New-York tribune. [volume], April 13, 1919, Image 1

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Vol. T..XXIX No. 26,446
ICopyrljrht, 1919,
New York Trlbune Ine.l
First to Last-the Truth: News ? EditoWals - Advertisements
i&fi\mnt
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SUNPAY, APRXL 13, 1019-NI^E~1>ART8^84 PAGES-PARTO
I AXD II
FIVE CEXTS ?E
YnrU Clt-w
Courts Martial Unjust,
Say Ex-Judge Advocates
Ninc-Tenths of Cases
Imposed Sentences 400
Per Cent Higher Than
Justified, They Assert
Col. Ansell Lauded
ForExposingSystem
Soldiers' Rights Under
Ariny Law Returned to
Him, Report Declares
Xinety per cent of all cases tried by
courts martial in the Untted States
army have hitherto resulted in injus?
tice. This is thc opinion stated yester
day by the Ex-Judge Advocate Com
mittee on Military Justice, which has
been sitting secretly in New York.
Sentences imposed by the military
courts were more than 400 per cent
higher than they should have been, the
committee declared.
Military justice, as thus meted out
in this country, was arraigned as
"Prussian, not American," in the state
ment of the committee, sent out by
Roscoe Stewart, temporary secretary.
To bear out its contention that en
listed men of ..he army had no redress
against grave injusticc, the committee
quoted the facts of twenty-five con
crete cases which had been ground out
of the military courts.
Colonel Ansell Praised
In one of these cases a man was sen
tenced to ten years at Fort Leaven
worth for openly leaving barracks and
being away one day on a visit to his
family. For equally trivial offcnces
men were given terms ranging from
five years upward. In some of the j
cases the man was not cven heard in
bis own defence.
The committee praised the work of
Lieutenant Colonel Ansell for his crea
tiort of a clcrnency board to pass on
sentences, but declared that it gave to
the soldiers rights which never should
have been taken from them. It declared
that ha had been "rcduced from the
grade of brigadier general to lieu?
tenant colonel for his exposure of the |
injustice of the court martial system.",
The statement, in part, follows:
"The ngures given out by the War De
partnirrtt are thac the clemency board
to date has considered l,fiS3 cases, that
it has rceommended clemency in 1,521
cases and that it has recommonded thc
leduction of the averagc sentence from
BQven years and four months to one
year and nine months, or a total of
9,329 years from the aggrcgate sen?
tences imposed.
"Thc creation of the clemency board
was the last important official act of
Lieutenant Colonel Ansell whon he wao
acting as the judge advocate general
and before he was reduced from the
grsde of brigadier general to lieutenant
colonel for his exposure of the injus- ,
tiee of the court martial system.
"After he had been unsuccessful in j
his efforts in the War Department to ,
secure authority for the judge advo- '
cate general on review of court mar
tial rtcords to revise and modify the !
ftndings of court martial as the law \
and cvidence demanded, and he saw
that thousands of men were under
going unjust punishment because there !
was no authority to cut down the sen- !
tences imposed upon them, he rceom?
mended to the Secretary of War that a
board of clemency be created to con- I
sider the cases of all men who were in
eonfinement and decrease the scn- !
tences where they were found to be
excessive. I
"This recomrnendation was adopted
oy feecretary Baker and the board be
gan to function on or about February 1. :
Men Had No Hedress
"As a result of the defects of the
*T?ent system of military justice it
?si seen from the work of the clemency1
board that soldiers have no adequate
Protection against unjust convictions
and senunces except as the hand of
clemency may be extended to them,
m2?J? do,not "ceive justice as a
*T?r of r,*ht bot of executive favor.
