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' 2 THE SUN .SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 1806. " , 11 H if 80MK XX IT HOOKS. H M Th. ParUnii. H 'J !. 8 ; Olio of tho moit Interesting historical books H 1 that hare boen published this year, and. In Ita H f; apeclnl Mold, the most Important since Douglass H Campbell's work on "The Puritan In Holland, IS ft England, nml America," Is that now Issued by B f llobuits Urn, under the title The I'urltanin IB F Kii0lait(t nml .Yon Knpfmui. by Kin Hovt H L ltMMiTiiN, f). I). Among other almi the author Ikt 5 undertake to correct the confusion current lj f J among many educated person! between the IB ) J Separatists, or Ilrownlata, better known H j as Pilgrims, who founded the Plymouth 1 colonr, nml tho l'urllnna, properly eo Bj '1 enllid, who founded the colonr of Mas- Bfl ' l'E fnhuett& liny. The difference between IB A sWc twobodlesof emigrant la followed from B a' M rr origin In Elizabethan England to the union BM if of tlin two colonics townrd the cloae of the ! B seventeenth ccnturj', and an attempt la also It nindo to ilttlnnuUti between their retpectlre r . jj streams' of Influence In after times. It la thla IE ' t- fl ellstlnctlon which will mainly occupy ua In thla H jS' notice, hut wo shall also glance at what the H jf author has to any about the eoclal nnd domcstlo B , life of 1'iirltan New England. JB Whence came the nuuio I'urllau? How came K j H tu bechnnged fnini n term of scorn to one of H I Jj honor Where shall thu study of tho Puritans JB , ft! In gin? Certainly union the coast of Mnssachu Bj ' . setts. Neither can It bculn In Holland, for It Bj I ( I m not the I'll rltuns that enme thence, but the Bj ! I I Scpiuiillsts. What, then, wns the relation of Bj , E thu Separatists mi tho one hand, and of the Bj w Puritans on the cither, to the Government and B ' H the Chureli of England ? Wo are led hack by Bj U these Inquiries to events which cuuerrned the JE ' ; 1 j history of Europe an a whole no less than of H u Kiiglaiid In partli'iilar, us we follow the Puritan H (j liltu ton-aril Its Inception. 'I here were three K , ! V parties In thn Cliurch of Knglnnd In the H X reigns of Kllrabeth and of .latnea I.: those H who were content with things as they wero; H U llioe' who were discontented, but purposed H t'ffl t.i nnnalii whole they were and work out I ' t-ti wlthliL the Church such reforms ns were pos. H 15 hie, ntul tlino who boldly came out and made a B ul new sturt. acrordlng to wliui lhe believed to bo H v; 'i an older nml a better whj. Of these threo par. H r m ties the lust nameil nut thai of the heparutlsts. B v- is or Ilrontilsts, tho latter name belnj derlviil H I S from the' Itev. Hubert llronue. n grsduateof H I , S CanibriiUn and n lelatlve of l.onl Ilurghley. K r SB o puUll-hed a number of widely read books. In m (i w which lie et foith his views In regard to tho H ' '3 proper oortltutlon of a Christian Church, and B . - n ho oroinlzed the tlrsl Snparntiit Church B V S In r.niSiinit of which there Is any definite B p W nccounti Ho held that the State, as nucb, H lias no ecclesiastical nuthorit, and that tho K j a Church should have no connection with thu H I'll Mate. evpt such as grows out of Its secular H ' ' S relations. Inirlnu tho reigns of Kllrabeth and (. B Jaiuetho Separatists suffered much persecu- Hon. and nt lewer than six of them weroexe. t i J cutcil. In t Debars 1C0T nml ions aconsidcr- B t iblo number of them, coming mainly from thn B f 3 northern counties, migrated to Holland. wheucr. B " j In ltl0. a pant of them set forth to found tho B ,' J i J Plymouth colony. Itlswel known that tho B jf rolony of Mnssnchustts Kay was started In K , 1t& ltlCS. at a tlmi" when the Puritans proper, who B fa hitherto had not separated from the Church of B $ Knglind, staurl in it. honing to reform It. TtilJ B Jj tolouy received ks tint l,-. eat accession of eml btbT u grints under Oo. Wlnttuop In 11130. B H Now let us see what Dr. Hylugton has to tell B us about the iilfleronc-is between the founders B . 1 of these colonies, and then let ua examine the B " 'S question, Whltli Uie two, Plymouth or Mas- B , ' ;jj lAuhusetts Day. In had more to do with the B ' ' l(J moulding of tho )niple of NewKngland? We B ,m bio already seen that tho two colonies were B ''"'I iH tettled at different times by different i-ectlons B .'VL. '!!.. of tho Kngllsh propln ami they wero not united t lilT' until ltlDS. when thu. so-calll Province of Ma. K i III lachusetts was orgaalzed. 'lho Pilgrims had B w" J :om from their life in Holland, where the in B ja y fiuence of William the HfJent had r:ien a free Bl ' j? and tolerant spirit to the earnest l'rotes B -rf tante who had ftoml lieroicnlly ucnlnst the B V S-" cf armies of Spain. Tlna-o Is no doubt thit their B ,D 'I residence In Holland had abiding effects upon H fir II "'8 ''"trims, and, Uirough them, upon New B 11' M ' Rngland, though it Is possible that Mr. B i 3 1 Campbell has somewhat overrated tho scope H jr kl and depth of these effects. Certainly, the Pll B C ; rrlms could not forgetihn cnuntr) where they B !:' i;J iiad found refuge fptin Dersecutlnn. They PJ f' ? -ere. as we have said, tho disciples of Itobert if- j Ilrowne. and they hail founded a Separatist " of ' Dhurch In their new fcutlement at Plymouth. ; fi l'hr Puritans, on the orjncr hand, were freh B , ?l ' from the great national contest, in the times of B .';. i Charles I. and Illshop Laud, for the rights B H ' which they claimed, an Knjtllahmen. under B tr 4 MainaCharla, a contest which. In lino.seemeil fi" ' to have been decided against them. They B k' Is hrought with them the principles of Mr John $? 1 Kllot, John Hampden, and John Pjm. They hndadreudof Popery, nml they belleed the I Church of Kngland wan relapsing Into the ; superstitions of Humanism. Kach colony went il on for sixty or sivcnty j-eiws developing Its M political anil religious instltudocs In it own ja way. In many respects Uie tw-i colonies were -M llmllar; In other rosperts they were unlike. It M was with them much ns It had hem with the rr- ?Y publics of (Iroei e In the best periods of (ireclan Sf history. The differences between them, sinnll f ' as well ns grent. were perpetuaacd from onegen- Sj tratlon to another, and if the two rolonles had not been welded together In Kite.' by the lln- S lerial mandate from Kuglruul, It Is likely that H! the illfferentes between thean would h.ie con- tAi klnued, and perhaps becomo more striking. eg iS i i We come now to the question. Which of thee lljr ' two rolonlos has hten immt efflident m shajilng -4 'ft' f the people of Now IIiikIiiiiiIc Dr. Itilngton f I? y points out that thn earlier historians usually I .jf ) tavo the proiedenco to tho Piritans, and thut. 4 i even In Mr. John C. Palfrey's Idstory, Plymouth J I. , ccuples but a subordinate plaie. Inlaterllmef, fj, ? however, a higher estlmato has been formed of if tl& f I the character ami inlluenre of the Pilgrims, !- "th 3 "r 'enni,ri' Hr", for I in tan rut, has written of it MS S them as though almost oionUung that li ex- fi 111 rellent In tho Now Kngland character had been a f derived from them. He has beoii followvd by a K '1 number of more recent authors, so that " rt 'if " '"" become tho fasliion to ascribe . : i most evoiy excellence or the New Kngland , i-' te people to thoae who ranieinverin the Maifloiier, n ' New r.nglaud families aru eagir to trnco their I B llneagn back to the Pilgrim l'uljiers. It may be J m noted ns another straw showing the direction 1 of tho wind that a great many churches have $1 been named from tho Pilgrims and but few In ' Sf oomparlson from tho Puritans. It is truo that ( ( KL lho settlement at Plymouth la termed with pro- !P prirty the Old Colony, b cause It waa begun In S lililO, whereas the Puritans did not start their f B't'' oilony at Massachusetts Hay and Salem till f I ' eight years later. In a now colony the M adantages of n few yenrs In residence Sij fount for much. Tho Pilgrims had a VB colony well organised, and governed ac ijf cording to democratic principles, and a EH Church organled nfter tho Congregational way ' jju! bofure tho Puritans came, It may be thnl thu ? !?!