The sun. [volume], September 14, 1913, SEVENTH SECTION, Page 6, Image 90

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6
THE SUN. SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1918.
SOME NEW B00X8.
a KM Mlatiiry nf England.
It dctex not nppcar that nny apology
It MUkI fur a general and popular his
tory of England In spite of nil that the
specialists and thu genarallsta have
don, such it 'history would really, In
the consecrated phraae, meet a lunu f-lt
want. Much Is the opinion of Mr. A. I.
Innes, who In t History t t'.nninnd
i Put nam) undertake i to supply that
want. HI hrlef and modest preface
acts forth that while every phase of
English history has been Illustrated In
one or more books of u reasonable
length, and while general histories exist
In works nf which each embraces many
volumes, there haa thus far bean only
ana attempt to compress the story Into
a single, volume, or Into what "could by
any possibility tie printed In one volume
nf leglhle type," apart from class books
or Juvenile histories. The exception, of
course, ta John Richard Oreen's "Hhort
History of the English People," of whlrSt
the later historian speaks with becoming
reapect. He thinks, however, that there
Is room for another book of a different
plan and of a wider scope, embracing
Scotland and Ireland aa Well as Eng
land, and the present work la the reault
of his attempt to make good his cogita
tion. One la Inclined to t-ink that he makes
too much of hit requirement, or makes
tt too much a requirement, that the
book he has In mind shall be contained
in a aingle volume. The present work
la so printed, and printed in legible
type. But he has not succeeded In re
ducing It to the compass of a single
"manageable" volume. A volume of u
thousand pages, three Inches thick and
containing approximately half a million
words, cannot lie called that. The volume-
could not lie made really "man
ageable" except by the use of thin paper,
which has here been forgone', although
the Inducement to the employment nf It
haa here been particularly strong.
Manifestly the booh would u more
convenient In two oluinea than it is
In one. As it '.tappens. ait equal di
vision would occur at the Revolution of
MM, which la a negottahly ' epochal '
sad logical division. Though about Hie
saddest and slightest revolution which
la ao called in history, that event does
Indicate the period at which the House
of Commons began to he the ruling
power in the British Coiutittitlnn It
does thus mark an tpotfh In the parlia
mentary, and an In the political, his
tory of the nation.
"In aplte of modern nations." the po
litical history of a nation Is the most
important single phase of the. national
development. Doubtless the older His
torian obscured the facts of such a
development by their tacit assumption
that the political history Was the whole
history, snd in fact often falsified their
account of that development by pre
tending that It waa all an affair of the
intrigues and ambition of kings and
courtiers. Mscaulay whs really an in
novator when, a little more than half
a century ago. he announced that he
meant to write the social as well a the
political history of the period lie had
taken for his own. Yet it was not only
because Macaulay was himself u keen
politician that he found himself farced,
as all his successors have found them
selves forced, to give the first place tn
ths political evolution, to which all other
really national evolutions contribute,
while in return it reacts upou them all.
Ths distinction of Mr. Innes's treatment,
we should say, I that he pay more at
tention than most, or perhaps more
than any, of his predecessors to the
economic interpretation of political or
social movements. The results of this
interpretation are often Illuminating
and aometimss startling.
The plague called "the Black Death."
which ravaged England in 1147 and
1S4I, thus anticipating by almost Ave
centuries the Irish potato famine of the
nineteenth century, had equally im
portant political consequences. It de
stroyed certainly a third of the rural
population of England. Scarcity, bor
dering on famine, waa the Immediate
result, and a rise in wages, denoting
both the scarcity of labor and the rise
in prices following that scarcity, neces
sarily ensued. The "knight of the
shire." the , landed gentry, constituted
the prevailing element In the House of
Common, as they oontlnued to do for
more then five centuries, and found
that the rise in the wages of agricul
tural labor seriously diminished their
own Income from the soil. They en
acted the futile "Statute nf Laborers,"
which assumed to guarantee that both
wages and the price of food should be
whst they had been before the pesti
lence occurred. Moreover, strict en
forcement of the law, which bad been
more or less a dead letter while labor
waa plentiful and cheap, and by which
the villains were "adscript! gleb-" and
forbidden to change their abodes, waa
undertaken.
By the theory of the law the labor
ers were bound to do personal service
to the landlords for their holdings in
ths form of agricultural labor. It hud
become customary to commute this per
sonal service Into rent in money. In the
numerous cases in which this commu
tation had been practised by oral agree
ment, and the tenant hod nothing in
she way of a legal writing to show for
it. the landlords ignored it and de
manded unpaid labor of their tenants.
The natural and Inevitable consequence
was a fierce class hatred, quite equal
in Intensity to that which arose be
tween landlords and tenants in Ireland
after the famine, ll la familiar enough
that men in distress do not scrutinize
any theory according to which their
truubles are due to those better off than
themselves. The distress of the Eng
lish agricultural laborers happened to
coincide with Wyclir preaching, of
which the gist was that power uml do
minion were bestowed upon men by
their Maker for His glory, and t tun
whenever it la nut so used ua to con-
duce to that end those who nibii it
nay properly bg deprived of It. "Such
doctrines." Mr. Innes observe, "are
SoaUy translated Into either socialism
or xnarehlsHl. They were so trans
lated by the rising of Wut Tyler in
Kei '.. The spokesman of Wat cause
was a fanatical priest, John Ball, "who
to-day would undoubtedly have called
inmseir B t nristioii socialist lyier to make provision for them. Thu pro
himself evidently hsd a programme or vision waa mude, but the WitT did not
he could not have guthered the crowd ' arrive. ll wua he who .used to be
hat followed him up to London, nor ' created the court of rtar chamber,
would the ritisens of London have In-! which could not sentems the culprits
aisted upon the opening of the gates to brought before ll to capital punlsll
thc ragged army. Hut the whole story ment, but could and d i inflict heavy
hi, owe that It wa acute distress thut tines for the pecuniary ,sment of the
provoked the democratic rising which thrlflv monarch.
seemed SO ominous, though It led abo- i Rather curiously. M I Innes seems lo
lately to nothing. m,a the closest ap. toach to Henry
It wa the Block Death that was the VII.. in his immun'ty from partlamen--hjln
of a revtdutloi, In English agrl- tury annoyance. l Charles It after he
eulture which did not have lis full had obtained his surreptitious supply
effect until !; " the Tudon. troB Loui. XIV There seem to be
l iming had throughout the Mldala i no question .hut I he outraged Protes"
Ages been merely a menu of subs!- autism of the ..an.... .,.nTa i..... i. .
