six days later offered England her alliance azahitt Prance, which latter being re lusetl, she declared war against England in aid of France but not In behalf of America. Again, on May 10. 17.80, she offered to ally herself with the United States if (Ml country would renounce its rights on the Mississippi, the- remem brance of which probably Inspired Jay to Us superb disregard of Congressional orders in making the treaty of peace of 1783. In our assertion in ITS: 1 , of our rights as the successor of Great Britain on the astern shore of tho Mississippi was the ct?rmination or th« seeds of trouble be tween the United States and Spain. There followed Spain* persistent efforts: to exclude us from that river and to in rlto sedition and secession in the West ern territories; the scoundrelism of "Wil kinson, th<i strenuous diplomacy of Pinckney. and finally the secret treaty of San Ildefonso as a counsel of Spain's despair. In the fulfilment or non-fuWl ment of that treaty Spain was ill used by France, for the purchase price for Louisiana was never paid and the solemn obligation of France not to resell the territory was soon repudiated. More over, our purchase of Louisiana, while it ♦-tided the Mississippi controversy, led to still further complications and contro versies with Spain, in which tile United States did not always show to advantage. The Yazoo business was bad enough in ITS:;. But that of West Florida was "•-ore, and it is gratifying to see that Admiral Chadwick dearly recognizes and frankly confuse* the fact. The United States* v.au -greatly in the wrong" he tolls us. One of Madison's dispatches, ■which was equally Jefferson's, was "a piece of pettifogging unworthy of high minded statesmen." The President and his Secretary of State and all the Cab inet were equally wrong "in the face of seemingly patent facts." It is true that the Spanish minister replied with notes «»f "a. rudeness which no government could tolerate," but hi« tone was Justi fied by the gross indignities which Spain had Buffered at our hands. The result pajsj that be was changed from a friend to an enemy of the United States, and relations between the two countries wore deeply embittered. Not the lca?t deplorable feature of those doings was that Texas was for th<; time lost to uk, the United States was diplomatically humiliated, and a legacy of woe was left to succeeding years. The Oalvcston and Amelia Island Incidents followed, and then the negotiations with De Or.fs and Vires, which were con ducted on our part by the man whom Admiral Chadwlek regards as, on tha v.hole, the greatest of American secre taries of State, and the acquisition of Eaj-t Florida was anally effected in circumstances which increased the •!• ready intense animosity between the two nations. Meantime another cause of offence arose In South America. In ISIS Adarr.s proposed to France the recog nition of South American independence, :m«3 thereby tstartled a government which at that very time was planning to L >>-it a. Bourbon prince as King of the Argen tine The Holy Alliance was askod by Spain to Intervene for the restoration «•> her of her Booth American provinces, and ft agroed to do so on condition thnt th*» United States would join it in the act. The United -• promptly and positively r/jfusftJ. and in so refusing Adams, !n July, IS2O, ll— laHlllLi. fore »!hadtw«d the JJ'snroe Doctrine. Then, in 1628, c£ir.e AxLams'e often quoted ob tvnazWa*. concerning ear policy toward * pa at Ports Rice, . ajju'n forecasting ret fell ... :;- ..■ '. L. •. ..- but alsc -tr.L' has tcpropliataly been calle-i »h*- Botk ■--:■.. fcJJcving this with his tzieJXiOf&bio -r-arnir.g to Paroa TuyJ, which, it la interesting to recall, the President and all the rest of the Cabinet regarded as needlessly offensive, and dan gerous, and last of all the Monroe Doc trine. Thus, in half a dozen years the antagonism between Spain and America was developed in all directions to What seemed the utmost degree compatible with the mnintenanee of peace. Then a change occurred. The "pecul iar institution" was at that time dom inant in American politics. The revolted provinces cf Spain, on establishing their independence, had abolished slavery, while Spain still retained it in Cuba and Porto Rico. Tho sympathies of pro slavery America, therefore, were trans ferred from the new republics to their former lord, and became for many years the bulwark of Spain's power in the re maining remnant of her American em pire. There can be no doubt that it was on that ground that Congress practically nullified Adams's wise policy in the mat ter of the Panama Congress, and thus began that course of aloofness from and disregard for the Central American states which has been discreditable and unprofitable to up and almost infinitely mischievous for them. When Polk and Buchanan sought the acquisition of Cuba they did so largely through apprehen sion lest Great Britain or France would get that island and abolish slavery there. The American guarantee of Spanish pos session of Cuba, which probably saved that island to Spain and which, invested this country with a peculiar privilege of remonstrance and advice to Spain there after, was doubtless in part inspired by the same motive. And so to the end of the rule of the pro-slavery faction at "Washington the hostility between Amer ica and Spain was held in abeyance. Promptly thereafter it again became acute. Our author reviews in detail