' 2 THE SUN .SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 1806. " , 11
H if 80MK XX IT HOOKS.
H M Th. ParUnii.
H 'J
!. 8 ; Olio of tho moit Interesting historical books
H 1 that hare boen published this year, and. In Ita
H f; apeclnl Mold, the most Important since Douglass
H Campbell's work on "The Puritan In Holland,
IS ft England, nml America," Is that now Issued by
B f llobuits Urn, under the title The I'urltanin
IB F Kii0lait(t nml .Yon Knpfmui. by Kin Hovt
H L ltMMiTiiN, f). I). Among other almi the author
Ikt 5 undertake to correct the confusion current
lj f J among many educated person! between the
IB ) J Separatists, or Ilrownlata, better known
H j as Pilgrims, who founded the Plymouth
1 colonr, nml tho l'urllnna, properly eo
Bj '1 enllid, who founded the colonr of Mas-
Bfl ' l'E fnhuett& liny. The difference between
IB A sWc twobodlesof emigrant la followed from
B a' M rr origin In Elizabethan England to the union
BM if of tlin two colonics townrd the cloae of the
! B seventeenth ccnturj', and an attempt la also
It nindo to ilttlnnuUti between their retpectlre
r . jj streams' of Influence In after times. It la thla
IE ' t- fl ellstlnctlon which will mainly occupy ua In thla
H jS' notice, hut wo shall also glance at what the
H jf author has to any about the eoclal nnd domcstlo
B , life of 1'iirltan New England.
JB Whence came the nuuio I'urllau? How came
K j H tu bechnnged fnini n term of scorn to one of
H I Jj honor Where shall thu study of tho Puritans
JB , ft! In gin? Certainly union the coast of Mnssachu
Bj ' . setts. Neither can It bculn In Holland, for It
Bj I ( I m not the I'll rltuns that enme thence, but the
Bj ! I I Scpiuiillsts. What, then, wns the relation of
Bj , E thu Separatists mi tho one hand, and of the
Bj w Puritans on the cither, to the Government and
B ' H the Chureli of England ? Wo are led hack by
Bj U these Inquiries to events which cuuerrned the
JE ' ; 1 j history of Europe an a whole no less than of
H u Kiiglaiid In partli'iilar, us we follow the Puritan
H (j liltu ton-aril Its Inception. 'I here were three
K , ! V parties In thn Cliurch of Knglnnd In the
H X reigns of Kllrabeth and of .latnea I.: those
H who were content with things as they wero;
H U llioe' who were discontented, but purposed
H t'ffl t.i nnnalii whole they were and work out
I ' t-ti wlthliL the Church such reforms ns were pos.
H 15 hie, ntul tlino who boldly came out and made a
B ul new sturt. acrordlng to wliui lhe believed to bo
H v; 'i an older nml a better whj. Of these threo par.
H r m ties the lust nameil nut thai of the heparutlsts.
B v- is or Ilrontilsts, tho latter name belnj derlviil
H I S from the' Itev. Hubert llronue. n grsduateof
H I , S CanibriiUn and n lelatlve of l.onl Ilurghley.
K r SB o puUll-hed a number of widely read books. In
m (i w which lie et foith his views In regard to tho
H ' '3 proper oortltutlon of a Christian Church, and
B . - n ho oroinlzed the tlrsl Snparntiit Church
B V S In r.niSiinit of which there Is any definite
B p W nccounti Ho held that the State, as nucb,
H lias no ecclesiastical nuthorit, and that tho
K j a Church should have no connection with thu
H I'll Mate. evpt such as grows out of Its secular
H ' ' S relations. Inirlnu tho reigns of Kllrabeth and
(. B Jaiuetho Separatists suffered much persecu-
Hon. and nt lewer than six of them weroexe.
t i J cutcil. In t Debars 1C0T nml ions aconsidcr-
B t iblo number of them, coming mainly from thn
B f 3 northern counties, migrated to Holland. wheucr.
B " j In ltl0. a pant of them set forth to found tho
B ,' J i J Plymouth colony. Itlswel known that tho
B jf rolony of Mnssnchustts Kay was started In
K , 1t& ltlCS. at a tlmi" when the Puritans proper, who
B fa hitherto had not separated from the Church of
B $ Knglind, staurl in it. honing to reform It. TtilJ
B Jj tolouy received ks tint l,-. eat accession of eml
btbT u grints under Oo. Wlnttuop In 11130.
B H Now let us see what Dr. Hylugton has to tell
B us about the iilfleronc-is between the founders
B . 1 of these colonies, and then let ua examine the
B " 'S question, Whltli Uie two, Plymouth or Mas-
B , ' ;jj lAuhusetts Day. In had more to do with the
B ' ' l(J moulding of tho )niple of NewKngland? We
B ,m bio already seen that tho two colonies were
B ''"'I iH tettled at different times by different i-ectlons
B .'VL. '!!.. of tho Kngllsh propln ami they wero not united
t lilT' until ltlDS. when thu. so-calll Province of Ma.
K i III lachusetts was orgaalzed. 'lho Pilgrims had
B w" J :om from their life in Holland, where the in
B ja y fiuence of William the HfJent had r:ien a free
Bl ' j? and tolerant spirit to the earnest l'rotes
B -rf tante who had ftoml lieroicnlly ucnlnst the
B V S-" cf armies of Spain. Tlna-o Is no doubt thit their
B ,D 'I residence In Holland had abiding effects upon
H fir II "'8 ''"trims, and, Uirough them, upon New
B 11' M ' Rngland, though it Is possible that Mr.
B i 3 1 Campbell has somewhat overrated tho scope
H jr kl and depth of these effects. Certainly, the Pll
B C ; rrlms could not forgetihn cnuntr) where they
B !:' i;J iiad found refuge fptin Dersecutlnn. They
PJ f' ? -ere. as we have said, tho disciples of Itobert
if- j Ilrowne. and they hail founded a Separatist
" of ' Dhurch In their new fcutlement at Plymouth.
; fi l'hr Puritans, on the orjncr hand, were freh
B , ?l ' from the great national contest, in the times of
B .';. i Charles I. and Illshop Laud, for the rights
B H ' which they claimed, an Knjtllahmen. under
B tr 4 MainaCharla, a contest which. In lino.seemeil
fi" ' to have been decided against them. They
B k' Is hrought with them the principles of Mr John
$? 1 Kllot, John Hampden, and John Pjm. They
hndadreudof Popery, nml they belleed the
I Church of Kngland wan relapsing Into the
; superstitions of Humanism. Kach colony went
il on for sixty or sivcnty j-eiws developing Its
M political anil religious instltudocs In it own
ja way. In many respects Uie tw-i colonies were
-M llmllar; In other rosperts they were unlike. It
M was with them much ns It had hem with the rr-
?Y publics of (Iroei e In the best periods of (ireclan
Sf history. The differences between them, sinnll
f ' as well ns grent. were perpetuaacd from onegen-
Sj tratlon to another, and if the two rolonles had
not been welded together In Kite.' by the lln-
S lerial mandate from Kuglruul, It Is likely that
H! the illfferentes between thean would h.ie con-
tAi klnued, and perhaps becomo more striking.
eg iS i i We come now to the question. Which of thee
lljr ' two rolonlos has hten immt efflident m shajilng
-4 'ft' f the people of Now IIiikIiiiiiIc Dr. Itilngton
f I? y points out that thn earlier historians usually
I .jf ) tavo the proiedenco to tho Piritans, and thut.