. ... lilt...... .. al ll . i . 1 ... ... .
7 . V .. .. . . "V" ' m ,M""' """' n enactment of the exelu- plouou. result snd the most efflcle
i.i .V ' enricn nun bill if (he Wing had given Parlla single cause of other social dev
,k,.7' ."J" o'""M.."f Onsnce tV- puss It. The King ments. these others are either re
Slack Des.h for J Z l l LWJW. .Ft. ncl, concurrently or treated by themselv
.them. In many of them. In order to' that If he did not receive aid and corn
get some Rood of the land, sheep farm- ' fort from France he would be obliged
lug had been introduced in place of, to acquiesce In a Protestant succes
tlllage. and in the course of genera- j glen. The answer was prompt and
Hons, in which wool had come to be favorable, and the English King with
by far the most important of English ' the French King money, conslder
exports. it waa found that sheep farm- ably more than thirty pieces of silver,
log was much mora profitable than Jingling In his pockets, dissolved that
agriculture. It required so much less
labor that the laborer's room waa In
many districts more valuable than his
nervines. In the reign of Henry VII.
the encloaure began for sheep pastures,
first of what had been common landa,
and then of what had been farm dl
vlded, aa still in France, into small
strlpa under what was in some aspects
a sasanl proprietorship. This was
in the time celebrated by Goldsmith,
"whon every rood of ground maintained
Its man." But these little patches wars
In the way of landlord who desired
great apace with few inhabitants for
their sheep runs. The old feudal ties
of protection and dependence having,
by this time been much weakened,
many commercially minded landlords
turned out their tenants to make room
for sheep with no more compunction
than some American millionaires are .
said tn have shown toward the Scottish
crofter whom they evicted to make j
room for grouse. Thus a great num-'
tier of laborers found themselves with-;
out employment at the same tlms that
the price of food wa raised by the
diminution of the available arable land.
By the middle of Henry VII. s reign
the multitude' of Involuntary tramps ,
and vagabond become a serious public . he was disgusted to find that he could
nuisance. Their increasing number j not even hang a pickpocket out of hand
gave rate to the statute In this and and without trial.
the next reign against "sturdy" and He undertook to pronounce a parlla
"valtant" beggars, meaning in either mentsry election void, and the House
case simply "able Iwdied." as If it Were i of commons reminded him that it was
their fault that they had been turned j the sole Judge of the election of its
loose. own members. He thereupon Informed
The Increased production of wool parliament that it had no rights at all
made s great "money crop" and, ac- except by hla grace, to which I'arlla-
...... . .. , 1... ..,....... O.. . V, ... n .
those days, to exchange goods for
m.,. , ..f -.. h.n.l t ll.. na.i.
......... v.. ""- .- --- i
lion, w hile It was not so desirable to ,
exchange good for goods, and posl-
lively detrimental to exchange English
....... . . , T-1. ,. '
surplus of wool suggested the estab-
lishment of "home Industrlss" to work
it mi u hereon all cloth had ht.fore
........ .... .......... .... - - - ,
been imported. The Importers naturally
....i Ibt. . ..-...
" "
i . n.-u una .ion inr iiutnuin luirm
In th. ir turn resented the Importation
if foreign manufacture and en-
d savored to atop both the exportation
of raw mat-rial and the importation of
the finished product. Mr. Innes not
it as nn oddity that whereas free trade. ,
iicginnituc with flee trade in broad-:
stuffs. was urged by the manufacturers !
and bitterly resisted by the agricultural!
interests in the nineteenth century, two
I.. . I. .. . . I . . .....
.nt uric earlier it waa the manufac
turera whu were the protectionists snd
the Und owners who desired free trade.
Our historian points out that It waa
an cconomlr question which brought
Walpole to the front under George I.
The South Sea' bubble had bean In
flated in spite of Walpole's warning. Hs
had protested In vain against the ac
ceptance of the South Boa Company's
offer to take over thirty millions of ths
national debt to be converted Into South
Sea stock, snd to advance seven mill
ions and a half for the consideration
of a monopoly of ths trade of the South
Seas. This alliance with the Govern
ment enabled the company to market
its remaining stock at monstrously ex
travagant figures, ten to one of its face
value. After a crasy speculation there
had come a great crash. Walpole was
the man who had foreseen it, therefore
Walpole was the man to redeem tha sit
uation. Thus it was that he gained the
ascendency which he kept so long. His
own administration was conducted on a
strictly mercantile system. According
to Mr. Innes hla exact saying was
"All these men have their price." look
ing over his faithful commons. Instead
of the more general and oven more
cynical form in which it has come down
to us
ll.
It is familial that ali l tie advance
in English constitutional liberty are
susceptible of an "economic Interpreta
tion." that 1 to say that they have
been secured by bargain with the mon
arch. In theory the king In mediaeval
times "lived of hla own." which, as In
theory lie ulao owned all the land of
England. It seems that he ought to do.