and with judicial fairness the attitude of this country toward the various Cuban insur rections, and especially commends that of the Grant administration during the Ten Years' War. Beyond doubt the United States was used as a source of supplies and as a base of operations, but our government was never voluntarily or consciously a party to violations of neutrality. Spain had no more cause for complaint against us than she had for identical reasons against France and England during the Carlist war. The Cuban Junta in New York had its close parallel in the Carlist Committee in Lon don. Moreover, for such success as the Junta and the filibusters and the supply expeditions had Spain was herself chiefly to blame. Of seventy seven expeditions from the United States in the last Cuban revolution Spain stopped only five, while the United States stopped thirty-three. Had the Spanish patrol of the Cuban coast been as efficient as our guardian chip of ours, the insurgents would have got no supplies from the United States. Yet Spain bitterly blamed this country, and in her resentment of what she erroneously imagined to be our breach of neutrality she exercised extreme severity toward American citizens in Cuba, espe cially those of Cuban birth or parentage, and thus, of course, provoked answering resentment on our side. The crisis came in ISO 6. Mr. Olney'B note to Mr. De Lome was, in Admiral Chadwiek'j estimation, not only very im portant but also "temperate, wise and abounding in Sood counsel." It was in tended for the good of both Spain and Cuba and contemplated th« maintenance of Spanish sovereignty in. the island under conditions of good government which would be acceptable to tho Cuban people and also to the legitimate inter national Interests of the United States. The aim was to avert the menace of needed Intervention, which was then looming ominously upon the horizon, r.nd the warning was frankly given that tho United States could not with compla cency contemplate another ten years' war, with all its 'Injurious and disturbing in cidents. The Spanish answer ceremo niously acknowledged the good spirit of ■the American note, but insisted that Spain must bo permitted to fight the matter out in her own way. That, says Admiral Chadwick, was the turning point Of the affairs of Spain. Traditional Span ish pride would not brook Interference, particularly by that nation which since 1783 had been Spain's favorite antip athy. But intervention was bound to come, either friendly or unfriendly. Mr. Olney's offer of friendship was rejected. In the fall of that same year President Cleveland's annual message distinctly foreshadowed Impending intervention, forcible and unfriendly. Before It was necessary for that inter vention to be realised President McKin ley succeeded President Cleveland and succeeded to bis Cuban policy. There was need, that he should do the latter, for under the concentration system, with its appalling results, the condition of Cuba was becoming worse and was versing upon the Intolerable. In hi* message to runt i President McKJnlcy charac terized the concentration system as an abuse of the rights of war. In that It may bo conceded that be erred through the revolt of his. humane disposition against the horrors which concentration involved. There are American and Brit ish example* of similar practices, and an American commission a few years after the war declared that General Weyler's policy had been legally justi fiable. The charge that the Spanish vio lated the laws of nations was no more to be sustained than was Spain's defi nition of piracy as applied to the Cuban supply expeditions, Moreover, the in surgents wore pursuing a policy of dev astation which was less easy of justifi cation than the. Spanish concentration. But the supreme condemnation of both was that which was expressed in Presi dent lfcKinley*a message of ]H'.»7—name ly, that such methods had not tho virtue or the vindication of effectiveness. By concentration the Spanish could not quell the insurrection; by devastation the insurgents could not expel the- Span ish. Then came the tragic incident of the Maine, v hi. ii Admiral Chadwick, who was a member of the court of inquiry into that disaster, dismisses with brief treatment, as !s fitting; for that incident, dreadful a.3 it was, \\a* really of minor diplomatic importance In the more than century loner train of causes and effects which this book relates, a few Ameri can newspapers acted scandalously over it, but on t be whole the American gov eminent, prats nnd public displayed en admirable temper. The Report of the court of inquiry declared that the ship had been destroyed by two explosion*, the first external aad the second, conse quent upon the first, internal. Admiral ChiGT/icl: is strongly convince^ of the correctness of this theory. ' At first he thought the explosion had been entirely internal, due to some fault or mischief Id the raasszlne, lit examination par. NEW-fORK DATTY TRTBrxr, SATTBDAY. JAMARY 15. 