4 i even In Mr. John C. Palfrey's Idstory, Plymouth
J I. , ccuples but a subordinate plaie. Inlaterllmef,
fj, ? however, a higher estlmato has been formed of
if tl& f I the character ami inlluenre of the Pilgrims,
!- "th 3 "r 'enni,ri' Hr", for I in tan rut, has written of
it MS S them as though almost oionUung that li ex-
fi 111 rellent In tho Now Kngland character had been
a f derived from them. He has beoii followvd by a
K '1 number of more recent authors, so that
" rt 'if " '"" become tho fasliion to ascribe .
: i most evoiy excellence or the New Kngland
, i-' te people to thoae who ranieinverin the Maifloiier,
n ' New r.nglaud families aru eagir to trnco their
I B llneagn back to the Pilgrim l'uljiers. It may be
J m noted ns another straw showing the direction
1 of tho wind that a great many churches have
$1 been named from tho Pilgrims and but few In
' Sf oomparlson from tho Puritans. It is truo that
( ( KL lho settlement at Plymouth la termed with pro-
!P prirty the Old Colony, b cause It waa begun In
S lililO, whereas the Puritans did not start their
f B't'' oilony at Massachusetts Hay and Salem till
f I ' eight years later. In a now colony the
M adantages of n few yenrs In residence
Sij fount for much. Tho Pilgrims had a
VB colony well organised, and governed ac
ijf cording to democratic principles, and a
EH Church organled nfter tho Congregational way
' jju! bofure tho Puritans came, It may be thnl thu
? !?!$ Puritans would Imm lomo to America If the
tlf ."i' Iff Pilgrims had not been nlreudy settled at Plym-
M i outh; built Is iiniloiilablo that the Purltam
Hsi BB wero more Inclined to make the venture from
ill '-i. II "'" f'"'1 1'"'t " ''"'"nr "' devout Protestant
MM ti- Hi Hngllshmin hail already gained a foothold on
S if : the western side of the Atlantic. 'Iho Puritans
1 ' would naturally and. mi to speak, inevitably
ft., S 9 look to tho colony at Plymouth fur models In
I if' B 8 tlworeaiuriitlonof their own Stale and of their
own Church.
, . I'1 Let us look a little more closely at the differ-
I c H p encea between theplonuersof these two colonies
I S R as legards tlielrilewi of the Chinch of ling.
rj ; land. Wo repeat that thn Pilgrims had been
Ljv ?., i hriaratlsts for many jears before they came to
B; ! 5t Plymouth. The Puritans, on the contrar), had
Br ,' fl bni! no scruples about the p.opruty of their
ijf ,' connection with Iho 1 totentant Church estab-
lit 8 i llshed In Kngland. They could cm tiniie. thfy
aV' it A thought. In Its worship ami discipline with
K - W US good consclelicei, prnudellt "US lallhful tothe
US if Priitcstiint Itefornii.timi. It i. al.iinilnntly
1 1 rhownlil tholsink beforrus (hat thelrohlectlun
I J; I waanot to the use of the liturgy In public w or
tt ', nhlp. nor to prclatlcnl gut r.-iiuieiii,Tlie only nb.
B ' .2ocWl to Cfruln teaching of IbeUovkof Cum.
mon Prayer then In uie and to certain forma and
ceremonies which tended, as they believed,
toward the auperstltlonaof the Church of Home.
The Puritans, therefore, ao long as they re
mained In Kngland, claimed their rights at
member of the national Chnrch. They re
futed. Indeed, to conform to practises which
ther regarded aa evil, but they claimed the
right to worship In the churches of the estab
llahmetit, and to continue members of the n2
tlonal Church, without conforming to Ita objeo.
tlonabla mages, Momn of the men who came
with Dot. Wlnthrop In 10110 hail been church
wardena In Kngland. Soveralof them went bark
to the Chnroh of England, when they returned
to the old country to spend their declining
years. It la related that when the ahlp which
carried Mr. Kmncit Hlgginson to Salem rama
to I.and'a End he called the passengers to take
aUst vltwof Kngland, and said: "We will not
say, as the Separatists were wont to lay. Fare
well, IlabTlnn, farewell, Home; but we will
lay. Farewell, dear England; farewell, thu
Churoh of Ood In England, Wo do not go to
New Kngland as Separatist from tho Church of
Kngland, though we cannot but separate from
the corruptions of It; but wo go to follow tho
positive part of Church reformation and to
propagate the Gospel In America." Again,
when tlov. Wlnthrop was sotting out for Amer
Icn with his company they Issued an address to
their countrj men, which was dated April 7,
lllflO, and In which they said: "We esteem
It an honor to call the Church of
Kngland our dear mother, and cannot hart from
our natle countrj without much sadness of
hrnrt and many tears Inoureics. We bless
liod for our parentage and education ns mem
bers of tho same body, and shall olwajs rejulce
In her good. Wo w Ith our henda and hearts may
be fountains of tears for your everlasting wel
larr when we shall be In our poor cottages In
the wilderness. And so, commending you to
the grace of (iod In Christ, we shall ever remain
)ouruaured friends and brethren." It Is mani
fest from these vord. which. In Dr. Hylngton's
opinion, were written b tho Ilov. John White,
the Puritan rector of the church In Dorchester,
Kngland, that the Puritan emigrants were' much
less seere In their Judgments of the English
Church, anil, lu tlijs respect, at least, mure
charitable, than were the Pilgrims.
lit.
Another point brought out distinctly In this
volume Is the fai t that It was not alone In their
relations to the Church of Kuvland that the
I Pilgrims dlirered from the Puritans. 'I he Pil
grims were, for the must part, people in humble
stations of life. A statement mad lu (ior.
llradford Is quoted to the effect that "the) were
notorlginally acquainted with trades nort-aftlc,
but hid been HM'it to a plain country life nml
the Innocent traaeof husbandry." Mr. John C.
Palfrey speaks of them ns "North country
peasanta," and hoaxers that It Is not known to
this dny from what Kngllh homes they came.
'I hey were people of simple faith, ready to
suffer the loss of all things for con
science's sake. When they came to I.eyden,
the learned such trades or fell Into such em
ployments as they preferred. Some were
eventually registered as silk merchants, some
as wooIcarilerH or as fustian makers, three
were printers, one a masun, one a carpenter,
one a tailor, one a smith, and five were mer
chants. It must not be supposed, however,
that because the author of this book asserts
that the great majority of the persons com
posing the Ph mouth colony came from the
humbler walks of life, he forgets that the
leaders were really eminent men. On the con
trary, he bears witness to the worth and dis
tinction of tlov. Carter, of tiov. llradford, the
historian of the colony, and for thlrt) years Its
enterprising and s.igncious chief magistrate;
of tiov. Wlnslow. descended from an ancient
English family, a gentleman of consummate
address and a born diplomatist; nml. finally,
of Elder Hrs't'ler, n scholar nml courtier in
early life. and. later, the beloved elder ruler of
the Cliurch. and. for many jeara. while the peo
ple were without a minister, thn religious teacher
of the congregation. Yet. while thesu exceptions
should be recognlred, the truth may as well be
told that, as compared with the Puritans, thu
bulk of the Pilgrims camo from a lower social
stratum.
The Puritans who cume to Massachusetts Hay
were, for the most part, persons In comfortable
circumstances at homo, of good education, and
with good social connections In Kngland. "The
principal planters of Masi.achuctts," accord
ing to Dr. Leonard Paeon, "were Kncll-li coun
try gentlemen of no Inconsiderable fortones, of
enlarged understanding. Improied by liberal
education." 'Iho great Puritnn, party of
Kngland moulded the public opinion of
their country during the first half of
the seventeenth century. 1hoo who came
to New Kngland wero litted by their
abilities and training to be the founders of
States. An unusual proportion of them were
graduates from English unltersltle. Others,
who were not graduates, were well read In his
tory and literature and in theology. Their min
ister were probably the equals In ability nml
culture of tho clergymen who remained In thu
Church of Kngland.
