The sun. [volume], November 02, 1913, THIRD SECTION, Image 28

About The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916

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8
THE SUN, SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1913.
SOME NEW BOOKS.
rtmrlm I'.llol .Norton.
During Ms tln-t Ititf Ciiaiii.es
NoRTfflf MsliT-tiuis) might have
Ki.iot
been
lairiy iiesuritieil as the American who judgment, coinciding with tho sugges
enjoyed tho greatest distinction with 1 Hon Just made, was expressed to (Icorgo
tho least to show for It. I'tilesii-wuJavWlnm Curtis In 1861: "There Is but
happen to he a Da tit 1st by specialty one man In the country In whom ho has
Norton's "bibliography" makes but tluj
eiignicst uppcni ici you. i.vru to Dan-
tints the translations of tho "Vita ,
Nuovn and the "Dlvlim Commcdla" i
cannot appear epoch making. Kvon
to students of architecture the "Stud-
les of ( hurch lliiltdltig In the Middle
Ages' must .-rem to be no more than,
i piece or ir yusuustic; rcsearcn. i'.un -
ing, with whatever tact and taste, tin
letters of Lowell, the writings of Curtis,
tho correspondence of Carlyle and
Kmerson Is as far from accounting for
Norton's unique standing as tils share in
tho editorship of the Xorth American
Ucvlew with Lowell. That he was pro
fessor of the history of art at Harvard,
1874-9S, says nothing except to his pu
pils, since the professorship had no lit
erary results of any Importance. What
can there have hi'cn about the man, the
casiial wayfarer must lie moved to In
quire at the mention of his name.
The present volumes. Letter of
Charles litiot Xnrtnn, telth llio'jraph
teal Comment y llli Uaunhtev, Sara
Xnrtnn, ami M. .1. De Wolfe llauc
Houghton Mltllln Company), form
nn attempt to answer this ques
tion. The attempt is so successful
that nobody who reads them will ever
be moved to put the question again.
The ohxlnus conjecture Is that Nor
ton's failure to leave any adequate
memorial of the accomplishments and
powers that impressed themselves up
on tils friends I due to Ills want of the
"literary faculty." That very differ-
rim connoisseur oi me oris m me perenrgo of a ISostomati ship nnd It spring of IS.'..-., Is as candid and con
Itean N.ish. whose wli in talk did not i occupied 10:' days of the summer oflvlncing as one of Olmsted's own.
extend to wit on paper, said that a mj, The voyage Itself Is noteworthy I There Is a good deal of "Cred. I.iw." bv
jm o .in ic ioieoo ou o oenumoeu an
Ills faculties. Hut the conjecture that
this was the rase with Norton, plans-
,,.i.- . in. i, f,ii u ii mm iiiiMim mini ins
published work. Is at once dispelled by
n perusal or these letters. They nrc
admirably written, without the least
strain after good writing. The con
jecture may still have validity to this
extent, that the consciousness of ad
ilrrssini; the big. gross public did in
truth benumb his faculties, and that
It was only In the conllilence of nn In
dividual appeal to a correspondent of
whose sympathetic Interest lie was be
forehand assured that he could behlm-i-elf
nnd do hini.-olf Justice with a pen.
In that case, as the render of these
letters tlmls, he could exercise upon
strangers the charm which he exer
cised upon his acquaintances. He
inuld leave a tecord of himself In his
private letters with which that of his
published writings cannot be compared,
nnd a record of his life and times
which Is among the most illuminating
of documents for the period, the
pccnes and the persons, mostly of
gre.iter fame than the letter writer,
covered by his observation.
I.
By birth Charles Kliot Norton was a
TSosioiuan r.rahinln, a l'harisee of the
ftrailest ,-ect. As with so many more
of such, his was an ancestry mainly
of tlie ministry of the dwpol. One of
them w:w renowned in the seventeenth
century as 11 pot upon much
the same evidence which about the
ame time caused that Wigglesworth
to be renowned locally as a poet whose
thoughts, rolling on iiwful subjects of
damnation ami the dead, impelled him
to set them to the measure of a rlga
(looii. The ancestral John Norton's
Mibjcct was "A l-'uneral Hulogy
I
,,!,;
or ir -
That Patron query: pattern'.')
nie, the Truly Hons. Peerless and
Matchless Gentlewoman, Mrs. Anne
Uradstieet
Like the ridiculous ruba-!
dub of Wigglesworth, this effort was
much overpral.-ed by Muses Colt Tyler,
xvho.o overpraise the severer taste of
Charles Kliot Norton could not stand,
lie writes; "I tlnd in my ancestor's per
formanee very slight merit, though It '
gives Indication of formal training In
the stiff poetle fashion of the day"; but
the enthusiastic historian of American
literature Prof. Tyler, who has an eye
lor swans, discovers in it "force" and I
"beauty," calls it "a sorrowful and
stately chant," and even ascribes "po
etlc genius" 10 Its author. Anne Hrad-
Mreet was herself u poet, which Is In
part nu explanation of the Calvin- t
istlc. muse's tears, but It was as much
below the .esthetic appreciation of
Charles Kllot Norton as it was level with
n
nenousiy iih ir ll were on n poetic parity
with the nearly .contemporary ode of
lohn Dryden cm Anne Kllligrew, In
Mead of being valuable anly as an evi
dence if the awful aridity of theocratic
Massachusetts.
So, all the same, the descent of the
Nortons went on through the hungry
generations of the colonial time, mel
lowing more and more as It came with
in the range of tho humanities nnd out
of tho range of the "besotted fanati
cism," as Hallam calls It, of the primi
tive Inluimunitles of the original settle
ment. The dlsmalness of the early
days 1b nowhere more Impressively in
culcated than In an address by Charles
JClIot Norton In 1SS1, on the occasion
of the i'OOth anniversary of the estab
lishment of the church at Hlngham, of
which tho ancestral poet was the sec
ond pastor, and to which five or six
generations of Nortnns belonged. The
mellowing of the race hecume strongly
evident In Charles Kllot's father, An
drews Nor'on, u person of Importance In
his day, one of the pundits of Harvnrd
nnd of the Divinity School at Cam
bridge, where ho quietly connived at
the merger of the ancient Calvinism In
to Unltarlanlsm. but could not brook
"tho introduction of German radicalism
Into American theology," an Impatience
xt.!ch probably deprives his "great
worn" on the genuineness of tho four
Ooipels of all interest for modern read
me. Also he could not brook the rmllnnl.
lin of tho famous address of Kmerson 1
J)o you mean Kmerson,
, the Hoclnlnti'
preacher?" as Daniel Webster retorted
to the Inquiring Carlyle) at tho Divin
ity; ho uttacked It anonymously In a
newspaper article which Kmerson
promptly ascribed to Andrews Norton,
"the old tyrant of the Cambridge Par
nassus." All the same Charles Kllot
m Horn Into a "reading family" In
terested In tho things of the mind, and
for the llfo he was to lead thc heredity
nnd training of his time could not have
been better.