the prescr.t system makes the gov
???ent of the United Sutes an auto
SSSS*5??!unme?t which dealH withi
SaSfcB?katber than with citi?ns. Al- I
- the govemment is a popular
citizens called to the
ttSi d and protect W *[
tl2ti,"k*<rtei HayH t0 them: '' admit
?'h?. i ? * "one an '"Justice to vou,
??nai i Have tried vou unfairly and have
Mntenced you unfairly. In my mercy
vou- w ?*je ' Wl11 f'xtend clemency to
',,,'. do not choose there is no re
? i .or you.' Sueh a system is I'tuh
u4',n<'* American.
l? he clemency board is giving rights (
h*vl u H,IdI?" which never should
112 iJ*n.t*ken f?m them. But SUD
tnA il"" . ard hft<1 not b??n created
*a? that there had been no Ansell, a
"""> With human instincts, to rise upl
2?"?*t the system t.hose men would
2? haU lr> continue to serve out their
Sif1"*?' Wlth no ,aw to secure them
???r?*s for the injustice done to them.
, lawyer Cites Injustice
i?.iv ]*'}"r ?*"**? r?e?'ved by the com
l:'V** ,from ? eivillan lawyer iilus
mtV\A L,r? "P" ?a,,', what these men
?}? "**'? b?n UP against:
, in the feii of li?ii i, bH a ctvfllan
tawT : ttnt*rtook in ^'^half of th<- ae
**?!, to sbtaiti k rehearing of certain
Sui'*', '''"'V' '^rt.v.A cases. At the
CISJS r'*' "f ?*8,'J cases a youne: and
"jxnence.J seeond lieutenant with-;
ELtSf kBo*'?4?? of law had been ap- i
B?**, over the objectlon of ea?h of
?fii?-.t*u**<'; to ?"*present or rather
tZE2t'Wi ??"""? Th?r? v"!r' m??y"
tH.F. tie" *',,J ?Tors of law in said I
ttidii,' ** W*U *" ,n th* vrocenAinftn
IrUt., UP .l* *"d ??hsef|uent to Ihe
a ii.' *ri'' *h* court 't"*" ??<??"' "'"'"'
?wueoneeption of the law and of the
EKe? ' 5ti"n [Mt "f ,h" 'tevi^d
ik/i,/th^n,l,<')'t? th* ???u?*d were d?
fECj*^*'" rights gu?r?nt?ad by the
Cmttinufd an vayn eight '
Soldier Got 10 Years
For 1 Day's Ahsence
|_f KRF, are the facts in one case of
United States army court mar
shal "justice":
W. L. Nelson, private, 165th In
fantry, absent without leave for one
day, was in uniform and had gone
home to visit parents. Record states
that. he niade nr> cfTort nt conccal
mcnt. Sontcnced to ten ycars in the
disciplinary barracks at Fort Lcav
cnworth. Twenty ycars old, with
good record in eivilian life. Also
given suspended sentence of dis
honorable discharge from army
Landlords To
Be Grilled 011
Rent Increases
Committee Headed by Rev.
A. Ray Petty to Use "Piti
less Publiqity" as Weapon
in Fight With Profiteers
Rent profiteers will be attacked by
three separate agencies thi i wcek.
The moves against apartment owners
charged with unfairly increasing rents
to their tenants are:
| Appointment of a special commit?
tee, headed by the Rev. A. Ray
Petty, pastor of the Judson Memorial
Church, which probably will hold pub
lic sessions at which landlords will be
given an opportunity to explain.
2 Conference of legislators, magis
trates and tenants at \l o'clock
thia afternoon in the Bronx County
Uemocratic headquarters, 802 Tremont
j Avenue, to devise means of forcing
apartment house owners in The Bronx
specifically and in the state generally
to keep their profits down to u reason
ablo figure.
Q The Ccntral Federated Unions, rep
resenting every labor organization
in N'cw York, will call upon Governor
Smlth to send a special mesaage to the
Legislature asking for action against
rent, profUeerB.
Flrnt Called Mo?t Important
Of theso three steps the flrat is
looked upon by the occupants of apart
ments whoso rents are still soaring
skyward as the most important.
