The sun. [volume], December 13, 1914, EIGHTH SECTION, Page 8, Image 52

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THE SUN, SUNDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1914.
SOME NEW BOOKS.
3rechr of n .Mmlrrn Itnllnn
Mnlrxliiii ti,
Mt the vpeolnl qualities trndltlonally
csdentlal ti success In tlic dlfllcult post
of Minister for Foreign Affairs pectill-
nrly necessary properties In Hip man
uho holds thnt hlKhly Important olllco ,
in tl.e Jtallun Government? It I sug- safe nnd sane ' policy ' of pence not at
gt M d that ordinary met, (lis, rotlon and i any price," but at any reasonable, price,
detr. mltiatJon are not sutticlont to his The out rcnk this year of the Great
occjlons: t;uit the southern tempera- War, with Italy's two partner. In the
menl, with Its freiiuent clashes between Triple Alliance at grips with her friends
tWJ'ar sentiment and national Interest, j by entente, Knglnnd, France and Ilus
tn.lkrs such demands and imposes such . sin, placed her In a most peculiar posl
testr.ilnts upon the Minister as must, 1 Hon and dlspluyed those conflicting re
mote constantly than In other chancel- J latlons, as n".so the correlative forces of
leiits. threaten the stability of his clicr
Ishrd policies. Whether or not such
spcrl.il pleading Is coriect and Justified,
and ' overy schoolboy knows" that pres
sure it 'home ranks at least as high In
the . utegory of a Government's troubles
as (. n the other side's diplomacy.
It in not an Indispensable factor In
th' credit Justly due from his country
tin i .ml the rest of Kurope to the Hon
otii'j ToMmaso Tittoni, Foreign Minis
ter of Italy from l!l(13 to l!iO!. for the
clab shmcnt and maintenance of n
cont.i uous, undevlntlng national policy,
Jr. Ilnlifa I'oielpn anil Colonial I'ollcn
(Hm tli, Uliler and Company, London),
n imi. I ctlon of Slgnor Tlttonl's speeches
In Tarllament. translated by Damn
Hnn.v tto QfAitASTA pi Sas' SnvoiiNO
and i dlcated In the Knglish version
to ex-Prime Minister itnlfnur, it Is !
po-s I o to detect not only the guiding
prl. pies of this policy hue the native
wit aid wisdom and practical slates-
m..nt lp of the mnn who pin them Into
sitrrsiful operatkn. As the speeches
nre In large part responses to the I'ac
l.nn t tnry Interpellation of h: parti
san intics and opponcntr. run! ns the
M""tst-r fluid the excellent debating
l.bit 'if repenting In k,iful epitome
he hostile nrgument. the collection Is a
mo: ompendlous exposition of the
nni il political personality than might
be or Heated from Its descriptive title.
Jlii- tcr Tlttonl's appreciative sense
of ill duties nnd responsibilities of his
b'gli fllce ns defender of the natlrm.il
Irt rr-ts, ns well as tits ability tn stem;
ire ivietunus currents or popular pas- 'spicy than his play In International
s'on was demonstrated at the time of politics, the same sturdy sense that '
t!' I! tsso-.IapaiHse war. As Senator mndo him In that greater garni; a man of I
Mags i.rlno Ferraris, editor of J.n mark; particularly the desire nnd ability I
A "i rr Anloloiiln nnd from 1S33 to 1S90 'to view the board from the side on
M'n 8i.-r for Posts nnd Telegraphs, which his contestant sat. This Is tho ,
point out In his preface: "When the-i core, the pith of statesmanship. Vlew
v ir broke out sentiment conquered and I1B migration from the home stanl-j
v n: r ver entirely to the .Iipanese na- jxilnt. he repeatedly pointed out that
for. '( wh ch we nil admire the valor the Italian Government's problem of I
a i nderful progress. Hut our In- emigration had two phases. And these j
'c-- were and nre with Kits-la. as Is iMiiwly two crors-corresnondlng terms In
-hew- h actual events In Tripoli'
T.t elations of P.U-.-..1 nmUtnlv nre
svi crimp ns to foster rather fie,
form' of friendship between the two
Oo. "ments thin the fart as between i
the tv. ii peoples. The two lands are so
w;r ly separates mm mere ennnot be flourishing and wealthy provinces,
ni i 'h popular Intercourse. If, of the where agriculture a-id manufactures
eras if common Infetest. the Halhan thrive. latr Is plentiful and population
IC? .1 presses nearer home to the superabundant. In other provinces
Pi'-n commons, the Turkish theatre where conditions are not so happy emt
of - tsl conlllct mu-t be more In grrtlnn Is the resource of misery scek
tlie d .ly thought cf the multitude of ing relief laused by poverty nnd causing
the r 'ar's subjects. Certainly Tltton! b" its ili'fe.-ti..n not Improvement but
tool, ml forcefully maintained a firm , increase ,1 impoverishment,
ft "."y stand In th" ltplnn Pr.rllamer' I ,ot Slgnor Tlttonl speak: Ilmlgnint.',
of 100 1, as again In If"!1 The meeting I retaining the habits, tastes nnd ten
nl I!i ennlgl between Czar Nicholas and lilenolcs of the homeland In their volun
Klng Victor Mmmanuel III. was of tnry exile, help Itnllnn exports: sending
""ill. Inus omen for the Ministers pro- i
irr.mme. mo special service or Tlttonl
in thw and other matters was his
profiled nnd actual renunciation of the
Ma hiavelllan statecraft which gossip,
ever inroless of neeuracy. fondly im
putes to the stntesmen of Italy ns
ni li-oradlcable characteristic. Slgnor f
iilto' i din ror Italian diplomacy pretty i Itnlhui colonies are most welcome and
inu "i what .lohn Hay did for our own. j are happiest In the Argentine. "The
inai'e It straightforward and business- State, according to the modern concep
lllfe , tetoad of Indirect, ambiguous and . tlon of Its functions, should not be
evn! e. The history of his administra- j merely a negative quantity, but an In
t ion i onires about tho motto he ndopted stltutlon for the spreading of culture,
curl' and repeated often, in the face of civilization and education; therefore It
nntu'' ard events that furnished nolitlcnl cannot and should not renounce such an
rap. t l for his opponents: "Fidelity to j Importnnt tusk as the protection of
the Triple Alliance, friendship for Kng
land and France."