IV.
Notwithstanding the facts that the Purltnnt
enmn over in far greater numbers ithilr emi
gration whs ut the rate of y.OIIU ajearupto
liUOI. and that they lame from a higher social
acale. It is unqurstlunablo that. Ill respect to the
form of organization adopted for their churches,
they were controlled by the influence of the Pil
grims. Tho latter had had 11 Church orgaulzed
according to the Congregational way before thev
came from Letden. Their pi.tor, John Itobln
ton. had given them c tear and derided Inn In
regaul to tlm pattern of the Church which tho
New Testament furnishes. Il had been ngrced
Hint, although thn pnstor and a large pirt of the
members were to remain in Holland, lho-g
who went to Ameiica were to constitute
an Independent Church, In point of fact, tho
Pilgrim Church at Plymouth wns an Indepen
dent branch of the church in Leyden, and when
the Puritans begun their colony this Indepen
dent Pilgrim Church had been In regular exist
ence for a nuuilei of jears. The Puritans, on
tho other hand, so far as can bo known, had,
whsn they landed, tin dellnlto plans for the or
ganisation of the church. It 1 ns clear ns
anything is in their history that mi to Hint
time they had continued members of the Chun h
of Kngland. '1 heir ministers line! been ordained
as clergymen In thu Kpismpal Chun h. ami all
their ministerial services had been performed
therein, Tho Puritans hid pronounced ob
jections to the Separatist chili ebon, and
had been unfriendly to the Pilgrims becauso
the hitter had broken nnny oullicly from
the National Church. Again, If they were
ibemsehes to be socedcrs, or schismatics, tin lr
natural limitations ns Proteitnnta and noncon
formists would bo with the Iteformrd churches
of Geneva and of Kraneo and Scnllund. In
truth, tho connection between the Kngllsh
Pnrltans and tho churches of Geneva had been
very close for many jears. If. then, the former
were to break away from tho Church of Kng.
land It would hau been thn most natural thing
In the world for them to follow the method of
almost all tho Protestant churches, except tho
Churih of Knglnnd, and to organise according
to ono of tho Prcshrtrrinii model. Tim leading
men among the Puritans had been In corre
spundence with tho principal Calvlulsti" :!il.
lers on tho Continent, nnd wero familiar with
the w orklng of the Calvlnlstlc churches
Tho Purlliitis, however, were haidlj an organ
ized colony beforu they consulted thu Pilgrims
lu regard to the bet way of forming a church.
Their own bitter experience lu the Kngllsh
Church had prepared them to look with more
fat or upon tho tion.prelatlcal churches, When,
fur many jearr.thej saw thelrNatlnnal Church
moving toward the practices and the doctrines
of tho Humanists, their opinions were gradually
modllled In respect to the forms of worship and
the modes of government in tho Established
Church, ho that the Protestants, who were
entirely lojal to thu Kplscopal I hurch when
James I. became King of Kngland, were pre
pared to look with favor upon a much
sl'iipltr organization when they came to
New England, 'lhu fact that they had left be
hind the luitltiitlona of thu old country, nml
that they were entlrilj freu to carry out their
own ideas, bad .wmph to ilu..iijiubllir. with the
etxaA'iajuji"ii i"i 11 n urn i' i'.,u u ' 1
change. At the ssrue.tlme, there, I decisive
evidence that they were guided bj' the teaoh
Ingo and th experience of the men of Plymouth.
Gov. Wlnslow, for example, say Ihaf'iome of
the chief of the Puritan advised with ua In re
spect to a right way of worship, and dealred to
know nhoroupon our practical wa grounded.
We accordingly ahowod thm," heiayi."the
prlmltlto practice, taken out of the Act of the
Apoatles and Eplstlea written to the tev
eral churches by the said apoatles, to
gether with the commandments of Chrlat, the
Lord, tn the Gospel, and other our warrant for
every particular we did from the Book of Ood."
Endloott, writing to Got. Bradford from Salem
In 1020, thanks him for aending Dr. Fuller to
them. He aays that lie has been satisfied by Dr.
Fuller In regard to the outward form of God'
worship. This Dr. Fuller waa a deacon of the
Church of Plymouth. Ho explained the Ply
mouth methods of procedure In both civil and
church matters; Gov. Kndlcott accepted his
views. This was before tho organization of the
first church In the Massachusetts colony. In
the month of June following this visit of Dr.
Puller three ships arrived at Snlem, bring
ing n large number of passengers, tn
the ensuing August tho first church was
formed. A small number of the people
at Salem desired to use the nook of
Common Prajer; but the great majority pre
ferred to follow the example of the Pilgrim
Church at Plymouth and organize after tho
Congregational way. This first churoh among
he Puritans was almost an exact copy of the
Pilgrim Church in Plymouth. " We have ooma
awaj" they sold, " from tho Common Prayer
and ceremonies In our native land, where we
suffered much from nonconformity. In this
place of liberty we cannot use them. Their Im
position would ben rlnfnl violation of the wor
ship of God." Th example of the church In
Salem was followed by thn churches that ware
formed within a year or two In Charlestown
and Iloston. A precedent was thus firmly estab
lished, and tho ihurche of the Puritans as well
as of the Pilgrims were organized as Independent
or Congregational churches.
v.
In respect, also, to the political and social in
stitutions of Massachusetts, the Influence of the
Old Colony wus considerable especially as time
wenton. The frame of government therein
was, as near ns was practicable, a pure democ
racj. The suffrage was conferred by the free
men upon all whom they deemed worthy of It.
It Iscspeclallj to be noted that there were no
religious tests. 1 hu Governor was cboen by
general suffrage, aud the citizens also elected a
council of fhe to advice and assist him. The
whole body of adult male Inhabitants consti
tuted the Legislature. 1 here could be no law
or tax without the consent uf the freemen.
The general meeting of tho freemen of th
colony was like a modern town meeting; It Is
true that, as population increased, a representa
tive system became necessary, and each town
In the colony sent its representative to the
Houe of Delegates. The social institutions of
the Pilgrims were likewise verv simple. The
people of the Old Colony lived together on
terms oft hrlstian equality. The author of this
book, llko Mr. Dnuglnss Campbell, recognizes
tho Inlluenco of Holland in these Institutions
of the Pllerlm Fathers. Their twelve years
passed among the stanch defenders of lib
erty against Spanish blgotrv and despotism
bnd given them new Ideas in regard to the right
of the people to direct the course of govern
ment. In regard to the right of suffrage and the
orirnnlratlon of the town, and In respect of legis
lation and of common schools for the people.
The Pilgrim", accordingly Introduced this wns
what Mr. Douglass Campbell aimed to prove
a number of principles which had not. at that
time, been ai cepted lu Kngland.
In the .Massachusetts lolony. on the other
hand, we find that, at first, the Puritan emi
grants copied the religious Institutions of the
uiolbei countrj, and adopiod luanv of Its social
distinction-. The right of suffrage wns re
stricted to tho members of the church in tho
colony. Just as In England the suffrage was
limited to communicants In the Church of Kng
land. The churches which were recognlred by
law. that is, lho Independent Congregational
churches, wero supported by a tax mon all the
Inhabitants, Just at In England the Kitab
llshed Church was supported by rates upon
the property of all the people of the par
ish. Tho Governor and the assistants were
chosen by the votes of the freemen of the
colony. The dcpntles to the General Courts
were elected by tho freemen In each town. It
was serlouMj rei ummemled that members of
tho Court of Assistants should hold office for
life, or until removed for cause. It was. at one
time, proposed that a number of the great
Puritan noblemen should settle In Massachu
setts, with the understanding that they should
have a permanent place in the Government,
and that their rank should be heredltarj-. The
fact that these proposals were made shows one
of the tendencies that the Puritans brought
with them. These terdencles. however,
as time went on. were not permitted
to control the lolony. The democratic princi
ples of thcpeople, refnforced hy tho example of
Plj mouth, asserted themselves even In tho
earlier jears. Eminent public men like Gov.