$ Puritans would Imm lomo to America If the tlf ."i' Iff Pilgrims had not been nlreudy settled at Plym- M i outh; built Is iiniloiilablo that the Purltam Hsi BB wero more Inclined to make the venture from ill '-i. II "'" f'"'1 1'"'t " ''"'"nr "' devout Protestant MM ti- Hi Hngllshmin hail already gained a foothold on S if : the western side of the Atlantic. 'Iho Puritans 1 ' would naturally and. mi to speak, inevitably ft., S 9 look to tho colony at Plymouth fur models In I if' B 8 tlworeaiuriitlonof their own Stale and of their own Church. , . I'1 Let us look a little more closely at the differ- I c H p encea between theplonuersof these two colonies I S R as legards tlielrilewi of the Chinch of ling. rj ; land. Wo repeat that thn Pilgrims had been Ljv ?., i hriaratlsts for many jears before they came to B; ! 5t Plymouth. The Puritans, on the contrar), had Br ,' fl bni! no scruples about the p.opruty of their ijf ,' connection with Iho 1 totentant Church estab- lit 8 i llshed In Kngland. They could cm tiniie. thfy aV' it A thought. In Its worship ami discipline with K - W US good consclelicei, prnudellt "US lallhful tothe US if Priitcstiint Itefornii.timi. It i. al.iinilnntly 1 1 rhownlil tholsink beforrus (hat thelrohlectlun I J; I waanot to the use of the liturgy In public w or tt ', nhlp. nor to prclatlcnl gut r.-iiuieiii,Tlie only nb. B ' .2ocWl to Cfruln teaching of IbeUovkof Cum. mon Prayer then In uie and to certain forma and ceremonies which tended, as they believed, toward the auperstltlonaof the Church of Home. The Puritans, therefore, ao long as they re mained In Kngland, claimed their rights at member of the national Chnrch. They re futed. Indeed, to conform to practises which ther regarded aa evil, but they claimed the right to worship In the churches of the estab llahmetit, and to continue members of the n2 tlonal Church, without conforming to Ita objeo. tlonabla mages, Momn of the men who came with Dot. Wlnthrop In 10110 hail been church wardena In Kngland. Soveralof them went bark to the Chnroh of England, when they returned to the old country to spend their declining years. It la related that when the ahlp which carried Mr. Kmncit Hlgginson to Salem rama to I.and'a End he called the passengers to take aUst vltwof Kngland, and said: "We will not say, as the Separatists were wont to lay. Fare well, IlabTlnn, farewell, Home; but we will lay. Farewell, dear England; farewell, thu Churoh of Ood In England, Wo do not go to New Kngland as Separatist from tho Church of Kngland, though we cannot but separate from the corruptions of It; but wo go to follow tho positive part of Church reformation and to propagate the Gospel In America." Again, when tlov. Wlnthrop was sotting out for Amer Icn with his company they Issued an address to their countrj men, which was dated April 7, lllflO, and In which they said: "We esteem It an honor to call the Church of Kngland our dear mother, and cannot hart from our natle countrj without much sadness of hrnrt and many tears Inoureics. We bless liod for our parentage and education ns mem bers of tho same body, and shall olwajs rejulce In her good. Wo w Ith our henda and hearts may be fountains of tears for your everlasting wel larr when we shall be In our poor cottages In the wilderness. And so, commending you to the grace of (iod In Christ, we shall ever remain )ouruaured friends and brethren." It Is mani fest from these vord. which. In Dr. Hylngton's opinion, were written b tho Ilov. John White, the Puritan rector of the church In Dorchester, Kngland, that the Puritan emigrants were' much less seere In their Judgments of the English Church, anil, lu tlijs respect, at least, mure charitable, than were the Pilgrims. lit. Another point brought out distinctly In this volume Is the fai t that It was not alone In their relations to the Church of Kuvland that the I Pilgrims dlirered from the Puritans. 'I he Pil grims were, for the must part, people in humble stations of life. A statement mad lu (ior. llradford Is quoted to the effect that "the) were notorlginally acquainted with trades nort-aftlc, but hid been HM'it to a plain country life nml the Innocent traaeof husbandry." Mr. John C. Palfrey speaks of them ns "North country peasanta," and hoaxers that It Is not known to this dny from what Kngllh homes they came. 'I hey were people of simple faith, ready to suffer the loss of all things for con science's sake. When they came to I.eyden, the learned such trades or fell Into such em ployments as they preferred. Some were eventually registered as silk merchants, some as wooIcarilerH or as fustian makers, three were printers, one a masun, one a carpenter, one a tailor, one a smith, and five were mer chants. It must not be supposed, however, that because the author of this book asserts that the great majority of the persons com posing the Ph mouth colony came from the humbler walks of life, he forgets that the leaders were really eminent men. On the con trary, he bears witness to the worth and dis tinction of tlov. Carter, of tiov. llradford, the historian of the colony, and for thlrt) years Its enterprising and s.igncious chief magistrate; of tiov. Wlnslow. descended from an ancient English family, a gentleman of consummate address and a born diplomatist; nml. finally, of Elder Hrs't'ler, n scholar nml courtier in early life. and. later, the beloved elder ruler of the Cliurch. and. for many jeara. while the peo ple were without a minister, thn religious teacher of the congregation. Yet. while thesu exceptions should be recognlred, the truth may as well be told that, as compared with the Puritans, thu bulk of the Pilgrims camo from a lower social stratum. The Puritans who cume to Massachusetts Hay were, for the most part, persons In comfortable circumstances at homo, of good education, and with good social connections In Kngland. "The principal planters of Masi.achuctts," accord ing to Dr. Leonard Paeon, "were Kncll-li coun try gentlemen of no Inconsiderable fortones, of enlarged understanding. Improied by liberal education." 'Iho great Puritnn, party of Kngland moulded the public opinion of their country during the first half of the seventeenth century. 