The sun. [volume], August 01, 1915, THIRD SECTION, Image 20

About The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916

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.uUOOl Is ilisJ.
l U s. , Ou.M'.".
THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE YEAR IN ITALY, SOUTH AFRICA AND JAPAN' 1
1
t II
I
L
Italians Storm Nature 's Barriers, JAPAN'S PRIZE BIG
Invade Austria, Guard Own Frontier SLICE OFTERRITORY
Aim at Tn-nt nix) Triotc,
Flirli tinir Wiiy Over IUvcr
imil Peaks.
Italy has been In the war only sixty
Ighl days, but the advance made ly her
troops Into hostile territory In th fa-e
of tremendoua natural and artincl.it ob
stacles ha been so rapid that they have
already occupied much more of Austrian
ground than wad Included in the extreme
offer of concessions mad by the Dual
Monarchy In the hope of avoiding a
conflict.
W.ien Italy threw down the gaun'let
to Austria-Hungary on .May 13 last her
rmy chiefs were well aware of the
tremendous task that faced them. They
knew that the AutrUns had spent year
and milllone In making the mountain I
Vitrei', through which any Invasion of
Austria would have to be begun, almost
lmprgnable
They were acquilntd with the moun
tain barrier which lnterpoed Itself .is a
natural obstacle of tremendous strength
gainst the Italians attempting to enter
Tyrol, and the river barrier of the Ison
ro wMcli lortned the defence of tne
road leading to Trieste and the Istrl.iti
penlhsulv, with It naval base at Kola
nd llit'KTrat Hungarian port at Flume.
Tne Wtftraeter of these two natural
fcirrteff determined the campaign pUn (
not -onlv of the Italians but of the Aus-
trlafu."' Then' plan may b illvlded Into
two'-dlstmvt but- Interdependent parts.
"mtcclrd llsllnn Frontier.
Before uoderuklng an Invasion of
Austria. bya ,ilrle .across the, Isonzo
hosv 0"r SC--Tt rfLSO '
i
.MoiinlniiKMis Clninictt'i
Conn try Mnki-s .Militnry
Oiit'ruiioii Slow.
(I't'iit l'ort of 'IMiiif-tno 11 ml !
of
Kiiio-i'liow 1'i'oviiii'i'
Spoils of War.
Hon. cliffs which It l itiiposslbte to'
' hmli
, Crossing to the par of this plateau
known as the Doherdo Plateau the
Italians have ocruuled Monte Har
' Michele, Csstelneiivo, Vetmeglluno arid
Polszzo and are operating against Monte
Oosloh and the town of Doherdo. This
(nrt of the Italian operation Is directed
'not only against Oorltz. but Is part of
"the main operations for the cutting off
' and capture of Trieste, The fighting her
has been of the tawl desperate char,
acter and progress has necessarily been
slow
One of the first moves by the Aus
trian after the declaration was a naval
raid on Italian coast town. Ancona.
Harl and Venice Iwln attacked both bv
warship and aeroplanes. Half a dozen
per-ons were killed. The damage to
property was Insignificant
Italian aeroplanes haw made manv
attacks on the Austrian naval base I'ola,
doing extensive damage to the great
naval dockyard, wtlch Is reported tc
have been set on fire Italian warship"
have also attacked tre Islands off the
Dilmatlon coar. and cut cable communi
cations, beside making an effective
blockade of the entire Austro.Hungarian
coast down to the muthern part of
Albjnla,
cost a Hon 8Lo.ooA.nnol
PAGE SENDS PRISON REPORT.
Officer Held lir (Srrmaar Per
mitted to fiu A-FUtalna.
London. July 1. Ambassador Page
i - ...., ... ,. i . .. . . . , i
Ii.fantry and artillery which established . forwarded to Sir hdward (.r a
Itself flrtnU- ,., th. natpii hnnk anil ! ,.nnrf mid hv a renresentatlve Of the
sh Italians had first to tmko sure that nn.t.im,..i t..i.ioak.i .hi.h v . pA. ! . ... ..n. .t.A
l . -f-, - ----- -. . ... ., ..u .v-, American r.rnuass.v n nrmn
ine .usiri.iii. uuiu in iuuhvi. risieci sucefsjuuy all aiiempts or tne
ter Invasion noun tn iroieau. payees
Atlstflrinii tn forri. tli Itnltuna li.irk over
Into Lombirdy Therefore they had th rlv,P i.-rom t!ils pfltlon the
first, of nil to dispose of surtlclent forces, Italian hae made raids on the Aus
nwnK the .entire frontier of Tyrol, from trlan iosltlons northeast of Oorltz and
the SJelvlo. I'afls down to Lake (.arda, preparation are golnfc- on for a cjm
thence up tbrouich the Dolomites and blned attack on the Isonzo stronghold,
nlowr the Carole Alps to the headwater , The success of the Italian operations
f the Honzo to hp)d the Austrlana against Monte Nero Is n srave menace
massed, :U Trfnt and. other fortified t to Tolmlno, another Isonzo fortress of
camps ar.d pjexent them from cross Ine i the- first class, which Is defended on the
trie border.. ' ! west and south rf Korts Santa Maria
In, tie next- place before proceeding , and Santa Lucia, the latter at the June
to the actual attempt to cross the Isonzo tlon of th- Idrlo and the Isonzo. I)e
the Italian . b.aij to dlepoe of large tcendlnK from the conquered slopes of
force In tho plain of A'enetla and In the I Monte Nero the Italians have drlxen
foothill of the Alpine ranges to support ; In all the Austrian outposts north of
the main advance, ready to be awunc 1 Tolmlno and arc now pounding the forts
to any point ' where additional forces In the environs of the city. It I ex
ero needed. , For these reasons the J pected that the fall of Tolmlno will de
first month of the Austro-Itallnn cam-1 prlve Oorltz of one of Its main support,
pules, and. In fact, a great part of the ( a It will permit the Italian to cross the
econd .month, were nothing beyond Uonzo at several points between the two
covering operation, broken at Inter- fortresses besides Plava.
vals by some daring feat of mountain For the reduction of Oorltz the
fighting or urprlse attacks on out- Italians have hid recours to artillery
lying Austrian garrison. operations acalnst the Wrong iosltlon
The Trentino-Tyrol fortifications were of l'edgora and Monte Sabatlno. on the
necessarily the primary objective of the w-ent bank of the Isonzo, and domlnat
Italian. They are In a general seme Ing the approaches to the fortress from
about flvo to seven mllea-from the fron- whlci they are only three mile distant;
tier, but such lei the nature of the i to an enveloping movement starting
ground In all this region that the Italians I from Plava. and to a general artillery
nave oen 40ie lo progTei-n scarcely
a qQtrter of a mile a day, having to
haul big guns to the summit of peaks
ecveral thousand feet high and advance
through the snow and on the edges of
precipice under the fire of the Aus
trian. The official bulletins Issued by Oen.