Whenever for any public or private
purpose he needed more money than he
happened to have about him he had to
convene Parliament and ask fur some
new impost to obtain ii for him. When
this happened. Parliament could not
Im prevented from asking him what he
meant to do with It, and his reply had
to satisfy it. Thus Parliament had a
voice in determining his policy. Also
if there were any grievance which
Parliament wished to have redressed the
king's application gave it a chance to
bargain with him and to give him hi
money only on condition of tie redress.
All this is part of the theory which has i
been gradually built up from practice,
and although It is rather startling to
Is- told that it wua the expenalveneas of
the wars of Edward I., which brought
"financial and therefore constitutional
questions" to the front during the latter
part of his reign, the expreaaion is
quite accurute. 1 Only by such frugality
as living nn his own Income require
can the sovereign avoid questioning or
get on without Parliaments. This has
been the case, as We aee, ever since early
in the aerie of the Plantagtmets. But
frugality Is not a kingly virtue.
it Is not surprising that Henry VII.
wa about the only sovereign who man
aged to get on with hi regular pay
nd allowances. He did thi by ac-
I cumulating money In all manner of
ways, lino of them waa by attainders.
An unsuccessful and detected conspira
tor wa liable to loss of Ins Ufa and hla
goods. Henry was not bloodthirsty, but
j he wua greedy of money. He commonly
! spared the conapirstors' Uvea, but
never their property. A hi, title waa
highly questionable and there was
commonly some pretender stirring up
strife, his exaction In this way were
large, and Mr. Innes points out that
he thus made tha very Insecurity an'
weakness of his position nav. Alan JA
I was In the habit of "throwing sokes'
1 It lit I 'ii rl In in ., i , I aLini lurutan ,u il .' u .
, into Parliament about foreign wait i and
appealing to the patriotism of body
- i " u... . ononis out ms necessity and I Willi a ruinsss lo be sdmirctt when
Parliament and never convened an-
other. Charlaa grandfather also
managed to eeoura the minimum of
trouble from hla parliaments. James
I., whom Henry of Navarre called "the
wisest foot In Christendom," was the
originator of the theory of "divine
right." which hla clerical toadies took
up and elaborated. Scotchman as he
was, and even because he was a
Scotchman, ho waa very friendly to the
Church of England. He believed In a
union of Church and State, of both
of which ha was to be the head, and
remarked. "No bishop, no King." There
was nobody in the Church of England
likely to tell mm as ne naa oeen toto
by the Hootch Presbyterian, Andrew
Melville, that he waa only "God's silly
vassal.'' Whose business was to execute
the Divine will a Interpreted by the
Scottish clergy- On the other hand,
hla notion of sovernment was of some-
thing entirely arbitrary and lawless,
and he could not understand the legal
restraint under which he came In .be-
coming King of England, which Is a
proof, doubtless, of the more advanced
condition of political civilisation at that
day In England than In Scotland. On
his Journey from Hcotland into England
. . I . . Ha lm- HImI that
to be the case In England -he had been
I , ,i,vL,.lv m.t lli k ml
iinnnii tmi. " - j -- .
f monarch to get on well with his
Parliaments, of which he nalugally
desired to see as little aa possible. mn
... .. . . II... I.. ' .
wit ll ail ills lain v . mi ... j - . i
rmiy overran his Income He assumed
to imuose new custom duties to meet
JLm-i Wk.. itni.n.ltl.in was
I lien UrinnWUV . sasa - -
dlanuted hla Jutlges found It legal.
K -IT. - .. ...
whereupon Parliament pesaeu H icauiu-
tlon of protcot which It was of course
lo enforce It would have'
Ku-ht the monarch to book no doubt
.... . a Kim , ' t it. inter-
-.(timi of constitutional !aw If 'ne
J, d ,,. pomp-lied to apply to it for
u... k.. h.l m i,v , noW hv
..... 1 -,. j ,vi trick and device,
, mah an iasue. i
"e ! ... . I
One of the devices is historically worm , - , V"
mention ince it concern the origin to share. The romantic and tragic spl
ot?BrtthnoTtal grade bet ween nobility '0 ' Btturt i. treated by Mr.
and knighthood. It waa in connection ! Judicial impartiality and
with oae Scottish colonisation of l ister I Jud'l aaclty. He points out that
in Ireland and of Nova Scotia in i Political morality of the time fairly
America that the King instituted the Justified Mary In conniving at the mur
haronirtcy whose title unlike that of ' Darnley. though the political
luJta waa hsredttary, but still did not I etiquette of the time did not Justify
mak them peers of the realm. The what even then was the Indecent hsste
flrst baronetcies were all sold for cgeh j of her marriage to Bothwall. Outside
duly delivered to the fountain of honor. f England. w are told, asssssinstlon
It Is plain that the Stuarts aimed at
a power which transrenaea any , " " ZZ , T . ? 172
which the Tudor or even the Plan- I ' Andiasaador complained of the dlffl
tannets had laid claim, and that j'-uliy of getting an enemy put out of
Oharlea I. cams honestly by the obsti- i'he wsy in LsMm. Ii fsct. ths polltl
... ' iMUtsnce upon lawless and arbi- morality, of the Continent of Europe
irarv exercise of power whton had for M the sixteenth century seem to have
Unl JSSSEmm o dUsstrous very much what the political
b'm consequence, so ui-m- q( Mexlco now wh.,h(.r
I Mary Stuart actually connived at the
"' assassination of Darnley and Elisa-
The story of the political stolullun of .belli iH question here left open.