The appointment of the committee
flrst was auggeated by Mayor Hylun
| in a letter to Nathan Hirsch, ehairman
: of the Mayor's Committee on Taxa
tion. *
Officially the new body will be n
[ Bub-committeo of tho tax body, but it
will have a separate organization and
will work on its own responsibility,
with the sole purpose of forcing rents
down to something approaching nor
mal figures.
The committee, as suggested- by the
Mayor, will include:
The Rev. A. Ray Petty, pastor of
Judson Memorial Church.
Kdward T. Hanna'n, president Cen
tral Federated Unions.
Peter J, Brady, president Allied
Printers' Trades Council,
Henry Bloch, lawyer, 99 Nassau
Rtreet.
The Mayor concluded his note to
Mr. Ilirsch with this sugpe?tion as to
methods of proceeding: "To investi
gate and take such means aa would be
lawful and proper to put an end to a
condition which is most despicable in
the eyes of all our citizens."
Meeting Called for Monday
Mr. Ilirsch immediately appointed
the committee and called a meeting to
be held in his office In the Municipal
Building to-morrow afternoon. While
rnembers of the committee were reti
cent about discussing their plans prior
to their first meeting, it was agreed
that the most obvious method of tight
ing extortionate rentals was by the
use of publicity.
If landlords are forced to submit to
cross-examinations as to their reasons
for increasing rents, in some instances
as much as 100 per ccnt in two years,
it is considered unlikely that they
would take such action without giving
the subject ample consideration.
"Of course, we haven't begun our
work and it is impossiblc to say def
initely what will be done," said Dr.
Petty. "As conditions lo?k now, it
would secm that there was consider
able justice in the complaints of the
tenants. Ilowever, we cannot suggest
iCKislation or any specitic action until
a full investigation has been made. We
will know juKt how that will procccd
aftcr Monday's conference."
Conference In The Bronx
This afternoon':; conferenco in The
Bronx will consider the complaints of
Bronx tenants rathcr than the gcneral
renting conditions, because it is charged
by the tenants that they have, been
gouged with less mercy than have those
in other sections of the city.
The meating. which was called by
Joacph M. Callahan, thairman of the
Bronx County Democratic Committee,
will reach eoncluaiona as to mothods
Of proeadure, and probably will ask the
Lagialatura for Immediato action
againxt profiteers.
"This is n disgraceful condition that
mu?t be met immediately," said Mr.
Callahan. "Tenants are belng mulctcd
bayond all raaaon. Many are rendored
bomalMI. The 1-rKinlnture cun handle
this situation rnore readily than any
other agancy. Some maaeura ran bfl
drawn that will tic the hands of tho
mo?t graady apartment house owners
Action mu?t, be t.aken at once, and that
is wbat we hope to do at this meoting."
Action by the. Ontral Fodaratad
UflfOfl wai? promitad aftcr tha orgarii-/.ii
tiofi had baan asaurad that it. would
have the support of Governor Smith In
any inov? that promised euqeaaaful
proserutio/i of prontcpi-irig Itndlordf,
V?taUf of tht hotuinp r.nndl
tionn itl Ihr nuhinlm of Nrw Ynrk
will hr, fimnd on ptitin liw,
New Strike
Forecast in
Harbor Fight
Complete Tie-Up Planned
for To-morrow Unless
Discharged Men Are
Taken Back, Says Leader
Rail DirectorV
Action Blamed
Union Workers Dropped
for Refusing to Tow
Boats Not on "List"
Total paralysis of traflic in Xew
York Harbor to-morrow night is now
threatened because of the discharge on
the orders of A. H. Smith, regional di
rector of railroads, of thirty tugboat
men. They were discharged for refus?
ing to tow boats not on the approved
list of the Marine Workers' Affiliation.
Special meetings to consider a strike
motion have been called for to-morrow,
and these, leaders of the men declarcd
last night, would undoubtedly end in
an order to strike unless Mr. Smith re
cedes from his position.