1hoo who came to New Kngland wero litted by their abilities and training to be the founders of States. An unusual proportion of them were graduates from English unltersltle. Others, who were not graduates, were well read In his tory and literature and in theology. Their min ister were probably the equals In ability nml culture of tho clergymen who remained In thu Church of Kngland. IV. Notwithstanding the facts that the Purltnnt enmn over in far greater numbers ithilr emi gration whs ut the rate of y.OIIU ajearupto liUOI. and that they lame from a higher social acale. It is unqurstlunablo that. Ill respect to the form of organization adopted for their churches, they were controlled by the influence of the Pil grims. Tho latter had had 11 Church orgaulzed according to the Congregational way before thev came from Letden. Their pi.tor, John Itobln ton. had given them c tear and derided Inn In regaul to tlm pattern of the Church which tho New Testament furnishes. Il had been ngrced Hint, although thn pnstor and a large pirt of the members were to remain in Holland, lho-g who went to Ameiica were to constitute an Independent Church, In point of fact, tho Pilgrim Church at Plymouth wns an Indepen dent branch of the church in Leyden, and when the Puritans begun their colony this Indepen dent Pilgrim Church had been In regular exist ence for a nuuilei of jears. The Puritans, on tho other hand, so far as can bo known, had, whsn they landed, tin dellnlto plans for the or ganisation of the church. It 1 ns clear ns anything is in their history that mi to Hint time they had continued members of the Chun h of Kngland. '1 heir ministers line! been ordained as clergymen In thu Kpismpal Chun h. ami all their ministerial services had been performed therein, Tho Puritans hid pronounced ob jections to the Separatist chili ebon, and had been unfriendly to the Pilgrims becauso the hitter had broken nnny oullicly from the National Church. Again, If they were ibemsehes to be socedcrs, or schismatics, tin lr natural limitations ns Proteitnnta and noncon formists would bo with the Iteformrd churches of Geneva and of Kraneo and Scnllund. In truth, tho connection between the Kngllsh Pnrltans and tho churches of Geneva had been very close for many jears. If. then, the former were to break away from tho Church of Kng. land It would hau been thn most natural thing In the world for them to follow the method of almost all tho Protestant churches, except tho Churih of Knglnnd, and to organise according to ono of tho Prcshrtrrinii model. Tim leading men among the Puritans had been In corre spundence with tho principal Calvlulsti" :!il. lers on tho Continent, nnd wero familiar with the w orklng of the Calvlnlstlc churches Tho Purlliitis, however, were haidlj an organ ized colony beforu they consulted thu Pilgrims lu regard to the bet way of forming a church. Their own bitter experience lu the Kngllsh Church had prepared them to look with more fat or upon tho tion.prelatlcal churches, When, fur many jearr.thej saw thelrNatlnnal Church moving toward the practices and the doctrines of tho Humanists, their opinions were gradually modllled In respect to the forms of worship and the modes of government in tho Established Church, ho that the Protestants, who were entirely lojal to thu Kplscopal I hurch when James I. became King of Kngland, were pre pared to look with favor upon a much sl'iipltr organization when they came to New England, 'lhu fact that they had left be hind the luitltiitlona of thu old country, nml that they were entlrilj freu to carry out their own ideas, bad .wmph to ilu..iijiubllir. with the etxaA'iajuji"ii i"i 11 n urn i' i'.,u u ' 1 change. At the ssrue.tlme, there, I decisive evidence that they were guided bj' the teaoh Ingo and th experience of the men of Plymouth. Gov. Wlnslow, for example, say Ihaf'iome of the chief of the Puritan advised with ua In re spect to a right way of worship, and dealred to know nhoroupon our practical wa grounded. We accordingly ahowod thm," heiayi."the prlmltlto practice, taken out of the Act of the Apoatles and Eplstlea written to the tev eral churches by the said apoatles, to gether with the commandments of Chrlat, the Lord, tn the Gospel, and other our warrant for every particular we did from the Book of Ood." Endloott, writing to Got. Bradford from Salem In 1020, thanks him for aending Dr. Fuller to them. He aays that lie has been satisfied by Dr. Fuller In regard to the outward form of God' worship. This Dr. Fuller waa a deacon of the Church of Plymouth. Ho explained the Ply mouth methods of procedure In both civil and church matters; Gov. Kndlcott accepted his views. This was before tho organization of the first church In the Massachusetts colony. In the month of June following this visit of Dr. Puller three ships arrived at Snlem, bring ing n large number of passengers, tn the ensuing August tho first church was formed. A small number of the people at Salem desired to use the nook of Common Prajer; but the great majority pre ferred to follow the example of the Pilgrim Church at Plymouth and organize after tho Congregational way. This first churoh among he Puritans was almost an exact copy of the Pilgrim Church in Plymouth. " We have ooma awaj" they sold, " from tho Common Prayer and ceremonies In our native land, where we suffered much from nonconformity. In this place of liberty we cannot use them. Their Im position would ben rlnfnl violation of the wor ship of God." Th example of the church In Salem was followed by thn churches that ware formed within a year or two In Charlestown and Iloston. A precedent was thus firmly estab lished, and tho ihurche of the Puritans as well as of the Pilgrims were organized as Independent or Congregational churches. v. In respect, also, to the political and social in stitutions of Massachusetts, the Influence of the Old Colony wus considerable especially as time wenton. The frame of government therein was, as near ns was practicable, a pure democ racj. The suffrage was conferred by the free men upon all whom they deemed worthy of It. It Iscspeclallj to be noted that there were no religious tests. 1 hu Governor was cboen by general suffrage, aud the citizens also elected a council of fhe to advice and assist him. The whole body of adult male Inhabitants consti tuted the Legislature. 1 here could be no law or tax without the consent uf the freemen. The general meeting of tho freemen of th colony was like a modern town meeting; It Is true that, as population increased, a representa tive system became necessary, and each town In the colony sent its representative to the Houe of Delegates. The social institutions of the Pilgrims were likewise verv simple. The people of the Old Colony lived together on terms oft hrlstian equality. The author of this book, llko Mr. Dnuglnss Campbell, recognizes tho Inlluenco of Holland in these Institutions of the Pllerlm Fathers. Their twelve years passed among the stanch defenders of lib erty against Spanish blgotrv and despotism bnd given them new Ideas in regard to the right of the people to direct the course of govern ment. In regard to the right of suffrage and the orirnnlratlon of the town, and In respect of legis lation and of common schools for the people. The Pilgrim", accordingly Introduced this wns what Mr. Douglass Campbell aimed to prove a number of principles which had not. at that time, been ai cepted lu Kngland. In the .Massachusetts lolony. on the other hand, we find that, at first, the Puritan emi grants copied the religious Institutions of the uiolbei countrj, and adopiod luanv of Its social distinction-. The right of suffrage wns re stricted to tho members of the church in tho colony. Just as In England the suffrage was limited to communicants In the Church of Kng land. The churches which were recognlred by law. that is, lho Independent Congregational churches, wero supported by a tax mon all the Inhabitants, Just at In England the Kitab llshed Church was supported by rates upon the property of all the people of the par ish. Tho Governor and the assistants were chosen by the votes of the freemen of the colony. The dcpntles to the General Courts were elected by tho freemen In each town. It was serlouMj rei ummemled that members of tho Court of Assistants should hold office for life, or until removed for cause. It was. at one time, proposed that a number of the great Puritan noblemen should settle In Massachu setts, with the understanding that they should have