1910. tuaded him otherwise against his pro- | possessions, and he would now welcome , a complete exposure of the wreck as it HOB as certain to result In vindication tot the Iln.Unss of the court. All that, how ever, by the way. Th<» great tragedy dM not materially affect the remorseless progress of affairs. it was only "a patent and impressive proof of a state of affairs In Cuba which was intoler able." Without it, as (be Foreign Af fairs Committee of the United States Senate declared, our government would still have pressed and would have had to press for an immediate solution of the Cuban problem. Hut Spain would assent to no acceptable solution, and so the end came. In the act of intervention and In America's expulsion of Spain from con tact with or proximity to the United States in 1896 was the logical sequel to and culmination of Spain's efforts to ex '-ludc the United States from contact or proximity to her possessions in 17s; 1 .. Admiral Chadwlck has told tills Story with painstaking elaboration of detail, with admirable discretion and taste and with a Judicial impartiality worthy of the highest commendation. As an ex haustive and philosophical exposition of the causes which led to tha ultimate ex tinction of 'the Spanish empire in tho "Western Hemisphere, and as a large and authoritative contribution to the diplo matic history of the United States, his work is invaluable. Xor should we over look the fact that an ample analytical index makes all the contents of the vol ume readily accessible for reference. OLD HOSTLERIES. \ A Book on the Drinking Cus toms of England. "*s£; AVSV^'P DRINKING CUSTOMS OF OLD ENGLAND. By Frederick W, Hackwood. Illustrated. Svo. no. SK Sturgis & Walton Company. There is exceeding good entertainment in Mr. Hackwood's study of old English inns, and of the ways of their keepers and customers. Their history runs back to -the "Tabernce" of Roman days, when along the splendid roads made by the conquerors rose the comfortable dwell ings wherein the traveller might find food and lodging. In the centuries that followed a store of quaint anecdote and strange instances has gathered about the British inn— the author has certainly not lacked material. Among the illustra tions are many delightful pictures of an cient hosieries, houses of a wondrously charming architecture. The oldest of all the English Inns, they say, is the "Seven Stare," in Withy Green, Manchester; there are documents which show that it was in existence before 1356. The "Bell" at Finedon, in Northamptonshire, was used as an inn, it is asserted, in 1042, but there is probably truth in the author's suggestion that the actual building stands on the site of an older hostlery. There is no doubt at all that the "Sara cen's Head" at Newark was entertain ing travellers in 1341, for it can be traced by its title deeds to that date. The "George," the beautiful Gothic inn at Glastonbury, was built in the fifteenth century and was then called the "Old Pilgrim" inn. When Henry' VIII came to Glastonbury to visit the Abbey, he slept at this inn, and his bed was long preserved there. Another "George"— at Salisbury— is thought to have been erect ed about 1320. It is still used as an es teemed private hotel, and those so journers who look out upou its court yard of a morning may delight them selves with a not ill grounded belief that, like many other strolling players, Shakespeare once acted therein. What is said to be the oldest inhabited house in England is the Fighting Cocks Inn, at St. Albana, a queer little octago nal building, which was erected as a boathouse for the monastery founded by King Offa, about the year 79r». "A sub terranean passage, now blocked up, runs from the basement to the ruins of the monastery, a distance of about two hun dred yards. It was used also as a stor age for the fishing tackle of the monks. There is a shed at the back of the house where, it is said, Oliver Cromwell stabled his horse, himself once sleeping under its roof during the Civil War." Of com paratively modern English inns one of the oddest is the "Crooked House," at Jiimley, on the Karl of Dudley's estate: As a result of mining operations— tho whole district is honeycombed with coal pits— it has fallen out of the perpendicular to an alarming extent. It is as difficult to walk through the doorway ay to pace tho deck of a vessel In a rolling sea; the warped floor and the leaning walls make it dtflicult to maintain a vertical position, the more so as all the rooms are out of joint and present a remarkable optical Illusion. The clocks: on lie walls, although abso lutely perpendicular, as their pendulums testify, appear to be hanging sideways at a very pronounced angle, a shelf which is really level appears to he a fool higher at one end than at the other. If marbles bo placed on what appears to he the lower end of the taj> room table they apparently roll uphill and fall over with a bump! Among the stories associated' with existing inns is that of "Dirty Dick," who, when a spruce and prosperous young landlord on the point of giving a great wedding feast, heard of the sud den death of his betrothed. He turned the key In the door of the room where the wedding supper 'was spread, and for fifty years no one entered it. Ruin, rust, dirt and dilapidation seized the whole house and its owner as well. The author suggests that it was upon this actual happening that Dickens founded the Havisham episode In "Great Expecta tions." We must not forget, by the way, that one inn and one inn keeper of the genial, comfortable sort that Dickens loved still exist In England, and Mr. Hackwood tells us where to find them. There is a good deal of Interesting his tory in the chapter on inn signs. Why, for example, should the sign of a hoa tlery be simply ."Now Thus"? Tn the time of the Civil War thero lived near tin; site of the present inn a wealthy Royalist