Vl- nna more than once threatened the
pea. ful realisation of this somewhat
lile ' tlc seeming programme, but Mln
!.! ' Tlttonl was able to restrain thoo
of I s colleagues who were hot to gov
ern Austria as wll as their own ennn
irv It wns lit the very outset of his
M n atry that the ln.nsbruck student
rlo roused the wrath of many Italians.
The new Minister, as was to be his wont
In i lany delicate situations, put legal
conslrkTiitlons ahead of sentiment. In
frrnitlonal rights and obligations out
ran'. ed. both In his vocabulary and In
hl armory, the Impulses of trust or of
resratment. the mere whims of the un
stnl le popular mind. The Austrian
G vsrnniont, he said, in forbidding "for
Tvrt ons of public order and In virtue of
Alllcles II. and VI. of the Austrian law
on public gatherings" the opening of
th" free courses ,f the university was
!ol lg "something which cannot fall iin
d' - the control or Judgment .of other
S. tes." Deploring the disturbances
nr l the participation of Italian students
I i them and In their consequences, ho
nt'lrmed that the Austrian Government
he it im Intention of denying to Its Ital
hi'l subjects an autonomous university:
'"I he Italian Government, could not,
therefore, ?iccoiillng to the most ee
montnry rules which regulate the rela
tions bptueen States, Interfere In a mat
ter which has taken place In a foreign
f't among subjects of that State."
What of the Italian subject who was
Irvohed? Prof, de Guhernatis had
gone to Innsbruck asking no greater
lights and privileges than those granted
I'l the citizens of the foreign State
vhnse Government he was to nerve. The
Austrian Government had not been
derelict In its duty of giving him all
possible protection against tho disor
derly German students. The Austrian
Government was embarrassed by a bit
ter racial hostility among sectlom of
Its own citizenship. The Innsbruck
rioters had none of Its support; Its olll
cJnl entim'-nt. was kindlv toward Italy.
Without malting olllclal remonstrances,
Italy might have exchanged friendly
counsels wKh Austria, maintaining her
own dignity and properly inserting her
reasonable resent merit, with insistence
upon assurances for future iion-repetl-tlnn
of the rinse for offence, but popu
lar manifestations in Italy had lore
stalled such moderate reinonxtrance. If
the nation desired a Hleriicr policy, let
new trn nl mice be called "to these
benches" to execute It. Friendship with
peace and honor was his aim, and In
nueh cases Im could imagine, no worm
course than a "middle way" policy, a
course "of polemics., of recriminations,
of small and ever freshly arising con
flicts, of amateur lireilentistn," Such
II Ihilley he believed to be "the worst,
Um most tniught with danger, the most
dlMstiniiij for our I'liuntrj ."
It Id not apparent that Minister
'ITlonl's I'onstltullouiil aversion to
jingoism, his utter fieedum frmii acts
(eiisl v glowing Into habits) of trucu
lent naimii.il sclf-iii-sci'ilou Itiipalii'd his
oblllty to command p minnl tcspi'fl or
rrdnngrred in any way the prosperity
nnd I'k hiin'.iul pc-dim mining the
nations of h" (iiivoi'nirv'.i1 whmo inter-
csts he guarded without any more of
pusillanimity tlmn of chauvinism, of
truckling thun of swashbuckler deport
ment. There wus nothing feebly .Ideal
Isllo about liM desire for friendship with
nil the Towers so fur as might comport
with the preservation Intact of the na
tional honor and the expansive devel
opment of Italian resources of material
wealth and of character; It was the
Italian political personality, In a most
remarkable state of equilibrium. Is It
too much to say thnt Italy owes In
large part her happy exemption thus
far from the present horrible harvest
of rampant, regnant militarism to tho
deep striking wisdom of Minister Tit
toni? Intcrrsthig as nre the speeches on
Italy's foreign and colonlit affairs, they
have not tho direct claim upon Ameri
can attention that distinguishes the
section devoted to emigration. People
nre, naturally enough, apt to take an
unqualifiedly one sided view of this
International shifting of population, and
tho populaco of a country whose prob
lem Is Immigration Is upt to think or
care mighty little about the other fel
low's problem in which the prcposi-
tlmi.il element of the Volksvcrschlebung
compound word expresses Interest In
the reverse direction. What wo want
and what we can get Is for us the
major and guiding consideration, but
our chances of getting what we want
nre affected If not actually governed
by what the Immigrant wants, because
that Is based upon what he Is and
thnt In turn decides what he can give.
What he can give Is what we can
get, anil so Is the nrgumentum clnusum
arrived at. International exchange of
any sort Is not one aided, like the face
of a Chessy cm: the "International j
mind must have an eye Tor reversed
perspective.
Foreign Minister Tlttonl shows, ns
one reviews Iris emigration policy, less
which we must primarily mould our
views of our Italian Immigration. In
some Italian districts emigration Is a
useful outlet, a safety valve preventing
congestion and social pressure, with
'danger of exploalon. These are the'
home "rivulets of gold," they are "
'precious element toward turning In our
favor the scales of commercial activity.'
Government should supervise their
exodus, directing them to places where
they will prosper lecst, hence 1e of
greatest use to the fatherland: and,
naturally, to the land of their adoption.
emigration." Hy way of providing that
protection the Minister favored the
maintenance of u corps of "emigration
attaches'' with certain consular powers
and the added one of a mobile charter,
enabling them to reach their scattered
proteges.
Two-llfths of Italian emigration was
going to North America; In one recent
year alone more than 2.10,000. Senator
Odescalchl, returning from a visit to the
Cnlted States, reported hostility to the
Italian Immigrant. The Minister com
mented d.scrimiuatinUv: Americans
were undoubtedly concerned about the
Increase, but not merely that from Italy.
The (injection being based In "part" upon
npprehcnslon of the entrance of tho pos
sibly Insane or criminal, the United
States maintained careful guard at the
gate. Some Italians cited this weeding
out process as Justification for permit
ting an outgo with no restrictions at the
Italian port, hut the Minister liphe.il the
practice of a preembarkatlon examina
tion to save the cost of the return of
the rejected.