a permanent place in the Government, and that their rank should be heredltarj-. The fact that these proposals were made shows one of the tendencies that the Puritans brought with them. These terdencles. however, as time went on. were not permitted to control the lolony. The democratic princi ples of thcpeople, refnforced hy tho example of Plj mouth, asserted themselves even In tho earlier jears. Eminent public men like Gov. Wlnthrop learned from experience that they had no secure tenure of ofllciol poltlon. except so long as they carried out the will of those w ho had elected them. It Is an error to suppose that either the ministers nr tho mnreronsplcu nus citizen had the control of the rolonj-. There were Instances, even In the earlier years, when these natural lenders wero outvoted and set nslde in a politic nl election. VI. In respect, finally, of numbers and wealth the two colonies weio very unlike. When thu Old Colony was four jenrs old. It contained only thirty-two cabins, inhabited by one hundred anil eighty persons. Six jears later it num bered tliri-M hundred. Even live years after this, when the colony was llftcen years old. It had only five hundred people-. At the end of seventy, two jears, when It was nbsorbed In the province of Massachusetts, It hnd only eight thousand In habitants, so slow was its gronth. Small as It alwajs wa, however, the Old Colony tins exerted an Influence nut of all proportion to Its numbers. Tho stindfnst fnllh of lis people, their patience under advcriltj-, their boldness In crossing thn sea with limited numbers nnd srantv re-ourcc, the mo tives which Insplnil the enterprise "tint we iiilglitcnjov liberty of cnnsclcnen" and "keep our own language and tho name of Englishmen," and "train our children as we wero trained," nnd "enlargo the Church of Christ" and, ho sides nil this, their gentleness and charity to wnrd those who dllferrd with them, their com parative freedom from the spirit of persecution, their comparative tolerance tiiacenturj of In toleranco. all these things liavo won for them everywhere sympathy nml admlr.itlon. So much as this Is hcnrllly conceded by Dr Hy lugton to lho Pilgrim 1'nthers. Neverthe less ho holds that thn clrai-heuded student of New England history will find that, after all, tho elements of vigorous growth anil per manent Influence wer In the Puritan cohmy rather lhau In tho colonynt Pljmouth, lho number of Pilgrims in Hollan I when the May. flowersalled for Ameilrn wns not much moie than tli run bundled; those who remained he. ' hind were, thereforr, 11 smnll company from which to recruit a colony, On lho other hand, when tho Purllnns cro-scd the sea, a largo part of England, If not, as Dr. Hjliiglon tnlnks. thu laiger part, was Puritan. Twrlvn jears after j the beginning of tho Purltnn settlemeiiis tlm 1 colony of Massachusetts Haj had more than j twenty thousand people. In that tlmo tho Puritan emigrants hnd planted flflj towns and vlllnges, built thirty or forty churches and a larcei number of ministers' houses, a castle, fo-is, roads, and a prison all at their own charges. 'I hey were living In comfortable dwellings, surrounded wlih gardens, orchnrda, cornfield and well-fenced meadow. They had founded Harvard College, and were taxing themselves for Its support. Colonies had a. read j gone out from them tn begin settlement on the Connecticut Hlver at Springfield and at Hartford, and also at New Haven and in Khode Iidand and ill New Hampshire. Thit Is, Indeed, a marvellous record of material growth for a jcnlpny re;taxatcd from Jhu mother country by rillt.l WP"P.nli MHl llpMSULiLJi the width of the Atlantic. The contrast waa quite a marked In the intellectual expansion of the two colonies. During tho first fifty years of the history of Plymouth there waa a singular lack of permauenco In the ministry of that town. A late as 31100 the Itojal Commissioner reported that they found In the Plymouth colony "unly twelve tmall towns," and that the people were ao poor that "they were not able to maintain scholar to their ministers, but were necessitated to make usoofa gifted brother In tome places." Dr. Hylngton point out, however, that there wer at that time at least five university men tat tled within the border of the Old Colony. It I certain, however, that a very dif ferent state of thing exlated In the colony of Massachusetts Hny even In Its earliest year, when Hlgginson, Cotton, Notion, Hooker. Mather, Sheppanl. and their associates were tho Intellectual leaders of thr people, aa well as their spiritual guides. Home of them had carried off honors tn the English univer sities. Thla striking difference In respect of the qualifications of the ministers bear wit ness to a great disparity In the finan cial resources of the peoplo of tho two colo nies, nml, posstblj.n difference In the averago Intelligence of tho two communities. Scnrcely were the l'uritnns settled on the shores of Ma eachusett Hay when they begnn to put forth books and pamphlets which were published, at first. In London, and later In Salem and Ilos ton. Theliteraturonf the first half century la creditable not only to the authors, but to the readers who wero abls to follow such close and loglral thinking. In a word, Iloston and Cam bridge were n truly tho Intellectual centres of New England In the bevenleenlli century aa they are In the nineteenth. Harvanl Collego was an Important means of Influence, and It doubtless had much to do with the preeminence of the joungrr colony. At the samo time. It would be possible) tu giro too much weight to the superiority of the Purl tans In numbers and wealth, and In Intellect ual nnd soolnl culture The energj. the enter prise, the political sagacllj-, and the genius for creating new type of government- these are the Inheritance of New England from tho Purl tnn fathers. On the other hand, the beauty and tho poetry of New England havo come. In great part, from those who landed on Pljmouth Itock. The) have tnuglit the world a larger tolerance and gentler mnnnerf. and have given the ex nmple of purer laws. The Pilgrims had been purified by the fires of u fearful persecution. They hnd learned lessons of patience and of gentleness In the hard school of adv'ersltj. The death penalty was never Inflicted upon Quaker? lu the Old Colony, nnd, although there wero two trials for witchcraft, the charges were de clared not proven, VII. Life In New England was less democratic In the colonlnl period than It Is In our times, many of the class dl'tlnctlons of tho mother country having been transferred to the new community. Only twelve of thoo who camo over In the May flower had the title Mr. affixed to their name. The others were plain John Allien. Thomas Williams, Ac. The prefix Mr, and Mrs. was given only tn those who hnd belonged In the class of gentlemen In Kngland. and also to min isters nnd phjslclans nnd their wives. Goodman and goodwlfe were tiie appro priate terms with which to address per sons who were below- tho condition of gentility, and vet above that of servants. Most of the deputies tn the General Court wero designated bj their names onl j , unless they hart a military title. A gentleman might lie de prived of his lank for n disgraceful in t. It was onlrred by the Court lu ltl'II that one Joslas Plastone should bo fined flvu pounds for steal ing corn from the Indians, and thnt hereafter he should bo called by the name of Jo-las. and not Mr., as formerly he had been. These dis tinctions In social rank were carefully pre aei vtd In tho early dialogues of Harvanl Col. lego. Those who had been graduated from col lege were entitled to bo addrcsed ns