II.
Charles Kliot's own scholastic career
was respectable but not brilliant. An
enforced alisence from college on ac
count of his eyesight interposed a tech
nleal objection to his obtaining tho
coveted prize of freshman year, but the
Kindly president made up for tho loss
by giving him a prize of equal value
on his own nccoiint. In IS 13 iho wns
sent to New York for optical treatment
a wm th P-ent .t the wedtlin, j
!!. r,',,!!!!"?,"01.!:11?. i'.V11'
" . T ,W,,,M, "', ' l1h.n
'best man" of the occasion im In his
own judgment of every other, and began
an acquaintance wlhlch was to last as
hull' n.M Snmner'M life. Vfirton'n iiivn
entire confidence, and In him his con-
iwicnco Is overweening." This Is much
t(lP ,. f Oram's epigram, probably
printed before, on hearing that Sumner
didn't believe In tho lllblc: "He didn't
wr, ... Nnr(on FloUp of hm ln tt
,,.,. t0 tj0Wp on tne occnMon f nH
death: ...or Humner! What a sad life
tlis vf,mH l0 onp wm iook8 i,n,.ftln
the shows of things! Ho Illustrates
the difference between bigness and
greatness. 1 have a very
kindly feeling to his memory. I should
like to have more respect for It." Hut
the most pungent characterization, as
might be expected, was that made by
Carlyle to Norton: "The most com
pletely nothln' of a mon t)!iat ever
crossed my threshold naught whatso
ever ln him or of him but wind and
vanity."
The paternal Andrews had emigrated
from Hlugliam to Cambridge, on be
coming connected with Harvard and
bought tho house at Shady Hill with
which his soli's life, In - spite of long
periods of travel, was to be more com
pletely Identified than with any other
place. Hut his "wander years" began
Immediately after graduation. Like nil
other educated young llostonlans of his
1 1 til 1 1 lint utiinltlrvilK t r of in Pml frit miu
of the recognized "professions," he
seemed to be destined to business. In
In
fulfilment of his destiny he took a voy
age to India; tho Indian and Chinese
trades divided the aristocratic com-
I lllerce of Ilnston. He made It as sil -
; mainly for the Immense amount of
rending which the young supercargo
not 0iy n(i t ult actually got1
tlirniii: i. inrce v aliont inula nnturnllv .
hut also Including such strong meat as,
the whole of the "Decline nnd Kail."
Concerning this there Is a criticism Norton was busy with some scheme
transmitted to his father of the nntl- for elevating periodical literature. The
Christian chapters which must have Atlantic, the Xorth American, the .Vo
pleased tho parent by Its good sensel (Inn, the C'nij011, their namo was legion,
and Its orthodoxy; I'nltarlan ortiho- , i.,r the nrnioniration of the life of the
doxy, be It well noted. "(Jlbbon, direct
ing Ills attack upon the religion mostly
by Its abuses, and through the Motions
which have been established In Its
name, brings the whole weight of his
learning nnd sarcasm to bear ngalnst
the doctrine of the Trinity. This has
been mistaken by the adherents of thnt
doctrine as an attack rm the founda
tions of the religion; nnd as It Is a doc
trine which cannot be defended by
revelation, by reason, or by history,
the power of the attack upon It has
Justly been considered by them as dun-
gerous.
There Is more of human and modern'
I Interest In his observations upon India
. Itself. They nre noteworthy for the
; descriptions, rather clear than vivid, of
I what befell him from Calcutta tb Delhi
1 and back again. Hut they are still
I more noteworthy for the beginnings
they betray of his lifelong quest for the
, mon Interesting and memorable, and
presumably the most excellent of things
and persons, mn--t of all of persons.
One of the most interesting Is his ac-
count, In a letter to Longfellow, of his
visit to the "Koyal Poet of Delhi," to
whom the American poet had given
him an Introduction. He did not miss
the Taj Mahal, nor what lie thought 1
the most remarkable and scenic pas
sage of the Indian landscniie, "the view;
of the Snowy Itange of the Himalayas
f.nn, T amlnti. 'I 1.... I .....o .. u
...'lit uiiiuuui, 11 .in mntijn
afterward, the towering personalities
,,., i... ..,. !., .
iiitii i niui l iiicu linn inn.-!, rii-ii ill b.'.i
"I have seen hut one native, whether
Tll.,.1.. lll.uln.,.n T. ......
i"'""," .V "TV. , .I' ". : .
..-5-r-.il v ill in. ii.ii, iii.it i i t-rr.-u i I lull
one Is my Calcutta friend, llajender
Dutt." That he already had his scheme
of life laid out Is deduced by the edl-
tors from extracts from two of his let-
, ters home. One concerned his appli
cation to the Sultan for a firman allow
ing him to travel In Turkey: "I should
be described as having no commercial
nlilnn, 1.,., dm.. la. .. .. . I
"... .iui,i; un iii.in ,ii leicers,
travelling for Information and pleas-1
III-. Hilt n UnA Al.,., f
i... i ...Li" ..
"7, " ' , " ' 7 111 ,r" " """ -
l''"'.B:h.?a?'u?n'p '"' ' B'nK Into the,
Kast India trade.
inn me inner sig-i,.
niflcant extract Is to the cousin In Hos-
, ...v, . , , " '.'.'..' '' i
.0
1 "T ' ,0.1V"k f,'rwi'r'.
,''. ".1S , , m"
W " -oletyV
III.