"Unless the men discharged are rc
instated and Mr. Smith ceases his at
tempts to bulldoze the men, there will
be a strike ordered," said Thomas L,
Delahunty last night. "As it is, it
looks like a race between us and Mr.
Smith as to whether it will be a lock
out or a strike. So far he has the
edge, for he has begun to lock out
men."
"I won't prophesy a strike?prophecy
is a dangerous thing," said Captain
William A. Maher, "but Mr. Smith has
gone looking for trouble and may suc
ceed in stirring up more than he can
handle. Either the men discharged will
be reinstated and the orders under
which they were discharged be rescind
ed, or, if I judge the men correctly,
they will order a general suspension."
Issue Raised by O'Conner
The question in issue follows
the action of T. V. O'Conner, intorna
tional prcHidont of the Longahoremen's
Aasociation, in forcing a settlement in
dependent of tho. Marine Workers' Af?
filiation of the o>mandn of the Tide
water Boatmen'a Union.
In consequence'of this aettlemont,
mombera of this union are cmnloyed
on boats owned by individuals, firma
and corporations that aro tlghting the
cngineera, pilots and other unions mak
ing un the Marine Workers' Affiliation.
The affiliation refuaoa to handle boats
of any owner who is at war with the
unions on any point.
This settlement by the Tidewater
Boatmen'a Union was made on March
27. On March 31 John Brcnnan, presi?
dent of this union, notified Mr. Smith
that he had made his peace with the
boat owners and that all coal barges
Contir.ued on page thirteen
jDry Act May
Not Go Into
Effectjulyl
Revenue Commissioner
Intiniates President Will
End Muddle by Deelar
ing DemobilizationOver
No Authority for
His Men to Act
If Prohibition Is Enforccd
I It Will Have To Be by;
V. S. District Attornevs
; WASHINGTON, Apri! 12. Enforce?
ment of war-time prohibition, which
becomes effective July 1, is not lodged
with the Interna] Revenue Bureau or
with any other government agency, but
is merely left to the United States at
torneys, Revenue Commiasioner Daniel
C. Roper declared to-day after analysis
of all statutes and rogulationF.
Intimation that because of the ap
parcnt difficulty of enforcement the
President or Congress might be called
on to poatpone the law's operation
was given by Mr. Roper in a statement
saying that "the iasuing of licenses
for the manufacture prohibited by the
war-time prohibition act will naturally
ccase with July 1. aasuming, of course,
that neither the President nor the
Congress ataya the operation of the
law."
In this connection it became known
to-day that a number o' Administra
tion officials and adviaera of tho Pres?
ident had rocently urged him to pre
vent prohibition from going into effect
July l hy proclaiming the completion
of demobilization by that time, This
view of the President'a duty is under
stood to i... held by Commiasiorer
"oper, who is ropresonted aa believing
prohibition cannot be enforced ale
nuately without cpccific legislation e.-j
tahiishing an enforcement agency.
No Enforcement Provislon
After explaining in a statement Lhftt
(ongres:< had falled to paas billa ai.
thorizing ndmiuistration of the war
time prohibition provislon of the ngri
cultural bil) approved last Novembcr
2.1, Mr. Ropor aaid:
"Fnfovcement of the prohibition
containcd In the act. therefore, is not
placed with the Commlasioner of In
ternal Revenue, or lodged uliywhore in
the government. but is naturally left
to the United Statos attorneys to en
force hy prosccutioti undor the aection
of the act v/hlch providec 'that. nny
pevaon who violatcy any of tho foro'
going proviaiona ahall bn punishocl by
Imprlaonmont not to excoed ona -ear,
or by tine not to excoed $1,000, or'bofch
such imprisonment and line.'
"An anomaloua condition exists,
brought aboul by the fallure of Con
grcaa to enaci at the last session th*
necesaary legislation and provide the
necesaary money for the enforcement
of war-time prohibition.
