.uUOOl Is ilisJ. l U s. , Ou.M'.". THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE YEAR IN ITALY, SOUTH AFRICA AND JAPAN' 1 1 t II I L Italians Storm Nature 's Barriers, JAPAN'S PRIZE BIG Invade Austria, Guard Own Frontier SLICE OFTERRITORY Aim at Tn-nt nix) Triotc, Flirli tinir Wiiy Over IUvcr imil Peaks. Italy has been In the war only sixty Ighl days, but the advance made ly her troops Into hostile territory In th fa-e of tremendoua natural and artincl.it ob stacles ha been so rapid that they have already occupied much more of Austrian ground than wad Included in the extreme offer of concessions mad by the Dual Monarchy In the hope of avoiding a conflict. W.ien Italy threw down the gaun'let to Austria-Hungary on .May 13 last her rmy chiefs were well aware of the tremendous task that faced them. They knew that the AutrUns had spent year and milllone In making the mountain I Vitrei', through which any Invasion of Austria would have to be begun, almost lmprgnable They were acquilntd with the moun tain barrier which lnterpoed Itself .is a natural obstacle of tremendous strength gainst the Italians attempting to enter Tyrol, and the river barrier of the Ison ro wMcli lortned the defence of tne road leading to Trieste and the Istrl.iti penlhsulv, with It naval base at Kola nd llit'KTrat Hungarian port at Flume. Tne Wtftraeter of these two natural fcirrteff determined the campaign pUn ( not -onlv of the Italians but of the Aus- trlafu."' Then' plan may b illvlded Into two'-dlstmvt but- Interdependent parts. "mtcclrd llsllnn Frontier. Before uoderuklng an Invasion of Austria. bya ,ilrle .across the, Isonzo hosv 0"r SC--Tt rfLSO ' i .MoiinlniiKMis Clninictt'i Conn try Mnki-s .Militnry Oiit'ruiioii Slow. (I't'iit l'ort of 'IMiiif-tno 11 ml ! of Kiiio-i'liow 1'i'oviiii'i' Spoils of War. Hon. cliffs which It l itiiposslbte to' ' hmli , Crossing to the par of this plateau known as the Doherdo Plateau the Italians have ocruuled Monte Har ' Michele, Csstelneiivo, Vetmeglluno arid Polszzo and are operating against Monte Oosloh and the town of Doherdo. This (nrt of the Italian operation Is directed 'not only against Oorltz. but Is part of "the main operations for the cutting off ' and capture of Trieste, The fighting her has been of the tawl desperate char, acter and progress has necessarily been slow One of the first moves by the Aus trian after the declaration was a naval raid on Italian coast town. Ancona. Harl and Venice Iwln attacked both bv warship and aeroplanes. Half a dozen per-ons were killed. The damage to property was Insignificant Italian aeroplanes haw made manv attacks on the Austrian naval base I'ola, doing extensive damage to the great naval dockyard, wtlch Is reported tc have been set on fire Italian warship" have also attacked tre Islands off the Dilmatlon coar. and cut cable communi cations, beside making an effective blockade of the entire Austro.Hungarian coast down to the muthern part of Albjnla, cost a Hon 8Lo.ooA.nnol PAGE SENDS PRISON REPORT. Officer Held lir (Srrmaar Per mitted to fiu A-FUtalna. London. July 1. Ambassador Page i - ...., ... ,. i . .. . . . , i Ii.fantry and artillery which established . forwarded to Sir hdward (.r a Itself flrtnU- ,., th. natpii hnnk anil ! ,.nnrf mid hv a renresentatlve Of the sh Italians had first to tmko sure that nn.t.im,..i t..i.ioak.i .hi.h v . pA. ! . ... ..n. .t.A l . -f-, - ----- -. . ... ., ..u .v-, American r.rnuass.v n nrmn ine .usiri.iii. uuiu in iuuhvi. risieci sucefsjuuy all aiiempts or tne ter Invasion noun tn iroieau. payees Atlstflrinii tn forri. tli Itnltuna li.irk over Into Lombirdy Therefore they had th rlv,P i.