It was no doubt a felicity
for the
HIT me I
VOIlIlIT lr.l',.ller (a ml- I.l i .
into Kurope not from his raw native
land, but from the Immemorial civilisa
tion of the Kast. by sea from Rombav
to Suez and thence ncross the desert to
Cairn and the Pyramids, and from
Smyrna to Trlest and Italy, even
tliough at Smyrna nu illd have to
undergo the barbarltlcn of a Turkish
quarantine. In Paris he applied him
self at once to seeing people. Perhaps
the most noteworthy of them was
Lamartlne, to whoso weakness nnd
vanities a letter Is devoted. There
" ..".i.i- iii" nisi einry i
I..,.. . M . . . '
were nine portraits or the poet In the
i-uuiii in nnicn ue received the travel-
ler, nnd the traveller wns told that In
the suite of three rooms there were
twenty-two, After the cxpomire of the
great republican and poet it Is ratiher
depressing to know that Ste. Heuve, In
comparing and contrasting him with
the other great republican and poet
Victor Hugo, remnrked: "Hut, charlatan
for charlatan, I prefer Lamartlne."
Alfred de Vlgny and Tnoquevllle the
young traveller also met. Hut the meet
ing thnt meant most to him was his
first with George William Curtis on his
way homo to write "Nile Notes of a
HowadJI," who was shortly to become
"dearest George," as Lowell "dearest
.lames," who was to be perhaps after
I'owp11 - ,mt eerlnlnly after no one else.
t,lB "" sympathetic and confidential
of nil Norton's coworkers in American
literature nnd politics, and who was to
"summer hlro" for so many years at
Ashfleld.
Threo months In London followed the
Parisian episode, although" on this visit
ho did not have his subsequent luck
In people, and seems to havo met no
body morn eminent than old Crabbe
Iloblnson, of whom readers who know
Hagehot's nccoiint will not care to read
any other. Of course Loudon wns not
lost on thu. "young eyed" eagerness and
sensibility of the American. Hut ho
had by no means arrived at his ultimata!
sureiiess and sanity of appreciation. He I
entertnlncd a great admiration for
jry Mcneiicr. And thern Is much of
iwenty-ono and still more of Hoston
in uic report that "everybody sayH that
there Is no poet In Kngland to be com
pared with Mr. Longfellow." And this
Just after reporting that "Tennyson, It
Is said, Is lo ho poet laureate slninlv
take the place. His new vol-
f VT Z1? .&1,mo,,ln,m, ln armory of hlttf
.rlcm Ar',1Ur Hallam. excites very dlf-
ferent Judgments." Evidently 1850 Is
a long way off. There were to bo four
more months of the Continent before
the return to America, by Switzer
land. Munich and Vienna to Italy,
, close acquaintance with tho Hrownlngs.
of whom, much as other and mostly
wnero somo stay at Morenco anil a
subsequent travellers have written
them, this traveller's .report Is Inter -
iij., .... I wUll0Ut perceiving that tho letter
The four following years were spent at writer Is striving to Inculcate In hlm
home, at Cambridge or the Newport that I self and his correspondents that "eer
then was. The most Important human I tain condescension" not In "foreigners"
acquisition that the letter writer made , but in the more fortunate and more eiil
was that of dough, to whom In his tlvated natives toward the less for
rather melancholy American exile cv-i tunate and nlfted thm ,..,
erybody of any account seems to have
taken, but nobody more warmly than
Norton. There are more letters of this
period to him than to anybody else.
As was almost Inevitable with n. se
rious minded American, nnd quite In-
........,.,.,., u r..-. e.u.i niiimra uo.-io-
nlan, they are very largely devoted to
the question of slavery, of which the
'i'i"nv'aMtii y h WPbstort
betraya ' of the cause of freedom had
been, quite naturally according to Nor-
ton and those who thought with him.
ol owed by the like betrayal on the
i, v.a,r.:?. .an "r, Z
better opportunities than most North-
erners to Judge of the practical work-
lugs of slavery through a visit to the
South Carolina plantation of some New-
port friends, the Mlddletons. There hel
... ...'.... if,,,, lull lltlll lllltl.il
huw the Institution under Its most bo-
uliro unit tuitriiirelmt i,.i.n I'm u
with Olmsted after a similar exoe-
rlence. ih revolt -w i,. nndi i,im
rlence, the result was to convince him I
not only that It was bad for the whites
aim niacKs nut mat the willies were
the chief sufferers. Ills description, In
1 letters to Clooi.li mul l.u,.ll
iu tin
the way, In these volumes, besides a
letter or two to him. attesting that
here again Norton's Incessant quest for
ih l,..t tw,.i,ln rilt...l In ,. Inobv. m..l
It was he who Introduced K. L. ("iodkln
1 to Norton, when, ns was often the case.
('ration, the fir-' art magazine pub
lished In this country, both Norton nnd
his editors seem to give too much of
the credit to W. .1. Stlllman. to whom
Its foundation was doubtless due, at
the expense of John Durand. afterward
to be the translator of Talne. who had
at least ns much to do with keeping
It alive and up to Its standard. There
is no mention of lilm, though of Stllt
111:111 It Is characteristically said: "I
have never known any one more ear
nest and faithful Iu his desire and
search for spiritual Improvement."
! Neither In the T.Os nor later In the
war time did Norton's preoccupation
wlth slavery prevent his taking Inter
est In all the things of the mind. Some
of his Judgments of works now forgot
ten suggest that young Norton, like
Professor Tyler according to old Nor
ton, "had nn eye for swans." His view
of the debut of Walt Whitman In a
letter to Lowell, Is worth quoting. No
wonder, he says, that It excites Kmer
son' s enthusiasm, "for Walt Whitman
has read the 'Dial' and 'Nature" nnd
combines the characteristics of a Con
cord philosopher with thne of a New
York fireman."
IV.
The two years, 1S55-57, spent in
Kuropc were episodical and Interrupt
ing to the particular theme of Norton's
connection with the politics of the civil
war nnd before and after. Hut during
the war he stayed at home and did what
be could for the cause of the l.'uion.
Soothly It was not much. He ws the
editor of a body called the New Kngl.ind
Loyal Publication Society, of which the
purpose was to correct and elevate pub
lic opinion, both here ami abroad, re
specting the Issues, liut it was a mere
tly on the wheel and produced no re
sults. The course of events hail forced
Massachusetts men 'of Norton's way if1
thlnuiiig into the (iarrlsonlan abolition-
ms p....... nnii
", ' ,, "
ns It seems now. col
ored nnd discolored their views. Hence
' 1 "' t txn . .
many curious mlsjudgments
ire here
recorded. His political "eye for swans"
ln()uc,.(1 xrUml Ut miiiie a hero of .lohn
v., ..,
for some time to the .luss,iclius"tts gal-
-Wndln,,ly to depredate
Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's refusal to
Precipitate the emancipation proclnm,
Hon much disgusted him. A domestic
cat, he wrote, cannot fulfil the func
tions oi a nengiil tiger. "That sure
footed mind's unfaltering skill" did not I
Impress Norton, nor for that matter!