England la clears) and consecutneiy
told in tills volume. It Is o juaiciousi
outlined and so sttroctively written
that It Is easy to understand and to re
member. Thst is much to aay about a j
recital which covers nesriy io mil
lenniums, since It begins with the land
ing of Julius Cessr. R5 B. C What ar
rests the sttrntlun in those euny chap
ters i the be-tldering arlety of the
element out of which what we can
the British nation! character haa been
comiKised. There were to begin with
two kind of Celtn the Brytuons of
England and Wale and I he Scotch
lowlands, the Gael of Ireland and the
Scotch highlands. In addition to them
and perhaps the autochthons or urnain
aunarentlv the most prevalent of all
were the ftct. witn reapeci io wpuw
It Is strongly and piauauuy conienneu
that thev ware got Aryans at sll. 1 1 Is
an insolubls problem how much Infu
sion there waa of blood left from the
Roman Invasions and the Roman occu
pation. Certainly occupation which
covered most of England and some of
Scotland and lasted for three centuries
did not pass without leaving other
trsces of Its presence than a few names
and a few stretches of military, road
Mr. Innes discriminate It from the
preVIOUS Conquests, or tor nuiiariiiriii
conquests, the partlsl conquest of "the
Danes," which It seems meaus at least
two distinct varieties of Norsemen, and
the total conquest of the Normans, In
all of which the conquerors became bV
dlstlngulshably incorporated with the
conquered. It is Justly likened rather
to the British conquest of India. In
which the conquerora held aloof from
the conquered. "It wsa a military oc
cupation In which the conquering race
established military road. Imposed
taxes and took upon Itself the organisa
tion of government, without either ex
tirpating or enslaving the natives." But
It lasted twite as long ss the British
occupation of India haa thus far lasted.
If the British occupation last for an
other century and a half we may ex
pect the "Eurasian" element In India lo
become much more important than it l
now. Here Is another ethnic element In
the early population of Britain, or rather
elements, since the leglouarle who be
came the progenitors of the British half
breed were by no meuns drawn ex
clusively from the Italian peninsula. All
these elements were combined to form
the homogeneous and distinct character
of the modern Englishman, it Is to
the amalgamation that Mr. Innes de
votee the first of his sewn books under
the title of "Nation Making," and fixes
miner limn ot it at isti, ine reign
f I . by which time lie as
sume It to nave oecome complete. lo
the next two centuries he aaalgna the
process of "national consolidation." and
to the next two "the age of transi
tion." of thu transition from medlwal
to modern life, assumed to have become
complete, aa aforesaid, with the "Glori
ous Revolution."
To the telling of this story the his
torian bring an ample equipment of
knowledge, a Judgment In the planning
and proportioning of the narrative which
hardly ever seem at fault, and a skill
of literary sxecutlun which render hla
recital unfailingly and for the moat
pgrt Intensely Interesting. It Is all easy
to follow, though one may wish for a
mure frequent reference tn dates, In
the text or In the margin. While politi
cal development Is kept ip the first
plate as being ai once the most con-
nt
slop
related
es
ons
r long and how compll-1
it is whose telling within ;
of a single volume haa '
consider how
cated a story
the compass
been undertaken. The church Is of
course of next importance to the State
Indeed for a great part of the period tt
was the Stats, and le to be tsken Into
constant account aa a primary politics I
factor throughout the need larval period
and down to the time when Henry Vttl..
In the course of his quest for connubial
variety, repelled the papal pretension
and Incidentally founded the Churoh of
England. We know of no clearer ex
planation of why. and how England came
to be Protestant than Is contained In
these pages. "Bloody Many" waa the
decisive fsotor. While the author evi
dently and decidedly prefers her to
"Good Queen Bess" aa a person, a
preference which Is not to be wondered
at, considering their respective mothers,
he yet insists that It was ths great per
secution which began In Mil "which
converted the people of England to a
passlonats Protestantism " Tt was the
first appearance In England of the
Spanlah policy of putting heretics to
death as such, which ensued upon ths
Spanish marriage of the Queen. Men
had been put to death for their religious
opinions before that, as they were long
after that. Sir Thomas More waa as
respectable a character aa Ridley or
latuner and suffered sa unjustly. But
up to Mary's time there had always
been a political pretext and often a
political Justification for religious per
secution in England. The killings under
Msry had for their avowed and single
object the extirpation of heresy. To
this consideration Mr. Innes adds that
this was the first religious persecution
in which the stake was substituted for
the sxe ss the mean of punishment,
snd that this circumstance greatly
aggravated the popular horror. The
victims were but 100. sll told, but these
martyrs aa distinctly became the seed
of the Protestant Church as If they had
ncen no numerous ne "
Bartholomew's massscre were soon
afterward to be.
It was to the persecution of Mary,
quit as much aa to tne comparatively
... - .
rnlld and bloodless attempt or .ismes ii.
M bring sbout a Catholic conformity
'hat Wtt due, 130 years after Marys
, . .
""" lnf l of aut-crssion ana tne
fiirotuitlrni oath with what Lord Sails-
.. . , . , j
"ury Its language of Indecent
violence." As for Mary's successor, she
lms to have been or the opinion or
I Gibbon that "all religion are to the
vulgar equally true, to the phllospher
equally false and to the statesman
equally useful." Aad surely Elisabeth
iwas a stateawoman. even though she
has given her name to an era In the
!...- IM . .f U,,..H .tin li.rl uni.ll pUIrn
. an entirely legitimate wsy of get-
m each cose the evidence in favor
or iter complicity i mat or a sin
gie letter of doubtful authenticity.
It seems clear that Elisabeth suggested
that some of her faithful liege might
spare her the responsibility of signing
the death warrant of Msry. Such a
hint In the time of Henry 11. had suf
ficed to bring about the murder of
Meckel It 1 a proof of the advance
of political morality In the Interval
among subject. If not among sov
ereigns, thst when Elisabeth made It It
wa spurned with indignation. All the
same It is laid down here that "no per
son in Mary 'a position In Mary's day
could hava refused on moral grounds to
.. . B-LI .
wshhmi e oauingion s plot; and no
i Government In Europe would have hel-
i mhotb w ii-movr a person wno was In
Mary's position.'