Other restrictive measures were due
to resentment hy American labor 3f the
Intrusion of nlien labor and to similar
ecouomlc causes. Some Italian authori
ties favored the making of representa
tions to the I'nlted States Government
that would compel the obviating of this
dllllculty, but not by coercion of any
kind could Italy hope to prevent the
enactment of restrictive measures. The
one and only way was so to regulate
emigration as to make certain the avoid
ance of any menace to Amer.can eco
nomic Interests. He helleved the Ameri
can objection centred upon the growlh
of Italian Induslrla. colonies, and that
direction of the stream to the agricul
tural regions of the South nnd West
would be mutually benetlclnl. While
making all these sens'hle nnd essentia!
concessions to the rereiv.ng Govern
ment Slgnor Tlttonl still urged his Gov
ernment to keep a firm grip on the coat
col.ars of their rmlgrutlug nationals, .tu
encourage the continuance among them
of Italian ipeech nnd thought, so that
generations born abroad should not loso
their native moral allegiance. As to
citizenship, however, "the Italian Gov
ernment must neither urge nor dissuade
Italians who are abroad from acquiring
It" In their new homes, but "reacqulsl
tion" must he made easy.
So far Ihc Minister has been broadly
theoretic il; In discussing the mutter of
legal protection for Italian emigrants he
, u emlnentlv nractlcal. Indeed. In con
i sidel ing the case of Italian workmen
In America injured In the course ot
their occupation ho displays a thorough
going acquaintance with both the spirit
of American Institutions nnd the lettT
of Amerli'iiu law that would make a
most excellent model for Americans In
their lamentably one sided view of In
tern itlonnl affairs, social and political.
Without saying it In so many words,
Slgnor Tlttonl evidently felt that South
Ameiici, In late yenrs at least, offers
more attractive Inducements to Italian
emigration than does this country.
The performance of this little' hook
Is bigger and belter than Its Intention
Valuable .is II w)l be found for Its
record of Mx years of Italian history
In diplomacy, It has the greater value
of exhibiting tho Italian churactcr In
International politics. Slgnor Tittonl'ri
efforts to maintain so far as he could
ben-fn'ctor In II the-Kuropean Concert!
to promote so far as In Ills power lay
tho movement of Internal reform 'n
Turkey, and "to Inspire tho Interested
Powers, especially Austria-Hungary,
with tho firm conviction of the loyalty
of Italian policy In wanting to maintain
the status quo In the Hal lum Penln-su1a"--these
policies have been super
seded by the crowding events of sub
sequent years, but the wisdom that In
spired them remains Influential In the
thought and course of the Italian nation
In these parlous tlmea of universal upheaval.
l.'p the 'Vrnlarl.
An ancient device of merchant voyig
ing the sens were far broader then, nnd
one voyage safely home to port mndo
the successful adventurer n merchant
prince was the annual voyage. There
comes Into mind the yearly sailing of
the Indlamen from the Hugh, a fleet
compact of wandering ships from the
Spice Islands and Cathay and still more
distant Xlpangu, all getting under way
for the narrow sea to breast the waves
In company and with the help of num
bers to combat the rover. Across the
lonely wnste of tho Pacific, In these
days scarcely less lonely,' the great
galleon made her annual voyage from
Manila to Acnpulco. On the ltlalto An
tonio wagered his Oesh pledge on the
return of one of the nunuul argosies of
Venice. Kven savage navigators have
the annual voyage, the licet of laknlol
In New Guinea sets out once every year
on Its voyage from Port Moresby laden
with pots to the still ruder folk across
the Gulf of Papua, whence It may return
with a freight of sago. In these Inter
times of tbe ocean ferries nnd the tramp
steamer nnd the bill of lading and ocean
Insurance we hive wniewlint forgotten
the more leisurely habit of fie sea, the
nnclcnt bills of lading expressly ds.
claiming tho "act of God and the king's
enemies" and for the rest showing a
pious vein In the doxology of these busi
ness papers "and so may Cod send the
good ship quick deliverance."
New commerce returns to the habit of
the old, the annual voyage Is once
ngnln proposed In hope of profit. It
was to establish the possibility of such
an annual voyage that FmnTJOP Nansrn
imssed Into the Arctic last year on an
exploration whose results he has set
forth In Throuiih fllhrrla, the Land of
thf Puttire (New York: Frederick A.
Stokes Company).
The object of this proposed new way
of commerce Is to exploit the products
of that region In Slber.a which Is tapped
by the great Yenisei and whose market
centre Is found nt Yeniseisk at the
head of barge navigation on that great
river. South of the tundra In that re
gion of Asia Is a vast amount of rich
land which may become arable wh-n
jettlement goes further Into the wild.
At present It Is pastoral and Is special
izing In dairy fanning. It promises to
become one of the greut Wf producing
regions of the world when capital es
tablishes canneries; Just now Its staple
product Is flutter. The market for tills
butter Is Coiwiihagcn for the great and
well established Itrltlsh trad" nnd Ham
burg 'for more distant export. Between
Yeniseisk and Copenhagen the freight
charge on the long rail route Ik pro
hlbltory. Against that fixed charge n
shipment of butter from Siberia can be
no more than a gambler's wager on
the condition of the world's demand for
butter, either a great protlt or a totul
loss. Now. of course, the Siberian rall
way Is blocked to such peaceful traffic
toward Kurope nnd Yeniseisk has begun
shipping Jts butter to a rapidly rising
market by the longer eastward route
nlong the -rail to the Pacific termini of
the Siberian railway and thence by sei
to Kurope. The project with which
.Nansen was associated Inst yeHr was to
cut down this high overhead charge by
opening nn nil water route from YenWe.
sk to the jiorts of the H.iltlc nnd of the
North Sea. It could be no more than
an annual voyage, quite of the ancient
type, for while the Yenisei s navigable
for irulf the year the Kuni Sea Is
never wholly free of Ice and If navi
gability Is restricted to less than a
month. Nansen was Invited to the ven
ture by reason of hl familiarity with
Arctic conditions nnd Ills profound
knowledge of oceanography His re
searches while aboard the steamer Cor
rect and the tug with which lie as
cended the Yenisei deal with the Ice of
the Kara Sea and the navigation of the
river. From Yeniseisk he travelled In
(nrantass to Krasnoyarsk and made a
hurried trip to the Pacific and thence
hick by rail to Kurope, This portion
of the Journey proves Interesting, but
the region 'has been reported at greater
length by others who have devoted more
time to it. We shall therefore confine
our attention to the less known themes
of the Kara Sea and the Yenisei Itlver.