Wlnthrop learned from experience that they
had no secure tenure of ofllciol poltlon. except
so long as they carried out the will of those
w ho had elected them. It Is an error to suppose
that either the ministers nr tho mnreronsplcu
nus citizen had the control of the rolonj-. There
were Instances, even In the earlier years, when
these natural lenders wero outvoted and set
nslde in a politic nl election.
VI.
In respect, finally, of numbers and wealth the
two colonies weio very unlike. When thu Old
Colony was four jenrs old. It contained only
thirty-two cabins, inhabited by one hundred
anil eighty persons. Six jears later it num
bered tliri-M hundred. Even live years after this,
when the colony was llftcen years old. It had
only five hundred people-. At the end of seventy,
two jears, when It was nbsorbed In the province
of Massachusetts, It hnd only eight thousand In
habitants, so slow was its gronth. Small as It
alwajs wa, however, the Old Colony tins
exerted an Influence nut of all proportion
to Its numbers. Tho stindfnst fnllh of
lis people, their patience under advcriltj-,
their boldness In crossing thn sea with
limited numbers nnd srantv re-ourcc, the mo
tives which Insplnil the enterprise "tint we
iiilglitcnjov liberty of cnnsclcnen" and "keep
our own language and tho name of Englishmen,"
and "train our children as we wero trained,"
nnd "enlargo the Church of Christ" and, ho
sides nil this, their gentleness and charity to
wnrd those who dllferrd with them, their com
parative freedom from the spirit of persecution,
their comparative tolerance tiiacenturj of In
toleranco. all these things liavo won for them
everywhere sympathy nml admlr.itlon. So much
as this Is hcnrllly conceded by Dr Hy
lugton to lho Pilgrim 1'nthers. Neverthe
less ho holds that thn clrai-heuded student of
New England history will find that, after
all, tho elements of vigorous growth anil per
manent Influence wer In the Puritan cohmy
rather lhau In tho colonynt Pljmouth, lho
number of Pilgrims in Hollan I when the May.
flowersalled for Ameilrn wns not much moie
than tli run bundled; those who remained he. '
hind were, thereforr, 11 smnll company from
which to recruit a colony, On lho other hand,
when tho Purllnns cro-scd the sea, a largo part
of England, If not, as Dr. Hjliiglon tnlnks. thu
laiger part, was Puritan. Twrlvn jears after j
the beginning of tho Purltnn settlemeiiis tlm 1
colony of Massachusetts Haj had more than j
twenty thousand people. In that tlmo tho
Puritan emigrants hnd planted flflj towns and
vlllnges, built thirty or forty churches and a
larcei number of ministers' houses, a castle,
fo-is, roads, and a prison all at their own
charges. 'I hey were living In comfortable
dwellings, surrounded wlih gardens, orchnrda,
cornfield and well-fenced meadow. They had
founded Harvard College, and were taxing
themselves for Its support. Colonies had a.
read j gone out from them tn begin settlement
on the Connecticut Hlver at Springfield and at
Hartford, and also at New Haven and in Khode
Iidand and ill New Hampshire. Thit Is, Indeed,
a marvellous record of material growth for a
jcnlpny re;taxatcd from Jhu mother country by
rillt.l WP"P.nli MHl llpMSULiLJi
the width of the Atlantic. The contrast waa
quite a marked In the intellectual expansion of
the two colonies. During tho first fifty years
of the history of Plymouth there waa a
singular lack of permauenco In the ministry
of that town. A late as 31100 the Itojal
Commissioner reported that they found In
the Plymouth colony "unly twelve tmall
towns," and that the people were ao poor that
"they were not able to maintain scholar to
their ministers, but were necessitated to make
usoofa gifted brother In tome places." Dr.
Hylngton point out, however, that there wer
at that time at least five university men tat
tled within the border of the Old Colony.
It I certain, however, that a very dif
ferent state of thing exlated In the colony of
Massachusetts Hny even In Its earliest year,
when Hlgginson, Cotton, Notion, Hooker.
Mather, Sheppanl. and their associates were
tho Intellectual leaders of thr people, aa well as
their spiritual guides. Home of them had
carried off honors tn the English univer
sities. Thla striking difference In respect of
the qualifications of the ministers bear wit
ness to a great disparity In the finan
cial resources of the peoplo of tho two colo
nies, nml, posstblj.n difference In the averago
Intelligence of tho two communities. Scnrcely
were the l'uritnns settled on the shores of Ma
eachusett Hay when they begnn to put forth
books and pamphlets which were published, at
first. In London, and later In Salem and Ilos
ton. Theliteraturonf the first half century la
creditable not only to the authors, but to the
readers who wero abls to follow such close and
loglral thinking. In a word, Iloston and Cam
bridge were n truly tho Intellectual centres of
New England In the bevenleenlli century aa
they are In the nineteenth. Harvanl Collego
was an Important means of Influence, and It
doubtless had much to do with the preeminence
of the joungrr colony.
At the samo time. It would be possible) tu giro
too much weight to the superiority of the Purl
tans In numbers and wealth, and In Intellect
ual nnd soolnl culture The energj. the enter
prise, the political sagacllj-, and the genius for
creating new type of government- these are
the Inheritance of New England from tho Purl
tnn fathers. On the other hand, the beauty and
tho poetry of New England havo come. In great
part, from those who landed on Pljmouth Itock.
The) have tnuglit the world a larger tolerance
and gentler mnnnerf. and have given the ex
nmple of purer laws. The Pilgrims had been
purified by the fires of u fearful persecution.
They hnd learned lessons of patience and of
gentleness In the hard school of adv'ersltj. The
death penalty was never Inflicted upon Quaker?
lu the Old Colony, nnd, although there wero
two trials for witchcraft, the charges were de
clared not proven,
VII.
Life In New England was less democratic In
the colonlnl period than It Is In our times, many
of the class dl'tlnctlons of tho mother country
having been transferred to the new community.
Only twelve of thoo who camo over In the May
flower had the title Mr. affixed to their name.
The others were plain John Allien. Thomas
Williams, Ac. The prefix Mr, and Mrs. was
given only tn those who hnd belonged In the
class of gentlemen In Kngland. and also to min
isters nnd phjslclans nnd their wives.
Goodman and goodwlfe were tiie appro
priate terms with which to address per
sons who were below- tho condition of
gentility, and vet above that of servants.