squire who had cause to fear the coming of the Parliamentary troops. Ho sent away his servants and his live stock, buried all his money, plato and Jewels under the Hour of a barn, and, habited as a farm laborer, thrashed corn directly above his treasure. Ho was swinging his flail when the Roundheads came in upon him, exclaiming with each stroke, "NOW Thus!" Nothing more could their questions extract from the apparently witless worker, and they de parted with nothing to show for their trouble. Tha two words which saved him appear not only on the. inn sign— they are carved on an old gravestone in Leek churchyard, presumably the grave stone of the clever Royalist himself. Mr. Ilackwood furnishes coutttl« do tails of the growth of the drinking habit in England, of the beverage adjusted to the popular thirst md their origins. There is much that is unpleasant in the story, and he does not blink th- fact. But pleaeant or net, th» book is read able from end to end. "Central America and Its Problems" is tilt tit-« of a volume by Mr. Frederick Palmer which is to bt brought out im mediat«Jy by lloffat. Yard & Co. Tn« author, who Ins lately returned from that region, has dealt carefully with Nicaragua, Guatemala. Panama, Hon duras, Costa Rica and San Salvador, and has included in his volume throe chap ters on Mexico. BOOKS IN' PARIS, A Blow at the. French Suf frage' I C. Taris. January 8. M. Theodore Joran has had the cour age to open B vigorous campaign against "feminirme" In France. In "La Trouec FSminlste," published by the Librairie Bavaste, he attacks Mile. Hu bertiuc Auclert and Mile. Pelletier, and nearly succeeds in burning tlfone ener getic young wbmtfh with their own fuel, as it were, for ho cites passages from the writings of both which make them contradict and stultify each other. The cruel analysis to which the most promi nent two leaders of the feminist move ment in France aro subjected causes hesitation among their followers. M. Joran seems to be supported by facts in his assertion that in France only one woman in three, thousand is a ".suffra gette." Prince Elim Demidoff's poems, under the modest title of "Egarements." is sued by the Librairte Plon, consist mostly of finely turned sonnets and short .verses inspired by symbolism, and deal ing with topless of actuality. They are beautifully illustrated by M. Georges KochegrosPQ in delicate colored ara besques. "La Fille de la Slrene," a novel by Mme. Mathilde Alanic issued by Cal mann-L6vy, deals with a young girl whoso mother Is a jjrlma donna and whoso father is an eminent surgeon. The prima donna, Mho is of irreproach able character, had abandoned the stage after her marriage. On one occasion, with her husband's consent, she sings for a charitable performance at tl>e opera. The magic attraction of the "ca reer" ia too strong for her, and she be comei, again a professional singer. The father steals away their daughter. The struggle over this daughter, who is be loved by both her parents, provides ma terial for a clever tale, the upshot of which is that her mother finds her at last. The girl marries, and the father ami mother meet at the wedding, and a year later, when their grandson is born, they become reconciled. Tlie problem presented by a young Alsatian artist called upon to choose be tween French and German nationality is forcibly and picturesquely treated by Mme. Jeanne RSgamey, in her novel, "Jeaue Alo&ce," just published by the Nouvelle Librairie. Paris appeals to the instincts of the artist, while the hills and dales of his native Vosges claim his heart. The artist says: "I look east and west upon two rival civil izations, which draw me in opposite di rections. I remain In my village. I find a new moral evolution that daily assumes more definite shape and which makes my countrymen and myself neither French nor German, but, more than ever before, out-and-out Alsa tians, and nothing else." C. I. B. BOOKS AND AUTHORS. Talk of Things Present and to Come. One of the cleverest American novels of the last decade was Mrs. Helen R. Martin's "Tillle: A Mennonite, Maid." Therein she revealed a fresh background and characters but little known. On those pages did actually li'.e and move a group of the Pennsylvania Dutch. Sho has again gone to that region for the characters Of a new novel which the Century Company will publish next month. Its title <a "The Crossways." "Tillie," we are told, has been reprintei eleven tirn^?. Dr. David Starr Jordan's now little book, "The Story of Matka," was written on the island of St. Paul, in the Pribyloff group, while, as president of the Bering Sea Commission, he was investigating the habits of the fur seal. A sprained ankle restricted his movements, and he sought amusement In writing out tho story of th<_' mother seal, "Matka." Mr. Stanley J. Weyman, writing in the jubilee number of "Ths CornhllT' of that notable editor of the past, James, Payn, quotes the advice whlch'Payn gave him, a beginner in authorship. "You cannot live by short stories," ho said to the young man; "at any rate, you cannot live well. To every short story a plot — and a plot is a most precious thing;. A good plot Is the greater part of a good book. A really novel plot is a perfect treasure. When you are as old as I am and have written as ninny stories you will know its value. No, give up short stories and write a long ones — write a novel." I told him that I did not think I could; that tho length