New-York tribune. [volume], February 26, 1920, Page 6, Image 6

About New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924

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Fate of Roads
In Commerce
Board's Hands
New Aet Makes Commission
All-Powerful in Every Vi?
tal Interest of Nation's
Transportation System
Can Kill or Rescue Lines
Success or Failure of Pri?
vate Ownership Hinges on
the Policies of 11 Men
By Stanley Frost
If the new transportation act is
signed by President Wilson and goes
into effect next Monday there will be?
gin an era in raiiroad affairs in Amer?
ica which will he changed in the most
vital ways from any that has pre
ceeied it. On its success will de?
pend whether the cry for government
ownership will revive in reeloubled and
perhaps overwhelming force after a
few years, or whether the roads will
become reestablished on a firm basfp
free from the evils both of the period
of unrestricted competition which
brought about the great anti-railroad
movement, and of the period of "un?
restricted restriction" which almost
wrecked the entire system of transpor?
tation. Through the new act the
United States:
Plans to assure to the railroads mair
'.( nance, credit and a fair profit, as
well i.s to control and restrict them;
to consieler the interests of investors
us well an those of shippers.
Increases its control over the roads
in all directions, making it possible to
override almost any selfish interest that
may arise, and insures honest, tiealing
with the public, especially in regard
to the issue of securities.
Acts Once Illegal Now Proper.
Abandons the policy of enforcing
Competition, exempts the roads from
the Sherman anti-trust act, and actu?
ally encourages the same kind of cen?
tralization and cooperation which has
heretofore been illegal.
The policy of support of the roads,
however, is an intentii n? not a guar?
anty. The government takes no re?
sponsibility in the enfetter; Congress
merely announces a change of policy,
and leaves the carrying out of it to the
interstate Commerce Commission.
There is no provision for doing more
for weak railroads than to tide them
? ?ver a crisis. So the whole success of
the railroads in the new era depenels
upon the commission.
"On March 1 next private ownership
of the railroads enters upon its lina!
test," says ('. A. Prouty, former ment?
it ?. r of the commission and now direc?
tor of the Bureau of Valuation of the
Railroad Administration. "If it s_uc
ce'erls it will become the permanent
policy of this country, [f ir fails in
e tim ition of the public, povern
tt ? - ; itii n must result. Whether
it . tie i ci or fails must depend largely
up< n ?: com m ission.
"It i. often charg d that the decline
?r railroad credit has been due to the
?sufficiency of earnings, but this
taten ni !< not warranl ed. The
troubli ' 5 1 oejrj I he unce rtainty, The
] iblic has come to realize that the
; vernment holds these carriers
? n ugh its ne... t to dict?t? their rates
i:: the hollow i ?' its hand an I the doubt
of wha I Ihi p icj ol Un .?>'.-. "ment
is to !? h? - b< ? the disturl in?? factor."
Public \\ M! W nil for Proof.
The i>":icy has been announced, but
? ';?? ur.cei ti intji ? 11 main till ?t is
. en thai the commis 'ion both wishes
; "-: i- able to carry it out. It i: u
? pi tver of the commission to kill the
railroads, just as it is in its power to
.:.., them. And thei^e are powerful
ntere?ts which wart the roads killed.
vant private operation to fail, so that
? the P i mb p?a n or governme nt
ownersl ip v I result. These interests
I m; ke themselves felt on the com
m ?ssii
How great is the power of the eleven
commissioners to kill or cure is seen
"Vom a glance at the new powers which
are given them in the transportation
act.
The first of these i-4 the keynote of
the new policy, the power to fix rates
at a level that will insure the carriers
a fair return upon their actual value.
This return is fixed at 5% per cent, for
'wo years. After that the commission
itself can determine whal a fair return
ought to he' and establish the rates
accordingly. Also, the commission is
to determine what is a fair value o?
the- roads. So the entire earning power
of the' railroads, taken as a whole, is
at the mercy of the commission. It
need not seek to deetroy, it need only
make a few bad guesses, to insure
bankruptcy.
Judge Prouty spoke of tho public's
' uncertainty. The commission, under
| the new law, has power at* any time to
? change the valuation, the percentage
? which shall be considered a fair re
1 turn, and the rates themselves. None
1 of these things need be any more stable
than the commission wishes. It will
be the commissioner, rather than the
roads themselves, in which investors
will have to have faith.