Most of the deputies tn the General Court wero
designated bj their names onl j , unless they hart
a military title. A gentleman might lie de
prived of his lank for n disgraceful in t. It was
onlrred by the Court lu ltl'II that one Joslas
Plastone should bo fined flvu pounds for steal
ing corn from the Indians, and thnt hereafter
he should bo called by the name of Jo-las. and
not Mr., as formerly he had been. These dis
tinctions In social rank were carefully pre
aei vtd In tho early dialogues of Harvanl Col.
lego. Those who had been graduated from col
lege were entitled to bo addrcsed ns lr. until
they hnd received the degree of Master of Arts,
when their proper title was Mr. People were
sometimes seated In the meeting house, accord
ing to their social rank. Conventional dis
tinctions, however, grndnnlly faded away, and
the lendencj was toward equalltj, as It always
Is in a new countrj-. The dres of the people
during the cnlonl-vl period wns Generally plain.
as well because of their limited resources as
becaue It was the policy of the colony to ills,
courage habits of extravagance. Vet those In
official position" were continually passing
to and from Kngland. and It wns petes-
sary for them to mnlntaii the 6tvln
and manners of gentlemen of tl.eir
rank in the old countrj. Professional men and
public ofllrcrs were expected to wear a dis.
tlnctlve dress. The tjplcnl Puritan, as we see
him in the old portraits, looks llko n man of
considerable distinction. The fact that laws
against extravagance lu dres warn needeel
shows that human nature In the times of the
Puritans was very much what It Is now. Their
ung people had a love for beautiful things
and sought to adorn themselves, even beyond
their means In lit. 14 it ns necessary
tu enact that " no person, either man or
woman, should hereifter mnke or buy anv
apparel thnl hath laco In It, or silver
and gold." Still later It was enacted
thnt no ono should wear embroidered caps, gold
nnd sliver girdles. Immoderate great "leeves. or
slashed nppnrel. We rend In tho records of the
Plymouth culony of a man who created a sen
sation by nppearlng In the streets of Plymouth
In long red silk stockings. Thn " Simple Cobbler
of A ga warn" com plains of five 01-six extravagant
women who Inquire, ha says, "what dress tho
Queen is In this week." and "what Is the very
newest fashion of the court." nnd who "egg to
bo tn It In all haste, whatever It be '
Dr. Hjlugton gives somn ("(cresting speci
mens of the Inventories of the ,. tales of persons
In the best cnnelilion of life In Hnston twenty
years after the town was settled. The Inventory
of the household goods of Gov. Wlnthrop sums
up the value of 10:1 This Included several
feather lieds and bolstern, n don 11 bed, pillows,
and bolsters, a large number of pewter dishes
and plates, tin plates, hrass and copper kettles,
brass candlesticks, bra-sand Iron nndlrnns. some
old nrmor, firearms, sereral small carpet, ciioh
Inns, clonks, a cloth.of.gold scarf, tableclollis,
napkins, a large number of chairs, tables,
cabinets nnd chest, two suits of clothes,
six pairs of spectacle, nnd many other
things. There Is also pirserved In tlm rec
ords of tho colony of Massichusetts nu In
ventory of the household goods of Mrs. Martha
Covtmore, who afterward heenmo (he fourth
wlfenf Gov, Wlnthrop. Tho whole valuoof tho
estato of her first husband seems to have been
about 1,111)1). One hundred nnd twenty-seven
pounds was reprcreutri! bv tho hiusehold fur
niture. Thn Items are inucii the same ns those
In thu Inventor) of the Governor's furnlturo;
sonio articles, hnwevnr, were nioro expensive.
There vv ns a 0) press chest worth X'-l Jt),; diaper
tablecloths, with napkins, w nrth several pounds;
a silk red nnd green bed quilt, striped curtains,
and aomeaiver pinto worth i'lfl.
VIII,
Tho nmutements of a plain people dwclllug In
the wilderness would unturalty tin fuw ami sim
ple, Vet the Purlttns stem to havo had more
recreation than some .writers would lead us 10
suppose. It is true that games of chnnco were
prohibited bj Ian, and mi wns dancing, There
Is, nevertheless, nbundnnt evidenco that there
vrn- a heart) and not ungenlsl social life among
tho first settlers of the New Kngland col
onies. Travellers of that period who visited
New Kngland do not speak uf the life, they
found there as u gloomy one. The people hnd
their own simple rustic amusements, such aa
those to which they had been accustomed In
the mother country. One of the examples given
Is the first harvest festival of Plymouth, when a
whole week seems to have been given up to sport
and a succession of merrymakings, as well a to
tho entertainment of the Indians. The com
mencement week at Harvard College waa alwaya
Interesting. We rtart of a great training on
Iloston Common, which brought together the
people from the various settlements. Many
gentlemen and gentlewomen dined In tents on
the Common, Judge Sew ell lu his diary (made,
of course, at a considerably later epoch), refer
very oftea to th dlaucr parties which tic at-
tended j and tells via something of the bill ot fare.
On the whole, Nathaniel Hawthorno wa right
In saying that th'e generation which followed
the early emlgfnnts, 'Hie generation which hail
never m!nged lp tho sports of old England,
wore the darkest shade of Puritanism,
Wticartestlmato the social and family life of
tho Puritans from It result Jn tho types ot
character which wo find lu their descendant.
We are living among peoplo nf tho eighth gen
eration from the founders of New England. That
Is a long period through which to transmit dis
tinctive trait. Nevertheless, the New England
type of mind, after 'J70 years, Is still almost ns
distinct In the great stream of American llfo as
la tho 'Gulf Stream In fhe Atlantic. The Purl
tan type Is very persistent. The men nnd women
of Puritan blood, vvlierover we find them,
are apt to be people of vigorous Intellect,
thrifty habits, lnventlvo genius, and strong
moral character. They stand for liberty In tho
Church aud In the State. Tho leaders ot liberal
thought and also n large proportion of the con
servative lenders linvc been elecendants of tho
Puritans. No other section ot the Anglo-Saxon
race has excelled the Puritans in the number of
great men, and of good men, scholars and
statesmen, nnd soldiers, that it has produced,
M. W. H.
The Usrnsn Revolution or 1H48.
It Is obvious enough that, ns n rule, nobody
would think of reprinting in book form tho
correspondence published In n dally newspaper.
The conditions under which tho work Is done
would generally deprive It of permanent value
In the estimation nf the writer himself. It Is
equally certain that no one will contest the
vnlldlty of the exception presented In the little
volume entitled JcVrntttfinu ami Omutrr-llnnlii-turn,
nr (id intuit ft WW. by Kant, Maiix
(Scribner). This book undoubtedly contains
materials for ,hlstory which ought to be pre
served. As an cic witness of many of the events
which ho describes, nnd as an actor In eomo of
them, the author speaks with peculiar author
ity, aside from hi undisputed qualifications ns
a learned and acute observer. Tho series of
letters which Is hero reprinted wns originally
contributed to the .Vic i'nrl: lilliune in tho
years lnTil-S!.', and was then Justly denom
inated In an editorial note ono of the most
instructive sources of Information on the grent
questions of European politics. Every one of
the twenty chapter in the vnluino deserves
careful perusal, and we can only exemplify
their value by directing special attention to the
three which deal with tho Vienna Insurrection
and with the final overthrow of liberal govern
ment in that capital,
I.
It Is pointed out that the revolution In Vienna
may bo said tn havo been effected bv an almost
unanimous population. 1 he bourgeoisie (with
the exception of tho hankers and stock Jobbers),
the petty trading t lass, and the working people,
one and all. arose at once ngalnst the government
of Metternlch. a government so universally de
tested that the sinnll minority nf nobles and
money lords which hail supported it made Itself
Invisible on tho very first attack. 1 he middle
classes had been kept In such n degree of polit
ical Ignorance by Metternlch thai lu them tho
news from Paris abuut the reign of anarchy,
socialism, and terror, and about impending
struggles between the class of capitalists nml
the class ot laborers, proved quite- unintelligi
ble. They, In their -xilltical Innocence,
either could nttach no meaning to such
nuwa. or they believed it to be an Invention
nf Metternlch to frighten them into obedience.
It Is further to be noted that the had never
seen vvnrkingmeti acting as a cl:i". or stand
ing Up for their own distinct c-lns Interests.
They had from their past expetlente 1111 Idea of
tho poislbllltynf any differences springing un
between clas-esthut now weresoheartllj united
In upsetting a government hated hj all. They
saw thn working peoplo agree with themselves
upon ail points, iiuiue-ly. a ti-ilntllulion, trial bj
Jurj-, llhertj of the presi, ,Vc '1 bus they were.