Cadorr.a, the Italian Chief of Staff, tell
of minute advances, enormou difficul
ties overcome, and the gradual enclos
ing of the Austrlnn garrisons in the ring
f steel. Almost all of the Austrian
Xortrre near the frontier are now
being hammered by the big guns of the
Italians, but so far none has been
and Infantry attack on the western edge
of the Carso plateau, southeast of Go.
rltz, and running all the way to the en
virons of Trieste. The most Important
and dignified of thee operations is tho
last.
Aim at Trieste.
The Carm plateau Is a vast natural
stronshold. coven-d with hillocks, boceh
dl lupo (literally "mouth of the wolf"),
which are pit, natural or artificial,
which h'.de gun or sometimes large
forc- of infantry, rocky peaks whlcn
have been hollowed out and filled with
forced. This hase of the operations I batteries, Impassable ravines and preclp-
l. however, no urprlw to the military
expert, who are axtonlshed rather that
tho Austrlans have not. apparently,
made any real attempt to oust the ad
vancing enemy The Italians In thin
region havo accomplished the task be
fore' them, namely, to hold tho Austrians
In tht-ir garrisons and permit the opera
tions on the Isonzo front to continue
Undisturbed.
.tiltmirr Tonnril fiorlu.
Crossing the eastern frontier on May
t&, two days after war was declared,
conditions In two camps for officer pris
oners on the Island of iMnholm, be
tween hUralsund and the Island of Ilu
gen, Oermany The two camps contain
alout T'iO officer prisoners, moil of
whom bad been transferred from Mainz
and who found their preent quarter
preferable to the quarters at Mainz.
There were twenty-seven British offi
cer among the prisoners.
of the llrltlsh officers the represen
tative of the embassy said that they
lived by themselves In two good sized
rooms, nine In one and eighteen In the
other, a French officer being housed
with them In the larger room, which I
partitioned off Into three section by
wardrobes.
The prisoners seemed well and In good
spirits and all were In communication
with their friend at home. Tennis
court were provided and they were
permitted to walk In a large park and
to fish from (he shore of the Island.
REFUSED SOLDIERS SOUGHT.
Those In Birmingham District In-
Tiled tn Cone Forward.
Lovpoh, July U. A communication
has been receUed from the War Office
by the recruiting authorities In Kir
mlngham Instructing them to Invite men
who have been refused by reason of
weak eyesight, defective teeth or slight
physical defects to submit themselves
again for medical examination.
In the future no man who Is organ
ically sound Is to be refused. If he Is
not fit to be posted to an active service
battalion he must be placed In a unit
which specially provides for home de
fence or garrison duty.
Japan's entry Into ihe gie.it war has
Kli'n her possession of one of t.ie rors:
Important Chinese pons and lerntoo
covering Hn area of lbout 2,i0tl squt.-e
mlle,
In this terrltor l comprised the pott
of Ti;tig-to, ranked the lift i :n China,
and Ihe piotlme of Kluo-rhow The
Import" Into Tslng-tao fo- till wee
tstlmateri Ht I2.;3I,;0U, and ihe c-j
ports for the same ear I20,7 1,.1 j
This prize was won by Japan a? a cos: t
of about 140,000.000 with war loeses
at about I.OOu men kllb'd and wounded.)
thre torpedo destrojers and one
cruiser I
The province of KUn.rhuw was hel l I
by Oermany, w. Ich after the occupa-i
tlon of the territory In 147 ostensibly!
because of the murder of two mission-1
arle. forced China to grant a lease
of the prm Ince and port for ninety
nine years, The Herman Oeneral Staff!
saw at once the mmen" jiofislbllitles,
military and commercial, which he 1
place offered fot pushing Oerman influ-'
ence in the Far Kast I
Oen. von Hernhardl urged the expendu I
lure of t25.0OO.O00 for the construction !
of dtfemes. Although this project cam'
to naught the port was put In a posi
tion of defence from the sea by
fortification cover:ng the entire co.is:.
Three large forts, litis. Illsmarck and ,
Moltke. were built for the primary line i
of defence, and south of the llal-pi
Illver file more were located.
Tslng-tao is connested by rallroa!
with Pekln ami th Tslng-tao to Tslnan
fu railroad connect it with the Trans
Siberian and Kurope. The territory
leased to Oermany In February. 1S3.
contains valuable coal fields and oil de
posit served by the latter railway.
Japan's I'ltlnialnm.
The Kuropean war was about two
weeks otd when Japan, on August 1C
1311, sent an ultimatum to Oermany
calling for the retirement cf all Oer.
man warships from Japanese ar.d Ch
nese water or their disarmament, and
the evacuation within a mont of the
territory of Kiao-chow. This action
was taken of course In view of Japan's
offensive and defensive treaty with
Oreat Hrltaln, the object of which has
been stated to be the mutual defenc-s
of the rights of the parties to the al
liance In the Orient. One week was
given to Berlin to malt a reply. As
no answer was for'h"-.)min': In loklo
by August I! the Japanese prepa-ed
to begin hostilities, and on the follow
ing day war was officially declared
against Oermany.
There were at the time In Klao-chow
about 5.000 Oerman troops, mostly ma
rine. The territory was entirely 'under
naval control, the Governor. Meyer
Waldeck. being a Captain In the Oer
man navy Japanese transports Imme
diately began the tak' of conveying a
large force for a land attack on Tslng
tao, alwut 14.000 Infantry being the Urst
contingent ent for the reduction of the
Kaiser's outpost of world empire.
Ilecognlzlng that the harbor defences
of Tslng-tao were Immensely strong
SOME DATES IN WAR
WORTH REMEMBER I N,G
June is, 1814 (.tlnatlun vf Arili duke Irani Is IVrillnand Ml "'Hrajrui.