,, .. . . "'""'
uowen. tne autiior or the line, until
tliel Bilntirtrl llflll l,nn.n... ....I... .11..
nensnl.l.. lo i.i.ie.iin .hi,.. ii,
" " ..... ..... . . iviii
they saw the point, like
had become
had written1
iioiiv
OOC1
else. When the conflict
plainly Inevitable Norton
to Curtis: "I believe that New Kng-i
land Is stronger than New1 Africa" an'umn nnyhody else's, better than Ailing-
-r than New1 Africa," an'
epigram the point of which the
grammatlst blunted by Insisting, after
the war was over, upon conferring the '
suffrngo on "New Africa" without de.lw,,"i incline to call them the most in- i
lay, largely as a means of political edu-
cation for the blacks, but mainly by
way of suppressing the Southern
whites. He wns as Indignant us un-
other Sumner or Thai! Stevens at the
slowness of Congress In coming to the
conclusion, which Congress finally
reached, with the results we all know.
Statesmanship, political wisdom, was
by no means one of the many good
gifts the fairies had bestowed upon
Norton. This Is clearly enough evl-
neiii in tne story lout hy his letters
of the civil war nnd reconstruction, i
Tho retrospect lo the war with Spain
is so much shorter that wo cannot pro
nounce with equal confidence upon tho
unwisdom of his eourso before and dur
ing and after that conflict. Already,
however, his denunciation of tho Span
ish wnr after we had actually entered
on It reads rather queerly, nnd still
'. . ,'. ,y ,m,CM 11 "PCl,ur'",on, a
more queerly such a declaration
' . , " ,", ""'""mi -una
by the overthrow of Spanish rule means
either practical unnrchy or the suhstl-,
tutlon of the authority of the I'nlted
States for that of Spnln." Manifestly
nm in wijiiin-iiiuui wan mure or hi
siaiesman man 1'roressor Morton or
Harvard. It waH Senator Hoar's bitter
denunciation of Professor "Norton's
general view of the Spanish war, and
still more of his Intemperate expression
of thnt view, which led to the rupture
of the friendly relations tho two had
maintained since they were classmates
nt Harvard,
V.
On the wholo It Is pleasant to return i
from tho record of Norton's frequently j
misdirected and maladroit political ac-
tlvltles to that of his labors in his own
vocation as an apostle and also an ex-'
emplar of "culture," of which he was'
often known to complain that lio was
a missionary "In partlbus." No man
ever took more pains or more conscious i
pains to cultivate httaelt Ula friend
Lowell, In his most famous and pof
slbly his must memorable and durable'
poem, makes rhythmical Inquiry how.
a poet could ever "tower" If his pas-
slons, hopes and fears and his triumphs'
and his tears and so forth "kept not I
measure with his people." It Is qulto'
true, anu tne perception of It docs credit
to the democratic Instinct which Lowell
had and nf whirl. Vnri.in ...... .t..i,i
You cannot read Ave pages together of
, tho maturer letirr. in iv.n ..ni,..
rlorltv to the m.i f .i,i.i
rlorlty to tho mass of mankind, which
Is the very negation of tho democratic
spirit. Some might call It the Harvard
spirit. Whencesoever It proceeds, and 1
wherever It Is found, It limits the ln -
lluence of nn American, and tends to'
mnice or mm "a sterile dilettante" It
accounts for. If It does not Justify, the
destructive wrath of old George Krlsble
Hoar, equally a Harvard man. against
his classmate and lifelong friend. It
was the defect of Norton's quality. The
evidences of It in these volumes are so
'numerous as to be LrXZ,"u Tiu-
n" Jump at you as you turn the
. inilVnU lln
,, ' v ln.n " , I , ,",, ,
'"?' " , 'ot Cordlnnl. In
!, 1 "m " ,1n-u' 1wll.,5h
.'C' K , ,0 "mse '', 1,1 t1ha1t lmp ,
l ,?rf,,,ns .,,f w.e"1,h' i"luentlal
, 'l,,m'"' nnl"K was
I Muur iu cue i.enceeis.
I A"' r ll ,llrlmafi lo 'i-'ipe,
""" 'non wrote on return-
Ing home:
"Tho contrast between
America unci Kurope never struck me
as rorcllily as It does now. The gran
deur of our opportunities Is propor
tionate to the Immensity of our de
llclencles. I grow perhaps half
selfishly, certainly fastidiously, disin
clined to work with any Immediate
concern for aught but my own culture."
This In a letter to Ktiskln In 1ST0:
"I must come home and Income a pro
fessor lieforo this relmgnnnon rno tin
conquered. I am snmetimP inetinprt
to think that simply to cultlvnte one-1 ,'" relation of Chicago to the success
self Is perhaps the best service an)"' l'r"Jectlon of that southward lead
American can render In these days." I 'nK r,Kht "ngle of exploration and terrl
"Llko Hornco Walnole f h,,ni,i ,"rlal "enuljjjtion. Tho humorous ap-
mv
my country exceedingly If jt were not
for . . '""my ir It were not
J 'inen." Ohv otisly a tier-
-on of this temper Is not going to cut
much of a figure
P-ople. M a "demagogue." He Is much
rac as expressed by Lincoln: "The
.on: I must love ,1,.. common peop
h made so many of them." T detee
ii'" ' " common man
nnien out nf Norton's
... .n-ii-fi me
"Vll. One
to Imve been
allocution to
"Outre-Aler."
Vou simply
iw uiKP mm ns a
...... ..Miu, iiuiu-iy rnnspfmia .
(r.'inm ii ......
superior per-on. nm, (1(,slrous of ,
still more so. Ami ... .
more so. Ami v..t i . .1
And yet how nmph
snlll nl rrmln... i. r......i ii mi- .iiiiumee, men i . . ... . -----
xnmi,l wh.nL " le Wabash. From Fort Miami In I ,n"r r00 " l"e ",r n.n" !n."r ,onve!'