-rom t!ils pfltlon the first, of nil to dispose of surtlclent forces, Italian hae made raids on the Aus nwnK the .entire frontier of Tyrol, from trlan iosltlons northeast of Oorltz and the SJelvlo. I'afls down to Lake (.arda, preparation are golnfc- on for a cjm thence up tbrouich the Dolomites and blned attack on the Isonzo stronghold, nlowr the Carole Alps to the headwater , The success of the Italian operations f the Honzo to hp)d the Austrlana against Monte Nero Is n srave menace massed, :U Trfnt and. other fortified t to Tolmlno, another Isonzo fortress of camps ar.d pjexent them from cross Ine i the- first class, which Is defended on the trie border.. ' ! west and south rf Korts Santa Maria In, tie next- place before proceeding , and Santa Lucia, the latter at the June to the actual attempt to cross the Isonzo tlon of th- Idrlo and the Isonzo. I)e the Italian . b.aij to dlepoe of large tcendlnK from the conquered slopes of force In tho plain of A'enetla and In the I Monte Nero the Italians have drlxen foothill of the Alpine ranges to support ; In all the Austrian outposts north of the main advance, ready to be awunc 1 Tolmlno and arc now pounding the forts to any point ' where additional forces In the environs of the city. It I ex ero needed. , For these reasons the J pected that the fall of Tolmlno will de first month of the Austro-Itallnn cam-1 prlve Oorltz of one of Its main support, pules, and. In fact, a great part of the ( a It will permit the Italian to cross the econd .month, were nothing beyond Uonzo at several points between the two covering operation, broken at Inter- fortresses besides Plava. vals by some daring feat of mountain For the reduction of Oorltz the fighting or urprlse attacks on out- Italians have hid recours to artillery lying Austrian garrison. operations acalnst the Wrong iosltlon The Trentino-Tyrol fortifications were of l'edgora and Monte Sabatlno. on the necessarily the primary objective of the w-ent bank of the Isonzo, and domlnat Italian. They are In a general seme Ing the approaches to the fortress from about flvo to seven mllea-from the fron- whlci they are only three mile distant; tier, but such lei the nature of the i to an enveloping movement starting ground In all this region that the Italians I from Plava. and to a general artillery nave oen 40ie lo progTei-n scarcely a qQtrter of a mile a day, having to haul big guns to the summit of peaks ecveral thousand feet high and advance through the snow and on the edges of precipice under the fire of the Aus trian. The official bulletins Issued by Oen. Cadorr.a, the Italian Chief of Staff, tell of minute advances, enormou difficul ties overcome, and the gradual enclos ing of the Austrlnn garrisons in the ring f steel. Almost all of the Austrian Xortrre near the frontier are now being hammered by the big guns of the Italians, but so far none has been and Infantry attack on the western edge of the Carso plateau, southeast of Go. rltz, and running all the way to the en virons of Trieste. The most Important and dignified of thee operations is tho last. Aim at Trieste. The Carm plateau Is a vast natural stronshold. coven-d with hillocks, boceh dl lupo (literally "mouth of the wolf"), which are pit, natural or artificial, which h'.de gun or sometimes large forc- of infantry, rocky peaks whlcn have been hollowed out and filled with forced. This hase of the operations I batteries, Impassable ravines and preclp- l. however, no urprlw to the military expert, who are axtonlshed rather that tho Austrlans have not. apparently, made any real attempt to oust the ad vancing enemy The Italians In thin region havo accomplished the task be fore' them, namely, to hold tho Austrians In tht-ir garrisons and permit the opera tions on the Isonzo front to continue Undisturbed. .tiltmirr Tonnril fiorlu. Crossing the eastern frontier on May t&, two days after war was declared, conditions In two camps for officer pris oners on the Island of iMnholm, be tween hUralsund and the Island of Ilu gen, Oermany The two camps contain alout T'iO officer prisoners, moil of whom bad been