The Kara Sea Is the first gulf of SI
beria When one passes In the Arctic
east of the boundary between Kurope
and Asia. Politically this boundary fol
lows the crest of the t'rals, but goo
graphically this continental chain be
comes Insignificant north of the Arctic
Circle and Is lost In Inconspicuous foot
hills sloping Indlstingulshiihly north
ward to the ocean, Tn the rare naviga
tor of these high northern seas the
boundary between the two continents Is
Indicated by the Pni-khol Mountains on
the nn'.nland, by Vnlgaeh Island and by
the Islands of Novoya Zemlyn. The
eastern shore of this sea lies on the
Snmoyede Peninsula or Yamal, which Is
tipped nt the north by HyellJ Oitrov.
This Island, at 70 east longitude, marks
the beginning of the West Siberian
Sea, Immediately east of HyellJ Ostrov
is the Gulf of Obi, which discharges the
waters of the Ohl and the Ojda. Sep
arated from the Gulf uf Obi hy no more
than the narrow tip of the GudansUl
Peninsula lit Yenisei P.ay, which re
ceives the drainage of the extensive
Yenisei system. With Its western edge
blocked by-Novnya Zeinlyn and Vnlgaeh
parted hy narrow channels from tho
main the Kara Sea forms a pocket In
which Is Impounded not only tho Icq
which In slimmer drifts down from the
more northern Arctic but nlso the Ice
which Is driven nut In large misses
from such great streams in the Old and
the Yenisei.
In dense fog and broken Ice Nansn
and the Correct on August 10, HUH,
were nt Kusov Nos In the narrow strnlt
between Vnlgaeh nnd Novnya Zeinlya
therefore at tho entrance to the Knrn
Sea. The; next day they found a lead
of cleir water eastward, which they fol
lowed nearly across the sea to Ynnial
As they drew near the eastern shore the
Ice became thicker and thicker, until It
proved Impassable. It was soon ap
parent that there was no prospect of
crossing the sea In any direct line,
Studying the tee blink with trained eyes
and searching for lanes In the pack- they
stood to the south nearly to the head of
Kora Hay before turning north under
the edge of Yainal, After onco en
gaplnp the pack they were nt nn time
In Ire free water and nt times their
progress was seriously Interrupted. TIiIr
Ice was flouting material, jCii and
hummocka. Once only did they en
counter unbroken Ice, a rough field some
twenty or twenty-flvo miles In extent
and probably a regclatlon of lines
caught on a shallow bank and heaped
In confusion by the waves. Skirting this
field westerly the same slow progress
was made northward until August -1,
when Ihcy came clear of the Ice after
spending eleven days In crossing, of
rather circling, the Kara Sen. nnd next
day reached HyellJ Ostrov. There they
entered the Ice free West Siberian Sea
and encountered no more Impediments
to navigation until they encountered
Ice In the mouth of Yenisei Hay. Here,
the Ice was particularly bad. but by
August 28 they anchored well up the
river ut Nosonovskl Island nnd met
the up rU'er barges which had come
down from Yeniseisk to discharge th-
cargo of the Correct and to furnish n
lading for the return trip. Leaving
Nosonovskl on the way out on Septem
ber 10 the Correct found better ice con
ditions nnd passed south of Novnya
Zemlya Into Karents Sea on September
17. thus doing In one week what It had
taken nearly three weeks to accomplish
when Inward bound.
Nansen adds to this record of his
personal experience In the Correct a
careful digest of all the records of pre
vious attempts to sail the Kara Sea.
These Khow that from year to year there
Is wide diversity In the Ice conditions.
In the more recent years he has dealt
with the Ice record through the medium
of temperature and precipitation rec
ords from the meteorological stations
in regions which might be estimated
fairly to refloat these northern conill.
Hons. Thereby Jio establishes u means
of Interpreting the past winter In terms
of summer Ice. thus going far to settle
I In ndvnnce the most feasible time for
'essaying this tedious voynge. He pro
poses that If the steamship service to
the Yenisei Is to be established com
merclnlly there will be found a great
t advantage In settling out n pioneer ov-r
; the Kara Sea In an aeroplane, so that he
may report sulllclently In advance
upon the Ice conditions ami may chart
the open waterways. With such assist
ance It appears that It will be possible
i ill every year to make one such voyage
I toward the end of August, and thut by
sending In at once a Meet whose tonnain
shall correspond tn the amount of the
produce which can be nccumulateil In
the lower reaches of the Yenisei, a satis
factory trade may be developed. When
Yeniseisk Is connected with the Slbcrl.ii
railway system such a tleet would llnd
nn Inward freight of all such goods for
central Siberia as are r.ot urgently In
demand, nnd which can wait the .innual
chance of shipment by water.
II.
When Nnnsc'n stenmed Into the month
of tho Yenisei, thirty miles In width nnd
the hanks out of sight on either hand,
he passed Into the region, of big figures
In geography. It Is fifth In length of
the great rivers of the world: measured
along Its Angara and Sclcng.1 tribu
taries It has a length of some .1,000
miles. Its drainage basin Is 070,000
squ.re miles, the seventh In order of
magnitude upon the' globe. Its sources
are tn the mountains of northwestern
Mongolia at an elevation of h mile in
nlr, Its course through the Mongolian
plateau Is at an elevation of 3.000 feet,
at Yenleisk It Is "33 feet above the sea.