J ii
1I4
Auittu .tnl
uitlms&uiu ti
.1.
He ftls
4ur ! 1 - Oertnsny Je ,ri r tin
Autt: .-- Krjn-e .1. sr
njr with (itrmari.
August 4 KngUnd nnniini
r witn iirruisri).
Vic""! :3- Jpn deeUres sir on Oer-
mull.
a:e
1 t 4
Atiu 7 (feniuri. 4purt I.Uv.
Ijku: . -Oermn enter Hru.el.
A'iut :l-.ilrniun tske .Nimur (tor-
Ajju: if Hermans tk Longwy (for
tr). 4tiui ;7 llfmin barn louviln
Hpte.Tihr z ttu.'lsna nip)- l.enibrg
Hfpiemlier 7 Germans ike Jljub-une
I f'irtreesi,
Hepteinber s Hu"lan 'ke Jirvlax
Ui to(j-r s .Oermsri. take Antwerp ifor-
tre.
iciniie." n Hrlll'h oi rupv Ypres.
Noemher 4- jMpue tske Telng-tao,
iiermsn protectorate in i.iun
O. Inu.r ..' Turk'i te.ns tr "n I! i
.N.iiemne' - Kng'.jnJ in i frn' e .
I)-, ernu.i is Kgp! pr 'altii-l Ur.i
in nil Turkei
I'll pru'eV'ir ie
in;
Ketraan M -OernL.in .jpri sjbmsrine
iilo. k.i.l- rim' KngUnit
Ma 1 llni diiufne Irtif Alllan-
tteatr.
Ma) Iislj- deUr- war upon Austria
lllniirj.
riTIKH CAPTl ltKU.
Vni.Ti.k.r II -lle-mjn. take lMm 1
liecenih-r 2 VIMtruti iwctlps Helnnil"
Iieremlie; ii.rnian- take ldi
Iii iiiij-r U-,"erb!in teuke lie srad".
of
tate if
llt
1414
AUfiKt 17 Serbians defeat Austrians on
the .ladar
Augtwt t (lermane defeat French In
lirralne.
Atirmt Jl Autrlar, defeat Itutslans at
Kra-nkk.
AugiM' : Hermans defeat ItuiiUns near
Tannenberg
September i Heginnlng of battle of the
Marne. ending In Krench vlctarv.
Ortober t HutMan. defeat Hermans at
Auguetowo
October J4 R j n defeat Uirmsni be
fore Warsaw.
November 17 Austrian" defeat Serbians
a. Valjevo
Noiember Herman, defeat It i.'lani
near I.otz
I)erembr 4 erbun defeat Austrian.
I)erembr !S 1tiiean. defeat Austrians
near Tarnos
itti
August J4 Battle oft Helgoland; British
victors , , ,
September 5! Herman submarine sinks
British cruisers Abouklr, Cretey and
llogue.
November 1 Herman navsl Metory oft
Coronel. Chile
December t British nival IMory on
Kaiklanl !!-,
March :: llu-lan uk lr.mrsl for-
April Is Austrn.Uerm,in r.t.sk Tirnow
June I Aii.trn.ilermana remcupy Prz-
nis ifrtrtres.i
June i s. si-rnirfn. take Hrodek
June ;z Austmn reuteup l.eiiiberg.
iTin- vs--Autro'Heriiians take Haiti t.
Jul l--lernins take I'rsaenyt
Julv :4- Hermans take I'ultusk (fortre.si.
IMI'OllTANT l.,NI UATTI.US
it;
.lanuar) 14 Battle of Holo".' wen bv
Hermans
(Vbruary s- ltuslsn defeat Hermans
west of l wrsan
Kbrusr . -Ilulans defeated and driv
en out of Kast Pru-ela.
Februir, :i liuxlans drlien out of the
Hukosrms
Mir, h IS llritlh defeat Hermans at
Neuse Chapelle.
Mar.h 31 llusslsn. defeat Au'trlsn. In
th- rp4thlan anrt enter lltingar
AprP French etonn Herman j it ion
at I.-. Uparifee.
April i'-- British ilefeat Turks ant tail
troops on Iwth shores of th liar
.Uneliee
Msy .3 -Aiietro-nermans break throuth
Bus. lan line In West Hi lets an 1
fori - a retre it
June in Hermins break Kusslan llnee
eal of rrzm si
June JS--1ernian. lrlse Bu.sUne from
positions west nf lmberir.
Ju y Hermans forte psssace of Narew
Klver
IMI'OllTANT EA KNOAHKMKNTH.
Januar) 2 1 Kng.is.emen b-tweeti Her
man and British squadron. Herman
cruiser Bluether sunk.
March 14 British -quidron sinks Her
man ruler bresjen near Juan Fer
nandez March t Three .:lej bsttieshlp. sunk
In Dardanelles Naal operations
without land support abanilone.l
Germany Loses Colonies
of Vast Extent in Africa
Gen. Botha. Formerly Britain's Greatest Enemy iR
Transvaal, Conquers Bigqest Teuton Possession
and Puts Down Serious Uprisine.
BATTLES IN JUNGLE AND ON DESERT EDOt
August 25. but gave no active aid to ' n dnh that deprived the Hermans of
her allv In this part of the world. a" Tdrlt. At one strongly fortified
The first brush between the Jap.mee point S0o Oerman turndl and fled at the
Infantry and the Germans was reported ' approach of the enemy,
on September H. At thi time China Hetween the Japanese and the Oerman
foresaw that her neutrality was likely to line of trenches defending the forts werc
be violated and souitht to have Japan two moats. flften feet deep These werv
impose a territorial limit on the opera- Mown up by tappers and the Japanrro
tlons. Japan replied tint she would lahed over the ruins and entered Fort
limit tbem am miteh iia TWMslhle. hot that
litis at 1 .30 o'clock Saturday morning.
the exigencies of war came first. As a One b: one the other forts hoisted the
matter of fact Japan did violate the while tlag anil by , o'clock the place was
t,Aiit-i1lt rt m tvlrstl.it Pmnlre In thn n ne
,.,., r.f th. wur coast
Japanese Tskr I'orts.
On October 1 the Japanese actually
penetrated the outer works of the port
and seized two of the minor forts and
othet position dominating the city.