frightened me; that I had never thought or' it. "From what 1 have seen of your work I believe you can," he answered. "Try, at any rate." And, turning to a tall desk beside a window, he explained frankly and without reserve his own method of work inp. He showed mo tho largo card on which he sot out the plot; and a notion d i aid on which ho wrote, inch at the head of v. column, the names uf the dramatis persona*, and under each name a brief analysis of the character. Then returning to his Beat, "■■Jo to work slowly." he said. '•Put into it the best you have. Remember in this It is the first step that counts. Make one good hit. make yourself known, and you will be well paid thereafter. One good place of work and the game Is won. But take- littla trouble, do anything short of your best, and you will earn but laborer's pay all your life" I have not the art to reproduce the sea soning at pun and pertinent Instance with which be flavored bis advice; nor the gay lauKh, nor the winning manner. But the counsel I can set down, and I do so; be lieving that it as true and as much to the point to-day as It was when it fell on my ears, and that it may prove, as valuable to others as to myself. From my own lower pulpit, and within tho narrow range of my voice I have preached it consist ently. "Give a year to the Look." were Payn's parting words, "come and see roe at times, and when it Is done I will read it." T went out from him with a. full heart, grateful beyond words. Payn'a generous kindness was a thing delightful to see. Weyman says that the man's pleasure In the triumphs of other* was real vivid, from the heart. "It beamed through his glasses and thrilled in the clasp of his hand. Beyond doubt li.- took an honest pride in the work he had himself done— with his pen and In the chair; but in his latest years his deepest and purest pleasure, was drawn from unselfish springs." In a volume entitled "Anna Van Bohur man. Artist. Scholar. Saint" (Longmans, Green & Co.). Miss Una Birch has Bet down the history of one of the few learned ladles of the seventeenth cen tury. Anna was one of the most inter esting figures of the Dutch Renaissance and was visited 'and admired by pilgrims of culturs from all European courTtr ■ Eminent scholars took great Interest* in her talents and directed her studies She was called th« "Sappho of Holland "' and as- ' : ''- unofficial poet laureate of Utrecht she wroto verses for lbs i greet ing of distinguished visitors to the town. BtM etched, engraved, modelled in wax and rut (lowers and other things out of paper and painted in water colors. She read Greek and Latin with ease and 1 could Writ* In cither language. She studied tho Oriental languages, too, and prepared an Ethiopian grammar. She iras a student of philosophy ami in later days a mystic. In some of these intel lectual exercises she was mediocre, and it is impossible to avoid a conviction that ! the rarity of the learned woman was at the bottom of much of the admiration bestowed upon her. However that may bo, HISS Birch's book is amusing and I well worth reading. The finest private libtary in existence of worka dealing with Celtic literature wan It ft to his daughters by the late Professor Whitlcy Stokes. TbSM M»M have presented the lihrarv Is) London University, when? if. will *■>•■ a\ailable to students of the subject. Many of Urn becks, while comparatively modern, are out of print and hard to obtain. Among these are the publications of the Ossianlc Society, of the Irish Archsological So ciety and tho Annals of tho Four Mas ters, published !n Dublin in 1848. Other interesting books in the collection, it is stated by "The London Daily Mail," "are the 'Acta Sanctorium Hibernise* (Lou vain, 1045), th<> 'Trias Thaumaturgea' (Lou vain, 1647) and a Martyrology. pub lished in Venice in 170S, whi^h belonged to Bigot, a famous book collector, and has his autograph, in the library the student will find ample material for tho study of Welsh, Irish, Angl^-Saxon. Cor nish and Manx, and the latest works published on the subject of Celtic litera ture in Germany and France." Mr. James Lane Allen's new novel, "A Brood of the Eagle," will be brought from the Macmillan press in the spring. The seeM !s laid in Kentucky, and the hero is a country doctor. Three German monographs on aspects of primitive Christianity are now made accessible to English readers In Harp er's Library of Living Thought: "The Origin of the New Testament," by the late Dr. William Wrede, of Breslau; "Paul and Jesus," by Professor Johannes Weiss, of the University of Heidelberg; and "Jesus or Paul?" by Dr. Arnold Meyer, professor of theology in the Uni versity of Zurich. The thesis of the last named writer is that Inasmuch as our religion in its essence is derived from Christ the teaching and ministry of Jesus, the earthly human personality, should have precedence over the Pauline and ecclesiastical doctrine of tha saving work of the supernatural Christ. In so far as St. Paul released us from bondage to those accidental limitations of the personality of Jesus which held Him fast under the yoke of the la-cv and confined His ministry to the chosen nation and within the boundaries -of the .Land of. Israel, tha Apostle did thjs Church an enduring service. The aim of Professor Johannes Welss's book is to combat the opinion that, in comparison with Jesus, the Apostle Paul Is a new phenomenon, as new as possible in view of the wide standpoint