Can Give Succor in Emergency
Further, tho commission has con?
siderable power to help the roads sur?
vive a pinch. There is a fund oi
$300,000,000 provided from which it
can make loans to the roads imme?
diately. Tho contingent fund, to be
built up from the excess earnings oi
the strong railroads that are sine tc
follow an increase in rates, will alsc
j be under the commission's control
j From this fund it can make loans. Il
? can, too, buy equipment itself, and
I rent it to the carriers.
All this means nothing in the waj
lof a guaranty to any individual road
1 though the commission has the right
j to issue direct orders that may cost i
j road millions. It has no power t<
help beyond lending the road monej
; at such rates of interest as it deem;
| fit, and on such security as it chooses
1 Beyond that it cannot go. The execs;
yearnings in tho contingent fund do no
; go to the weak roads except as loans
which must he repaid with full interest
; The new policy does not even guaran
tee anything to the roads as a whole
except as the commission's acts back i
up. It simply means that the commis
sion has power to make the railroad
as a whole prosperous, and is expectei
'. to do so.
To justify the new policy of suppor
, the commission is given many nev
and drastic powers over the roads
Almost no function remains outside it
control; on the most important one
the roads cannot move without its per
mission.
It is now permitted to establish mini
mum as well as maximum rates, to em
all rate wars. It can force a road t
i build certain extensions, and has powe
to decide whether new trackage shut
j be built, or old trackage abandoned. I
j can force a road to increase its equip
| ment of any kind, and it is speciticall
' given the authority to order the road
! to install automatic train-control o
' train-stop safety devices?an improve
| ment that would cost hundreds of mi'
| lions.
Finance Control Absolute.
Its control over railroad finances i
complete. No securities can be issue
| withput its approval, though this doc
not insure buyers of such securitie
I against loss if the commission shoul
make a mistake. It will pass on th
financial arrangements of any consol
' dations that t.-kt- place. It will dete]
mine how much can be spent from h
? come as a fair amount for the upkee
? of the property. If already ha th
I power to prescribe the system of a<
: counting.
Its control over traffic is greatly <?*
I tended. Several new powers are give
it with the intent to preserve improvi
; monts which have been worked oi
under Fe-lera! control. It can fore
the joint use of terminals- there ha\
been more than 600 such arrangemen
made during the government contr
: period, many of them between con
peting lines. It. car decide how muc
the non-owning road is to pay tl
owner of the terminals. It can coi
trol freight p-'f>i it can direct tl
? routing of all traffic which the shi;
per himself does not direct- a pow<
that can ea ily destroy roads by tur:
! ing large part? of their best payii
| business to other lines. It can ordi
' the diversion of equipment from oi
live to another when it sees tit.
But greater powers are in reser\
The commission can declare, at its <ii
: cretion, when an emergencj exisl
.After that it has practically all t'
powers that the government has hi
over traffic under the Federal contr
; act. The roads will be able to do ve
, little more than to carry out the coi
mi sion's orders.
These are the legal powers. They a
not quite completo; railroads aro le
with a very considerable amount
discretion and initiative. But 1 !;<
?s another power, not mentioned in ;
act, but written between the lines
?that of advice. With its tremendo
actual power the commission will
aille, i*' it wishes, o g?ve counsel
, such a tone that a wise railroad w
listen with profound respect. Su
adv ice would be ext ral< gal, but it h
tuen given before in America, both
business and politics, and the corara
sion is somewhat in business and p
tics. Such advice might be oitr,
pood or bad?the point is that (
power to give it rounds out the CO
mission's other powers, and emole
? its domination of the railroads.
Cari Dictate All Rail Mergers
These powers of the commi sinn
ready assure the abandonment
Si 1,834 Depositors
On December 31st there were
11,834 people who were using this
Company as their Bank.
i j? They have found here the se
I .urity and the banking facilities
? they like.
g We offer you the same accom
I modation. Our Bank is neither
g too large nor too small for your
g best service and our officers are
I always ready to co-operate with
I you.
? Our depositors have come to
i ! us and-stay with us because we
J serve them well. May we do the
i | same for you?
TiTlE GUARANTEE
& TRUST C9
I Capital $5,000,000 I
Surplus $11,000,000 I
I lTOBroadwny, 137W.126U?St., 370E.H0tkSt.!