Entering the harbor of Tlns-tao on
October 20 the Japanese cruiser Taka
chlbo struck a mine and was sunk Of
the crew of 264 only 10 were saved.
It was later asserted fiy the Japinese
that the Takachlbo was torpedoed bv a
Oerman torpedo boat, which was later
Although eiiterini upon the building arc. with InonovK. ti,.- .
of a Coma, emp.re later lhan her great, L'i
rivals, oermany nan m .iirici ai me k- ,JliX yy .,, ,,. .
glnnlni; if the war three vast territories, railways, as the rhbf oi,j" -Oerman
Southwest Africa. Oerman Kast Oerman agents li id t.
AftP, and the Cameroon, and a -mailer Sr".
colon), Togoland. urging rebellion The now
The rommanil of the seas which u- rr.talllz.-l in Sept'.-mf
perlor naval resource nave the Allln ler for the laistoti of ;c.
wH Orea, Hr.talni entrance into the . g.ve,. ;
struggle made It Impossible for Oermany CTmmandcr of th fnlo- d- '.
to send reinforcements to theee colonies.
and three of the four already have prac-1 liner l.t-ntlrr- In II s-lit-l lls.is
ttcally leen conquered by llrltlsh and( fM lty,r anii , . .
French troops, for the most prt co-; Wet, both leaders In tne P "'
sumeil the l.vlt rshlp of ' .i. i-
I The largest and most Important of the, "' he ratnE fV", ., ' .
colonies was Oerman Southwest Africa,1,. M!,ntZi who tommnrde.i .
a territory of 322.00O nuare miles, which) forJCM fn tne northwestern i
had falln to Oermany In the partition. -Cape province, where the Uf
tff Africa in I-S4. This was the only acanda had beet, most , .
... . . . the Oermarn to the noith w
one of the four trade, -eally suited for. (jf h(g commani.
colonization by Kuropean and here re- liuxton. Oove rno'-Oer
tired Oerman soldle-s, chiefly Chlans.' L'nlon, tleclaretl martial law t
v, ..i ....i,to,i the dominio-i on " ctoner i
Karly
f tovernment
Africa had assumed the task of conquer
Iris this colony. It was not un eay task,
but it was one which the South African
Ooxernment considered n-cessary, not!
for the aggrandizement of the L'nlon but
for Its protection.
lle(j i ine uominiu-i on vwi-i
in the Kuropean confl.ct the' tni-r ltha. who. like th- lead
t .. , . revolt, had fought th; H i'
rr.ent of the Union of outh ,,0r V.ir. took comma-id ,.f
force In person arnl undert.x
out the rebellion.
Hy XovrmlsT 1 the .oun
Col.' MarlU and Ot-n. Uce -flight.
Oen. Beyer? wa si' .'
while trying to ecape ot,
across tru- Vaal lliver ot. !
Oen. De Wef forie met w .t
November 11 on the Vet Un
treated to the Vaal. where O-
Teare-il SittarU at Kmplre
The mll.tary lines along whl-h
German
colon) caused
to believe that It w.i.s Oerman) ' lnten-1 the loyalist at Schnitdr.ft
tlon to ukc It as a base from which to j beaten a month later nt. i
extend Oerman rule when in thei 3 I.leut.-Col. Kemp, who i
phnphesled break up of the British Km-! rm.i?n wlth ,anr!'Z' "Urr
II4S vsj (ivr vs'iatsf"
mll.tary lines along whl -h the! treated to the aal. where ii
Oovernment had developel the w captured on Dwcmber '
.used the resMent, of the fn.onj CZ
the bayonet
Half an hour later a Oerman officer
carrying a white Hag entered the Japa
nese lines. He was the bearer of a mes
sage from the Governor formally sur
rendering the fortress. All the Japanese
toni'ltlons wor- iico-ptctl and the place
.as turned oer to tho AUK on Novem
ber 10. Th Japanese seized five trans
ports, two gunboat and one destroyer.
The water of the Orient were freed of
Oer nan ships
With thn full nf tttta uipnhMml.l tltu
discovered aground and destroyed. A I nmstion Immediately nro.e. What .-.
lew ia i.urr n irrniu crui-e r Jatmn KOinr to do w Ith it ? It w.-is re.illv
hands of the besieger, t inly one: I'lre conseTJtnt ujion the coming great) MarlU was captured in K
defence work resisted and at 7:10 I war between Hrltaln and Oermsnv i ,,,,'r in nriun from whiih w i-
ivt" """'d " at ,hC r""nt f I South Africa should be left to shift for! !n Cape Town he tsrap-1 i
hrelf 1 " ' ln 1 1 '
' , on in June and was :
About 10.000 white Oerman troops-years imprlsoninnu ut.-i t
were stationed In the colony at the be- ( tine. The ml'.tl ir '
ginning of the war and thtse. with the for 11 crlm pun'shab!.- t
Oerman settlers, met of whom were & .on 'f.- '-
reservists, brought the total up to 16.-, enabled the l'nlon t. -I..
000 men. in addition to three divisions of i w ith the rbelllin i'--n.itu-.
trvw,t,. i. r..t. t ..., .... ' hi t -Oirm.in rlotin: t
and nearby towns in nr
ons ic-arneu in tneir expensive cam-; HkV Was done l mobs 'o
paizns against the natives the Oermans ' -ity.
nad tiul.t railroads Into the Interior from i
Japanese,
TreMtng In from the land side were
about 4J.000 Japanese, troops, while from
the sea the warships kept up an inces
sant bombardment day and night, and
aviator of the Allies hovered over the
city, dropping bombs on the forts. The
i Oerman. although their ranks were
against a sea attack the Japaneso bent decimated by losses in the field and by
all their effort to an attack by land. , Illness, still held out
torpedoed and sunk In the harbor by the , hlne territory nnd In hi declaration J Swakopmund. Just to the north of the' rninmtluii I . Mo.l.n.
ni me ouinreaK or ine war ne .Mixano I'Htish rra...ir,n. e vt.v. t.... Tie rs.hei .ni
was understood to have Informed China
that his object In attacking the Hermans
was tc hand over Kino-chow to It right
ful owner, the republic of China. Never
theless the Japanese people began a
r.ljnn.llffn fli- th. n.t-matint lmlrlleif rtf
thp occupletl territory and Ambassador tween the two ports.