In March. 184S.nl least heart and soul with the
movement, and thu movement at once consti
tuted then, ntleist In theory, the predominant
class.. In the State. Practiially. however, tho
supremacj of thu mtddlu ctnss was far from
being establisheil. It Is true that, by the
organization of n Nntlunal Guard, which gave
arms to the bourgeollu nml pettj tradesmen,
that cla-H obtained both force ami impor
tance; it la true, also, that, bv tho installation of
n "Committee of Safety," a sort of revolu
tionary, Irre-sponslhle bodj nf governors in
which thu bourgeoisie prcdomln-ited. Il wa
placeel at the tend of nffair'- At thu same timu
thu wurkiug classes wero purliitly armed, too;
the and tno students had borne thu brunt of
the light, to far as there had been a tight: and
lho students grouped In their Academic Le
gion, about four thiiu-nnd strung, armed, and
far better disciplined than the Natieeual Guard,
formed the nucleus of the revolutionary partj",
and wero bv 1111 means willing to act as a mere
Instrument lu the hands of the "( ommltlt-e of
safetj " Tiie worklngmen, 011 their pn: t, al
most entirely thrown out of emplojment, had
to be rmplojeel In public works at the
enpenso of tho -tnte, and tho money for
this purpose hnd, of course, to bu taken out
of the purse of the taxpavur, or out of thu cl.e-t
of ihe city of Vienna All this, of course, could
not fail to become. In time, very unpleasant 10
the Viennese traansman Again, tho manufac
tures nf the cltj. calculated for thu consumption
of n rich and aristocratic court, were Inevitably
stopped by tho revolution, through the flight of
thu aristocracy and tho members of the Imperial
famllj ; trade was at iv standstill, and the con
tinuous aeilntlon kept up by the students and
working people wan not the way tu" restore
confidence," as the phram went. 1 htis a certain
coolness erj soon sprang up betvveen tho
mtddlu classes on tho one side mid the tur
bulent students nnd working peoplo on the
cither; and if, for a considerable time, this
coolness did not ripen Into opnn hostility, it was
becauso tho Minlstiy. and particularly the court.
In their impatiences to ro-toro the old order of
things, constantly Justille-il tho suspicion and
the turbulent activity of the, more revolutionary
parties, and constantly caused thu spectre nf
tho old Metternlchlan despotism to arise befuro
theejesnf tho middle classes.
II.
So much about tho genesis of thn Viennese In
surrection, lu another letter Ivarl Marx shows
how tho high orlsuicrncj and the stock-Jobbing
biiurgeolsle.whichliad formed the principal non
ofllclal support of the .Metternlch government,
worei enabled, even nfter the events uf .March,
Jh4H. to maintain a preponderating Inlluenco
over tho Government, not only by moans of thn
court, the armj. nnd the bureaui-rucj, but still
more, through the horror of " anarch j-," whit li
ultimately awakened and then spread rnpldlj
among the iiiiddloclasies, 'lho reactionists sunn
ventured a few feelers In thu shape of i press
law, iv nondescript aristocratic constitution, and
an electoral law bastnl upon the old division
nt " estates." Tho so-called cimstltuilonal Mln
lilrj. consisting of semi. Libera, timid, Incnpa
tile bureaucrats, em tho 14thof Maj, IMS, ven-
I turret oven a direct nttack upon the ravolii
tionarj organization of thu in.isi.i-s by ill-solving
thu conlrnl committee of delegates from
the National Guard and Academic LoUon, a
lioily funned for Iho express purposo t.f con
trolling Ihe Government, ni.d of calling out
against It, Incase of need, the popular forces,
Hut till act on tho part of thn .Ministry onlj
provoked the Insurrection nf May 13, by which
tho Government wns forced to nt knowledge
1 tho committee, to repeat the constitution and
the electoral law, and to grant the power of
framing u new fundamental law through a
Constitutional Diet elected by universal suf.
frnge. All thl was confirmed on tho following
day by an Imperial proclamation. The
reactionary party, however, which hud
Ita representatives In tho Ministry, aoon
got thtlr "liberal" colleagues to un.
dertake a new attack upon the repre
entatlve of the more popular party. Tho
Academic Legion, the stronghold of the Pro
gressists and the centre of continuous agitation,
had on thl account become obnoxious to the
more moderate hurghurs of Vienna; ao It cam
to pass that on .May !.'d a Ministerial decree dis
solved IL Perhaps thla blow might have auc.
ceeded If H had been delivered by a part of the
National Guards only, but the Govwnmeiit, not
I s
trniUbg them either, brought th military for
ward, and at onco tho National Guards turned
round, united with the Acadomlo Legion, and
thus frustrated the Ministerial project.
III.
In the mean time tlio Emperor anil hli conrt
had. on May 10, loft Vienna and fled to Inns
pruck. Here, surrounded by lho bigoted nml
loyaV, TjTolenns. tli counter-revolutionary
party found an asylum, whence, uncontrolled,
unnbirrved. nnd nvfc.lt might rally lis scat
tered forces ntul spread again all over the conn
try the network of IU plot. Communications
wero reopened with Rfidetzk)-. In Italy, with
.Tellnchlch, the Ilnn of Croatia, and with Win
dlschgnttr, commanding the army operating In
Ilnherala, as well as with trustworthy men In
thendmlnlstrntlvo hierarchy of the different
province Thus is real force, nt tlio disposal of
tho counter-revolutionary camarilla, wa ere
atcd, while tho Impotent Ministers In Vienna
vv ere allowed to woar out their popularity In con
tinual bickerings with tho revolutionary masses
and In the debates of tho forthcoming Constltu
entAsscmbly. In Vlonna,too tho middle class,
persended that, nfter three successive defeat,
and in tho faceof aCoDatlttientAescmblvbaaed
upon universal nutfrngr, the court was no
longer an opponent to bo tlrendiHl. fell, moro
and more. Into the weariness anil apathy nnd
Into the craving for order and tranquillity
which, nlwaj a and everywhere, solr.es this class
of citizens after violent commotion and tho
consequent derangement of trade. The clamor
for a return to a regular system of government
and for n return of the court, both of which
were expected to bring about a revival of com
mercial prosperltj-, soon became general among
the middle classes. The meeting nt the Con
stituent Asscmblvor Diet In July. 1848, wns
hailed with delight nsthe end nf the revolution
ary era: so was tho return or the court, which,
after tho victories or Itndotzky in Italy,
nnd nfter the advent of the reactionary Minis
try of Doblhoff, considered Itself strong enough
to bravo the popular torrent. Moreover, the
court needtd to be In Vienna, In order tocom
pleto Its Intrigues with tho Slavonic ma
jority of the Constitutional Convention. Whllo
this Convention, otherwlriw known as the Con
stituent Dlot, discussed laws for tho emancipa
tion of the peasantry from feudal bondago and
from forced labor for the nobility, tho court
undertook to effect n master stroke. On Aug.
HI, 184H, tho Emperor reviewed tho National
Guard; and thes Imperial famllj", the courtier?,
and tho general officers outdid each other In
flattery to the armed burghere. who were al
ready Intoxicated with pride at teeing them
selves publicly acknowledged aa one of tho
Important bodlex of the suae. Immediately
afterward a decree signed by Herr Schwarzer.
the only popular Minister lu the Cnblnet, wat
published, withdrawing the Government aid
which had been hitherto given to the workmen
out of employ. The trick succeeded; the working
classes got up a protesting demonstration; the
middle class National Guard declared for tho
decreeof their Ministers; they were launched
upon tho unarmed and unresisting work people,
nnd the-y massacred a great number of them on
the S.ld of August. Thus tlio unity and strength
of the revolutionary force wan broken; theclass
struggles between the bourgeoisie and the pro
letariat had come in Vienna to a bloody out
break, as It had come in Paris In the days of
Juno of thefeitmu year, nnd the crounter-revn-lutionnrv
camurllla saw the dny approachlntr
on which tt might deal a deadly blow.