Through the Angara tributary It drains
Kake itaiknl, the deepest lake in the
world. In the lower, northern reaches
the Ice goes out of the Yenisei In n Hood
thirty feet high about the beginning of
June. These seasonal freshets exert a
great sculpturing effect upon the river
banks. Hydrogrnphers have established
the equation of ero.slon as thnt the
IKiwer of Mowing water to remove stones
nnd gravel Is Increased by the sixth
power of Its velocity. This means that
If the Mood doubles the velocity of a
stream the erosion Is Increased by sixty
four times. The soli through which the
lower Yenisei carves Its course Is
structurally of the tundra type. This
is usually a product of glai'iation, but
Nansen has made particular search In
his voyage up the river and report!) his
inability to discover any evidence of
glaciers. We must then leaard this
tundra formation as an alluvion laid
down by the rivers, which are now
sculpturing It into new forms.
The pre-ent Meet on the Yenisei com
prises three steam tugs owned by the
Government and nine lighters. They
owe their presence to the needs of
transportation In the war in 1S05, when
the railway was taxed to its full rapac
ity with troop trains. Originally them
were s x steamers, but two were
wrecked in the breaking up of the Ice
and one was sold for the navigation of
the Obi. In that war year the Govern
ment despatched twenty-two steamers
across the Kara Sea and, after great
delays, they all reached the Yenisei. In
the war need the duties at Yeniseisk
were removed and there eeined a pros
pect of the establishment of regular
trade; the next year the duties were
restored nnd there" was a complete check
to the commerce.
Nansen's voyage up the Yenisei from
Nosonosi Island to Yeniseisk occu
pied eighteen days In a motor boat wnt
for him by the provincial authorities.
As far up as YcnL-clsk the river Is sel
dom less than a mile and a half In
width and frequently bunder. Hut It
Is shallow for most of Its width and
Incessant care was necessary to And
and keep the channel In Its meander
ing. The northern tundra through
which the river Mows Is mainly a
wretched bog as for as the timber line,
even within the riglim of the Mrst
larches the soil Is mostly morass, in
the upper reaches where deciduous trees
make their appearance the landscape Is
more pleasant, for the whltn birches add
their peculiar beauty to the prospect.
Ioy after day the country nlong the
river was dull and Mat; It was not
until the last few days that the banks
.showed anything but mud and rapids
between rocky binks begun to appear.
Tho expedition was never very far
from social amenities, such as they
were. Kvcn when struggling to Mud a
way through the Ice on tho Y.imal
coast Samoyedes came off In canoes to
Inspect the voyagers. Nansen came Into
more, comprehending Bcqunlntnnce with
others of this human group on the
lower reaches of the Yenisei, where Im
perfect Interpreters were ut ha nil, He
does not venture In assign the Sumo
yedesj to their pnrtlou'ur place In tho
scheme of human races; the problem
Is yet fur from solution. They have the
relnelecr culture: there Is nothing to
show that It Is exotic with them; yet
we cannot usslgn them to tho great
body of men of reindeer culture, since
their spiritual cultuie niwl, ro far as
Is known, their linguistic possessions,
point quite In another direction, They
are a harmless folk. Inordinately ad
dicted to strung drink when they can
get It, mid In their laud so far removed
from police regulation Ihc triders llnd
a good market. They are rapidly falling
before the zymotic diseases which Ku-rope-en
contsct has Introduced and hid
fair .oon to become extlncu
No part of .Siberia would seem natural
without Its exiles, although tho draft
of political prisoners from Kurope
across the Urals tins been given up.
Nansen found a few exiles along tho
river occupying such position as ench
has felt Inclined tn make for' himself.
Somo have taken to the wild nnd hnvo
become robbers In bands, not wholly
averse to murder when torture falls to
discover tho treasure which they seek
from travellers, sonic time to he hunted
down by tho police when there seems
nothing of greater moment' to engage
the olllclal attention. Other prisoners
have been enlarged to tako a better
chunco In industrial life. The attitude
of the Siberian free settler toward the
prisoner of the Czar Is most tolerant.
Kuropean hlMory seems to have been
dropped when the Crnls have been sur
mounted; the convict Is regarded as a
victim 'of the marvellous and Incompre
hensible power of the police to do acts
of oppression, nnd If he behave himself
In Siberia he Is quite ns good as tho
next man. This' Indifference of the
community applies to criminals ns well
as to the political, exiles, except that
the criminal Is more likely to continue
In Siberia the evil courses which sent
him there.
Hut let no one nssumc that Siberia,
even such remote spots us the valley of
the Yenisei, Is peopled with none but
Samoyedes, police and tho criminals
they guard. It has a good society of Its
own, merchants who command respect
In the markets of the world, priests and
other clergy of spiritual lives and of
great scholarship, citizens of wealth
and culture. In all this wandering we
Mud that in every town where Nansen's
Itinerary could be made to Include a
halt over night the local geograph.cil
society was hastily convened and ho
was Invited to lecture before a repre
sentative body. The new Siberia Is Mll
Ing up with the best element of old Hits
slu, those who see a future for them
selves on new land free from all the old
charges which have persisted from the
feudal period of the porent slates, true
to the faith, and to the Cz.tr devoted
with an Immense patriotic regard, yet
none the less natural democrats because
pioneers. It Is no wonder that Dr.
Nansen puts Into his title the state
ment thnt It Is the land of the future.
Iff.
Several interesting questions of seog-
rnphy engage Dr. Nansen's attention In
tho cour-e of this work and his notes
are worthy of consideration.
. While striving to llnd his way through ( bodies of water nt the equator, the At
tho Kara Sea he estimated the age of , lantic and Paclllc Oceans respectively,
the Ice by Its' dirtiness and inaki's the , nnd the Indian Ocean may be thrown
comment. "Peonle who have no experi- In for pmd measure though less exten-
enco if the polar Ice may wonder how ,
thl i,-o ran i-ei illrtv." All sorts of I
causes contribute. Kcu high within the
Arctic, the air contains Mooting Impuri
ties and every fall of snow brings down
some of this burden. When the water
free-7.es It carries in suspension u certain
amount of mud borne down into the
sea by rivers; the sea Is full of minute I
" .... .. .....
nr.. I.'..,.,, I. ,i...... .,.,..... ,u,;i.l
1. ' , ,,, ' , .,,', ., , .
these Impurl ies of he Ice undergo a
process of condensation wl 1, the res It
that they become apparent as dirt.
When the surface of the Ice Is exposid
to warm rays of the sun It mejts to a
Kreuier or less m'Hice', m,, ,ii,cr uuih
released may no unsnrneq ny me ni
mosphere or may trickle off the ice
surface in drops of slow moving rills.