Chlnda announced at Washington on The Union Invaders
.-sovemoer , mu the Japanese ,i- .1 jirtt-
l..iederi.ztiucht. in the southern part of thV Vcran; apa.n-'i t"e ,
the colony, 400 mites routh of Swukop. ! Lmding of tho southern ,srn.
mund, and then had connected thc' made at I.uedcritzbueht vu
roads so as to enclose the tableland be-', '5' lut ti" rl.-lll..n In f.i.- v
I ern army, with Its ba. a v
und-r l'rmicr .
For this purpose they planned an over- The last act In the drama took place t.h ant. id n,.,-,,,.v T.in iJ '"'ha made no effort at first to crosi
land march to take Tslng-uo from the I on the night of Friday. November 6, matter of the return of the temtory :c,'"'s Jesert, hut Swakopmund and Lue
rear. Meanwhile the bombardment of , when a combined land and sea attack fhina not to be taken un until the Ruro. ' derltzhueht wer ..m-i .t.- I
?'l!L.V."t.. w" -er The V.ce-M.n!.terlof am,
... . ... .r, OI !n, ,-savy at iokio, .M r-uziiKi. sain;... ... . i.(, r-.llw-iv lentinir f- , .
Ofrmin I ne hefnro the order tr rhnre. .... ' , , , . began drlvinc thw '.ermsni h. V- line r.iliwa) le.Hlin; I ,1
formally declared war on Japan on was given. Then they went at It with minister the affairs of the port. the railroad from both ends of the huge ' V h it dlKcti'' iird on -
the forts of the port was begun on
August 24, llrltlsh ships Joining In the
attack on the following day. Austria
was landed at wak..p
u.try 10. tho siuthern i
t.ing itf o;v-rati -n.i .igt
serious obstacle In :t a 1
army proceeded In'.ar I,
half way to Wtndru-
Contdiufd from First Page.
ter and spring and succeeding summer
of sic-ge warfare In trenches.
While the Oerman advance was halted
at the battle of the Marne, the result
of the fighting was not the pronounced
the Italians occup'ed without resistance . success for the Allies that tlrt account
the towns of Capotetto, Cormons and would have led to believe. The Oerman
Cervignano. dporftto 1 on the hlgh-l u"'r o cross in Aisne anu esiao-
wny leading to Tolmlno, the northern : I'"" themselves In a position from which
Isonzo fortres-, while Cormons and ' '".'" another drive on Paris. The
CervJgnano are on railroads reading to , nvader. however, were forced to de
Corltz, the main Italian objective. No- '"h many men from their main po
where west of the Isonzo did the Aus.1"'110" their flanks and the rear,
trlan wait to resist the Invader. l-W, ",S" l"T "r -'"nxim
parently establishing thein-rtvea In full I n ,J, 'if TeV , '",' "n i m
Length on the fortified position along . ' J' ' ' )s
tho eastern bank of the river A.l- v:Ma , mlmVn.;H wl." gradually
vancltig cast and south from Cervignano j. Mlng to the Allies '
the Italian occupied the coast town 1 w , conditions that the
of C.rado anil the Important rallroa-l it.rmc illtllU. of ,,, AlHe w:l((
Junction of Moiif.ilcone, where the line .r,.nR ,..0!(. ,n rt.treallg U(.r.
from Italy to Trli-st.i Join- one of the , unnie. Hritl-li and Fteiu-h force
two leading from Oorltz to the main yu.-reeded In trussing the Alsne near
A!rlntle port of Austria. . Sols.sonH and effecting a lodgment on
The first fighting In which the Ital-lthe approaches to the C'raonne plateau,
tank were engaged In this region oc. There the Allies weie held. The Crown
cur'red at Oradisca, a fortllled town, I Prince, beaten In his attempt to cut off
whictl may be cons'dercil the outpot Verdun, had fallen back to Alontfauron.
of 'Oorlfz. The Italians had been nhle, w hlle east and wvt of the Argonne for
to "bring up heavy artillery and the. est Ihe Oermans had so solidly In
plahr was pounded Into submission I trenched themselves that the Allies re
fiagrado. south of Oradls-ca, next fell ' allzed that the Herman retteat wa at
Into (ho hands of the peninsula army,"" end. It w.ts the purpose- ,f tho
nd' tHcrf began a desperate strugglo 1 Franro-Hritlsh forces if possible to keep
for the "Castelnuevo height, on the edga1"1" 'Senium on the run iinlll nnrlherii
of th.e great Carso pliite.u. It was ' l-'rance was fire of ihe Invaders, but
hero that the Italian first cros-d the. 1 ""fill of the Oerman position on
Ionzo. Castelnueo was strongly furll-' "rW ""V1' xh.1 Impossible.
fled "ami a sierles of cement lined! ' situation when on
German Fury Spent at Marne, Kaiser's Army Makes Determined Stand on Aisne
trenclte guarded Its rugged slopes. In October 10 the fall of Aiitweii. released
splto of tUc .heavy arUlU-iy lire of the . enonnoui , '"n " forces for a dr ye
AustrlaiiB the beisagllerl and gren-' a" '"V ' V" UI
drine the Austrians cut I '-K-tl anil wht-ii tli lrUr siKalnst I'arU
Me&nwhlt-. on the uw.t Thoiu.i S"lr,V I1 MW,ntf . " (,en'ia" Ui'n
' . . . . . . Wl.irr li.nl f.ttul)..t...l ... .una n.mtt..r.
Ifauans nan crossed tne frontier in the , -
l.VVshlfr r,.elnn n.,,1 th,.lr ...tlllerl l.. " '" of ttto lirril) . Orps lo tllC relief
gan to hammer nt the batteries of l nrt
llcnsel, guarding Malbergh.-tto and the
road to Tnrvls, on the direct talltvay
between Vienna nnd Tyrol. In the :ime
region- the foitlflr-at'ons of the lustorii
Piedlf "Pass were attacked. It was.
however. In the. district south of ihls
region: from Tolmlno to the head of
the Adrla'ic. that the mo't spectaoul.i"
fighting' of the Italian cainpa'gii was
under way.
The taking of Monte Nero, the im
mense natural stronghold northeast of
Tolmlno east of the Isonzo, was ,i re.it
which called forth eulogies for Hie Ital
ian -Hoops not only In their own coun
trv 'bu; from military exntrts in France
nr.- Tiiglari.-, The inounla n Is Hlmut ,ltll
e.,V"m ir.-l II1KII HMO Mil III.- Iipjil mil urn
had been solidly intreiH lu-d by the Alls-J.riau.