common to both, and that the picture of Jesus's life and work did not determine the character of the Pauline theology. The real problem for the mod em Church, the question of destiny as Dr. Weiss sees it, is the question wheth er the Church can for all time maintain the Pauline form of Christianity, ac cording to which Jesus is not merely a mediator, guide and example, but also the object of religious veneration. The theory, however, that Paul's faith was not connected by any living tie with the historical figure of Jesus and that the coincidence of the methods employed by Paul and Jesus for the solution in prac tice of the problem of life was merely fortuitous is henceforward little likely to disturb theology. BOOKS OF TJIE WEEK. ART AND ARCHITECTURE. THE COLLECTOR'S HANDBOOK TO KERA- MlCa OF THU RENAISSANCE AND MODERN PERIODS. Selected from hi* larger work. fntitlM "Tii« Keramic Gal lery." With WO illustrations. By "Will- Jam Chaffers. VJmo. pp. xxi. r.lO. (Im ported by Charles . eribn^r f s Sons.) Giving representations of tho individual kinds of pottery and porcelain produced In lSngrlUh and foreign manufactories, from the R^nalcsUMM down to the nine teenth century, with brief accounts of the various fabrifiues. VENICE AND KSB TREASURES By Hugh A. Douglas. "With notes on th* picture* by Maud CruttwcH and »»Yeaty-saTMi JllustraitonK. 12mo. pp. x, 80S, (Charles fc'cribner's Sons.) Descriptive of the city, its palaces, churches. galleries .".mi public and pri vato collections of works of art. TJiprn is a list of buildings, with nona on th«lr rtyles anil architects; an index, not«?s for iho tourist and a chronological list of tho Uoi?«'i» and of architects umi sculp ton are also provided. KATtTRJE AND ORNAMENT. Ornament the Finished Product of r>-:?Mgn. By Lewis I". Day. Illustrated. ••_■%. ••. pp. •j')^, (Im ported by Charles Berf»B«r*s tions.) , In this voium<!, a companion to "Xatws and Orr.umpnt: Nature tho Raw Material of Ornament." the author's purpose is to discover Urn traces of natural form in ornament and to examine and consl-1.-r • the "treatment" natural form has under s;on« at the bands of th« aiti.«t. rrofueel7 illurtrated. THE GROWTH OF TUB ENGLISH HOUSE. A Short History of Its Architectural De v*lopm*nt from 1100 to I*oo By J Al fred Ootch. T - . S. A.. P. II I. B. A." ll lustrated. ITmo. pp. vili. 336. (Imported by Charles &eribne>r'B Bone.) Numerous illustrations illuminate tha text, whirl* tells of the growth of th« Kni.lUl: nous* from its first appearancn in permanent form to the eighteenth cen tury. A Khon plowary is provided to- C-'liPr with a chronological list of" th«j principal buildings, tabulated under the . refsns of the English monarch BIOGRAPHY. tiik t.ivks OV THi BRITISH ARCHI TKCT3 lUO.M WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. Now ready from the 115 th French edition Pierre de Coulevain's On the Branch English Version By Alys Mallard 12mo. Cloth. $1,25 net "On the Branch." now in Its 133 th edition, has the distinction of being the most popular novel ever written in France by a woman. It is the in timate storj-. tola in the first per son, of a women of charm and culti vation who chooses to live, home less, a life of morbid introspection. The story of her return to .1 hap. pier state- of mind ii, told w*ta rare sympathy and delicacy. 1 P. Button l Company 3! West UN Street, Hew York TO SIB "WILLIAM CHAMBERS. Br E. Brresford Chancellor. Illustrated. 12mo. ■•1 xll. 337. (Imported by Charles Scrlb n^.-'s Sons.) ;_ Th» architects dealt 'vlth comprise th.« Tm>*t Important In Great Britain down to th« clo«« of the «<lsrhte»nth csatury. Ther« Rr*» forty Illustrations. FICTION loht> l.ovf:lvnd DISCOVERS AMEKICA- By C. N. and A. M. Williamson. Illus trated by G*ora- Brehm. l»mo. pp. vil. r.o"«*. . L'O'ibl-ftay. Pago 4 Co.) Th* Marquis of LOveland's Cr*t discov ery In America ts that hi* tltlo l» dl? cr«-fl!tfrl. ' and with money and Trardrob« gone he In forc«il to work. Eventually »he rfal man in him corn's out and h« "discovers" ttio American ictrl. A fiHIELD r.EVF.n?ED. By William Hari'T Porter. Xlmaj pp. "-. (Edwin S. Gor ham.) OX THE BRANCH. From the French of Pierre do Oouleraln. By Aly« Hallard. 12mo. pp. 4W. (E. P. Dutton A. Co.) Tli's story of a woman who has been wronged by her husband and dearest, friend and who has b«come a pessimist In con"*Quenc. but finally rorslvea. MISCELLANEOUS. LQOKI.VC; UPWARD DAT BY OAT. B^l^efd by Emily V, Hammond. 12mo. So pagina tion. 08. P. Dutton ik Co. A compilation of helpful quotations from various source* for every day In the year. THE \i"v SALESMANSHIP AND HOW TO DO BUSINESS BY MAIL. By Charle« Una«ren. 12m0., pp. 190. (Chicago: Laird & Let.) A course in salesmanship, embracing th* various departments of travelling salesman. «H p or store salesman, correspondence •ale* man, and tli; salesman condoctlcg a mall order business. A I.TST or GEOGRAPHICAL. ATLASES iw THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. With bibliographical notes. Compiled under tn« direction of Philip Left Phillips. I*. R. G. S. Voluma I. Atlases. Ala. pp. xlli, 1208. (Washington: Government Printing; OHice-) This volume describes the 3.470 geographi cal atlases in the collection of the Library of Congress. The collection includes atlases of cities. tho«a printed to accompany voy ages, historical works and se!e-ui;v expedi tions, and reproductions In atlases to ac company reports on boundary disputes '•-■- j tneen nations. A LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL ATLASES IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. With bibliographical notes. ComDiled under tn« direction of Philip Lee Phillips. F. R. O. S. Volume 11. Author Lin. Index. 