transferred from Mainz and who found their preent quarter preferable to the quarters at Mainz. There were twenty-seven British offi cer among the prisoners. of the llrltlsh officers the represen tative of the embassy said that they lived by themselves In two good sized rooms, nine In one and eighteen In the other, a French officer being housed with them In the larger room, which I partitioned off Into three section by wardrobes. The prisoners seemed well and In good spirits and all were In communication with their friend at home. Tennis court were provided and they were permitted to walk In a large park and to fish from (he shore of the Island. REFUSED SOLDIERS SOUGHT. Those In Birmingham District In- Tiled tn Cone Forward. Lovpoh, July U. A communication has been receUed from the War Office by the recruiting authorities In Kir mlngham Instructing them to Invite men who have been refused by reason of weak eyesight, defective teeth or slight physical defects to submit themselves again for medical examination. In the future no man who Is organ ically sound Is to be refused. If he Is not fit to be posted to an active service battalion he must be placed In a unit which specially provides for home de fence or garrison duty. Japan's entry Into ihe gie.it war has Kli'n her possession of one of t.ie rors: Important Chinese pons and lerntoo covering Hn area of lbout 2,i0tl squt.-e mlle, In this terrltor l comprised the pott of Ti;tig-to, ranked the lift i :n China, and Ihe piotlme of Kluo-rhow The Import" Into Tslng-tao fo- till wee tstlmateri Ht I2.;3I,;0U, and ihe c-j ports for the same ear I20,7 1,.1 j This prize was won by Japan a? a cos: t of about 140,000.000 with war loeses at about I.OOu men kllb'd and wounded.) thre torpedo destrojers and one cruiser I The province of KUn.rhuw was hel l I by Oermany, w. Ich after the occupa-i tlon of the territory In 147 ostensibly! because of the murder of two mission-1 arle. forced China to grant a lease of the prm Ince and port for ninety nine years, The Herman Oeneral Staff! saw at once the mmen" jiofislbllitles, military and commercial, which he 1 place offered fot pushing Oerman influ-' ence in the Far Kast I Oen. von Hernhardl urged the expendu I lure of t25.0OO.O00 for the construction ! of dtfemes. Although this project cam' to naught the port was put In a posi tion of defence from the sea by fortification cover:ng the entire co.is:. Three large forts, litis. Illsmarck and , Moltke. were built for the primary line i of defence, and south of the llal-pi Illver file more were located. Tslng-tao is connested by rallroa! with Pekln ami th Tslng-tao to Tslnan fu railroad connect it with the Trans Siberian and Kurope. The territory leased to Oermany In February. 1S3. contains valuable coal fields and oil de posit served by the latter railway. Japan's I'ltlnialnm. The Kuropean war was about two weeks otd when Japan, on August 1C 1311, sent an ultimatum to Oermany calling for the retirement cf all Oer. man warships from Japanese ar.d Ch nese water or their disarmament, and the evacuation within a mont of the territory of Kiao-chow. This action was taken of course In view of Japan's offensive and defensive treaty with Oreat Hrltaln, the object of which has been stated to be the mutual defenc-s of the rights of the parties to the al liance In the Orient. One week was given to Berlin to malt a reply. As no answer was for'h"-.)min': In loklo by August I! the Japanese prepa-ed to begin hostilities, and on the follow ing day war was officially declared against Oermany. There were at the time In Klao-chow about 5.000 Oerman troops, mostly ma rine. The territory was entirely 'under naval control, the Governor. Meyer Waldeck. being a Captain In the Oer man navy Japanese transports Imme diately began the tak' of conveying a large force for a land attack on Tslng tao, alwut 14.000 Infantry being the Urst contingent ent for the reduction of the Kaiser's outpost of world empire. Ilecognlzlng that the harbor defences of Tslng-tao were Immensely strong SOME DATES IN WAR WORTH REMEMBER I N,G June is, 1814 (.tlnatlun vf Arili duke Irani Is IVrillnand Ml "'Hrajrui. J ii 1I4 Auittu .tnl uitlms&uiu ti .1. He ftls 4ur ! 