Tsso Hit 1 1 is I lo n . xniillillnti-il.
of Von Kluck The liclglan flel.l ami)
In Antweip made a M.irlie. real lied al
most the aatc-s t,f lliiie-rls un I held' off
the lei-iif.ii. einoiit-. Ihiik eiiouuh to pie
erit theli being of iny -e.il assistant e
t- Voi Klin I. The tinman ' the
isne weir. riMie., niiteriall) we.tk-
t'llrd IA the lie, t ssll Of keeping lame
lours aunid ihe finite la.lioad S)-"tein
I Mini llrusseN smith and t was nut until
Un- last fni t s ,.f An'wi-ii wete battered
into submission ami ihe H-Ul.in aimy
lllien ellllei Into lloll.lllil or to tile
iIuiks to the wesiw.nd tliat the resere
O. -tin. in .inn) w i rtleaseil foi a new
dine
Meanwhile the new llrillsh ann was
bei iii-e..,!,.,.. u,i .... ti.., (;iiautl inast
tile op.'ratlotis became u race be.
operations In the western theatre of
the war. Beginning on September 12
when Von Kluck reached the river In
his retreat from the Marne, It was under
way on the whole front on the following
day and raged with undlmlnlheil vio
lence throughout the rent of Septem
ber and the first week of October. It
wa not at first apparent to the French
whether the Oerman were resolved to
made a definite stand on the Alsne or.
km wa asserted at Herlln, were getting
teody for a new advance on Paris.
Kngagements of Intense violence were
fought day after day In the region of
St. (Juentlri, where the Oerman right
rested, and In the triangle formed by
the OUe and the Alsne, on the extreme
French left. So terrific wa the strug
gle here that the opposing force ob
tained possession of strong positions
barely Me mile apart and held them
against all attacks. The Oerman kft
up a vigorous cannonading of the
Friiith tVntre anil In the course of the
almost dally bombardment of Hhelm
the famous cathedral, one of the world'
glories of architecture, was struck sev
eral times, ll old time majestic beauty,
It I feared, has been destroyed beyond
repair
Tile line heltl by the Fienth extended
by the end of October as far north as
Albert and tan eastwaid through
Itlieiins, the Argonne forest anil north
of Verdun to the Hwls bonier. The
fight In the centre of this line devel
oped into trench warfare and except
for gain not amounting to more than
a few kilometre on either side the line
remains the Hiune at present On the
French extreme right the Oerman
forced a crossing on the Metiite and oc
cupied the Important position of St,
Mllllel. They established themselves
there so firmly that now, after ten
month of t'on.-ttant fighting In that re
gion, they mill hold the place, the very
up or a iieimnii salient pushing into
the Flem li line southeast of Ihe follies
of Wt dun
llHI-l
for
4 liitnnel Porta.
v lien .xntweip ton on iK-tubet it all
t!llelle Herman force was teleasei!
and wa ai onre iiinhrd wes'.wald 111 the
rile: dash against the Channel pons
.loffie saw- the danger and Immediately
"tut all Ills available Fienc-h and Rrlt
Isil ravalr) a r.il lnf,tnr to mercept
the Herman Ka.h aim) wj trng to
outflank Ihe oilier until Anally the aril
Mil of the allied troops at the coast
ninth of listeml put an end to this phase
of the battle Hermans and Fietu-h and
III 1 1 1 sett 1 1 tit themselves Into tienofies mid
built sitting field forlllli-atliins along 'he
ellllie line leaily ..Inte.- cam-
ImIl.11
pioneers and machine guns from Metz.
For three month, from October. U'll.
, to February, the French continued sap
ping operation and the tlrt attack on
the slope of the hill was delivered on
February 17. The Oermans were sur
prised by mine explosions and tho
French occupied the first line of the
enemy' trenches. The tlrst wood on the
side of the hill was taken on the fol
lowing day after a struggle the ..
verity of which may be Judged by the
fact that every French olllcor In the
battalion which made the attack was
wounded. The final and decisive bat-
heavily and up the slippery slopes of th
mil the l rench Infantry raced, some
t me in mini up to the waist. All
night the battle raged. In the morn-
ju i I .ti, I
tm . 1 " VatsC "Jv I tl- l-gait on April :.
Ik if"JV ; Xe2"7
ture of the village and the occupation
of about two square miles of ground
held by the Invaders. In spite of de.
perate assault launched by the Oer
mans to recapture this jiosltlon .t is siill
In the hands of the Allies.
Next came the headlong drive of the
Oerman against Ypres, when for the
flntt time April 24 the use of asphyx
iating gases by the soldiers of the Kai
ser was mentioned In official bulletins.
This engagement, known a the Second
llattle of Vpres. was notable for the
astounding valor displayed by the Cana-
oi.ui ir.Miiis, i-rmcess fats light inf.in
It wns raining try regiment being practically annlhl-
of two bridge., used for the transport of a strategical position of the first tin-
big gun to the noith bank of the liver, poiianrc Their gnu covered all the
were forced to withdraw about I.S'iO valley mail ovsr whlih the Crt-iuti
yard, s'.lll huldlng the town of Sui-s.nn, transport lialii had tu tiavs-l. The III si
on the south bank. The Hermans weie assault was .lollveied on the morning f
held off by the .ti till, i file of tiie FeiJiuitry -.'s. when after street lighting
Fienth ami made no fmtliei atteuilits
to cross the A'sne at th it point.
When th Crown Pilm-e's hi my. foiled
In Its attempt to Isolate the fortress of
Veidilli, fell back In tolifonii to the new
Her ills ll line, it huh established on a
fiont i tinning fiom a point near Soiialn,
between Itbelnis and the I-'otesl of Hie
Aigonne. Ihiougli Hie finest, known
since the Ite v tllllt Ulllit r W.ls as tile
Fii-litll Tlietinop) l.t- " In the 'lortliwest I
for sevei.il bout the Fiem li m t-uplt-tl
Pisft t tile village. Tile) Were llllVell
out on tiie following nlglil On Maii-li
1 the Flelldl, heavily reellfolied, lllmle
iiiiollier attat-U Tliiee irgini.-iits imi
tb'late. and again Hie lower part of the
village was captured TerilMi liainl lo
hand tlKlltlhg III the srls followeil,
evel) house lit'lllg a centre of Orllllatl
leslstaiue.