lr. until they hnd received the degree of Master of Arts, when their proper title was Mr. People were sometimes seated In the meeting house, accord ing to their social rank. Conventional dis tinctions, however, grndnnlly faded away, and the lendencj was toward equalltj, as It always Is in a new countrj-. The dres of the people during the cnlonl-vl period wns Generally plain. as well because of their limited resources as becaue It was the policy of the colony to ills, courage habits of extravagance. Vet those In official position" were continually passing to and from Kngland. and It wns petes- sary for them to mnlntaii the 6tvln and manners of gentlemen of tl.eir rank in the old countrj. Professional men and public ofllrcrs were expected to wear a dis. tlnctlve dress. The tjplcnl Puritan, as we see him in the old portraits, looks llko n man of considerable distinction. The fact that laws against extravagance lu dres warn needeel shows that human nature In the times of the Puritans was very much what It Is now. Their ung people had a love for beautiful things and sought to adorn themselves, even beyond their means In lit. 14 it ns necessary tu enact that " no person, either man or woman, should hereifter mnke or buy anv apparel thnl hath laco In It, or silver and gold." Still later It was enacted thnt no ono should wear embroidered caps, gold nnd sliver girdles. Immoderate great "leeves. or slashed nppnrel. We rend In tho records of the Plymouth culony of a man who created a sen sation by nppearlng In the streets of Plymouth In long red silk stockings. Thn " Simple Cobbler of A ga warn" com plains of five 01-six extravagant women who Inquire, ha says, "what dress tho Queen is In this week." and "what Is the very newest fashion of the court." nnd who "egg to bo tn It In all haste, whatever It be ' Dr. Hjlugton gives somn ("(cresting speci mens of the Inventories of the ,. tales of persons In the best cnnelilion of life In Hnston twenty years after the town was settled. The Inventory of the household goods of Gov. Wlnthrop sums up the value of 10:1 This Included several feather lieds and bolstern, n don 11 bed, pillows, and bolsters, a large number of pewter dishes and plates, tin plates, hrass and copper kettles, brass candlesticks, bra-sand Iron nndlrnns. some old nrmor, firearms, sereral small carpet, ciioh Inns, clonks, a cloth.of.gold scarf, tableclollis, napkins, a large number of chairs, tables, cabinets nnd chest, two suits of clothes, six pairs of spectacle, nnd many other things. There Is also pirserved In tlm rec ords of tho colony of Massichusetts nu In ventory of the household goods of Mrs. Martha Covtmore, who afterward heenmo (he fourth wlfenf Gov, Wlnthrop. Tho whole valuoof tho estato of her first husband seems to have been about 1,111)1). One hundred nnd twenty-seven pounds was reprcreutri! bv tho hiusehold fur niture. Thn Items are inucii the same ns those In thu Inventor) of the Governor's furnlturo; sonio articles, hnwevnr, were nioro expensive. There vv ns a 0) press chest worth X'-l Jt),; diaper tablecloths, with napkins, w nrth several pounds; a silk red nnd green bed quilt, striped curtains, and aomeaiver pinto worth i'lfl. VIII, Tho nmutements of a plain people dwclllug In the wilderness would unturalty tin fuw ami sim ple, Vet the Purlttns stem to havo had more recreation than some .writers would lead us 10 suppose. It is true that games of chnnco were prohibited bj Ian, and mi wns dancing, There Is, nevertheless, nbundnnt evidenco that there vrn- a heart) and not ungenlsl social life among tho first settlers of the New Kngland col onies. Travellers of that period who visited New Kngland do not speak uf the life, they found there as u gloomy one. The people hnd their own simple rustic amusements, such aa those to which they had been accustomed In the mother country. One of the examples given Is the first harvest festival of Plymouth, when a whole week seems to have been given up to sport and a succession of merrymakings, as well a to tho entertainment of the Indians. The com mencement week at Harvard College waa alwaya Interesting. We rtart of a great training on Iloston Common, which brought together the people from the various settlements. Many gentlemen and gentlewomen dined In tents on the Common, Judge Sew ell lu his diary (made, of course, at a considerably later epoch), refer very oftea to th dlaucr parties which tic at- tended j and tells via something of the bill ot fare. On the whole, Nathaniel Hawthorno wa right In saying that th'e generation which followed the early emlgfnnts, 'Hie generation which hail never m!nged lp tho sports of old England, wore the darkest shade of Puritanism, Wticartestlmato the social and family life of tho Puritans from It result Jn tho types ot character which wo find lu their descendant. We are living among peoplo nf tho eighth gen eration from the founders of New England. That Is a long period through which to transmit dis tinctive trait. Nevertheless, the New England type of mind, after 'J70 years, Is still almost ns distinct In the great stream of American llfo as la tho 'Gulf Stream In fhe Atlantic. The Purl tan type Is very persistent. The men nnd women of Puritan blood, vvlierover we find them, are apt to be people of vigorous Intellect, thrifty habits, lnventlvo genius, and strong moral character. They stand for liberty In tho Church aud In the State. Tho leaders ot liberal thought and also n large proportion of the con servative lenders linvc been elecendants of tho Puritans. No other section ot the Anglo-Saxon race has excelled the Puritans in the number of great men, and of good men, scholars and statesmen, nnd soldiers, that it has produced, M. W. H. The Usrnsn Revolution or 1H48. It Is obvious enough that, ns n rule, nobody would think of reprinting in book form tho correspondence published In n dally newspaper. The conditions under which tho work Is done would generally deprive It of permanent value In the estimation nf the writer himself. It Is equally certain that no one will contest the vnlldlty of the exception presented In the little volume entitled JcVrntttfinu ami Omutrr-llnnlii-turn, nr (id intuit ft WW. by Kant, Maiix (Scribner). This book undoubtedly contains materials for ,hlstory which ought to be pre served. As an cic witness of many of the events which ho describes, nnd as an actor In eomo of them, the author speaks with peculiar author ity, aside from hi undisputed qualifications ns a learned and acute observer. Tho series of letters which Is hero reprinted wns originally contributed to the .Vic i'nrl: lilliune in tho years lnTil-S!.', and was then Justly denom inated In an editorial note ono of the most instructive sources of Information on the grent questions of European politics. Every one of the twenty chapter in the vnluino deserves careful perusal, and we can only exemplify their value by directing special attention to the three which deal with tho Vienna Insurrection and with the final overthrow of liberal govern ment in that capital, I. It Is pointed out that the revolution In Vienna may bo said tn havo been effected bv an almost unanimous population. 1 he bourgeoisie (with the exception of tho hankers and stock Jobbers), the petty trading t lass, and the working people, one and all. arose at once ngalnst the government of Metternlch. a government so universally de tested that the sinnll minority nf nobles and money lords which hail supported it made Itself Invisible on tho very first attack. 