In. either caso the Impurities remain
and gradually as the surface mi lls the
impurmes 01 eacn layer are au.itii to H,. w th the Yenisei In latitude. On
each succeeding laver until the dirty t10 two ground thus sketched we In
appcarance Is most marked. This expla- ,-Uii to dlsagtee with Nansen's expla
nation of the phenomenon Is proposed by nation, the more particularly as he
Nansen ns more general than Nordcn- recurs to it In explanation of the differ
lold's suggestion that dirty ice is nice of the banks f the Amur. In gen
formed from the congelation of snow ' ernl nn east-west stream,
which has served as a Miter for muddy
water of the sea or of rivers.
One of the Inducements offered when
111,. Invitation mis fYt,ml,l t., Vimspn
in loin tins cxiieiiiiion u.m iii.it h., wnni.i
be able to have a steak from a mam- I
moth discovered the year before in the
tunura near Gnlchlklm. I'nforlunately
the clogs had been gnawing at that
mammoth all winter and In the spring
a scientific party from ivttvgrud had
carried away all that was Mi. This e- 1
plorer did not regard this us wholly im- ;
fortunate, for he had been putting in '
his spare time ilreatnlug of the puss!- 1
bllltli-s of ptomaines thousands of year.
old and what they might do f his in- j
sides. Quite apart (mi this dletetlo I
question the problem of those frozm j
mammals of northern Siberia, Is very '
Intricate, and no satisfactory solution I
has lieen presented since the
in or a dozen woolly rhinoceros.
The theory of glaciers has In en most
commonly offered; against this we op -
peiso trie tact that there Is m, evide nce tut.on', than for the technician In de
f glaciatlon 111 Sllieria, and even If there sign and construction,
had been It Is Impossible to conceive how ArM yet th,. nrchltect-nuthor makes
the fall of such an animal Into a crc- t .1 fairly convincing case for his
wie.se inn 11s preservation iro.en within
a block of ice could ptiss Into the wholly
different condition of preservation with-
In the frozen soli nt snmn illctMm... l..,!.-....
the present surface, tor
.......
at .itiy point
where such a body was partly held In
stable earth and partly In Mtild Ice th"
lending force would be Mttllcicnt to tear
the tissues to plee'cs. Another explana
tion Is that these animals stuck fast In
bogs. The objection Is that the bog
must have frozen Immediate ly before
the processes of corruption had tlmn
to begin and that the bog must never
have thaweil. which Is inconceivable ex
ccpt upon the tuisis of some great ell-
inn tic catastrophe of instant nnd con- , tects would hive had to "forget 2.000
tlniiotiH force for which we have no mnn-' yenrs of Inherited tradition," Forms do
ner of evidence. The same objection j velop with the growth of the resources
holds as to the theory that the.-e animals of Ingenuity; the original essence does
were overcome by the snown r sonin
blizzard on the tundra; If the snow ever
melted the flesh would decay in the
thaw; If the snow never m.-lteil u would
form a block of Ice about tho body,
wm reus in tact these remains are
not
found In Ice but In frozen earth
"I should, therefore." Nansen writ""
after disposing of these and other
theories, "be more Inclined to think it
happened lu this way. That the animals
men a perfectly natural dentil near
n great river In autumn or winter.
Tho ground below them was thawed
by their bodily warmth and heavy
weight and the animal sank In a
little way until tin. whole of It
froze and It was left frozen fast in
the ground. In the freshets of next
summer It was flooded over, but th,.
cold water was not 11U,, t,,nv , ,
the short time, and it wim then loverel
with layers of mud and wind which tho
Mood water brought with It. In this
way It was protected from thawing
again. Next winter the new layers froze
nnd the next Mood Hnought a fresh He.
posit on top,"
We do not seek In traverse this
theory so simply proposed, but It duos
not explain the cases where the mam
moth Is found frozen In the erect pos.
Hue. Without an I'Mimlnallou of tint
literature In the Memoirs of the Im
perial Russian Academy of Si lences we
may mil venture In state how fre
quently IIihI erect postutr Is found, but
we remember a brilliant type case, m
"T" "0,n",,, "t the, nnb
mal must have become llxcd in this pJH
sltlon while, undergoing death and
freezing simultaneously.
Nansen recurs to a theory of geo
physics which was onco proposed aim
quite satisfactorily disposed of. He has
scarcely entered tho Yenisei when ho
remarks tho dlffcrenco In Its banks; tho
Mat land on the cast Is comparatively
high und falls abruptly with n steep
bank to the river; a steeply sloping
beach and relatively deep wateroutsldi;:
the land on the west Is strikingly Igw.
The author notes this difference no less
than three several times and supplies
this explanation:
"There can be no doitU that this is
an cITect of the earth's rotation, which
causes all water Mowing In a horizontal
ellrection to have a tendency to go to
the right In the northern hemisphere,
and this tendency becomes stronger the
further north we go. This effect Is par
ticularly apparent In such broad rivers
us tin- Yenisei, where the waters within
Its bed may Mow at very different rates
of rapidity. It must naturally lead to
the river digging out Its channel deeper
on tho right side of Its bed. and also
to Its wearing n-.vay the right bank
more than the left. In this way the
whole river bed has a tendency to move
gradually to the right. Now It Is clear
that when a great river flows through
u Mat country like northern Siberia the
efTect of this must bo that the river
bed Is constantly on the move toward
the right until It comes upon obstuews
which check this movement. Tho re
sult must be that In the course of ages
the river leaves on Its left side a Mat
country, where It formerly had Its bod
nnd where It has left Its deposits, and
nn Its right It will have higher land
Into which It has not yet dug Its way."
This explanation1 of the erosion point
In the Slberlun streams was Mrst sug
gested by Von Haer nnd answered by
ZoepprltJi. Now that it Is revived It
calls for somo attention. Nansen uses
this theory of the Yen.sel. a river Mow
ing practically In the north direction,
therefore effectively at right angles to
the direction of the earth's rotutlon,
which It Is to be remembered Is from
west to east. Any north-south stream
must offer the minimum w-ator surface
to be ncte'il upon by this clement of ro
tation, namely the width of the stream.