IT.", Remsen Stroe*t, Itrooklrn .
? 350 FuKonSt.,Jamaica 67 .TncknonAv.,l,.l.Clty
; ' iio Bay Street, St. Ooorge, Stati'n Island
I _
jnKtmt*awmaxnt?m*cr*n*mm*meimermtmmmmi*w**~~- ?
j competition among the roads in al
, most, everything except giving good
! service. Rates, routes, terminals,
equipment?all are in the control of
the government. The new act com
? pletes the' enunciation of this policy.
\ It instructs the commission to plan
for the consolidation of the 185 big
? roads and the hundreds of little ones
i into a few big systems. When the com?
mission's plan has been worked out, the
j roads are permitted to consolidate
! under it, subject to the commission's
' approval of the details. The revival
! of the merger in the Northwest, which
' was declared illegal in the Northern
Securities case, is the first that has
; been rumored since this provision of
\ the act, took shape. There will be others.
At the same time there is a movement
1 among some of the biggest lines to
i decentralize. The Pennsylvania has
: cut itself into four parts for operating
? purposes, and the Erie into three.
? These conflicting tendencies are ex?
pected to produce many changes in
i the next year or two.
Upon tlie commission, too, falls the
; tnsk of auditing the accounts of the
: roads with the government for the
period of Federal operation. It will
; determine how much is due each road
| under the Federal control act, pass on
all the claims of the roads against the
j government for injury, or failure to
maintain equipment or right of way,
pass also on the counterclaims against
the roads for overmaintenance, and
strike the balance. No one knows yet
; just how many hundreds of millions of
; dollars will be involved in these dis?
pute: probably not less than $1,000,
000.000. Director General Hines esti
. mated recently that Congress would
have tei appropriate another $48(5,322,883
I or so to clear the account left by gov
l eminent operation.
O. C. Barber, Match King,
Li-ft 84,500,000 Estate
Will Provides for Agricultural
and Industrial School on
"Anna Dean" Farm
AKRON, Ohio, Feb. 25.?Leaving an
estai valued at approximately $4,500,
000 Ohi" C. Barber, late "match king"
of Barbcrton, provided for a new insti?
tution to be known as the Ohio C.
Rarber Agricultural and Industrial
School in lii.; will, filed to-day.
The school is to be located on the
Anna Dean farm, said to be one of the
finest in America, where Mr. Barber
, experimented in scientific farming. The
wish i.-- expressed thut the proposed
school become ailiiiiited with Western
Reserve University at Cleveland. The
?ntire estate not previously bequeathed
in an ante-nuptial contract with his
econd wife or in the present will is
left to the s< hool.
Tl p will provides an annuity of $50,
100 Cor his daughter, .Mrs. Arthur D,
Bcvan, wife of a <'V:cngo surgeon, and
n nnivi ity of $25,00t> to Dr. Bevan in
n 1 ol ' he d i'. ghter's death.
An ai nuity of $25,000 is left the
wide w, . gether with a farm near Bar
bi i ton.
Sajre Votes Against Smith
\i.i.'\\ ' Feb. 25, -The Senate to
;. <? miirmed the nomination of James
D. Smith, former Mayor of Utica. as
a men ber of the State Tax Commis?
sion. Senator Sage, chairman of the
Finance Committee, which reported
"avorably the nomination, voted in the
negative.
Ti e nomination of Edward F. Boyle.
of N -v York, and Cyrus \V Phillips,
of Rochester, as members of the State
industrial < ommission was confirmed
? /ithoul ?.?'position.
w
Key. Trade Murk
Spring Dresses for
Daintiness, simplicity and serviceability are happily
combined in the new Spring Dresses for Children
now being shown at McCutcheon's.
??
A wide selection in dresses of fine white
Batiste and Nainsook, with hand-smock
^ ' For little girls ing, hand-embroidery and lace-trim
I? from ming. Also Colored Dresses of Mc
2 to 6 years Cutcheon's own Imported Swiss, Ging?
ham, English Sateens and English
Prints, in a number of attractive models,
many of them trimmed with hand
smocking and hand-stitching.
Charming Imported Dresses of fine
For older girls white Batiste, hand embroidered and
Up to *ace trimmed ; as well as a large assort?
ie years ment of Colored Dresses of Imported
Gingham, Japanese Crepe, Chambray,
English Sateen, Devonshire and Pongee
?almost all of them with at least a
touch of hand work.