1 he middle classes had been kept In such n degree of polit ical Ignorance by Metternlch thai lu them tho news from Paris abuut the reign of anarchy, socialism, and terror, and about impending struggles between the class of capitalists nml the class ot laborers, proved quite- unintelligi ble. They, In their -xilltical Innocence, either could nttach no meaning to such nuwa. or they believed it to be an Invention nf Metternlch to frighten them into obedience. It Is further to be noted that the had never seen vvnrkingmeti acting as a cl:i". or stand ing Up for their own distinct c-lns Interests. They had from their past expetlente 1111 Idea of tho poislbllltynf any differences springing un between clas-esthut now weresoheartllj united In upsetting a government hated hj all. They saw thn working peoplo agree with themselves upon ail points, iiuiue-ly. a ti-ilntllulion, trial bj Jurj-, llhertj of the presi, ,Vc '1 bus they were. In March. 184S.nl least heart and soul with the movement, and thu movement at once consti tuted then, ntleist In theory, the predominant class.. In the State. Practiially. however, tho supremacj of thu mtddlu ctnss was far from being establisheil. It Is true that, by the organization of n Nntlunal Guard, which gave arms to the bourgeollu nml pettj tradesmen, that cla-H obtained both force ami impor tance; it la true, also, that, bv tho installation of n "Committee of Safety," a sort of revolu tionary, Irre-sponslhle bodj nf governors in which thu bourgeoisie prcdomln-ited. Il wa placeel at the tend of nffair'- At thu same timu thu wurkiug classes wero purliitly armed, too; the and tno students had borne thu brunt of the light, to far as there had been a tight: and lho students grouped In their Academic Le gion, about four thiiu-nnd strung, armed, and far better disciplined than the Natieeual Guard, formed the nucleus of the revolutionary partj", and wero bv 1111 means willing to act as a mere Instrument lu the hands of the "( ommltlt-e of safetj " Tiie worklngmen, 011 their pn: t, al most entirely thrown out of emplojment, had to be rmplojeel In public works at the enpenso of tho -tnte, and tho money for this purpose hnd, of course, to bu taken out of the purse of the taxpavur, or out of thu cl.e-t of ihe city of Vienna All this, of course, could not fail to become. In time, very unpleasant 10 the Viennese traansman Again, tho manufac tures nf the cltj. calculated for thu consumption of n rich and aristocratic court, were Inevitably stopped by tho revolution, through the flight of thu aristocracy and tho members of the Imperial famllj ; trade was at iv standstill, and the con tinuous aeilntlon kept up by the students and working people wan not the way tu" restore confidence," as the phram went. 1 htis a certain coolness erj soon sprang up betvveen tho mtddlu classes on tho one side mid the tur bulent students nnd working peoplo on the cither; and if, for a considerable time, this coolness did not ripen Into opnn hostility, it was becauso tho Minlstiy. and particularly the court. In their impatiences to ro-toro the old order of things, constantly Justille-il tho suspicion and the turbulent activity of the, more revolutionary parties, and constantly caused thu spectre nf tho old Metternlchlan despotism to arise befuro theejesnf tho middle classes. II. So much about tho genesis of thn Viennese In surrection, lu another letter Ivarl Marx shows how tho high orlsuicrncj and the stock-Jobbing biiurgeolsle.whichliad formed the principal non ofllclal support of the .Metternlch government, worei enabled, even nfter the events uf .March, Jh4H. to maintain a preponderating Inlluenco over tho Government, not only by moans of thn court, the armj. nnd the bureaui-rucj, but still more, through the horror of " anarch j-," whit li ultimately awakened and then spread rnpldlj among the iiiiddloclasies, 'lho reactionists sunn ventured a few feelers In thu shape of i press law, iv nondescript aristocratic constitution, and an electoral law bastnl upon the old division nt " estates." Tho so-called cimstltuilonal Mln lilrj. consisting of semi. Libera, timid, Incnpa tile bureaucrats, em tho 14thof Maj, IMS, ven- I turret oven a direct nttack upon the ravolii tionarj organization of thu in.isi.i-s by ill-solving thu conlrnl committee of delegates from the National Guard and Academic LoUon, a lioily funned for Iho express purposo t.f con trolling Ihe Government, ni.d of calling out against It, Incase of need, the popular forces, Hut till act on tho part of thn .Ministry onlj provoked the Insurrection nf May 13, by which tho Government wns forced to nt knowledge 1 tho committee, to repeat the constitution and the electoral law, and to grant the power of framing u new fundamental law through a Constitutional Diet elected by universal suf. frnge. All thl was confirmed on tho following day by an Imperial proclamation. The reactionary party, however, which hud Ita representatives In tho Ministry, aoon got thtlr "liberal" colleagues to un. dertake a new attack upon the repre entatlve of the more popular party. Tho Academic Legion, the stronghold of the Pro gressists and the centre of continuous agitation, had on thl account become obnoxious to the more moderate hurghurs of Vienna; ao It cam to pass that on .May !.'d a Ministerial decree dis solved IL Perhaps thla blow might have auc. ceeded If H had been delivered by a part of the National Guards only, but the Govwnmeiit, not I s trniUbg them either, brought th military for ward, and at onco tho National Guards turned round, united with the Acadomlo Legion, and thus frustrated the Ministerial project. III. In the mean time tlio Emperor anil hli conrt had. on May 10, loft Vienna and fled to Inns pruck. Here, surrounded by lho bigoted nml loyaV, TjTolenns. tli counter-revolutionary party found an asylum, whence, uncontrolled, unnbirrved. nnd nvfc.lt might rally lis scat tered forces ntul spread again all over the conn try the network of IU plot. Communications wero reopened with Rfidetzk)-. In Italy, with .Tellnchlch, the Ilnn of Croatia, and with Win dlschgnttr, commanding the army operating In Ilnherala, as well as with trustworthy men In thendmlnlstrntlvo hierarchy of the different province Thus is real force, nt tlio disposal of tho counter-revolutionary camarilla, wa ere atcd, while tho Impotent Ministers In Vienna vv ere allowed to woar out their popularity In con tinual bickerings with tho revolutionary masses and In the debates of tho forthcoming Constltu entAsscmbly. In Vlonna,too tho middle class, persended that, nfter three successive defeat, and in tho faceof aCoDatlttientAescmblvbaaed upon universal nutfrngr, the court was no longer an opponent to bo tlrendiHl. fell, moro and more. Into the weariness anil apathy nnd Into the craving for order and tranquillity which, nlwaj a and everywhere, solr.es this class of citizens after violent commotion and tho consequent derangement of trade. The clamor for a return to a regular system of government and for n return of the court, both of which were expected to bring about a revival of com mercial prosperltj-, soon became general among the middle classes. The meeting nt the Con stituent Asscmblvor Diet In July. 1848, wns hailed with delight nsthe end nf the revolution ary era: so was tho return or the court, which, after tho victories or Itndotzky in Italy, nnd nfter the advent of the reactionary Minis try of Doblhoff, considered Itself strong enough to bravo the popular torrent. Moreover, the court needtd to be In Vienna, In order tocom pleto Its Intrigues with tho Slavonic ma jority of the Constitutional Convention. Whllo this Convention, otherwlriw known as the Con stituent Dlot, discussed laws for tho emancipa tion of the peasantry from