IV.
It Is noteworthy that the pretext for the sup
pres'inn of the German revolution In Vionna wus
afforded by an exhibition of sympath) with the
Hungarians. On Oct. S, 1H4H, an Imperial de
cree was publish! d In the IVriiiu (ti:r(tr, n de
cree countersigned bj none of tho responsible
Ministers for Hungarj, which declared the Hun
garian Diet cllssolvetl and named Jellachlch.
Han of Cnuetla, ( Ivll and .Military Governor of
the Hungarians. At the samu tlmo orders were
glvm to the troops in Vienna to march out
and form part of the army w hlch was to enforce
Jc'.lachlch's nuthorltj. Ibis, however, was
showing the cloven foot too openly: ever) man
In Vienna felt that war upon Hungarj
was war upon the principle of constitu
tional government, which principle was
trampled upon by the Emperor's attempt
tu give decrees legal force, without thn
countersign of responsible .Ministers. The
working people, the Academic Legion, aud the
National Guard of Vienna rose en viiiive on Oct,
(i, and resisted the departure of the troops; tome
grenadiers passed over to the people: a short
struggle took place between the popular forces
and the soldiers: the Minister of War, La
lour, was massacred by the people, aud in
the evening tho latter were victor. In
the mean time, Jellachlch. beaton by the
Hungarians in a battle at Stuhlwelssen
bure, bad takeu refuge near Vienna, on Ger-mun-Aui-trlan
territorj ; the Viennese troops
that were to march to hissupportnow took upnn
ostensibly hostile aud offensive position against
hlmtaiid the Emperor and court tied once more,
thl-, time to Olmut 011 seml-SIavonlc territory.
Hero the court found itself In a much more
favorable position than It had occupied at
lnnspruck, for a campaign agalnet the revolu
tion. It was surrounded by the Slavonian
Deputies of the Constituent Diet, and by Slavo
nian enthusiasts from all parts of the monarchy.
The campaign. In their eyes, wa to be a war for
Slavonian restoration against the two Intruders
mi Slavonian soil, namely, the German and
Magjar. Windlschgrntz was made thu com
mander of lho army that was now rapidly con
centrated around Vienna. From Hohemia.
Moravia. Stjrla, Upper Austria, and Italy
inarched regiment after regiment, on converg
ing routes, to Join the troops of Jellachlch nnd
lho ex-garrlson of the capital. About HO.UOO
men were thus united toward the end of Octo
ber, nnd oon they began to hem In tho Imperial
city on all sides, until, on Oct. no. Ih48, they
were far enough advanced to venture upon a
declsivo attack.
V.
In Vienna, in tho mean time, ronfueiin ar.d
helplessness prevailed. The middle tijass, aa
soon as tho victory had been galnro. T Uot, 0.
becamo again possessed of their nld distrust of
the working classes; the worklngmen, on their
part, mindful of the treatment they hnd re.
celved six weeks before (Aug. y.'t) nt tho hands
ofthenrmed tradesmen, and of the wavering
pollcj of the middle class at large, would not
Intrust to them the defi nte of the city, nnd de
manded arms and military organization for
theinsclvev The Academic Legion, although
full nf zeal for the struggle agoirist Imperial
despotism, was entirely Incapable of under
standing tho cause nf the estrangement ot tho
tw 11 1 las--i k, or of oiheru Isu comprehending tho
exigencies nf the sltuntlon. There was con
fusion In thn public mind, confusion In thu
rulliig council. The remnant of tho Deputies
to thn Constituent Diet, who wore mainly Ger
man, but Ine luiled a few Slavonian, acting lho
part of spies for their friends at Olrnutr. be
sides a few of thn more revolutionary Polishdep
utles, sat In permauenco; but Instead of playing
n resolute part they wastrel their time In Idle
debates touching the possibility of resisting the
liiiuorlal army without overstepping Ihe bounds
of constitutional conventionality. Tho Com
mittee of safetj-, composed of deputies from
almost nil the popular bodies of Vienna,
although determined to resist, wns yet domll
natcd hy n mnjorlty nf burgheis and petty
tradesmen, who never allowed It to follow-up
nny determined, energetic lino of action. Tho
council of tho Academic Legion passed beroio
resolutions, hut was In nnvvlao nhlo to lakethu
lead. The working classes, distrusted, ells
ormed, disorganized, scarcely delivered from
tho Intellectual bondage of thu old regime, and
scarcely nwukenod, not to 11 knowledge, but
even to a mere Instinct of their social position
and proper political line of action, count only
make themselves heard by loud demonstrations
aim could not be expected to be equal to the
difficulties of the moment. Nevertheless, they
were ready, as they were at all times in orr.
many during the revolution of 1H4H. to fight to
the last, as soon na they obtained arms. Such I
wasthe.tatenf things In Vienna. Outside was I
the reorganized Austrian arm), flushed witlm-a I
victories of Kadetzky In Italy, talxty or seventy '
thouaand men were armed, wtll dlcplned
and. If nut well commanded, at least posttaslng I
BBBBBBMkVaBafaLfWLjM
commanders or a sort, inside, confusion, IB
class division, disorganization: n ViUonat II
Guard, part of whloh had resolved not IB
tn fight, nt all, while n part ,e r. fl'
resolute, ntul only thu smaller ,in t .'W
was ready lt act: a prnluumn i,,, jl
powerful by numbers, hut without ',,,, (Mi
without any political education. . ,1 f . WMi
panic', its well ns tu Hln uf furj-, nlinnsi , . , t '
cause, n prey to every fivlso rumor spf, i , B
quite ready to fight, but unarmed, r ,., ,j f B
tho beginning, nnd Incompletely nrtne.' ,,
badly organized when, nt Inst, tin ) '' : ! i B
battle; a helpless Diet, discussing ti r. B
quibbles, while thn roof over theii 1 , i, , Wl B
almost burning; it lending commute, , t M(
the Impulso or the energj In lend. Ivirji 9'
was changed from tho tlnyis of Man li 1 , , I
In thesamo J'l-ar (MH), vvliet., in the iiinni, r , r. '
nlutionary camp, all was confusion an M , ,, . '
derment, and when the only 11rgn.n1 d - , I.-
was that created by tho Huvoliilmi 1 ., I!
could hardly be a doubt nhuot the ssu,. c . t Hf
a struggle, und, whatever deiiiht there imk- , 1,
was settled by the went ot the UOtli a: .
October and 1st Pfovemoer, li
When, at Inst, on Oct, 110, the conemtrs. IF
army of WlntllschgrlUr. began thu attni t, ns If!
Vienna, tho forces that could bo brought fi r- i'i
vvnrtl In defence wero glaringly Insufficient for
tho purposo. Of thn National Guard, na wo hate ,
said, only n portion could he brought to th,. In.
trenchmcnla, A proletarian ifunrd. It is true,
had nt Inst been hastily formed, but, owing id
the lateness of tho attempt tn mnku nvnilnhl
lho most numerous, daring, nml energetic jm-t
of tho population. It wns too llttlo Inured to th
usocit nroisand to the rudiments of discipline
to offer a successful resistance. Thus the Aca
domlo Legion, threo to four thousand ntrong,
well exercised, nnd disciplined to n certain de
gree, brave and enthusiastic, was. mllltar'ly
speaking, the only force vvbloh was In a sute
to do It work successfully. Hut what did they H
amount to, even when supplemented by the few 1
trustworthy National Guards, and by the dis. I
orderly murs of armed proletarians. In oppo-i- H
tlon to the Jar more numerous regulars of Win- S
dlschgrntz, not counting the brigand hordes of I
Jellachlch, hordes thnt were, however, by the fl
nature of their habits, very useful In n war from I
house to house utid from lar.e to lane t The In- II
surgents possessed but a few old, outworn, HU I
mounted, and Ill-served pieces of ordnance to
oppose to Iho numerous and well-appointed ar
tillery of which Wlndiscligratz made an un
scrupulous use.