Tailored Hats and Coats to complete the Child's spring costume. HI
Fifth Avenue, 34th and 33d Streets |
Rail Bill Sent
Wilson; Will
Act by March 1
Prompt Decision Expected
After Department of Jus?
tice Gives Opinion on
Validity of the Measure
Unions DraftingMemorial
Many Farmer Organizations
Join in Letter Asking Ap?
proval of the Legislation
WASHINGTON, Feb. 25.?The rail?
road bill was sent to the White House
to-day and the President is expected
to act on it one way or another before
the roads are returned to private con?
trol at 12:01 a. m. next Monday.
The measure is vigorously opposed
by the railroad brotherhoods and their
representatives, now in Washington
considering the President's proposal
for settlement of their wage demands,
were drafting to-day a memorial to the
Executive asking him to veto the bill.
A similar request was made yester?
day by George P. Hampton, managing
director of the Farmers' National
Council, who asked that the President
hear a delegation from his organiza?
tion to-morrow. Other big farmers'
organizations, however, in a letter sent
to the White House to-day, urged ap?
proval of the legislation.
There has been no indication from
the White House as to the President's
views on the matter. He has had be?
fore him for several days a digest of
the bill prepared by Director General
Hines.
Prompt Action Expected
After it was received at the execu?
tive offices to-day the bill was sent to
the Department of Justice for an opin?
ion as to its validity. In the usual
course such an opinion would not be
ready under four or five days, but to
meet the present situation the depart
! ment is expected to speed up its opin
i ion.
1 The President has ten days, excluding
i Sundays, or until midnight March 8,
I to act on the bill before it would be
' come a law without his signature, but
I since he has ordered the roads re
i turned on March 1, he is expected to
! act promptly.
? The fumiers' letter asking approval
; of the bi.l was signed by W. I. Drum
; mond, chairman of the board of gov
j ernors of the International Farm Con
1 gress, and T. C. Atkeson, Washington
representative of the National Grange.
It pointed to -'he memorial drawn up
i at the recent meeting here of repre
I nentatives of the International Farm
Congress, American Farm Bureau Fed?
eration, National 'Grunge, National
Fanners' Union, Farmers' National
Congress, National Milk Producers'
Federation, American Cotton Associa?
tion, several state farmers' unions and
the Dairymen's League, of New York.
This memorial declared for the safe?
guarding of every right of private
property and against government
ownership or continued operation of
the railroads by the government. The
farmers' memorial said:
"We believe the spirit of these two
principles is embodied in the proposed
legislation now before you awaiting
i your signature. We earnestly peti?
tion you to give this legislation your
approval both because of the intrinsic
merit of most of the provisions and
because of the necessity for settled
i conditions in transportation before
I the next season for crop movements."
I -Individual groups of union repre?
sentatives continued to debate the po?
sition the unions would take toward
the President's suggested wage data
commission. Few of the fifteen organi?
zations were near agreement.
General officers of the unions in?
terested in the wage controversy were
reported to have begun the assembling
of their objections to the railroad bill
which they expect to send to the Presi?
dent as soon as completed. This will
follow their request that he withhold
his signature from the mensure pend?
ing the presentation of their claims
, against it.
Poire:
Twill,
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The materials are Poiret Twill,
Tricotine, English Serge,
Scotch Tweeds, Home?
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UOBlNSOVfS
Jl\> *i5We?t-i'24it
Women Made Members
Of College of Physicians
First of Sex To Be So Honored;
Chicago Convention Hears
Plea for Higher Fees
CHICAGO, Feb. 25.?Two women phy?
sicians, Dr. Anna Weld, of Rockord, 111.,
and Professor Leila Andrews, of the
University of Oklahoma, to-day Were
admitted to membership in the Ameri?
can College of Physicians, the- first
women to be so honored by that body,
which is meeting in conjunction with
the congress on internal medicine.
The medical profession is one of the
hardest worked and the least paid of
all, according to Dr. Joseph H. Byrne,
of New York, associate secretary gen?
eral of the College of Physicians.