feudal bondago and from forced labor for the nobility, tho court undertook to effect n master stroke. On Aug. HI, 184H, tho Emperor reviewed tho National Guard; and thes Imperial famllj", the courtier?, and tho general officers outdid each other In flattery to the armed burghere. who were al ready Intoxicated with pride at teeing them selves publicly acknowledged aa one of tho Important bodlex of the suae. Immediately afterward a decree signed by Herr Schwarzer. the only popular Minister lu the Cnblnet, wat published, withdrawing the Government aid which had been hitherto given to the workmen out of employ. The trick succeeded; the working classes got up a protesting demonstration; the middle class National Guard declared for tho decreeof their Ministers; they were launched upon tho unarmed and unresisting work people, nnd the-y massacred a great number of them on the S.ld of August. Thus tlio unity and strength of the revolutionary force wan broken; theclass struggles between the bourgeoisie and the pro letariat had come in Vienna to a bloody out break, as It had come in Paris In the days of Juno of thefeitmu year, nnd the crounter-revn-lutionnrv camurllla saw the dny approachlntr on which tt might deal a deadly blow. IV. It Is noteworthy that the pretext for the sup pres'inn of the German revolution In Vionna wus afforded by an exhibition of sympath) with the Hungarians. On Oct. S, 1H4H, an Imperial de cree was publish! d In the IVriiiu (ti:r(tr, n de cree countersigned bj none of tho responsible Ministers for Hungarj, which declared the Hun garian Diet cllssolvetl and named Jellachlch. Han of Cnuetla, ( Ivll and .Military Governor of the Hungarians. At the samu tlmo orders were glvm to the troops in Vienna to march out and form part of the army w hlch was to enforce Jc'.lachlch's nuthorltj. Ibis, however, was showing the cloven foot too openly: ever) man In Vienna felt that war upon Hungarj was war upon the principle of constitu tional government, which principle was trampled upon by the Emperor's attempt tu give decrees legal force, without thn countersign of responsible .Ministers. The working people, the Academic Legion, aud the National Guard of Vienna rose en viiiive on Oct, (i, and resisted the departure of the troops; tome grenadiers passed over to the people: a short struggle took place between the popular forces and the soldiers: the Minister of War, La lour, was massacred by the people, aud in the evening tho latter were victor. In the mean time, Jellachlch. beaton by the Hungarians in a battle at Stuhlwelssen bure, bad takeu refuge near Vienna, on Ger-mun-Aui-trlan territorj ; the Viennese troops that were to march to hissupportnow took upnn ostensibly hostile aud offensive position against hlmtaiid the Emperor and court tied once more, thl-, time to Olmut 011 seml-SIavonlc territory. Hero the court found itself In a much more favorable position than It had occupied at lnnspruck, for a campaign agalnet the revolu tion. It was surrounded by the Slavonian Deputies of the Constituent Diet, and by Slavo nian enthusiasts from all parts of the monarchy. The campaign. In their eyes, wa to be a war for Slavonian restoration against the two Intruders mi Slavonian soil, namely, the German and Magjar. Windlschgrntz was made thu com mander of lho army that was now rapidly con centrated around Vienna. From Hohemia. Moravia. Stjrla, Upper Austria, and Italy inarched regiment after regiment, on converg ing routes, to Join the troops of Jellachlch nnd lho ex-garrlson of the capital. About HO.UOO men were thus united toward the end of Octo ber, nnd oon they began to hem In tho Imperial city on all sides, until, on Oct. no. Ih48, they were far enough advanced to venture upon a declsivo attack. V. In Vienna, in tho mean time, ronfueiin ar.d helplessness prevailed. The middle tijass, aa soon as tho victory had been galnro. T Uot, 0. becamo again possessed of their nld distrust of the working classes; the worklngmen, on their part, mindful of the treatment they hnd re. celved six weeks before (Aug. y.'t) nt tho hands ofthenrmed tradesmen, and of the wavering pollcj of the middle class at large, would not Intrust to them the defi nte of the city, nnd de manded arms and military organization for theinsclvev The Academic Legion, although full nf zeal for the struggle agoirist Imperial despotism, was entirely Incapable of under standing tho cause nf the estrangement ot tho tw 11 1 las--i k, or of oiheru Isu comprehending tho exigencies nf the sltuntlon. There was con fusion In thn public mind, confusion In thu rulliig council. The remnant of tho Deputies to thn Constituent Diet, who wore mainly Ger man, but Ine luiled a few Slavonian, acting lho part of spies for their friends at Olrnutr. be sides a few of thn more revolutionary Polishdep utles, sat In permauenco; but Instead of playing n resolute part they wastrel their time In Idle debates touching the possibility of resisting the liiiuorlal army without overstepping Ihe bounds of constitutional conventionality. Tho Com mittee of safetj-, composed of deputies from almost nil the popular bodies of Vienna, although determined to resist, wns yet domll natcd hy n mnjorlty nf burgheis and petty tradesmen, who never allowed It to follow-up nny determined, energetic lino of action. Tho council of tho Academic Legion passed beroio resolutions, hut was In nnvvlao nhlo to lakethu lead. The working classes, distrusted, ells ormed, disorganized, scarcely delivered from tho Intellectual bondage of thu old regime, and scarcely nwukenod, not to 11 knowledge, but even to a mere Instinct of their social position and proper political line of action, count only make themselves heard by loud demonstrations aim could not be expected to be equal to the difficulties of the moment. Nevertheless, they were ready, as they were at all times in orr. many during the revolution of 1H4H. to fight to the last, as soon na they obtained arms. Such I wasthe.tatenf things In Vienna. Outside was I the reorganized Austrian arm), flushed witlm-a I victories of Kadetzky In Italy, talxty or seventy ' thouaand men were armed, wtll dlcplned and. If nut well commanded, at least posttaslng I BBBBBBMkVaBafaLfWLjM commanders or a sort, inside, confusion, IB class division, disorganization: n ViUonat II Guard, part of whloh had resolved not IB tn fight, nt all, while n part ,e r. fl' resolute, ntul only thu smaller ,in t .'W was ready lt act: a prnluumn i,,, jl powerful by numbers, hut without ',,,, (Mi without any political education. . ,1 f . WMi panic', its well ns tu Hln uf furj-, nlinnsi , . , t ' cause, n prey to every fivlso rumor spf, i , B quite ready to fight, but unarmed, r ,., ,j f B tho beginning, nnd Incompletely nrtne.' ,, badly organized when, nt Inst, tin ) '' : ! i B battle; a helpless Diet, discussing ti r. B quibbles, while thn roof over theii 1 , i, , Wl B almost burning; it lending commute, , t M( the Impulso or the energj In lend. Ivirji 9' was changed from tho tlnyis of Man li 1 , , I In thesamo J'l-ar (MH), vvliet., in the iiinni, r , r. ' nlutionary camp, all was confusion an M , ,, . ' derment, and when the only 11rgn.n1 d - , I.