Wo likewise Mml that uny such force
must be greater at the equator than nt
i linv point remote iHileward therefrom,
j despite Nansen's statement to the con-
! trary. We have, next, two considerable
slve. These, liodios expose a breadth of
several thousands of miles to tills In-I
Muence instead of the width of from one
nnd a half to thirty miles of the Yenisei.
If this theory be valid we should llnd
the African ctu-t being steadily abraded
by the eastward movement eif the At
lantic, the coast of Kcuador subject to
the erosion of the Pacific. As a matter
- .... ,..,
i "i "1
body of water has a set
to the westward measurable by from
, ,,M,i1(nntl(,n 1)f the eastward
I . of J,,,, v.nls, ,nM
Iloriltlvo m PVPPy orth-south
, rV(.r w n ropo(, ml ,s
j jj)p
In the Nile, it has been sug
gested that the Orinoco Is eroding west
ward, th" Mississippi. Missouri we know
to have moved westwaid In the prairie
section eif Its bed, the same Is true of
,jIP Mackenzie, which is most compir-
Hume (llil iiirrlrnii Clinrelirs,
Although written by an architect nnd
i primarily
susceptible to clus--tlcatlon
as a book In architecture, I'm I) .Imi-r-
frem Cmrrhc', by Ai.mt! Kmiiiuv II.)
(Doubledny, Page A Company). Is by the
limitations of Its subject fitted to attract
non-professlonal readers mther than
those engaged In the practice of arch.
tecture and therefote presumably In
terested niore In the technical detail of
the art and Its records than In the
human history centred In theve struc
tures. Kaily Ame'ilcan architecture Is
neither a very deep study nor 11 very
protlt ible one. excep- for Its Incidental
suppiy of a homely, popular b.u ksroun.l
for historical ex cuts. The study of
earlv American church an-lutccture has'
perhaps more icward for the mere antl. I
discevrryliiuiii-l.nl grubber for the s.-il:.. nf uruli.
, bltig in antiquity, especially if his retro-
spective curiosity happen to turn toward
1 the development of ecclesiastical Insti-1
1 predecessors' Inventive eNcellence In!
,s ,,,,. nf , nr ,s ,,v
I ,, ,,..ii-ii,i i n, ...,.i.
I .. ... ....
, ri oi'veinniiii'iii.
Its iiiniience 1111011
, Atnnri(..in .'irt ln..lf,i' lu ...-il,.,,, .i.l -.. !
, rn.diinir mm.i im ov,. h.,.. ,ti..i I
1 back upon the Kuropean stvle. so that
i we continually lli-.d in modern Fan-on,.:!,, 1
wont traces oi uomixii wiu.-ti oricinated
In the I'nlted States In the eighteenth I
century." The Colonhl or "American!
Georgian" was more than an Imitation; 1
nt Its furthest from strict originality It 1
was 11. well engineered adaptation, To
Invent, to avoid all reminiscence of
1 the Greek or Gothic. American archl
. not pcrl-h. Mechanical Improvements
direct hut do not govern art. The red
Indians bad an autochthonous nrchltee
, ture; the "settlers" were Kuropeaits and
could not If they would go back to cave-
I hums nn- 11 new suiri
Hut. boldly says Mr. Kinbrv. the
'Uonists developed a manner, call it
! f!,'l,rl"n If you will, "as different from
' ':"s,l,, f'''orglan iw that Is from the
' tuliii n styles of the same period" With
i 1,10 '"" rorciei -as base and wli their
artistic aspirations limited by the uatiite
and extent of their material resources
and the "lone" of their surroundings,
they evolved a "style" racy of the new
iiatlonnltty. Differentiate as you will
the Dutch churches of New Jersey, the
Lutheran of I Vnusylv.inl (, flu. r.ngijsh
of New Knsluud and the South, ad still
the resemblances are mole marked than
the variation-. In the bulk, compared
with contemporary work In KiiKlaiul, Its
mo.-t prominent i-haructrrlstlc is its re
liance upon line and mass rather than
orwiinent. It Is not shallow sentiment
that gives to our older church Interiors
the sense of lilting pence, but ti quiet,
correct and unostentatious harmony,
not more remote from the solemn
graii'ir of ancient cathedrals than
from the baroique churchoi of eigh
teenth century Kurope.
In apply'ng the architectural ele
ments and forms known to them the
Colonial archlterts Mumed a l,e -n In
genuity: eiur eriee Anierli.iu IiidIiIIiiks and the
t"U Iiook nf the rurpenleis who ioiisi ruoliil
them are filled
und Nisorous, vn
are filled wllh detail both animated
arlante nf the il.itlu order
before unheard of, nnd which jet , ,ih ,
preserve the Tllnl cnnMrticilve , 1 1, l n, tfl,
order, although tbe uneasentl.il fe.i'ii-r.
been treated with ft freedom win. , t l(
elite the bent of the presr-nt Renr-.i inn
eire, for one thing, lno well tr,dw , .
Mrhooldayn we nrijulred 4 reiorcn. fnr
VlKnola which we hardly accord in q,,
III We, and the us' of the Corinthian order
with trlKlyphs nnd mutules, not lnfiMit
In Colonial work, Is now considered a n- n
nn offrni'p axnlnet tal as nn hid atton
Ifrnorance. To the architects of Die Colon?.
daye trlglvplia had no llnd clven unl n
the Doric column which II hehuoterl no man
to sunder.
These artists of an earlier nn,. ron
sldered themselves eitilte free to'adapt
any entablature t any column s. .ti
ns proportion was preserved. l'i
and solllts they d corat'-d accord ng ,
their own taste In device, they even
used mutules with holes bored ,,r
thfm Instead of pegs projecting na.i
dared even so far as to arrange 10
dots In half playful patterns. T . p,,,
or guttic doubtless had orlUnallj t m, .
tural slgnlflcnnce'. Though that inc
lost, the modern will not b't g. th r,
of an earlier usage In c.iriient. r r r,(ft
The Greeks were inventive, .-1 w(r. 1
Americans.
Tho I'arllest houses of Worship n l'ie
country were mere sheds, and ut
since vanished from the fae of the.
earth: but of tho second generation
churches, buildings carefully platine,'
bo worthy dwelling places of the Spi-a
and tut net 11 of devotional exercise, 1 irr
nrv numerous surviving examples nt
scarred by restoration or rem de ns.