Included heV .I "! "UB VM ' southeast corner of Lake Michigan "noewwunti: ,wn,"n "PP""' f "P from
Paul or-. . "J.. might go up the St. Joseph, then ,n' ..u,m r,vl" r V1'"1"' Am
merit In that character as he lived t I;'rm",nr"tn ""'' ,h" U,,per f
H-.w far he was removed ffUSlil!1!.' 'f' ""l V nnd Wisconsin rivers
either .. . " "V ,r"m "Plngl
ti .i " wile d ettante."
Ihe testimony of ,he student who nt
under h m. having chosen his course" ns
' nn InsplratU
is valuable nnd conclusive nn this point
Ir.J"""1 "",nB 18 Arthur Sed" I
(luonco. dcrlv.wi .... . .
- - iun
n'n ln-
uualntance and even ,, .n'im",P."5:
than a generation, and summed up in the
" """" ,l ml " was his own life
that was his masterpiece." Norton's
-wn summation of , ainhltlon?
....in ,n it leuer to Lowell Is- '
see to the Inscription over 'mv
If you
grave
on need only say, He
had good
iriemis. whom he loved
the last three
......,n ,..,K nearly tuiitoIoe,,. tllt
what friendships he had, and what a
Carlyle
...., i uieni is here. He
S.'lVu nf
that tilt OnlV lieru.i.ta l. 1....I
heard the old man speak of as f they
were of his own size were Kmerson
and Huskln. To these might be added
Tennyson, on the strength of the "Iteml
nleences." nnd Norton himself, on the
strength of Carlyle's own note hook of
1"T.1. "An amiable, very friendly, sin
cere and cultivated Charles Norton,
from Hoston, Is here nil winter, and
much a favorite with me." Norton on
tils side keeps inltlng that Carl vie Is
"sympathetic" and lovable, anil' thnt
any Impression to the contrary is gatli
ered nnd propagated onlv he i,...i.
J." 1 """Tstnnd his humor. Of,
sllcll Norlnn nnrlf.l.O. . ... 1
....... ..... . . . '
, .... "- mn. ms
eiining of tile correspondence with 1-tiiai
Jlersnn and of various other Carlvlennn '
,n, . . .
i" iviintT me poison or iToude
!., , .... . . .. "iee
lnm' m m"rp ,,mt ,,(r'c will ,
10 !,om l,y ,," raIltal reports of Car-i
' ' "lm "er('' ney are Letter ,
umn, nny"ody else's, better than Ailing-
cpi-''""nK even, although some faithful 1
' co,H navo' 11 seems, quarrelled with t,,mmerce then dreamed of perhaps, hut
Norton's notation of tho dialect. One1"'"'1 "dequate conception of Its mag-
'cresting things In these volumes,
'"'"'gn thnt is saying a great deal.
rale, nothing could be better
than carlyle's account of John Stuart
Mill nnd "his Mrs. Taylor." Somebody
had recommended Mm to her ns a sol-
vent or her spiritual doubts. "And so
.Mill with great difficulty was brought
to see her, and that man. who ud to
that time had never so much as looked
female creature, not even a cow.
In the face, found himself opposite those
great darK eyes that were flashing un
utterable things while he was dlscours
in' the utterable concerning nil sorts of
high topics.
One would llko to go on quoting In
terminably. Hut if you are. the sort
of person for whom the book Is meant
you must have seen nlready that you
have no rocourse but to read It yourself.
Assuredly It Is a vindication of the
worth whlleness of the life of Charles
Kllot Norton, as to which you may havo
cherished .lonbts. Also li t iuimimi.K.
made, and you very seldom fall to find
editorial answers to nny questions the
lext of the letters may raise In your
mnd,
Antiquities of Chlcaico.
"Chicago In the Revolution" Is a chap
ter heading that holds the eve. It oc
curs In Vhlcana anil the Old Xorthtvcat,
a "study" (doctor's thesis?) of the evolu
tion of the northwestern frontier, 167S
to 183B, und history of Kurt Dearborn
by Mtui Milton Qpaifb, Ph. D.. pro-
feMMor nf tilslorv In thn Lnwlu liiMlltntn
of Technology (University of Chicago
Press). The origin of Chicago ns fixed
tho common understanding would
certainly not anledato the establishment
of the fort In 1803, and in 1830 the
population was short of 100. "ChlcaRo
n the Revolution" might be paralleled
by "Theodora Roosevelt In tho civil
war." Hut Mr. Roosevelt, born In '58,
-was, If not engaged In the civil war,
- Jnt Wst a recognkable Individual entity
nt Ihe time of It; and Chicago ln the
seventeenth century was only a name,
and In the eighteenth century but little
more than that.
About the name, however, cluster
many associations which, so far as thev
' concern the ordinary reader, may well
Ikj condensed Into the compass of a
paragraph or two, but which challenge
the historian's Instinct for research
work and "comparative" delving among
divers authorities. Thev call us a young
country, hut Into a small span of years
we have crowded all the stages ot de
velopment, aboriginal, prehistoric nnd
mythological, the ages of nnnals and
chronicles and the successive experi
mental up to final phnfifs of historiog
raphy. Chicago has them all.
The name Itself Is, transparently, of
Indian origin: Chlragoans. who are sur-
prlslngly sentimental for so commercial
n race, pride themselves on Its nativity,
supposedly superior to Imported Vorks
nnd Iondons. with n weak kneed "New"
In preface. "Checagua" or "Chekakou"
may have meant either wild onion or
polecat, a somewhat constricted yet not
haflling choice, for In the favor of the
local etymologists the odor of garlic has
prevailed over thnt of skunk; we must
have some semblance of elegance ln our
explanation of place names.
The story of Chicago begins with the
development of New lnnce In the sev
enteenth century. The French, com
ing up the St. Lawrence nnd the (Ireat
Lakes, were never satisfied with tho
exploitation of the vast and fertile re
gions Immediately to hand In tho north
of the middle West; they were looking
for a waterway to the western ocean,
still dreaming of that mythical short
cut to the riches of the Indies. The
labors of La Salle, .toilet and Mar-
jquette. a large part of this record, are
Immortal In memory. Their discovery
that the southward waterway from the
Lakes led to the Oulf Is one of the ro
mances of the history of this great con
tinent. The subsequent Immuring of
the Kncllsh. leading to the French nnd
Indian War. decided the racial fate of
the continent. These are commonplace
1 observations; less trite Is the story of
' " U?' f ,hP ""me Cn,cllK"
m i-enirsi-iii; inoimn ii sioou only ror
an Indian meeting place. It was one of
the keys of conquest, ns much to the
front as Its natural advantages have
since brought It in the Industrial bear
ing. There were five "keys."