1.
Hut episode even sinking aa thst
of the Queen Of Scots are treated us
episode and not permitted to interrupt
the course of the narrative. With the
exception of Oreen's classic, one would
be at a loss to name another general
history of England which tella the story
ao clearly and ao well, and the scope of
f the present work is quite different from
tnat of ureen a and much wider. The
stories of Ireland and Hcotland, of ours,
very compendiously told, are appended
to the story of England during the same
period, excepting where Scotland and
Ireland emerge into the foreground of
the English atiane and become pert of
the mailt narrative In like manner as
much Is told of European history as is
necessary to the understanding of the
English story. A aeries of highly in
structive historical (ketch maps eluci
date the text. The illustrations art-profuse
and well chosen. In most case from
originals contemporary with the events
to which they relate. Mr. Innes dis
claims credit for them, but much credit
Is due to H. G. Htubbs, who It seems
selected and collected them. It waa evi
dently a work of wide snd careful re
earch and it add greatly tu the Intereal
of a most luierevtiug Isjok which from
the moment of its appearance take It
place a " standard" in it own kind,
and upon which the author I to he
highly congratulated.
t College I'l ealdeai's Hook I beat
or.
The special sense that guides author
to the invention of happy titles waa
not with President William Db Witt
Hvuk of Bpwdoln College when he
named hla volume of "Christian ethic"
for "parent, teachers and leaders of
boya" 7'Jie (Jurat of the Bttt t Cm well).
A little Judicious exerclge on the paral
lel bara of synonymous expreaaion
might have sweated out the mildly
objectionable Jingle and hardened the
muscular fibre of the title page. The
book la better than Its name.
Bringing up Isjya la no fun. TheUlonal guidance, public playgrounds
atnutest heart rrlngea at times in face ; and the Juvenile cuurl are hla topics,
of the serious problem of parental j Earnest and eloquent, he is perhaps
responsibility; out of parental coward- not uniformly practical. He seems to
Ice frequently the best solution flows, favor the employment in municipal
Ths child Is father of the man. but by'schisil systems of a corps of "vors
the time the man becomes father of atlonal counsellors, "trained, well paid
child he Is all too apt to have forgot ten experta, ranking in education and sal
his own parsntags In ths Words- ary Willi school principals. ' and
worthuin sense, ao that the buy become charged. In addition In the duties ug
uot only the father of the man himself geated by the l life, with that nf keep
la to lie, but the father of hla father, lug record of tin- children's home
educating the elder anew In the ways of circumstances, activities and aptitudes
youth. Perhaps the phrase of familiar for work and pluy. Keeping tab also
usage about biiiigin. children up Is on local Industrial conditions, wages.
Iwtacd upon a fundamental miaappre- need of help. c the counsellor would
heiislon; often enough the children hriiig form a sort of ajnpWyinBl bureau, an
Ihe pai ems up short. We do not he- agoiuw Intermedial bStWaSn the clty'n
lleve there would be grest rlak io children and the city's captains uf indu
U human race in permitting expert- trfc. it la a (saareua scheme, attractive
mentallv. one whole generation togrowjand calculated to appeal to the read-
up without any "bringing." Topsy er's warmest sympathies; but N smacks
lot ava not completely unenviable. 'for us too strongly of the twentieth
But It is human to reduce familiar
art and processes to the cold term
of a scientific prescription. There are
rule books, or af least orally dissemi
nated codes, for the raising of chicks
and checks, and the one obstacle I
that opposes the composition of slm- i good motive exousa bad deeds, and
liar guide to the sclsntlflc raising ! bad motives on the part of set-user
of children Is the child himself, who j supply defence for the accused,
simply will nut fit Into formula. The State must do this, that, and the
This is tn be, say President Hyde, other thing for Its cltlsens thst they
"ths century of the child." The 1 used to do for themselves, it seem
touchatone of "business efficiency." we ingly rents tinder divine franchise to
suppose, Is to be applied to the prodttc-1
tlon of children as well as of rummer-1
ctal commodities, eugenic must re-
organise and modernise the family fac-
tory. If the painful but profitable Spar-I
tan discipline of the America that was '.
must be succeeded not by an era of free
childhood but by sn age of scientific
parenthood and paternalism In govern
ment, persons who have the care and
Instruotlon of boy will find Dr. Hyde's
book helpful.
Ths special excellence of it makeup j
Is precision In the statement of a thesis '
In ethics, a sure but simple classification '
and definition of moral quantities and
qualities ana a keen instgnt into tne , mHt urs. If the Juvenile court depends
psychology snd the practical problem for ,Uccess upon having a Judge
of both the boy and hla dad. j Shrewd yet kindly. Arm yat ympa-
Boys are had because they sre selfish. tnMc ana probation oftcara "who corn
failing to realise that little Immediate ble Beaianty and Met with keenness
apparent "good" must not be allowed nd oeclalon. who can't be fooled sad
to displace the greater ultimate "good" , wim t he sentimental." then the Juvenile
they do not of mere unprompted nature. lourt (.nnot he wholly successful until
without training, example and Influence. Ie Kruwntips as well as the children
find their place and function in the
social scheme, snd so are "unservice
able and rebellious members" of the
community. Twenty count compose
the Indictment against young Adam:
Boys ar by nsturs slovenly, s'uttonnim.
tntmperta mlschUveus. Isy. Xtravsgant.
cowarui. aiinoniii. untruinrai tnitiorj, .
aitorn-ti. vingsr, in msnnerra. lonitn
tlous, treacherous, conntlted. Ilcentloua. vin
dictive, murderous, alflata.
ifothlng of the niggard appears In
that array of complimentary attribu
tions. Taking them up one by one, the
author examines the nature of each de
fect and prescribes for it. All parents
must appreciate the difficulty and the
delicacy of the endeavor to adminlatcr
a discipline that will help without hard
ening; to eradicate faulty tendencies
without inducing a reaction to a vice
complementary to the virtue whose In
culcation Is undertaken. To govern the
growing boy with perfect Justice wisdom
almost supernal Is needed. Much pa
rental distress flows from the boom
erang penalty that attends the infliction
of punishment, punishing the punisher.