4to. say 1200 to IBSP. (Washington: Government Printing Office.) Containing a complete list af abridged title*, giving full name ef author, date of birth and death, when known. Followed by a general index of over 40.000 references. INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY. By Frank W. patch. 16rno. pp. 37. (Moffat. Yard « Co.) Showing that individual r*»ponsitlUty be gins at homa and Is concerned with th« elmplest habits of our lives, physically ana spiritually. THE SENSITIVE CHILD. As Revealed In Some Talks with a Little Boy. By Kate Whltins Patch. 16mo. pp. vii. 03. (Morfat, Yard & Co.) How on* woman met the problems of th* home as presented in th« unfolding of child life. . "...:; ■. NATURE STUDY. WHO'S WHO AMONG THE WILD FLOWER?, Compiled and illustrated by W. I. Beecroft. With an Introduction by Frances Duncan. l£mo. pp. xx. 361. tMcffat. Yard & Co.) The flowers are grouped according to color. and within the color divisions tho plants are arranged according to their time of appear ance. PHILOSOPHY ANTI-PRAGMATISM. A- Examination Into the Respective Rishts ef inteUeetail Aris tocracy and Social Democracy. Sy Albert 6ch!r.r. l^rr.;. PP. xx, 317. (Bcstcn: BBH ll!sT.arS & Oc.) That there exists a cccfllct between ir tallcctual truth and moral truth Is the 'hems of thia work. RELIGIOUS. THE CHRISTIAN PASTOR TV THE NEW 4.GE- Corsrad*. Sponsor. Social Mediator. By Albert Josiah Lyman. 12mo. pp. vlt, 174 (Thomas T. Croweil & Co.) Comprising five lectures delivered before the Bangor Theological Seminary on the following phases of ministerial wcrfc: Ths Pastoral Spirit; the Pastor as i.omrafl* and Counsellor: the Pastor as Spiritual Sponsor and Social Mediator: the Pa»tor as Parish Organizer and Leader, and the Pastor as Preacher. REPRINTS. WINDOWS] A BOOK ABOUT STAINED ANT) PAINTED GLASS. By Lewis F. Day. ~ Third editfon. revised, and •nlarged- . Illus " ■ trated: " 9w: -pp.- xi!, 420. (Imported by Charles Bcribner'« gons.J Relating to the b^cinnings of glass and the making of windows from mediaeval times down to the eighteenth century. NORTHERN GERMANY AS FAR AS THE BAVARIAN 1 AND AUSTRIAN FRON TIERS- Handbook for Travellers. By Karl Baedeker. With forty-seven maps and eighty-ones plans. Fifteenth revised edition. lfimo, xsxviti. 430. (Charles £cribner*e Sons.> A MENTAL OF COMMON !>CHOOI. LAW. By C. XV. Barflesn. Ninth edition, wholly rewritten, with 1.67S references to legal decisions and 6^3 citations. I2nio. pp. ■*■■'• (Syracuse: C W. Bardeen.) Rewritten to correspond with th* Ne l^ York school law passed In *>>■*> SCIENCE DAItWIK AND THE HUMANITIES. ! By James Mark Baldwin. 12*«o. pp. x, 111 (Baltimore:' Th« Review Publishing Com pany. > . > Volume II in the "Library of Genetic Science and Philosophy." a contribution to the theory of Darwinism in the sciences of life and mind. TRAVEL AND TOPOGRAPHY. WANDERINGS AMONG SOUTH SEA SAV AGES AND IN BORKXO AND THE PHILIPPINES. By H. Wilfrid Walker. With forty-eight platen from photographs by the author and others. Svc, pp. xvt. 23-». (Imported by Charles Scrtbner's Sons."> A record of general Impressions and In cidents of life among: savaged in many parts of the world, with some account of bird life In the lands visited. NEW ZEALAND IN EVOLUTION. Industrial. Economic and Political. By Guy H. Scholefleld. With an introduction by the Hon. W. Member Reeves, illustrated. ■ •*«* lip. xxiv. 3G3. (Imported by Charles .Scrlbncr's Sons.) SPAIN OF THE SPANISH. By Mrs. VilUera- Wardell. Illustrated. lCmo. pp. all. 204. (Charle* Scrlbner's Sons.) The country and Its people: Us litera ture and art: Church and Stats: sports and amusements; commerce and industry. With numerous illustrations from photo graphs. THE SEMINOLES OF FLORIDA. By Minnie Moore- Willson. Illustrated. l?:no. pp. £13, (Moffat. Yard & Co.) The history, character and habits of a peaceful tribe of Indian*, the country they live in and some account of their hunting trips. BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. _ BOOKS AND PUBLICAT - Third Printing of the Most Popular New Novel of 1910 PASSERS=BY BY Anthony Partridge Author of "The Kingdom of Earth" One of the most fascinating mystery stories of recent years — a tale that catches the attention at the beginning, and tightens the grip of its hold with the turn of its pages. — Boston Globe. Illustrated, Cloth $1.50. At All Booksellers. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers. Boston "More Fa*cla»Unc Mian Any >ove>." DR. SVEH K -DIN'S ijßg& TRANS-HIMALAYA Diteov«rJes wsfl Atfvesturss In Tibet. THS NUN By Rene Bazin $1.00 IN ARMY AND NAVY Wants Civilian Head of Natal Observatory. I From ~- - ~ ■'--- - * Brreas.2 • ' "Washington, January 14 ifK. OLCOTT'S PLAN.