A glance at the map explains the
situation. The Lakes offered a broad
and ensy highway Into the West: from
them the problem wns to effect a trans,
fer to the tributaries of the Mississippi.
The watershed was naturally the de
ciding factor. The Ohio offered a water
way west from the Alleghanles, the
southerly lines of access. From the
western enu or i.aKe Krle vovagern
corner of the lake the way led up the
Chicago River, down tho Des Plnlnes
Into the Illinois and through that
stream Into the Father of Waters.
niiorueti a similar route. In each case
the crux of the Journey came at the '
point nf transfer from river to river, the
length of portnge varying considerably.
This was the heyday of the birchen
canoe, whose part In our earlier history
the national Government has recently
celebrated.
At Chicago the distance ranged from
zero to fifty miles, nccordlng to the
stage of the streams, whether filled to
i line - .. i swim nnd cork sinks: when trees hnve
in ,in the K-.ml.nV.. i.-rn. ., m.i "o oiuest monarcny nas stopped
I ..v. '.. .lie- villi. .1.U
?J'i!1.f"V!1','.' lh" SprinR fV.'""",tM or!prehenslve scope. Where there is
depleted In the summer droughts. Jotlet
proposed a canal, but for long the only
auxiliary to the natural channels of
communication wns the use of horses
for the portnge. It was not until the
early part or the nineteenth century
that the project was nwlved. In lS.Vi?
work was begun, with great enthusiasm.
The population of Chicago was then
pronctilng ,000. Twelve vears Inter.
when the Illinois nnd Michigan canal
was Mulshed. It was 2.VO00. And then
Ironic fate got In Its line work:
Y.m nlthnut th construction of th csnal
the nM imporunri. ,,nr u.o of thc i-hicaeo I
i-ori.m net a nou t (0 tmnlnnie Th a!
v.iiic- of wlilio rttlometit ounni-d thf il,nh
knrll of the fur irnlc. Willi tlir ailrrnt of
thf ralltn.iil traile ,m,i rommrn-e .ourht
o'lii-r chaniifU nnd othr tnnni of irans
piirmtlan, Th v.itrrn.iya lot thflr old
Impori.inrc. ,,n, ih.- vhirHK l'nrtnce piinm.,!
Inlo lil.iory. Kre thu iimr. honker, the
! . ."""' ""rn "n" ""
1. 1' ii n m irvp noii.i onnordin tt... 1
, '
The tirofnssnr ooo.no ......
-- ,..,-
looaeil the chance for an interesting!
Paragraph about the present day Lakes
... ..... ... .....
"' "" """ '"iiy oui ne sp ns a
...'.'
Iir,'".v -'(""' -" "bout the old Chicago
l''rtage, a tale Instinct with the appeal
"' L'i..n.-. i nuns propnenc oi great ar-
'Ties that later generations hnve seen
lpncs mat later generations hnve h
P'use mightily with the full tides of a
"""' ""' spienunr.
Not even the zealous aiitiqunrinn can
confer upon the Chicago of the seven
teenth century anything like historical
place personality. If he expands his
theme Into pages without dulness the
vivacity and quality of his narrative
Is reflected from the record of wonder-,
ers like Tonty, La Salle's lieutenant,
for example, who came and went and,
kindly for the record, passed In their
comings nnd goings through the n,uth-, tuial machinery will before long be re
west portage. It Is nil fair game for quired on the great plains of Pechlll.
htm, however, by virtue of the second Mongolia and the Manchurlnn prov-
compouent of his comprehensive title,
In the latter part of the century Father
1'ierre Plnet wus one of the Jesuits
proselyting among the Illinois Indians,
mid tho location of his Mission of the
fSuurdlan Angel nt "Chlkagwa" has
lieen a subject of dispute among his
torians. It Is not a matter of world
shaking Importance, or even of isitent
appeal to the state patriotism of
Illlnolsans, but by paring away some
one else s argument here and building !
up one of his own there the professor
establishes the mission at the mouth of
the Chicago river, and so obtains white
Inhabitants for his town In thc barren
century. He also upsets thn tradition
of a French fort at Chicago In the
eighteenth century, attributing It to
the errors of cartographers In Kurope
working from the records of travels.
and those errors, quite plausibly, to con
fusion or careless blundering on the
part of the explorers themselves. In
this Instance It mav well enough be
that Father Hennepin, having In mind
Ia Salle's Fort Miami on tho St.
Joseph, had confused thnt river and tho
Kankakee with tho Chicago and the
Des Plaines at the opposite corner of
the lake. And without Impeachment of
the passion for historical accuracy It
may be mnlntalned that these points
have Infinitesimal value, except for the
peculiar and rather narrow purposes
of the aspirant for the higher honors
of Hcademe. Tt Is worth while to argue
nver the motive and accompllsimenta
!lsn
of the Jesuit explorer, but not over the'
mlnutiic of their temporary domiciliary
arrangements.
So too with the story of 'the Fox
wars, "a half century of conflict." Its
Interest Is not Inherent, but hlstorlco
phllosophlcat. It led up to tho huge
strugglo with tho llrltlsh In the upper
Ohio Valley. The Invmedlato Issue was
control of the Indian trade in tho Mis
sissippi Valley; "the larger stake was
tho commercial and political supremacy
of three continents and all the seas.
When tho struggle ended the dominion
of Krance in North America toad passed
forever."
During the Revolutionary years the
Northwest wn seething with military
and seml-mllltary activities. Tho opera
tions of Clark and of St. Clair and
Wayne against the Indians kept the
middle West busy, but they concern
tho Chicago situation only Indirectly,
serving to point out Its strategic value
as a centre of control for the region
lietween the Great Lakes and the Missis
sippi, in the closing years of the
eighteenth century there were Increas
ingly definite rumors of Intention to es
tablish a Government post, but the
matter was not settled till 1803, when
Lieut. .lames Strode Hwearlngen led an
expedition through tho wilderness of
southern Michigan and northern Indiana,
while the artillery, provisions and heavy
baggage were forwarded by water.