The boy fights, how I one to foster
the courage, the high spirit that makes
him a fighter and yet uproot the too
aggressive instinct? How 1 one to deal
With the youthful liar so a to kill the
habit without Inculcating ths still more
reprehensible because meaner and nega
tive not positive habit of liypocrltlc
virtue? How can we teach carefulness
with money and not risk suborning
covetousness? Vulgarity can be fought
down, but, "driven In and bottled up."
It doss not decompose and resynlheUse
Into true refinement. In all its manifold
phase the problem resolves Into an
endless endeavor to change the lad's
habits without impairing the fine fibre
of his spirit; to drive out his born self
and drive in a new one modelled upon
the specifications of convention.
Here I your "natural" boy, frankly
"bad." tbat is. selfish, lie's u stout
and sturdy little rascal and his innate
depravity, by which la meant nothing
more than his nonconformity to the
protective social conventions, has the
charm and virtue of posltlxe. unaffect
edly egoistic affirmation. His natural acta
are not In themselves good or bad any
more thau a millstone Is good or bad
a tn a moral self and apart from the
use. legitimate or otherwise, to which ll
may happen to Is- put; as the doctor
say, ll may lie "hung about u man's
neck to drown him or set to grinding
cor n, to maintain his life.' The careful
modeller in the stiff medium of ethics
deals thu with the moral quality of the
boy's doings: They are "bad" when they
create a situation worse than that which
they displace, gots when they create
a better one. The common view of
"liaduesa" is inaccurate. Badness is not
a positive desue for what 1 not gois.
but a false valuation of relative goods;
for example, the Indulgence of appe
tite, a momentary gratification of the
senses In which a fleeting pleasure is
more in mind than the deterred penalty.
Suppose generously the boy lo be
"pretty good" by native, and you are
taking false ground. If you have au
thority over him. President Hyde would
say, you will hurt him la-cause you do
sentimentally mlsvalue hi need. Con
sider him "bad" without recognising
the germ of good In hi noncomformlst
character, and your governance of him
will be brutal.
To make an honorable and useful
man and citizen out of thi little bundle
of assorted badnesses you must make
the boy over; and 1'resiileni Hyde lie
gins the process with a course in "arti
ficial gotdness." You take your boy
and make u nice little prig out of him,
teaching him manners, inculcating
cleanliness of mind and body tilling
him up with Msfg. Vou til him for
a place in the machinery of life; you
deliberately constrain him into con
formity lo the civilised pattern. A hol
low and empty thing, this artificial
gixstiieas. as its propoumler freely ad
mits: but "It Is h stag.- thai cannot
be skipped in the development of boy."
You drill hlin in the manual of arms;
the soldierly spirit develops after the
Initiatory drudgery. And what, after
all. have you done for your hoy? You
have bestowed upon him Hip curse of a
"sense of sin." made him "as a gisj,
knowing evil." MOW he is ready for the
responsibilities of life, prepared for
citizenship embarked upon his "quest"
for that jangle rhyming "best." That
quest is "the aim to fulfil each inter
est, so fur as il furthers the fulfilment,
in proportion to their worth uud claim,
of all interests of all persons," a per
sons I motive operating in a social me
dium. The subject is all loo urgent In
Its invitation to Indulgence In the Jar
gon of tile ethic classroom, hut the
stylo is pretty free from thai blemish
Iii a closing chapter the academic
author gives a social application to hi
treatment of the individual's problem.
Child labor. Industrial education, vocu-
century socialism. in tnese aaye ox ,
sociology and criminology and "buvl- I
ness efficiency," and eugenics and '
dreamed perfection crime Is a
criminal acts are symptoms, criminal
doers sre not to be punished but cured
nVe our liven for us; government
stands In loco parentis to Its wards of
a agrn and Individual initiative Is wan -
nR We teach our children haw to
pHy! Granted that "the birthright
thi cltv child requires that tha city
hnii furnlah enough playgrounds, well
enough located, to give all tha boys
and girls a chance to play," and, neces
sarily, that the city should supply at-
,.nnnni to keep order on Its play
ground , but I not the limit somewhere
horl f t.chlng the youngster what
to do Mn(j pM and swings?
A ,.. ...m imuasalnned Idealism sways
reaaon w,en It takes up thssa hefty
are raucn tieuer man intj a
ever were, and until the Judges are
taken out of politic. The chemistry
of character suggested In the foregoing
quotstlona la not studied tn the polling
booth.
But because I'topla isn't built in s day
is no reaaon why any on who haa a
brick, a bit of mortar and a trowel should
stay hla hand and withhold his little
contribution. That Improvements are
ever In process la ahown In tha descrip
tion of the treatment of Juvenile
offender by the police of Portland,
where the bad boy' name sre taken
and the culprits summoned to the
ststion house. Being "pulled" by "de
cop" mey start a boy on a career of
criminal bravado; a more sensitive
youngster, ntung by the disgrace, might
equally well be morally ruined, made
utterly desecrate and bitter by such
experience. And yet thi period seems
almost too ecstatic;
Vlfsad upriill)- th Juvenlls court
looks to b mere rhsnss o' names.
from bnu h to platform, indictmani to peti
tion. wrrnt to aummona. pa-llceman to
probation officer, crime to dellnnunv
jell to detention home, bare io heavy Iron
mSt. nd the like. Fudmentll It
In radical chance from retribution ta
eld. from IndlBerence to sympathy, from
Ignorance lo Intelligence from a hollos
mockery l merclleaa jueilce to lh vital
reality of a Jual mercy, from treatment oi
the annptome lo treatment of the pereon:
In a. word, from blind, brutal barbarism ;o
.lean, kind f hrletianlty.