Will Regulate Manufacture
"Existing revenue laws with regard
to the control of illicit manufacture
and sale will, of course, remain in
Continued on jxif/r. thirteen
Summary ofNew League
Draft Made Public; France
Gets Saar Valley Forever
Given Charge
Of Mines and
All Industry
Previous Plan Was lo Let
Freneh Have Fuel Duty
Free for 15 Years and
Permit Germans to Rule
Action Unexpected
In Many Quarters
Wilson Had Argued for
Self-Determination by
a Vote of the People
PARIS, April 12.?The Council of
Four to-day definitely settled the
prohlem of the Saar Valley. The
valley will be granted to France, in
perpetuity, to work the coal mines
and other resources.
The la.st previous reports from
Paris concerning the disposition of
the Saar Valley were that the
Freneh were to have the privilege
of exploiting the coal mines, as com
penaation for the destruction of the
LenB mines by the Germans, for a
period of fifteen years.
The league of nations was to ad
minister the territory during that
period, and at the <*nd of the fifteen
years a plebiscite of the inliabitanta
was to be held to decide tlieir fut
ure allegiance. In this way the
Wilsonian principle of self-deter
mination was to be prcserved.
The decision of the Council of
Four announccd to-day is a com
plete reversal of this plan and may
be construed a notable victory for
France, to whom Lloyd George is
said to be throwing his support.
Lenine Would Stop Terror
For Goods, Food and Peace
pARIS, April 12 (By The Associated Press).--BoIshevik Russia is
ready, according to reports reaching here, to agree to a sus
pension of executions and punishments of its opponents in return
for goods and recognition. It is also willing, according to the same
reports, to agree to the suspension of the campaign to extend Bol
shevism and overthrow the existing order in the countries of the
associated powers.
It will, however, refuse to call democratic elections or consent to
the convocation of a constituent assembly in Russia, and insists on
the recognition of "the de facto and de jure government of Russia,"
and acceptance of the principle of soviet rule as its part of any
programme of negotiation.
Whether the report on the standpoint of the Lenine government,
brought back by an attache of the American Peace Commission who
recently visited Russia, also covered guarantees of freedom of
speech, press and assembly, which Hjalmar Branting and other
neutrals believe should be made a condition of food relief, has not
been learned, but a person familiar with that report said that the
Bolshevik government was ready to grant almost anything except
reconvocation of the constituent assembly on the basis of democratic
elections.
U. S. Legally
Not at War
With Lenine
?Dept. of Justice
That Ruling Is Made in An
swer to Hornaday's De>
mand That the Soviet
Emissary Be Interned
Un April 6 William T. Hcrnaday
wroto a latter to the Department of
Justice protcatlng against tho nctivi
tios of L. 0, A. K. Martens, the official
represer.tative of tho Sovist govern
mont of Ruaa'n, and demonding his in
ternment, this country being in a "state
of war" with the Boltihovik forcea of
Russ'uv
Ycatcrd.iy Mr. Hornadoy made public
the reply, which follows:
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Washington, D. (,'.
April H, 1919,
Mr. William T. Hornaday,
l">r> Hall-of-Fame Terrace, Uni
veraity Heights, New York City.
Sir: In response to your com
munication of April 5, 1910, on
the subject of L. A. C. K. Martens,
official representative of Soviet
Russia, the situation, from a iegul
etandpoint, is not that. of war be
ttcccn this country and Russia.
Consequcntly no action can be
taken bascd upon the theorg that
a Russian or rcprcscntative of
Russia is an encmy.
Intcrnmcnt is a proccss allow
able solely and exclusively in thf
case of persons who are tcchn'cal
ly evemy aliens.
As for proaecution, that is of
course only justifiable where tho
facts clearly shoiv a violaticn of
the express provisions of Fudfral
law. Respectfully,
F'or the Attorney Gencral,
JOHN LORD O'BRIA.X,
The Special Assistant to the At?
torney General for War Work.