Swearlngen led the march because of
the 111 health of Capt. John Whistler,
appointed to the command of the new
post. Capt. Whistler's son, (leorge
Washington, then .1 yours old, later an
eminent engineer, was the fnther of the
artist. Prof. Qualfe settles the rivalry
between John Klnzle and Whistler for
the honor of fathering the modern
Chicago ln favor of the Captain. Klnzle
was a pretty hard character, an Indian
trader. He settled at Chicago In 1801
and his account liooks are historical
"sources."
Prof. Qualfe's book Is more useful
ns a museum of antiquities than'as a
literary history. The story of the
Northwest has settled Into a definitive
telling nt the hands of historians ex
cellently qualified to mould it Into per
manent shape. To most readers, how
ever, the story of the old portage, of
Chicago before Chicago was, will add
a new element to their conception of the
capital of the Great Lakps. The history
of the fort, the personalities of the early
settlers, the detailed notes of the Indian
trade and missions nnd wars, nnd the
bibliography of 160 Items will give
pleasure of a certain sort to readers of
a certain sort, those whose hobby la the
running down of the dates nnd dnja that
arc properly consigned to limbo In the
literary historian's footnote.
I
The Chinese Itepnhllc.
Not longer ago than day liefore yes
terday the query, When will China be
come a republic? might have been nn-
swered only by paradox: when stones
smoking opium, tins cut off Its pigtail
nnd Is donning the toggery of modern
Ism. A world ln its dotage stands on
Its head ln order to get a new view of
things: women voting, Chinamen elect-
I im their
"'ra r
own rulers, marriage made
Immoral and divorce ilioly, America try
Ing to make Itself believe It wants to
turn from representative to direct popu
lnr government. Soon the sun will rise
In the west, we shall swim in the liquid
land and walk on dry water.
The youngest member of the family
of republics Is photographed In many
poses by John Stvakt Thomson- In
China frroruffoiiffrif (Hobbs Merrill)
New China Is a hodgepodge; so must
be any book about It planned In com
unity In the subject there can be none
In the treatment of it. Part of Chlnn.
enough to constitute a respectable sized
nation, is in tihe equilibrium of infinite
motion: n larger part, enough for half
a dozen powerful nations, Is clamped
In nnelent and unconcerned Inertia;
millions of hlnterlanders no doubt nre
ap-Ins, yet' Ignorant even of tho existence
of their new civic status, assuredly
unenlightened ns to its significance, a
4,000 year long stream of history di
verted from Its established channel, four
hundred million kings to take the place
of one dethroned, a hermit nnd Ingrow
ing nation taking Its sent nt the council
tablo of the peoples.
In a chapter on "The Genesis of a
Revolution" which is rather a narrative
of the revolution than a recount and
analysis of Its sources the author roots
the movement that has given the "tnxed
maioritv" ballot nower over the "nrlvl
-
leged minority" In the Opium Confer
. . nio .
,-mi-,,i
. ,UJ ihrte h"n no i'tfinnt "f tli opium
linlilt thrniiffh lin., !.n.l.r.til of
.,
tllllpnt nnil llrltilln'i, .'.rrlftr ,.f rni.m,.
Vrom" 19M
no rhllioi
to ID 1 1 thfro eouM have bn
rhlllon In 1911. Tlif rrrorm clenrnt
th tiotoenr.i hrmla of tha nation, miaul
" million men to imitation, ami furnUlinl
" hundred million dollars directly end Indl
reotly tnari1 the independence of the agita
tor". "(let ready for the China trade," this
closo observer cries. The machlnerv
of business Is to be readjusted to meet
the new needs. There will lie a con
structive erlod In finances, Internal and
International politics, river and harbor
regulation, army and navy, municipal
organization, tax system, civil service
Ac, and then with a rush will begin
tho great trade." The first pressing
need will l for machinery. "Agrlcul
luces, whence America will draw much
grain, meat, oil, lumler nnd coal."
Factory, mill and mining machinery
will follow In demand. China Invites
the world to advertise In Chlneso In
her newspapers: "She hates concession
hunters of the Pizarro and Cortez type,
nnd deslro to exploit nnd protlt by her
own wenlth." An unbounded field of
modern Industrial organization Is to be
opened, nnd the quaint old methods of
exploitation, transportii
msportatlon nnd mar
keting will have to go. Nepotism and
graft will offer obstacles more dltllcult
than those of material conquest. A
new economic world is a-bornlng.
American exports to Clilna, princi
pally of cotton goods, machinery, oil,
flour and tobacco, have lHen, in recent
Voters: 1908, f34,000,000; 1909, $28,000,
000; 1910, U'3,000,000, and 1911, 23,
000.000. In 1910 China's Imports from all
countries totalled $30.'.,580,000. Our Im
ports from China In those yeara, con
sisting of silk, tea, hides, wool, straw
braid, pig Iron, musk, hair, raw cotton,
albumen nnd bristles, were: 190$, tn,
000,000; 1909, 31,000,000; 1910, $38,
000,000; 1911, $3:1,000,000. China's total
exports In 1910 wero $2M, 460,000. Mr.
Thomson's prophetic eyo sees a line
of Tinndsome digits dancing down the
years ready to fall Into position to the
left of thc grand totals, with a host of
serviceable ciphers to deploy gracefully
Into posts of honor and responsibility
on the right wing. He advises the
keeping of etocks of goods at Manila,
ready for forwardlngnt the psychological
moment: "Tills applies to Iron, hardware
tinware, structural beams, cotton.'
woollens, ynrn, shoes, machinery, etlti.
catlonal and military apparatus! fnnd
lllnlt.llu . . .1 1. 1 '
u.v.iot.n, iriiie. null uii'i vii inL' n.i.iAn
sary In municipal, Industrial and do.
mestlc development." His iletall.,i
analysis of tho demand of thn Chlnee
market and tho international enmpp
tltlon of Wcstprn nations to supply u
should be helpful to American uri
chants. The non-commercial mlini
gives birth and lodging to the qiidv
Is It not possible that In nil thia of
hand partitioning of China's vast iino.
velopcd "field" tho Western Invader
nro rather underestimating the nmbl
tlon and ability of John Chlnnmin to
cultivate ihls own vineyard and market
its product?