— RejresentatJva Olcott. of New York, believes that th« prestige of th* Naval Observatory to Washington 13 not enhanced by fhs proa cnt system of having a naval officer a; i*j bead. He la of the opinion that tats Insti tution should have an international reputa tion in the scientific world and should be looked to for original -work and fcspcrtaat discovery. lie believes that tola canaot be accomplished unless an astronomer or unquestioned reputation and ability to placed In control of the' Institution, and for this reason he is pressing on the Naval Affairs Committee a bill which win ellni laate the naval officers. Mr. Olcott makes no criticism of the officer* who have been in charge, but points cut that men who have given most of their lives to the study of naval conditions cannot be eipectM to prove specialists in astronomy. He de clares that since Prof— or Simon New comb retired the observatory has tad no head who was recognized by scientific men. LABOR AT NAVY TARD3.—A delega tion of the national league of grvsinsaaal employes held a conference to-day with Assistant Secretary Wmthrop ... rsgard - tie general Improvement, of laber cap tions In the navy yards. Representatives •wera present from Boston. Portsmouth. ■ ■ . and Washington. Among ether crea tions considered were those of farioqajhtsg employes Instead of dismissing --.-.- when work became slack. Saturday holf-hs***** and prison labor. At the close of the- con ference Mr. Winthrop asked the delegation t > submit their suggestions In writing. Ill* they promised to d 0..,',: "OILING STATIONS--— "Oilirs sutlers'* for the navy instead of coaling. *&&** is en- ef the proposals s<?cretary Mayer i» row considering In connection wita t£« future of ships of war. A plan is under consideration for the conversion of tt« coaling station now in process of con struction at 3an Die sa. CaL. into an •*oC ing station." so that snips may r«BsnmWi their supply of fuel oil should tt> use cc adopted extensively in to* generation of motive power at sea. Several ships al ready have been fitted for its use, ti de sirable. Representative Smith, of Califor nia, bad a conference with Secretary Meyer to-day oo the subject. Tha 91090 sition to change the nature of tie static at San Diego has delayed work there a=d operated as a factor in determining tfe* amount which Congress will appropriate for the improvement of the harbor. ORDERS ISSUED.— folio-sis* criers tave been issued: AB2IT. Major JOHN K. CREE. caast artl!lirr, t» general bojplta.l. Presidio at Son Fria irajor^HALDiirA:.^ p. Torrrc-. qpaxtuat* Major HAUSIiIANTJ P. YOVXG ..-- vzam Mr, assune tenjterary uusjTSJS dsslsaWt depot Qoartem; • 1-- i- :"*ra. s .?•- latssdent army trazspcrt trvicfl. Baa Franclscc. vice \-.-- -ananr ColoiMl FBSD ERICK YON SCHRAIIEB. dap^ty quar tsrnias:9r gtaeral, to duty as oils; q;zz' termastcr, Espartn-.^.- o! California, vtc» Lieutenant Colonel RO3EB.X ? 5"- I ML daputy scsrwrtsaster general, who will retain station as Sa:: fraactsss> Captain LANNING PARSON 3. ttk Cavalry. »-_ First • .- . . :-. i- •="■. r?.-7 C DALT. IStb Ir.iaatry. to Wali*r Be«d Oeasssl Hospital. District or Columbia- Captains GEORGE W. BEAD. Tth Ca-ra:.— JAMES A. COLE. 6tfc Cavalry; E>E ROaZr C CABELL. is-. Cavalry, and F.VHBAXI* SATItE. 6th Cavalry. t3t 3 Tort Rl!sy. ex amination for promotion. Tirst Lleatenant MICHAEL E. KCGKES. Heal reserve corps, to Ber-lcia Ars«-*: Second Lieutenant ROBERT E. CLARKE. from 2Sd to -Oth Infantr*. Leaves of absence: First Llectenant TTHX JAM G. DOANE 0:h inrantry. t.iz:en ■lays; Captain GRANVILLE SEVIEK. . coesi artillery, to Febraarj' T: .First U«a - tenant CE.A.RLE3 H. PATTERSOX' coaat artillery, eleven days. NAVT. Lieutenant E- -WOODS, to char?' recraltfcs station. Chattanooga, vica ÜBMSasBH I A. BROOKS, to the Albany. Lieutenant a. B. REED, detached t>.« Albany: to temporary duty tha Feasacola. Lieutenant V" J. GILES, upon o«plrattea of, leavs to Naval Academy. Lieutenant W. J. MOSES, detached tfc« Albany: home, cwalt orders. Lleutenent L. E. MOBGAN. from Xavi! Ess pital. Norfolk: leave two month?. Enilgn H. WIL&O". detached *ta*E of eess raander 4th Division. Atlantic £c«. 02 th» Virsiitia. and continue Naval M i:-« School Hospital. 'Wascissrtor 1 .. Assistant Sari! Constructor J. P.EED. Jr.. de tached navy yard. Philadelphia: to dutyss Inspector of hell material for Eas^irr. Dis trict. Philadelphia. MARINE CORPS. Second Lieutenant L. W. WTILIAMIi report ti» person to major general eoqsnaadasc Captain W. C HARLI.EE. leave of anssnea far two months. MOVEMENTS OF "WARSHIPS.— fol lowing movements of vessels have bean re ported to the- Navy Department: ARRIVED. Jan. 1C — TSSSTWS. the Vc'.caa. ths Pir.ttw and the Mars, at Guan.tanarr - tie ITsa shan, at Yokohama; the Brutus. *: Nor tolS. SAILED. Jan. 11 — Th« Leonidaa, from Boca* del Tom for Guantanamo. Jan. 15— The Wt« Virginia »nd the pecnsrl v»n!a. from Nasa*a3c! for Tokahsma: th^ '•rsver. from Cliarlestaa far TTVbMBS* ton. RAY BROOK HOSPITAL CROWDED. Albany. Jan. 14.— great is the damacdt for accommodations at the Stats Hosplt^t for the treatment of incipient tuberalcaii at Ray Brook, in the Adlrondacks, that rsacr incipient cases on the waiting list are **• an advanced stage before it is pos- to admit them. The board of managers of the institution in Its report is tha Legis lature to-day, calls attention to the nes-i of increasing- the institution's capacity tc care for the afSlcted. At present one hun dred days intervana between the v.rr.9 ct application for admittance and the tims of accept 1 RARE BOOKS & PRINTS IN EUROPE- QAQIIi ] CHOICE E\GSAVi\&S Me? 9A* D I fIY /0 tints, Colour Print* (Frank T. • Amerces Ac-. "V 172 New Bond S! M ' **•> BAR; SOOaS. VU London, WV J I'ASiE AITQ6BAPi!S» ** ft. A LL-OUT-or. PRINT- BOOKS' r\ WRITE MX: csa , $«t>>3 4=y,J>3ok •"** V^ . " , - .a BJLXSR-S BOOK SHOP. Jc&s Brijit «t.. 3'rmir.i»2«»« ■ -