1 - Oertnsny Je ,ri r tin Autt: .-- Krjn-e .1. sr njr with (itrmari. August 4 KngUnd nnniini r witn iirruisri). Vic""! :3- Jpn deeUres sir on Oer- mull. a:e 1 t 4 Atiu 7 (feniuri. 4purt I.Uv. Ijku: . -Oermn enter Hru.el. A'iut :l-.ilrniun tske .Nimur (tor- Ajju: if Hermans tk Longwy (for tr). 4tiui ;7 llfmin barn louviln Hpte.Tihr z ttu.'lsna nip)- l.enibrg Hfpiemlier 7 Germans ike Jljub-une I f'irtreesi, Hepteinber s Hu"lan 'ke Jirvlax Ui to(j-r s .Oermsri. take Antwerp ifor- tre. iciniie." n Hrlll'h oi rupv Ypres. Noemher 4- jMpue tske Telng-tao, iiermsn protectorate in i.iun O. Inu.r ..' Turk'i te.ns tr "n I! i .N.iiemne' - Kng'.jnJ in i frn' e . I)-, ernu.i is Kgp! pr 'altii-l Ur.i in nil Turkei I'll pru'eV'ir ie in; Ketraan M -OernL.in .jpri sjbmsrine iilo. k.i.l- rim' KngUnit Ma 1 llni diiufne Irtif Alllan- tteatr. Ma) Iislj- deUr- war upon Austria lllniirj. riTIKH CAPTl ltKU. Vni.Ti.k.r II -lle-mjn. take lMm 1 liecenih-r 2 VIMtruti iwctlps Helnnil" Iieremlie; ii.rnian- take ldi Iii iiiij-r U-,"erb!in teuke lie srad". of tate if llt 1414 AUfiKt 17 Serbians defeat Austrians on the .ladar Augtwt t (lermane defeat French In lirralne. Atirmt Jl Autrlar, defeat Itutslans at Kra-nkk. AugiM' : Hermans defeat ItuiiUns near Tannenberg September i Heginnlng of battle of the Marne. ending In Krench vlctarv. Ortober t HutMan. defeat Hermans at Auguetowo October J4 R j n defeat Uirmsni be fore Warsaw. November 17 Austrian" defeat Serbians a. Valjevo Noiember Herman, defeat It i.'lani near I.otz I)erembr 4 erbun defeat Austrian. I)erembr !S 1tiiean. defeat Austrians near Tarnos itti August J4 Battle oft Helgoland; British victors , , , September 5! Herman submarine sinks British cruisers Abouklr, Cretey and llogue. November 1 Herman navsl Metory oft Coronel. Chile December t British nival IMory on Kaiklanl !!-, March :: llu-lan uk lr.mrsl for- April Is Austrn.Uerm,in r.t.sk Tirnow June I Aii.trn.ilermana remcupy Prz- nis ifrtrtres.i June i s. si-rnirfn. take Hrodek June ;z Austmn reuteup l.eiiiberg. iTin- vs--Autro'Heriiians take Haiti t. Jul l--lernins take I'rsaenyt Julv :4- Hermans take I'ultusk (fortre.si. IMI'OllTANT l.,NI UATTI.US it; .lanuar) 14 Battle of Holo".' wen bv Hermans (Vbruary s- ltuslsn defeat Hermans west of l wrsan Kbrusr . -Ilulans defeated and driv en out of Kast Pru-ela. Februir, :i liuxlans drlien out of the Hukosrms Mir, h IS llritlh defeat Hermans at Neuse Chapelle. Mar.h 31 llusslsn. defeat Au'trlsn. In th- rp4thlan anrt enter lltingar AprP French etonn Herman j it ion at I.-. Uparifee. April i'-- British ilefeat Turks ant tail troops on Iwth shores of th liar .Uneliee Msy .3 -Aiietro-nermans break throuth Bus. lan line In West Hi lets an 1 fori - a retre it June in Hermins break Kusslan llnee eal of rrzm si June JS--1ernian. lrlse Bu.sUne from positions west nf lmberir. Ju y Hermans forte psssace of Narew Klver IMI'OllTANT EA KNOAHKMKNTH. Januar) 2 1 Kng.is.emen b-tweeti Her man and British squadron. Herman cruiser Bluether sunk. March 14 British -quidron sinks Her man ruler bresjen near Juan Fer nandez March t Three .:lej bsttieshlp. sunk In Dardanelles Naal operations without land support abanilone.l Germany Loses Colonies of Vast Extent in Africa Gen. Botha. Formerly Britain's Greatest Enemy iR Transvaal, Conquers Bigqest Teuton Possession and Puts Down Serious Uprisine. BATTLES IN JUNGLE AND ON DESERT EDOt August 25. but gave no active aid to ' n dnh that deprived the Hermans of her allv In this part of the world. a" Tdrlt. At one strongly fortified The first brush between