It will be aeon that President Hyde's
book Is not dull In diction, poky In
style or pessimistic in Its Import. It is
hrewd, crlp. cheerful and helpful.
Worl
Imagination and patrlotlem fire the
soul and inspire the pen of the Ser
vian Prince Lasa IjkxsgovicH-HHBBK-LiANOVit-ii.
whose motto might be Dulce
est pro patrla scrlbere. Disappointed at
the non-acceptance by the 8erian Gov
eminent of hla voluntary proffer of ser
vice In the field In the lateet Balkan
meaa. "thia moat glorious campaign,"
the aelf-heralded "descendant of the last
Csar of Servia" assuaged hla "profound
sorrow" for inability to follow the ex
ample of his distinguished ancestor,
dead on the field of battle five and a
quarter centuries ago, by remaining in
this country and lecturing in behalf of
his sacred cause. Out of his addresses
delivered at Stanford I'niveralty and
elsewhere he ha made a book, whose
title. INM Orttttl (juration : To-day and
To-morrow iDuflleld) I more wieldy
hut less definitive than that of the
lecture course, "Servian rnlflcatlon a
Pact or In World Peace" The plan of
the book call for consideration of the
various, International complications thut
Involve the European nations and the
I'nlted States with the peoples of the
East, "near" and "far," and are related
to or affected by the maelstrom of Bal
kan interests.
Hervia is the centre of Ihe princely
author's universe, and few "problem"
of contemporary wnltpolltik are per
mitted lo kick over the traces with
which he would hitch them to the Bal
kan cart. An occasional flavor of exotic,
qualnlneas hurts the writer's English
style no more than a flash now and
then of fervent aerbescence or scr
hesqus effervescence detracts from the
merit and appeal of hla exposition. The
book is largely a sprightly and autfl
clenlly accurate review of European
history and commercial geography not
actually extraneous lo the subject in
hand, but not an entirely indispensable
factor in its treatment and comprehen
sion, uud u summing up of Turkish and
Balkan history of 1911 and 1 A 1 2. events
fresh in the mind of every newspaper
reader. A section on Islam and the
struggle of white and black In Africa
is forceful and dlncrlmlnsting : "Islam,
a failure where higher civilization la
concerned, is an educational force nf
vitality where lower civilization or
savages come under It away." To-day
Africa is "the colonizing expsrlment of
Europe." What is It to be to-morrow:
Christian uud "Western," or the empire
of Islam?
If In his handling of the "problems"
of the near and the further East In
their local and international aspects -China
mid Japan, England and Gar
liiuny, and the I in ted State with ita
new runul plumed commerulgl and eco
nomic Interests If in these parts of hla
book the prince is, by force of his some
what hackneyed theme, held In bondage
of the commonplace he 1 in hi Haps
burg chapter all that a good Serb should
lie. a he turns hi face toward Austria
Hungary In answer tu the muezzin cull
thai sounds In every patriotically puls
ing Herhian heart the summons to hi
evening curse "The survival of il.a
Hupaburg lust fur peiuiial d uasilc
(aggrandisement and power l
a menace to Eurupe and to all that
the centuries have won for freeduin
throughout the world.'
With their
motto proclaiming Hapsburgiun ambi-
lion for universal hegemony snd their
policy of divide and rule, the Austrlun
German, and the Hungarian Magyar
t,u.. t.atai ik. .....i ... .i IT!
"-'- - WHJNt 'uUlU now. a rentnry a., that the lirol
struggle for freedom and survive to-day. Hunl ,ntl,,. u,.k ,
tyrannical ruling minorities, the singl Kxamine, , on the gvggr of mini
modern examplai- of the mediaeval con-, flagging, and -urr.-i d prosecution. 1
ceplion of a atate as a dynasty and its j war acquitted, uni to la- nii.ne.i
possession, "Iii opposition to the nat- procedtai ajnunsl for peaking He
urul and present day acceptation of a V ,he ? Wflnb 1,1,1 enti net I
slat a bama the exnresalnn nf n na. (a t unl ieonnicnt uml a III
r i i hi ? " xpression of n na- wsl , ,
' Zt .W " 5 ly.K i raauy and c.lumtn f , lh. I
That lupin luat thai made a Haps- p,,,, graatet Men am oiltci 1
burg launch an armada against Albion writer. ' And although IU Tor) ' ' '
isle may "be remembered by England io-da haa llttl kinship aith thai
when Hapsbufg studs another armada years ago. thai Id portl1.' jun
to Hue. ' Whenc. Ii may la que- present d pernio, fisui Mi UamM
tUtaasV it the armada cum'.' Modern ffcrsniel.
Industrialism I In media-vat Austria.
Hungary an anachronism "fraught wm,
danger to the peace of Europe. Kvcn
j ueian xsxaaasan in uiai neien
aus composite, feeling the tug of .
pan-Germanlo Impulse, hates Hspsuui t
ana cries it nocn to Honenxniiern undei
the very windows of the imperial pslaes
at Vienna. Kmpernr William, umii r
Blsmarcklan Influence, cling tn lh.
myth of Austria necessity to Germany,
says the Prince. "The collapse of Aus
trig-Hungary i Inevitable"; will Oer.
many not realise that Austria is a mill
stone about her neck, "holding initnn
blllaed vast resources of German ma
terlal without which the work
of German empire construction must
halt"?