Mr. Embury finds the public bu.ld hr,
espe'clally the church buildings, of t (.
Colonial era exhibiting a design more,
homosvnceitts, more free eif seclmnal
differentiation than Is th" case m the,
architecture of dwelling houses, And
there was less change in th" priiic'
pies of design In all the yenrs between
113S and 1S.10 tlttm In th" next quarter
of a century. If there was In church
architecture, as between the North a" l
Srutll, nny appreciable dlfferenie in re.
spect of Puritan simplicity and nr hm.
crntlc luxury It Is said to have been.
In reversal of reasonable expertut m,
In the direction of ornamental. m In
the North and severity of ib sign n the)
South. "Pro ably," says the author,
"the richest and most ornate of nn
American churches were r'hrln ripm h
and St. Peter's In Philadelphia, m dnay
between North and South " Th re
gional comparison Is not partmila ly
Illuminating.
Some of the oldest stirvlMng eburrh
edltlces are St. I,tike's. Smlthtleld, V,
1632, a brick building, of which .lospri
llrldger was the architect, the S 11
Meeting House, so CJilIed bestius ' na
built of ship's timbers, at ningh.im,
Muss.. 1CM. the Quaker Me. llng II usj
at Flushing. ISO'.'; "Gloria De.." Swe
dish. Philadelphia, lf.07. Trinity W".
mingtoti, Did., and the Dutch Reformed
Church at Oakland. N. .1.. both '
of stone In 1CHS. For tbe e ghte nth
century the catalogue Is as long 11
Homer's roll call f the ships.
The one hundred-odd phot 'graphic
views of churches and their Interiors
are exct-llently Illustrative.
DAY OF THE QUELL PEN.
It llftnlntl
Cnr lliilll flitter 1 h
First Unl elopes.
We have eotiuilaliinl of our 'ounta'n
pens, but th' cnntnnt ne iidlng reeuirl
by quill pens must have prov d 11 savor
trial In the elajs when no nthe s we-
avail ible, a t'i. Iunl.i: 7ihiiii U
Alexander I of Itu.ssia thought It nee
sary to employ mnn whose sole 1, 'w
eonslsteel in rutting pens. He- was e
quired to have .1 supply of not lees t' m
U'O quills always ready.
This number was by 110 means e
ce-ssiv, for Alexander would newt
.the same 111 twice. Kven the w-itnis nf
a signature spoiled a n n. In his op "
for subsiqueiit use The quill cult, w
received a salary of f."in n r,i r
panlfd th" Czar In all his Jouriiet n.
eluding cmip.ilgns .igalnt Nannie m
Writing Implements changed 1 v
ably for the better during Sir W i' r
Gilbcy's long spell of life. "Thong eiu ll
pens are still In use.' lie remark
"lleceilltctions of Seventy Years
im'tnber the time when one -eld.
any other kind. Steel pens in H. 1
'
t
e it
ina
days were' expenslv- and IM man
few- people usoil them. The pape r .
seventy yenrs ago maj have b, 1
to hlnm.' ; It hud neither the' sul
nor the surface we take as a le "
course tiou-:ida.
"I retneinbr when envelopes
use. ami whnt 11 bono Ihev were
. ri'il after the old sjlem of '' 1
ters with wafers or nax' II, '01. ,
opes were llivenleel letters wer
id
of
to
I-
written with an ee to the 1 is t
the wafer or seal, a blank spa. 1
I r. (;
left to correspond with the spi r 1
this would be put nn the outshlo 1
written portion should be torn
Ing."
POETRY FROM THE SOIL.
Work In I'lelil Inspire I'ni-nier to
lliittiiist- xhnitt xrUonsns,
A Stati sohg foi Arkansas
whose lilies lipids to he protlt 1 '
ing campaign, ha been . impose I ' !
say Iteose. Mr. llee-se has tdlei t e
all his life for more than hal' n e '
and his constant and rlon as .V 1
with the fields and the woods u ' d 1 "
to write a number nf poems ai.d '
farm and home that ring true mil
the heart.
'.Mid thy ferttl- hills and Wl'
Arkansas. Arkansas.
We wjll hotel a lhna.tnel r i
ArkillMKM, Xt-kan.,-Hn
now- tont you understand
Why you'd better Join our nan '
You can help us eweep th- ane
Arkansas'
O your climate t so rharmtnc
Arkan.i. rk.tnse
Hut dtvernlfy your f.irndnr
Ark.ini.is. Arliansn
Vnu'll have lot. to eat and wear
Wltli your pantiles never hire
And Ibr weirl'l your bounty"! ehare
Arkansas!
for these saying we rc pari"
Ark.in.e. Arkansas.
"Itnl-e 1 rntleld und a irird'n
ArU.mie.ie ArU.tne.is:
Xnet jour State will be a -tar.
With a fame no tmecue n.i mar
And jour name will eprael aM.
Arkuna.is'
We will sine our wonlrou "torv
Vrlciiinaee, ArU-in-as
Voil will lie the natmn'a p nrv.
Ark.inras, Ark ins i.
You n 111 1 time into 011r ..wie
And In pr.ilned wherever kn-w"
Anil the world your grealtiee. shown.
Arkane.ia'
1
War I'liiinue liulilr Hooks.
One of the multitude of e!Tee-t o
war is ,ts alteration of tin an !
to the t'outliput, faNs the HW
Ga;rttt: The majority l '!
needed little change for several v i'
tho bulk of their pages Hut no"
A publish T of guide hooks s.ivs I'
regaids Hilgliim. utna and '
there will be wholesale correct on ' "
And the end hi not in s.sht. foi i "
conliib ntlv anticipate ver
ehatiEi's In 1 lei m ill)
The- year books, several of w '
now in active preparation, nr.- ev "
Ing similar illllliullles. The st.r
various public ilepat tmetits h
,'bciil up" owing m th 1 11'
oIlloinlH iniicei in-il In lids w 1
worn on, does not know what a t
bring forth II is liuposaib' 10
pages for pres3,
lh.
-. V
' In
1 as
IV