"It is not uncommon for a lawyer to
get a fee of $10,000 to $20,000, and fre?
quently surgeons obtain large sums for
their services," ho said. "Yet you sel?
dom hear of such a thing among phy
| sicians. They simply are not paid what
they are worth."
Dr. Byrne defended the old-fashioned
! country doctor, saying he was often
I better qualified than many newer prod?
ucts of medical schools.
Shmworkers Join Strikers
BALTIMORE, Feb. 25?Four hundred
machinists employed by the Baltimore
Dry Docks and Shipbuilding Company
went on strike to-day in sympathy with
the 1,100 men of the plant who walked
out last week because of an order is?
sued by the company prohibiting labor
union representatives in its service
wearing their badge of office in the
shipyards. The walkout to-day caused
stoppago of work on seven vessels, four
of them 10,000-ton tankers under con?
struction for the Shipping Board.
Long Senate Fight on
Dyes_Tariff Predicted
Finance Committee Accused of
"Flagrant Favoritism" by
Poindexter
WASHINGTON, Feb. 25.?Prospects
of a prolonged fight on the House dye
stuffs tariff bill developed to-day when
the measure was taken up by the Sen?
ate. Senator Kenyon, Republican, of
Iowa, characterized the bill as "most
unusual in its application of the pro?
tective tariff," while Senator Borah,
Republican, of Idaho, preelicted thai
the Jbill might require as much debate
as the peace treaty.
It is the intention to lay the bill
nside to-morrow to take up the treaty,
which then is to be kept continuously
before the Senate until a final vote is
reached.
Necessity for early passage of the
bill was urged by Senator Frelinghuy
sen, Republican, New Jersey, who said
the President even had seen (it to rec?
ommend such legislation in order to
protect the American dye industry
from Germany.
While favoring the bill Senator
Poindexter, Republican, of Washing?
ton, opposed its consideration until
some kind of an understanding could
be reached as to other tariff bills af?
fecting magnesite, surgical instru?
ments and other things. He accused
the Finance Committee, in ordering a
favorable report upon magnesite and
then temporarily withdrawing its re?
port, with "most flagrant discrimina?
tion and favoritism," and asked what
"influence" hael been exerted upon it.
Senator Smoot, Republican, of Utah,
said if lie had his way there would be
a complete revision of the tariff, but
the President would not approve such
a measure.
-.-I
Supply of Nitrate Assured
WASHINGTON, Feb. 25.?Ample sup?
plies of Chilean nitrate to meet farm
requirements this season are assured
under an arrangement made between
the Department of Agriculture, the
Shipping Board and nitrate importers
for prompt action in supplying tonnage.
Wilson Signs
Bill to Lease
U. S. Oil Lands
Millions of Acres in West
To Be Thrown Open foi
Development Under 5
Fer Cent Royally Plan
Naval Reserve Excluded
Extensive Coal and Phos?
phate Areas Also Are In?
cluded in the Legislation
WASHINGTON, Feb. 25.?President
? Wilson to-day signed the oil land leas?
ing bill, which opens up for develop?
ment millions of acres oC land in the
! West.
The total area of oil lands thrown
; open for lease under the bill is esti?
mated by the geological survey at more
than 6,700,000 acres, while proved coal
lands under government withdrawal
: total approximately :!0,000,000 acres,
! with 39,000,000 acres still to be classi
! fied. Phosphate lands are estimated at
2,700,000 acres, with sodium and other
? mineral deposits equally as extensive.
California Leads in Area
California, with 1,189.200 acres of
j withdrawn oil and gas lands, and
?Wyoming, with 1,151,629 acres, lead
j the other states in the extent and rich
' ness of their oil deposits. Of the six
additional states containing govern?
ment oil lands made available to lease
under the bill, Louisiana, with 407,000
acres, and Arizona, with 230,400 acres,
are considered to have the most valu?
able deposits.
The naval reserve oil lands in Cali?
fornia and Wyoming are not made
available for public leasing under the
bill unless the President so shall pre?
scribe. Efforts to open up this land
were largely responsible for blocking
legislation in Congress for many years,
I the Navy Department vigorously oppos
i ing leasing of the rich oil deposits it
holds in those states. The total area
in California is <>8.000 acres and that
in Wyoming 30,000 acres.