The nearer tho danger grew tho deeper grew
the confusion In Vienna. The Dlot. up tot) e
last moment, could not collect sufficient energy
to call to Its aid the Hungarian army ot Pcrcze),
encamped a few leagues below the capital. The "'
Committee of Safety passed contradictory reso
lutions, thev themselves being, like the popular
armed masses, floated np and down with th-s
alternately rising and receding tide of rumors
nnd counter rumors. Thcrn wns only one thing
upon whlcJi nil were agreed, nnmelj, tn respect
property. This was done. It. eem, to it degreo
almost ludicrous for such times. As to the final
arrangement of the plnu of defence, vcy
little was, -utcmpled. Hem. the unlj man pre--ent
who could have s.eved Vienna, if any or.o
could then have done It, o almo-t unknown
foreigner, u, Havnriian bj- birth, gave up tho
task, overwhelmed, as lie vvn-, by universal dis.
trust. Hart he pi-n-evered. he mleht have been
ljiiched as a traitor. Messenbau- r. tho com
mander of this ins-urgent forces, mnrvof a novel
writer than even of a subaltern otlicer. was
totally Inadequate to the underlHing. it,
letter eigiit miir-tlc. of rovoluttonarj i-truggles
the popular pare had not pndui-ii nr won
over a military cian of more lelultiy than he
'Ihus the ionics begat.. Ihe VI tum--e. cun
etderlng ther utterlj msulV.i le. it inrutia of
elefence. and coii-ulering aKu thes utter nb
senceof military skill and orfinizalion In their
I ronks. offered, e iiint hemic reastance. la
, many case- the older given h) Hem.
when hu was in comiaand. "to defend that
po-t to the last man." was csrrftfd out to
the letter. I ut furie prevailed. HirrlcatJ
after burnt ode waswept away bj ttv? imperial
artillerv in th long uud wide aveieiies which
formed the m 1111 -treet of the suburb-, and on
the evenlntr of Ihe ecncd day' ftgiiting thn
c. ro-vtt occupied the rsogu if house- racing tho
srlaejs of thr Old Town. .V feeble, tuiatecl. and
ilisnrderlv nttack nl the llungarhti army had
been entirely elefnateil: and during an trmistlce.
while some partie-s in the Old Tow n capitulated,
while others hesitated nnd spread contusion,
and while the rrmnwus of the Academic Legion
prepnnsl fresh iutrc-nc-hments. an entrance was
made br the imperialists, and. In the mlifstot
tiie general disorder, lho Old Town w-jvs carried.
Ihe Immediate consequences of tits victory,
tho brutalities and tueciitlons by rruvrtlal law,
the nnhenrit nf cruelties and Infinities com
mitted by the Slavonian hordes let liKjse upon
Vienna, are well known. The ulterior conse
quences, the entlrelv new turn given to German
affairs by the defeat nf Uie revolution in Vienna,
are set forth In the letta-K of Karl Man to the
Tii'iiins. hut for these w- must refer the reader
to this interesting and valuable volume.
AS TO FEltKYttnAT HVIGinES.
New Llcbt From Weehawkea TJpoa
C'urloue Ways of Vomert
It Is ono thing to get an assignment to writ a
story. It is another thing to ntul a man who
will tell a story that will be readable.
A SfN reporter had an assignment to Inter
view some man at a ferry, and ak. him how
many people he had seen Jump from ferryboats
Into the river; how many were women and how
many were men; how many more Jumped in
the afternoon than In the morning: how many
more Jumped in the evening; and why thoiei
who did Jump always made the leap from th
crowded end ot the boat where the chances of
rescue were grenier than they would be aft
where no one Is present.
If Mr. Depew wens a ferryman he would have
had data at hand that would have made an
Interesting story. ICut jour average ferryman fl
Is not a Depew. H
The reporter had to do the best he could with I
the material at hand. He went to a half dozen m
ferries nnd asked these questions, but th re- I
snonses wero not encouraging. The only one
who showed a disposition to be accommodat
ing was one who Is nu watch on the eehaw.
ken line. A fellow of lntlrutto Jest, but he does
not know It.
" How many peoplo have you Been lump from
the ferries on this line?" he wat asked.
"Thla jear ?"
" Yes, this j ear will do as well as any."
"Lemmusee. I dor. t believe I've seen any
Jump this jear."
"Well. Inst jenr."
"I wasn't here Inst year."
"Where werejim if you were at any ferry V
"Fulton street."
"How many did you see Jump from Ftalton
street ferries V"
"Never saw any."
"Pleaso staif. from nny ferries where you
have worked, how many you ever saw Jump"
"Well, I nevercounteif "em."
" Did j nit ever see any?"
"Oh. jes, I've seen some. Rut as I said, I
never counted 'em."
"Ilnvo you seen more men than women
Jump !"
" Wlmmcn'smnro on tho Jump than men, aa
far ns 1 can recollect. Are you inlerv lewln' m
for the paper?"
"Well, makti It vvlmmcn, then. I think I
have e-een moro vvlmmcn Jump than men. I
elon t think I ever sen but one man Jump,
come to think of It. and ho didn't Jump. Only
tried to "
"Well, let thnt lines gn. Now nbout tha
women. Dti tlioj Jump mostly In tho afternoon,
the morning, or the evening.
"Oh, jou can't tell nj thing about that,
tun never enu tell when a woman Is going to
Jump overbotttil, sun is Just a like y to Jump
lu the middle of the day."
"Pi-niii thu leirvviirel end of thn hunt, gen
crullj V"
"tjenerallj'. jes. When' the crimel K They
llko tn henr peoplo holler, nml get up eveite
Iiiunt "
'"lheii jnu think It Isfor effect- that they do
not null) want tinirnwii "
"sun. Whj we fishril nut a unman nnrt,
that had lite pren-rve rsnli her. Nut nu thi line,
though, I rtckiiu miiiii.hij'h Ihm 11 stniii.iu
jnu, .--'posn jnu think Hint must unjlnd) t
ruther Jump 111 the river thnn to t-e t ml nt
eehaw Ken. Hut that ain't mi .1 luiwken
ain't, 1 had town In live in when )iiu'ri'iMt
iiualtiicd there. Purty uotsl soe'e-tj in ee
haw km '
"How many women have jou rescued, of
those who hnv o Jlllnp-d overboard "
"Only that ono I mm j iIU uim
' Ihe others wire lost "
"Oh, I ilnn't know. Vein neverenn te'l N -w
If a man Jumps over nnd goesiluwii. and ni
elon t seu him come up, the 1 iinnivs 11 il nt 1 s
iigniier Huliv wumnn'll Jump over -" I r
under, and get imr nnmn and pi er 1 ,
pallets, mid make h lot of troubles In im (a
and gel up a mjMnry. ami nbout Hi- 1.
ll'mcrsls oiiiightfor the fuiie-iul. si e '.
nil right, nml gel ihe raktMitl." .
I hew hat t" !
"Thi'iakeolf the flower mid thi e 1 'nsnf !
mourillli'. ami thn kiss anil II na.f p i
'fk'ui you don't know much nlun. 1 nm M-r
loud better, write up some (Inn 1 t. ' Kf
,n '"."tutu' lu.ihls bualutM juu've ttcu stun' M&
about' HK
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