Four nines the Ortolan am hail, I
twti'ii Hie Mll.-s ;i'i.l the Oermans for
the strattgl. line extending ft run the to break through the allied line In lie!
txlreiii.. north of the allied positions 111 , giillii. notably at Yni n ami o'.lif-r polntH
lo llle fight, eacll llllle with stlollget
furies. The Flench wete iltiven again
lo Die opni, but in a final attack on
the SolssohH region to tin- coast
Oeiinaiis pies.s,. westward In
As the
an at
of Verituti Along Ihls fionl tbete has
been tt'rilH.. Ilgliting tver slnie Hie Oer
iiihii letteat f t tun Hie Maine. In Hie
Soualu sector, in Ihe i 'hHiiipague, Freinli
eff.nis weie illiei-teil inward driving the
Heiinsus bail, to anil across the ruilioad
aliotit two miles in ihe leur of the line
Slight nilvaiiie wete mailr liv In-
fiiti) attack on Hie Herman tiemhes poit the finwn I'llnc and the regiment
.....I I.A L 1. 1,1.... n ..I.... I. ...I I Inul li..ut-llf
-Pl,u i , ....i.ii mt'i r I fin II onrnioii un nu,r.. aii'i-v".
VJ' .;,. . ' '"' " " Ivancetl until the Oerman fnnil wa bent '
back ul several points, but Hie Invaders '
t'onlliiue to hold the giound south of Ine I "he of the most iinpoiliiiit imsitiuii
iui; 'In Fieii n were foi e, i,, aliai.ili.ti
the pusiii, s woo ilul hg the log'ii
but the same .-v.-ning i lis. a"a. K w.is
renewed Willi o.li fi.i.,i.ss that the
em army f-ok Aus. F-'.:-foree
which had crose '
Uiver anil the desert t
at the southern rxtreir. ..
rran military rallroiiLs !
the strategical key to t .
which the line nkes a tur
toward Windhcn-k. Ml
the two force closed
from two sides, th is;--May
13. un July the . .
man forces surrendered
to Oen. J?otha.
Th attack on the d-.
gun late in August. !:!.
gunbo.v.s Cumberland a: . I
ascended the C.-im.ro..n k : '
teinber 27 Duila, the
rendered to an Aur' -r
which cont.nued on u- -
i ictober 14 trKik Ja
niltcs inland from Dua.r
At the same t.me a I"
mounted Infantry opt-..- -m
nor hen. Nig.rl.i. ft...
Illver. the ch'ef nfflur- .
Into the not:heatern p.
ovtr.ng l "!. m.ies m e, v
the r..ny season, arj .
tacked tne f,. -title,! jki.- .
wis the hxidciuarter f..-
admin. str.ition ..f the 1
ef trade o ntr-, 4tl -i ..
laied 111 holdlllK all atlvan.-eii nosltn.n
Tin- aim of the tlt-rtnans wa to break
through the line by sheer force of num
bers and heavy artillery and drive to
.'al-iis The attempt was frustrated, but
at a frightful i ost in live.
Ftoiu this time onward the fighting
in the w.si Im been in gre.it part a
I. Ilex Of the ..pr.lt!0-ls of the T.Mltnnle
I armies ..gainst the liuian. Wh.-n a I oh.'
,r'r'i-r "i uie .nusooviies gives Hi,, tier
main, a bieatlntig space troop are
tished in imntensf number to the west
ft i front and huiletl against the Allies'
.Lin- When the Hermans are engaged
10 vteiiieniious attack on Itusslan pt.si.
Hons the Alllt have seized the oppor
tunity lo gain a few hundred meters,
011 a few occasions several mllos, of
the ground occupied by the Invader
me of these invasions that which
gave rise to the astounilng battle f,.r Oaru.i, in an attack
wie Mi) iimn. a veritable stee and had givm so n.ma t
con. rete fortltl.atlon toveMng an area ' other working north '
of about ivvo stpiate miles, south of Neti- j plan of .-.impai.n in. i-i
ville-M Nai.st. in the Arras tlisi,,,.,, , t. , f.,,.,., ,,t N :
V leiiiiun louimaiiii- i t astern Ci'ininon
-I
Nallse Trooiis lli-iimr il. .1
The JtrltMi native tr.. ;
mora:ized by the n. I. - .
tho Hermans ar.d tn
Nigeria, witlt a loss .:
t ers and in pei . of :
In the pr.!l th. .-a
hewed, with ,t fore, "i - .
1 ..! t. Nu. na, sixtv .r. .- -
absolmi iy Inexpugnalil
I ii l. in- 1'ritliiri
of War.
'fie i attle for this .,is.ti-i li.tfj
'nre Weeks and .t pit ..-nteil feituiM.
ooniiie in ttie annals .if w.n. At-io.
plan. s. iiiK KUI.. scar, mights, assist,.!
until tie dining the ll.htliis-, which
nt U-. ..as, I an hour until the l'r noil
eme.Jeil tl l lllli'util a in.. llO thr.u. rn
..He i.r the lalotmih
l.i led the itn ill, i g, nt
1 1 at- I .-ii June i'lt Ns.i i r . I -oi
uil.'d
Tnolai,.l. tin- small, st ,,-
Afri.M.I iKIsf-fsSIOIlSl, .!s
ui .-..lidit.onallj un ,u..t
liiltlsh forcts fron. tl,. .
Herman Kaot 4' ! .,
I toiHiuert.l. T'.e t.i-v
Oerman Kast Afi i w i
Vfiiiber a. with ai itt. - ,
ami . oiisol!. 1 log nt the pm t a: I -.i '
Th. lo T.llUta. thill) in
Ma i eh 4 they occupied Hie enlie village I rein he weie again i..ilei at
and the HeiuiHiis abandoned Hie pla-e I point or Hi- l.aonet
In the fighting on Hie Souain-Argoiuie ' The Fieii. li w.i. ab'e io bum:
floul Hi. Heniian turps il elite, the Kai- ' " i-uge niiiiioer or ma. nine n 1 1 -
Ihe
set' Pitisslau Hiiaril. was senl to sup.