North Dakota Leads in Coal
In withdrawn eoai lands North Da
j kota leads the other twelve states with
j more than 11,000,000 acres, although its
?deposits are not considered as va >:a'???
as those contained in the 2,800,000
i acres of Colorado, which are appra.sed
i by the government at an average of
. S75 an acre, the highest valuation for
i government coal ands in any s'.ate.
Idaho ranks first in government phos?
phate lands, with a little'more than
1,000,000 acres, and Wyoming second,
' with 900,000 acres.
Authority for the administration of
the oli leasing law is placed with the
Secretary of the Interior. On oil lands
the leasing rate will be 5 per cent of
the oil produced, and this may be de
: manded in oil or cash as the govern?
ment may elect. For this year, at least,
l the government is expected to collect
: its royalties in oil.
French Defeat Turk Forces
Irregular Troop-; Suffer Heavy
Losses in Svria
| LONDON, Feb. 25. ? Heavy losses
liave been inflicted by French troops
1 upon Turkish irregular forces near
Marash, vilayet of Aleppo, Syria, it
: was announced in the Louse of Lords
by the Earl of Crawford to-day.
? General Gouraud has sent important
reinforcements to the scene,
Gillette Automobile
Bill Meets Opposition
Hearing Held on Measure to
Make All Drivers Obtain
Operators' Licenses
ALBANY, Feb. 25.?Representatives
of motorists' organizations spoke for
and against the Gillett bill to-day at
a hearing of the Internal Affairs Com
! mittee of the Legislature. The measure
would extend to all Darts of the state
I the law now in effect in New York
i City compelling all automobile drivers
j to obtain operators' licenses.
Passage of the bill was urged by
I Magistrate W. Bruce Cobb, of the
? Traffic Court in New York City. He de?
clared the law had not had a fair
? chance in New York because it had not
j been enforceel, possibly because of lack
i of funds. Nevertheless, he said, its
? operation there had shown that 15 per
I cent of the applicants for operators'
| licenses, which are granted only after
, tests of the applicants' ability, were not
fit to operate automobiles.
The Gi lett bill was prepared by the
; New York State Automobile Assocla
? tion arid was supported by the Automo
| bi e Club of America, the Motor Truck
i Federation and the New York State
I Mayors' Conference. Among the op
1 ponents are the National Chamber of
! Commerce of Automobile Manufactur
ers and the New York State Mot?.
Federation. wr
A bill to increase the protection of
motor cars from theft and one fo *i?
50 per cent of automobile license fe??
back to the counties where the license?
are issued met with little opposition
?
Moesle Succeeds Erzberger
Latter Retirement Said To Be
Merely Temporary
BERLIN, Feb. 25. -Under Secretary
of State Moesle, who on January 27
was named by Mathias Erzberger
deputy in the Finance Ministry, has
been selected to succeed Herr Erzber
ger.
Erzberger resigned yesterday jj
cause of testimony at hi3 libe? 5uit
| against Dr. Karl Helfferich tending to
; show Erzberger had sent some of his
; private funds to Switzerland.
The retirement of Erzberger is onlr
I temporary, declares the "Deutsch?
j Aligemeine Zeitung," in commenting
< upon the minister's resignation.
Various newspapers whose gym
: pathies are with the elements of -ni
| Right say his retirement is the first
? step in his fall. Belief is expressed hi
' the "Freiheit" that Herr Erzberger will
: not return to his post. The new3pan?r
; says it "regrets the Nationalists should
j have scored a triumph, although it
1 sheds no tears on his account."
loi
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"The Weite-Mignon., the instrument that
brings the master pianist's interpretation to
your horn ??" See it at this most Beautiful
Home of Music.
665 Fifth Ave., at 53rd
Just ?bove 'the Cathedr
?4
TEIN ?LOCH5MARtQoTHES
Broadway at 52^ Street
Facing Greeley ?Square
?
Our Town-Famous White
Oxford Basketweave Shirt
Draws "Praise From Sir Hubert/'
As They Say In The Classics
Fellow-Merchant Said Half In
Envy, But Wholly In Good Humor:
"How On Earth'Do You Get This
Cloth; Do You Steal It?", We Are Cir?
cumstanced To Offer Our Town-Famous
White Oxford Basketweave Shirt For
Only $2.75, Because We Watch Mills
And Markets Sleeplessly, Always Wide
Awake To The Customer's Advantage,
EXCLUSIVE, BUT NOT EXPENSIVE
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