The twelve universities of China nre
a far from negligible factor In the
equipment with whlah she faces her
new task, Hongkong t'nlvirsliv
(llrltlsh) Is to bo "equipped for the nt
opportunity offered to Influence Chlnn
In the ways of permanent progress
the Cantonese have always been leaden
of republicanism nnd modernity." St
John's at Shanghai (American Kplsen.
pal) has excellent medical nnd nrta
schools and a school of science next In
line for development. It is gloriously
modern: "The football team has mowed
down the Municipal Police team en
many occasions; Its track teams ami
rowing teams nre yet going to make
China famous at Olympics and Hen
leys." The t'nlvcrsity of Nankin "n.i
always be u political, naval, military
scientific, and cultivated centre, n grea
Influence In teaching the coming lead
ers of the New China." The Pel Ynne
I'nlverslty nt Tientsin Is the leading en
gineering nnd technological Institute
the Hermans nre to conduct opposition
at Tslngtau. The Government pro
gramme In Pechlll Is not parsimonious
It Includes:
A unheraliy at Tlentnln. a provincial enl
lece at I'.iotlnn, fevenleen IndiiKtrlal arhon'i
three hlith school, forty-nine elemetitar
normal eohool. two medical, thra forelin
language, elnht commercial, flva arrlcu
lural, thirty middle. 174 upper, lot mliel
MOO primary, 131 girl' school and 171
nlirht cliool In the Industrial clttf.
This Is nn encyclopaedic book; li
nearly 600 pages seem to cover Cuna,
ancient nnd modern. In every Imagina
ble phase. The author, deprecating
gourmand habits but recognizing th
good sense of being nn epicure "on
eminent occnslons," gives the prospec
tive tourist pointer on the peculiar
pleasure of the Chinese table, v
Mncao, ask for broiled snmll or Sc1
Pan; nt Shanghai let It be toasted ri
birds or Ap ducks. Pekln In tine g.i
tronomlc Itaedeker stand' for Mong.
mn mutton, Tientsin for roast Imperii'
pheasant, Canton, for preserved com
quats Jn ginger syrup, Hiingynn s'
monds nnd Sal Klvu watetmelon.
Swatow glories in Its Hung Lai plums
Chlfu In Its Tin cimn Khor npplrs
Hongkong In fresh lichees nnd Phor Ka.
turkey,
To name the topics treated in tb
solid volume would be to prepare i
skeleton for a dictionary of flilnr
civilization, nnd to catalogue the
"classes" or "groups" of re.ideis i
which It alms would le simply to nanv
the groups that read. It Is a hnndhooi
of useful Information about the Chin
that was, the China that Is, nnd tl
China t'.iat shall be.
KANSAS WOMAN'S BOOK
383 YEARS OLD
Among the many relics shown nt ,
Itepubllc County Fair one of the
Intel estlng perhaps was a Herman 1
Luther's sermons printed In IS"1
the ptoperty of Mrs. C. P, Carstei.jir
llellevllle.
Mathlas Still, an old resident of At -h
son. Is the possessor of four very n .
able antique books, the oldest one ! i ;
been printed 35; years ago in Co'.ok-h
tiermany, within forty ears of the t me
when the tlrst book was pr'ntid 'mn
movable type. The oldet book m i
posession of Mr. Still Is a New Tef
ment and was printed In 13 ill by .loh.i'
Queritel. Another book, a Itlhli. n ,
printed In HOT by Arnolum Qutntcl,
descendant of the foregoing, A third e
Is the llnspel of John the Apostle, printc
In 1.1S7. The fourth Is n history of r
Itoman Knipire, printed Iu 1571 by Za c
arlus Miientzir. and was translated M
Ihe Herman language from th" Litln
Titus Llnlus.
The books are In a fine state of pr
ervatlon. They are very heavy and cue
bcrsume, the largest one being twent
eight Inches lung, sixteen Inches whb
eight Inches thick nnd weighing nbo-u
twenty-five pounds The other books ti
about the same size and weight. TI"
are printed on a coarse grade of papi
apparently made from wood tlbrr, a
are bound In crude but smieeab'.
sheepskin leather. Hand carved, mm
able type was used In the printing e'
these books. They an- Illustrated wi
wood cuts, whlih show the great skdl
the wood carvus of that early day
f-'rom thc Toprka Capital.
FATE OF COAL ROAD
MADE FAMOUS BY NOVEL
The slilfe for the right of way from
Katnlla lo the Hiring lilvcr coal ti.l.l
over which the battle of Hruin r's cro '
nas fought sewtal years ago and wh1 '
Hex Beach has Inunoi talUed In one of In
novel", was relviil before Superior Judo
It. Albertson this morning, when Will' ir
Wrav, a local attorney, brought u
against the Alaska Pacific lt.illw.iv ,v 1
Terminal Company for a debt of II1"1 u 1
aiked for n receiver
The complaint ald the enmpiny ones
JUno.OOO and that apart from tuelxe nub
of grading and some tr.i.k.ige it has n
assets. 1
The court appointed T I. HlBger, a
representative of the l'enns lvanla cap)
tallsls who hicked the proposition, tem
porary recelvet .rter tne nsiii over ic
cinvnil the lliiggenhelius found Coidnvi
was a better harbor and built the Copiw
ltlver and Northwestern road from there
The J"i-niis Ivnni.uii abandoned tho'.r on'
structlon when they found they could n -
enter the coal lands. Kcattln corn auom
race Son Francisco en ran trie.
PORTRAIT OF HEINE
MISSING 60 YEAR?
There has Just been sold in Berlin a
pastel drawing of llelnrich Heine by th
artlst llrnest Benedict Kletz, which the-i
Is every reason to suppose Is the at
portrait made of Helno from the IK'
A note on the picture states that It w:i
the work of Kletz; and In Melsner
famous "Reminiscences of Heine" Is nr.
account of how Kletz made a drawing
of Helno nt Paris In isr.l, when the pit
wns nlready attacked by the Illness frim
which h" died five enis aft-rward Tin.
sittings were given In July.
When tho head ws drawn MHtlilto.
Heine's wife, complained that the po-
was made to look blind, and ilciu.-tndo
that the eyes should be drawn as thoiic
open. Accordingly Kiel- made a seen' '
sketch, and subsequently finished bet
nnrtralts. Kainpe. the Hamburg pub
Usher, acquired the tlist, but It appcv -that
M.nlnme Heine did not obMIn
second, which has been missing for nv
than stxty years.
Theie seems no noum mat tne oris .
baa now been recovered. It repre-eiil
Helno In three-quarter length, with long
hair and the romantic heard which
wore during his last years. Ills eve
are open, as his wife Insisted they ah mid
be. f rom tht Westminster aattttt.