Mr. Hornaday answered as follows:
April 11, 1910.
Hon. A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General
of the United States, Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: Mr. O'Drian has transmitted
to me your decision of April "10 not to
comply with my demand of April 5 for the
arrest nny internmerit as nn enerny alien
of L. C. A. K. Martens, official representa- "?
tive of tho Bolsheviki of Russia, now at I
largc in New York City.
Your decision is entirely at variance
with the logic of the existing state of war
and at variance with the laws of common
sense. and hereby I protest. against it. If
American soldiers now fighting Bolshevists
in thrce war areos in Russia and rnore go
inft thither do not constitute war, and if
the Russiam Bolsheviks are not our ene
mies, then the English language has lor.t
Its menninp; and justice has become a joke
and a plaything for legal trrminologists.
Your decision wrapa the Starr. und
Stripej around Bolshevik Murter.s and ren
ders him hafe within its folds. As it waves
over him while he preaches from the plat
form the Rolshevik revolution that is com
Ing in this country the Rolshevika of the
audlence will laugh with gloe at what they
will call the symbo! of a nerveless govern
mtnt.
Your decision will cive great dcliftht and
encaurngrment to all the American BoUht
viks, Socialitts and I. W, W. ngilntors who
now are co busy praaching "the comitiK
ravolutlon" In this dlstracted country.
In view of the preaant rnreleis nnd in
dlff?rent ottitude toward Holshevism of
mmi> Amcncuns in hlah plaoas, boUi pub
llo nnd prlvata, tt now srem? abaolutaly
certain thnt nothing Miort of vlolencc nnd
bloodshrd ever will awak.'n thla Bleepy nn
tlon to tha lioUhwik perii. VloUnct l? the
end to which our nlian enamlta In Amarica
? tmdlly nnd tlrr.lessly are working, mihI
their iiitlnuite tuucc < In prcolpltatlnii
arm<*>'l wlolonca now Himi to ba mriured. I
haaa thln ballaf upon tha drawlng r"<>% vr of
th? Irlna lura of Bolihavinm, tha numbar,
unorgy and rtaoureaf of Ita aganta, and tha
npntliy and lnd(n>r?tie# on the other sldn.
Vairy rvMUf'tfully youri,
yWU.UAM T. IIOItNADAY.
Parley Drops
Japan's Racial
Equality Plea
Specific Refusal by Some
Members Forces Rejcc
tion of Claim. as Vote
Had To Be Unanimous
PARIS April 12 (9 p. m.).?The
League of Nations Commission has re
jected thc Japanese amcndment on
racial equality, according to an au
thoritntive statcmcnt isaued to-night.
Some of the membcrs of the com?
mission votod against the specific in
clusion of this amendment in the
covonant, and ns unanimous approval
of the commission was neccssary, the
amendment, which was strongly urged
by the Japanese dclegatcs, failed of
ndoption.
The statement follows:
"At a mceting of the League of Na?
tions Commission on Friday, April 11,
the Japanese delegation proposed an
amendment to the preamble of the cov
enant, as follows: To insert after the
words 'by the prescription of open.just
and honorable relations between na?
tions' an additional clause to read, 'by
the indorsement of the principle of
equality of nations and just treatment
of their nationals.'
"The amendment was admirably pre
sented by Baron Makino. In *.he course
of his speech he emphasized the great
desire of the Japanese government and
of the Japanese people that such a
principle be recognized in the covenant.
His argument was supported with great
force by Viscount Chinda.
Subject of General Discussion
"A discussion followed, in which
practically all of the members of the
commission participated. The decision
was marked by breadth of thought, free
and sympathctic exchange of opinion
and a complete appreciation by the
members of the commission of the difli
culties which lay in the way of eithcr
accepting or rejecting the amendment.