Neither modesty nor moderntloti
marks this distinguished Herb's pletur
of the industrial blessedness of hi? n.i
live land: "Ths vast waves nf gigantic
Industrial exploitation which hgvi
swept over Western land, binding liter
ally whole population to the wheel
creating at once fabulous riches for the
few snd miseries snd ihralldoms for
the many hitherto unknown In Ihs
world's history, have not yet Invade. I
Servls to overwhelm and to blot from
existence those freehold homes spread
evenly among Its population which fllvs
caused It to be called by Europeans 'tin
poor man's paradise ' The Herb RSI
a "root Idea of brotherhood as the basis
of human relationship." yet his Insii
tutlons "are neither socialism nor com
munlam. but an entirely workable form
of cooperation tested by centuries."
A bold, hardy and altogether estl
mable folk the independent Servians
are. and sincerely lo be regretted ar.
the operation of those "fortes repre
sentlng foreign Interests, either polities'
or economic." whicli 'steadily essay to
undermine those organization fund;,
mental to the national strength." tin
"emissaries or agent In various benign
guises" who "pass through the conn
try districts sttemptlng to sow dlssstln
faction, preaching a veritable crusade
against the existing order" and rndeav
oring to propagate such conditions as
prevail "in the Herb land held in
thrall by AuBtris-lfungary." They ought
to be transplanted tn thin demagogu.
ridden land, where the addition of thrlr
pernicious activities to the existing
forces of disorder and discontent would
be hardly noticeable and perfectly neg
ligible,' a few more Rggg to revel In nn
Infested fur. But the prince would glv
of 111 country's best, not Its worst, and
hazards the hope as "not too wild" tlur
the Serbian principles of husincss "ma
come In time to form the basis of that
Industrial regeneration which hi the nb-
Jsct of o much earnest research in
Western lands"
Whatever may in time or the lit
ter part of eternity come of tha dream
of a federation of the Halkan State, It
would be really interesting to get some
news less than four years old of tin
Danube-.Vgeun canal project, calling
for the canalisation and connection ,,f
the Morava and Valdai Itivers and
liubstltutlng a dirert line from Belgradi
to Halonica for the louudalsiut Lower
Danube-Black Sfa route. The Laxar-
ovlch - Hrebetlapovtch documents, so
far BS they have fallen under our nb.
Bsrvatlon, 1 1 seem to end with refer
ence to a notice of the project In flail,,
Contuliif oarf Tradr Hi ports of .lul "
1909. It is an excellent project plau
sibly urged; engineering difficulties
small, coat of construction and main
tennnce not ureat. pros peel of revenue
generous and field for usefulness f x
tensive. The real, full storv of w ha-
has been dotie. what is planned ami
what obstacles harder Loan tuck
pede progress would ls better worn
while, from the reader's standpoint
than a dozen reviews, however schol
arly. of modem history and studies
however argute, of prssenl mirna
'tonal problems
The prince i f a land where c had
supposed either every man or no m.n
at all I it prince, has. however, accom
plished the main of his purpose. In
has made a book. Hi proofreader.
might have helped a little mote el
festively; but perhaps princely authoi
do not welcome the aUppoft of props
In the proofroom. Neither in the need
however, nor 111 the neglect Of ej
available means to its satisfaction has
any degree or grade of exalted nobllit;
any pretensions to monopoly.
EMPEROR WILLIAM'S
PRIVATE LIBRAR .
It has been announced that lite private
library of Kaiser Wilhulni "ill form
ll the principal exhibit at the exnlbitiu
of the book trade which is to be Inn,
In Ladpxlg next year and that the libra
will be conveyed th.-ie in sntlrety for ei
hthltlun to curious visitors. The annouitt-s
ment has ciusud considerable escltemei.i
among Herman gmateUrSi hut thi fiVea:
y.tituntf in giving Interesting pari rulara
of the Kaiser's private libraii affirm
that It Is much smaller than ll gen
arall) supposed it consists m ail
only I.0OO volumes, and two-thirds of Ihe
total number have been acquired till
the twenty-fly yaari of the German I
perm s reign W hen Kais-r Wllnelm i
ccniled the throne he Inherited a private
library of a mere 8,500 volume Chii
tti-tniiicaiiv he commenced by eliri
lug nearly one-half of them u bel t
book of no prssenl practical value
The catalogue of Ihe tQntpSror's in n 1 a
books Is divided into twelve caretulu .
ranged ealegorit-s Tin- Aral -of
encyclopaedias and dictionaries
second of bouks on jurispritd.-i lh
third, political economy ami
a.iences. the fourth, colonial, thi
archarology and mytholog) thi - mh,
universal lilstor) the seventh, liiator) if
the Hohsnsollerii ; the eighth, bloj
phles, memoirs, personal ' Ilsctlons in 1
correspondence. Ill ninth.
science: the tenth, gsogfgph) and ell $
raphy, whils the lust two divislni
devoted to German literature uml t
lure. Each VOlum contains a Ihm I. ;
designed by the ijsrman artiet
Doeppler The design conslsU i
Imperial grma with tin- Inscription
librt Will. dm II, lnipoi.il. II is
Kaiser vVllhslm, W are further ll 1
la nut s collector or book plan- I1
brother. Prince Henry, poaaeases om
the fliiiit rpllaotlona In all t -
Fron. thr Waal atiaalt . tla-.t.ttt
CIVIL PENSION FOR
LEIGH HUN T'S DAUGHTI R
Tne long menim y of Qovernnn
paiiniciils I i-urloudy Illustrated Ii
new list of civil er ice pellKi
wherein Mrs t.'hsltnglll Is d. si i li ¬
the daughter of the 1st ItSlgh Hum
to mom of us latgli Hun
.il. I
belong to a remoter past, win le tn- ii
I "lh Ute" l an Irrelevance:
, t' Wk was horn in '! ami
"V;, gtig nil navs gmpi) "
Z t recognition from a Liberal Mlulati