The Alpinl and bi-rs.iglieri wt ri1 Iok-mI j 1 1 mpt lo oiitll.ink the Allies 'the IViincn.
In man) places to climb the elib ofiMilllsh funis exti'iiibd tbe.r line
peaks one by one and tnke the Austrians liortliw-anl anil tlnall) siKcvedt-il in
by surprise In night attntks On the ' teaching the North Sei east .if (isttinl.
summit of Monte Via'a, nun of Hie , It- a yrneral way tint tins- ha re.
Monle Vrr u its. ati entire IliiiiKariaiimalii.il the- same for leu munlhs,
b.itti'.oi, ami n Ausiii.in Int'alion
were .iiiiiihiln'ed and nil ht-tr guns r ;t
tur. tl r n June l'l.
Italian .-iivairy rrpssrd the Isonzo at
Plava, eight miles abovtt Horilz, about
Jjini' 12 und drlvinif off the Austrian
Hit I lie of Ihe lasts-.
The si-tlt-H of t'ligiigemenl along a
i v
ft nrit of inorr. ihnn too milt-, known
as tiie H.itllo of the Alsne, wa perhaps
tho most bitterly contiuUd of tlielniajur
i
'. i
I -inrd
on Hie Vser Canal. The lack of success
of .hist, attempt caused Hie Kaiser's
t oinm.i inlet to abandon them for the
lime b.-Ing imu to leimw the sledge ham
mer tactics on Hie line of the Alsne, On
.lariuiny in a tei rifle attack wa
launched on 'he Fiench position north
J of So.ssons. It I estliiiiiird that 50,u00
Oeiinan took pan In this engagement,
I oiitnumbei ing the French at least two
tn one. The battle lasted three days.
at the end of which the French, ciURht
at n disadvantage hy the sudden flood
Ins; of tht AUne and the breaking down
i i . i'i
itr, .ss.v'j imu - I
lllltllra 4 roil nd Nt, Vllblel,
rallioatl line In the forest itself the
righting ha been mostly hand to hand
"truggles. Owing lo the clniliuler of Hie
ground artllleiy was at a disadvantage,
111 forest being Impassable exiept for n
few road and cut ihiougli anil through
by rocky I a vine.
A an Indication of the severity of the
fighting may be mentioned the battle for
the village of Vaimuol, taken by the
French at the beginning of thn year
after day and night fighting for nearly a
week. The Oermans. occupied ul Vau
quol, on the eastern edg of lb forsst,
held b) the Oriiuuu in the legion
known as the St. Mllnol salleul wa the
crest of the hill at l.e Kparges, about
ten iiillis iioitheasl of St. Mlhtel and
Hie Name distance southeast of Verdun
From till height the Herman observa
tion station t'oiiimauiled Hie entire valle
of the Wnevre and eveiy movement o
Ihe French troop operating against the
salient was observed, while the artillery
of the Invaders dominated every ap
proach to the position. The Oerman
forco consisted of an entire division ,nf
picked troops, with five battalions fit
nu.weii iinwn tne Merman i.-eufoitiiii. as
a fst as they appioa. Ii. il the tiring
line Another elltlle division of He.
man t loops. Hie Tenth, was on Hie s. him
by this lime The tub s of the Fivii. Ii
were chok.-d vviili mini ami thev w.-ro
fori ed to irsott lo the ba)onrt Fifteen
hours of continuous fighting on ihe
day and night of April : wot uplete
possesion of the ciest of the lull ami
by the Mowing inglii Hie Heimans ha I
withdrawn
lluttle or Ni-nve ltiiit-lli-,
The first break .n the a'most oules. ent
character of the wurf.it e was the dash
ing advance of the liiltlsh Hoops
against Neuvo Chapelle, north of l.u
Hasseo, which was brought to a success,
ful concludon un March. U by the cap-
o' i.i.tn s:,rs in this inttle w -te enor I l"A i,as: .ni. t
nous li.g for. e was tl. '.
While t.HS ..r.r .,llflt0 WAS l! Ill tt'll- i l'l MH'1 '
,1- Ml llle . riil-e l'li left of ln 'r,, In ... "P Ttt" "th. I '
ItllU-ll I lies llle Illicit ss of the III, ll, 'is i oolll 'he nil.,
o' I he lepilt.li 'li thn tsl, nt legai.-llllg ll"'1 'S "P' '
the i.,.t pmv.iiies nf AN.i.-e and Itr- fS.nti b'gait ..
i . ne was ill..,,,, in u lowl ,. tho' and the I'mba I:
e n. ginn'ng of the ii.ii Fk'Im n t'.i...'Wh n in Hi," .
l ad nut. I.- a dash down the .lopes of the inan ttsrutury 'I
..sgrs int.. th.. land that on. e w...tUev bin l..t Ja -l-'-ainv
itnl had oc ui....l several iiihii, The Hpnnau t .
.Ilul vlllace. I'ttllv h.-..uie of the
I loaiiaimern. iii of t ie plans iu,. t,, th..
i.-u.-iii ... too aiatne. inosi ot the foites
In thi- region h.nl in i.e wltlidiawn to
onr.iiin to the new i:neial b.-ftle line
i
At soin,. polnl of Hit- fioritier the Her
iiiins rei-aptmeil th.- j.issty and ma le
tbeli vcav Into 1'ieinh tt-nltniy When,
Hie piojirss of ihe opir.itlons at th
cen ie and the north of tho battle line1
.ii Fiati.i- .eiinitt,, Hie inv.is.n f I
ls.i. e-l,..riM ne was resumed rlv n v '
hao been made both rth and south!
ter d. .'.'atl'lg the I!- .1 -gnsiis
off Zanzibar on ; '
it-filgi- hix n. ilea up t',..
siunli oi aiisibsr ii; n , ,
laud ul .Mil (la (Ii, 1 1,
of the Oeiinan lines routing tho S ! were mad
.Mllllel salient .ilul at the end .f itn. fhst Sevc
je.tr oi ine war llle i .enoii r' mo mas. r-vor,
tei or a l.irse part of lie r; iinjucrcd
icrruurjr. a .
l-h .hi . .plane made .r
K.lelltgShelS ui its s
forciil to ilri'sjii Af
were various att,i.;.v l
W .11 sll.ps
Tin- Kn. 'i gsi , . .
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