"The commission was impressed by
the justice of the Japanese claim and
by the spirit in which it was presented.
Mention was frequently made in the
course of the discussion of the fact
that the covenant provided for the rep
resentation of Japan on the executive
council as one of the five 'great powers,
and that a rejection of the proposed
amendment could not, therefore, be
construed as diminishing the prestige
of Japan.
"Various members of the commis?
sion, however, felt that they could not
vote for its .specific inclusion in the
covenant. Therefore, the commission
was reluetantly unable to give to the
amendment that unanimous approval
which 13 necessary for itB ndoption."
The preamble of the covenant of the
league of nations, in which the Jap?
anese sought the inclusion of their
amendment, roads ns follows:
"In order to promote internationnl
coopcration and to secure internation
al peace and Fecurity by the aeccpt
ancc of obligations not to resort to
war, by the prescription of open, just
and honorable relations between nn
tlons, by the flrm establishment of the
underrtandings of interiiational law
as thc nctuol rule of conduct among
govcrYimcnts and by the maintcn
uncc of a just and srrupuloun rei poct
for nll treaty obligations In the doal
injrs of organlsed people with one an
other, the powers signatory to thii
covenant edopt this constitutlon of the
Inigtip nf nations."
Monroeism
Is Put Into
Covenant
Treaties Proteeted and
Belligerents Neutrals
and Gther Self-Ruled
Nations To Be Members
World Arinament
Must Be Reduced
German Colonies and
Ottoman Empire To Be
Plaeed Under Mandates
PARIS, April 12 (By The Asso?
ciated Press).?An officia!
summary of the revised cove?
nant of the league of nations issued
to-night makes specific mention of
the Monroe Doctrine with respect to
its bearing on the future activities
of the leapue. It says:
The covenant docs not af
fect the validity of intema
tional engagements, such as
treaties of arbitration or r<
gtonal underatandings, like
the Monroe Doctrine, for
curing the maintenance of
peace.
The league, says the statamant,
will include all belligerent and
neutral states named in a ?dorument
annexed to the covenant, and "in thc
future nr.y sclf-govcriiinfr country
whose adrnission is approved by two
thirds of the statew already members
of the league."
Providlng it has kept its dbliga
tions, a state may withdraw from
the league on giving two years' no
tice, and states which signify their
dissent from amendments approved
by all the states on thc council and
a majority of those in the assembh
are not bound by them, but in such
case cease to be members of thc
league.
Mandatories for the German colo?
nies and the territories of the Otto?
man Empire are provided. These
colonies and territories are to be ad
ministered by states willing to b<>
mandatories of the league, whicU
will exercise general supervision.
The Summary
The officinf sumnwry follows:
| The league of nations is founded
in order to promote inter
national cooperation and to secure
peace. The league will include: (a.)
The belligerent states named in a
document annexed to the covenant;
(b) all the neutral states so narrred,
and (c) in the future any self-gov
erning country whose adrnission is
approved by two-thirds of the statee
already members of the league.
"A state may withdraw from the
league, providing it has kept itS
obligations to date, on giving two
years' notice.
2 The league will act throueh an
assembly comprising not more
than three representatives of each
of the member states, each state
having only one vote, and a council
comprisinp; for the present one
representative of each of the five
great powers and each of four other
powers as selected from time to
time by the assembly.
Can Increase Members
By Unanimous Consent
The number of powers of each
clasa represented on the council may
be increased by the unanimous c6n
sent of the council and a majority
of the assemblj. Other powers have
the right to sit as members of the
council during the decision of mat
ters in which they are espeeially in
tereated.
In the eoundl, as in the assem
bly, each atate will have only one
vote. Both theae bodiea are to meet
at statod intervals (the council at
least once a yeari, and at other
tlmoj if reqiured. Both can dcal
with any mgtter that i:> <>f Interna
tional Interaat or that threetena tha
peace of the world. The decialon at
both muat W nnantmoua, except in