- was that created by tho Huvoliilmi 1 ., I! could hardly be a doubt nhuot the ssu,. c . t Hf a struggle, und, whatever deiiiht there imk- , 1, was settled by the went ot the UOtli a: . October and 1st Pfovemoer, li When, at Inst, on Oct, 110, the conemtrs. IF army of WlntllschgrlUr. began thu attni t, ns If! Vienna, tho forces that could bo brought fi r- i'i vvnrtl In defence wero glaringly Insufficient for tho purposo. Of thn National Guard, na wo hate , said, only n portion could he brought to th,. In. trenchmcnla, A proletarian ifunrd. It is true, had nt Inst been hastily formed, but, owing id the lateness of tho attempt tn mnku nvnilnhl lho most numerous, daring, nml energetic jm-t of tho population. It wns too llttlo Inured to th usocit nroisand to the rudiments of discipline to offer a successful resistance. Thus the Aca domlo Legion, threo to four thousand ntrong, well exercised, nnd disciplined to n certain de gree, brave and enthusiastic, was. mllltar'ly speaking, the only force vvbloh was In a sute to do It work successfully. Hut what did they H amount to, even when supplemented by the few 1 trustworthy National Guards, and by the dis. I orderly murs of armed proletarians. In oppo-i- H tlon to the Jar more numerous regulars of Win- S dlschgrntz, not counting the brigand hordes of I Jellachlch, hordes thnt were, however, by the fl nature of their habits, very useful In n war from I house to house utid from lar.e to lane t The In- II surgents possessed but a few old, outworn, HU I mounted, and Ill-served pieces of ordnance to oppose to Iho numerous and well-appointed ar tillery of which Wlndiscligratz made an un scrupulous use. The nearer tho danger grew tho deeper grew the confusion In Vienna. The Dlot. up tot) e last moment, could not collect sufficient energy to call to Its aid the Hungarian army ot Pcrcze), encamped a few leagues below the capital. The "' Committee of Safety passed contradictory reso lutions, thev themselves being, like the popular armed masses, floated np and down with th-s alternately rising and receding tide of rumors nnd counter rumors. Thcrn wns only one thing upon whlcJi nil were agreed, nnmelj, tn respect property. This was done. It. eem, to it degreo almost ludicrous for such times. As to the final arrangement of the plnu of defence, vcy little was, -utcmpled. Hem. the unlj man pre--ent who could have s.eved Vienna, if any or.o could then have done It, o almo-t unknown foreigner, u, Havnriian bj- birth, gave up tho task, overwhelmed, as lie vvn-, by universal dis. trust. Hart he pi-n-evered. he mleht have been ljiiched as a traitor. Messenbau- r. tho com mander of this ins-urgent forces, mnrvof a novel writer than even of a subaltern otlicer. was totally Inadequate to the underlHing. it, letter eigiit miir-tlc. of rovoluttonarj i-truggles the popular pare had not pndui-ii nr won over a military cian of more lelultiy than he 'Ihus the ionics begat.. Ihe VI tum--e. cun etderlng ther utterlj msulV.i le. it inrutia of elefence. and coii-ulering aKu thes utter nb senceof military skill and orfinizalion In their I ronks. offered, e iiint hemic reastance. la , many case- the older given h) Hem. when hu was in comiaand. "to defend that po-t to the last man." was csrrftfd out to the letter. I ut furie prevailed. HirrlcatJ after burnt ode waswept away bj ttv? imperial artillerv in th long uud wide aveieiies which formed the m 1111 -treet of the suburb-, and on the evenlntr of Ihe ecncd day' ftgiiting thn c. ro-vtt occupied the rsogu if house- racing tho srlaejs of thr Old Town. .V feeble, tuiatecl. and ilisnrderlv nttack nl the llungarhti army had been entirely elefnateil: and during an trmistlce. while some partie-s in the Old Tow n capitulated, while others hesitated nnd spread contusion, and while the rrmnwus of the Academic Legion prepnnsl fresh iutrc-nc-hments. an entrance was made br the imperialists, and. In the mlifstot tiie general disorder, lho Old Town w-jvs carried. Ihe Immediate consequences of tits victory, tho brutalities and tueciitlons by rruvrtlal law, the nnhenrit nf cruelties and Infinities com mitted by the Slavonian hordes let liKjse upon Vienna, are well known. The ulterior conse quences, the entlrelv new turn given to German affairs by the defeat nf Uie revolution in Vienna, are set forth In the letta-K of Karl Man to the Tii'iiins. hut for these w- must refer the reader to this interesting and valuable volume. AS TO FEltKYttnAT HVIGinES. New Llcbt From Weehawkea TJpoa C'urloue Ways of Vomert It Is ono thing to get an assignment to writ a story. It is another thing to ntul a man who will tell a story that will be readable. A SfN reporter had an assignment to Inter view some man at a ferry, and ak. him how many people he had seen Jump from ferryboats Into the river; how many were women and how many were men; how many more Jumped in the afternoon than In the morning: how many more Jumped in the evening; and why thoiei who did Jump always made the leap from th crowded end ot the boat where the chances of rescue were grenier than they would be aft where no one Is present. If Mr. Depew wens a ferryman he would have had data at hand that would have made an Interesting story. ICut jour average ferryman fl Is not a Depew. H The reporter had to do the best he could with I the material at hand. He went to a half dozen m ferries nnd asked these questions, but th re- I snonses wero not encouraging. The only one who showed a disposition to be accommodat ing was one who Is nu watch on the eehaw. ken line. A fellow of lntlrutto Jest, but he does not know It. " How many peoplo have you Been lump from the ferries on this line?" he wat asked. "Thla jear ?" " Yes, this j ear will do as well as any." "Lemmusee. I dor. t believe I've seen any Jump this jear." "Well. Inst jenr." "I wasn't here Inst year." "Where werejim if you were at any ferry V "Fulton street." "How many did you see Jump from Ftalton street ferries V" "Never saw any." "Pleaso staif. from nny ferries where you have worked, how many you ever saw Jump" "Well, I nevercounteif "em." " Did j nit ever see any?" "Oh. jes, I've seen some. Rut as I said, I never counted 'em." "Ilnvo you seen more men than women Jump !" " Wlmmcn'smnro on tho Jump than men, aa far ns 1 can recollect. Are you inlerv lewln' m for the paper?" "Well, makti It vvlmmcn, then. I think I have e-een moro vvlmmcn Jump than men. I elon t think I ever sen but one man Jump, come to think of It. and ho didn't Jump. Only tried to " "Well, let thnt lines gn. Now nbout tha women. Dti tlioj Jump mostly In tho afternoon, the morning, or the evening. "Oh, jou can't tell nj thing about that, tun never enu tell when a woman Is going to Jump overbotttil, sun is Just a like y to Jump lu the middle of the day." "Pi-niii thu leirvviirel end of thn hunt, gen crullj V" "tjenerallj'. jes. When' the crimel K They llko tn henr peoplo holler, nml get up eveite Iiiunt " '"lheii jnu think It Isfor effect- that they do not null) want tinirnwii " "sun. Whj we fishril nut a unman nnrt, that had lite pren-rve rsnli her. Nut nu thi line, though, I rtckiiu miiiii.hij'h Ihm 11 stniii.iu jnu, .--'posn jnu think Hint must unjlnd) t ruther Jump 111 the river thnn to t-e t ml nt eehaw Ken. Hut that ain't mi .1 luiwken ain't, 1 had town In live in when )iiu'ri'iMt iiualtiicd there. Purty uotsl soe'e-tj in ee haw km ' "How many women have jou rescued, of those who hnv o Jlllnp-d overboard " "Only that ono I mm j iIU uim ' Ihe others wire lost " "Oh, I ilnn't know. Vein neverenn te'l N -w If a man Jumps over nnd goesiluwii. and ni elon t seu him come up, the 1 iinnivs 11 il nt 1 s iigniier Huliv wumnn'll Jump over -" I r under, and get imr nnmn and pi er 1 , pallets, mid make h lot of troubles In im (a and gel up a mjMnry. ami nbout Hi- 1. ll'mcrsls oiiiightfor the fuiie-iul. si e '. nil right, nml gel ihe raktMitl." . I hew hat t" ! "Thi'iakeolf the flower mid thi e 1 'nsnf ! mourillli'. ami thn kiss anil II na.f p i 'fk'ui you don't know much nlun. 1 nm M-r loud better, write up some (Inn 1 t. 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