the Jap.mee point S0o Oerman turndl and fled at the Infantry and the Germans was reported ' approach of the enemy, on September H. At thi time China Hetween the Japanese and the Oerman foresaw that her neutrality was likely to line of trenches defending the forts werc be violated and souitht to have Japan two moats. flften feet deep These werv impose a territorial limit on the opera- Mown up by tappers and the Japanrro tlons. Japan replied tint she would lahed over the ruins and entered Fort limit tbem am miteh iia TWMslhle. hot that litis at 1 .30 o'clock Saturday morning. the exigencies of war came first. As a One b: one the other forts hoisted the matter of fact Japan did violate the while tlag anil by , o'clock the place was t,Aiit-i1lt rt m tvlrstl.it Pmnlre In thn n ne ,.,., r.f th. wur coast Japanese Tskr I'orts. On October 1 the Japanese actually penetrated the outer works of the port and seized two of the minor forts and othet position dominating the city. Entering the harbor of Tlns-tao on October 20 the Japanese cruiser Taka chlbo struck a mine and was sunk Of the crew of 264 only 10 were saved. It was later asserted fiy the Japinese that the Takachlbo was torpedoed bv a Oerman torpedo boat, which was later Although eiiterini upon the building arc. with InonovK. ti,.- . of a Coma, emp.re later lhan her great, L'i rivals, oermany nan m .iirici ai me k- ,JliX yy .,, ,,. . glnnlni; if the war three vast territories, railways, as the rhbf oi,j" -Oerman Southwest Africa. Oerman Kast Oerman agents li id t. AftP, and the Cameroon, and a -mailer Sr". colon), Togoland. urging rebellion The now The rommanil of the seas which u- rr.talllz.-l in Sept'.-mf perlor naval resource nave the Allln ler for the laistoti of ;c. wH Orea, Hr.talni entrance into the . g.ve,. ; struggle made It Impossible for Oermany CTmmandcr of th fnlo- d- '. to send reinforcements to theee colonies. and three of the four already have prac-1 liner l.t-ntlrr- In II s-lit-l lls.is ttcally leen conquered by llrltlsh and( fM lty,r anii , . . French troops, for the most prt co-; Wet, both leaders In tne P "' sumeil the l.vlt rshlp of ' .i. i- I The largest and most Important of the, "' he ratnE fV", ., ' . colonies was Oerman Southwest Africa,1,. M!,ntZi who tommnrde.i . a territory of 322.00O nuare miles, which) forJCM fn tne northwestern i had falln to Oermany In the partition. -Cape province, where the Uf tff Africa in I-S4. This was the only acanda had beet, most , . ... . . . the Oermarn to the noith w one of the four trade, -eally suited for. (jf h(g commani. colonization by Kuropean and here re- liuxton. Oove rno'-Oer tired Oerman soldle-s, chiefly Chlans.' L'nlon, tleclaretl martial law t v, ..i ....i,to,i the dominio-i on " ctoner i Karly f tovernment Africa had assumed the task of conquer Iris this colony. It was not un eay task, but it was one which the South African Ooxernment considered n-cessary, not! for the aggrandizement of the L'nlon but for Its protection. lle(j i ine uominiu-i on vwi-i in the Kuropean confl.ct the' tni-r ltha. who. like th- lead t .. , . revolt, had fought th; H i' rr.ent of the Union of outh ,,0r V.ir. took comma-id ,.f force In person arnl undert.x out the rebellion. Hy XovrmlsT 1 the .oun Col.' MarlU and Ot-n. Uce -flight. Oen. Beyer? wa si' .' while trying to ecape ot, across tru- Vaal lliver ot. ! Oen. De Wef forie met w .t November 11 on the Vet Un treated to the Vaal. where O- Teare-il SittarU at Kmplre The mll.tary lines along whl-h German colon) caused to believe that It w.i.s Oerman) ' lnten-1 the loyalist at Schnitdr.ft tlon to ukc It as a base from which to j beaten a month later nt. i extend Oerman rule when in thei 3 I.leut.-Col. Kemp, who i phnphesled break up of the British Km-! rm.i?n wlth ,anr!'Z' "Urr II4S vsj (ivr vs'iatsf" mll.tary lines along whl -h the! treated to the aal. where ii Oovernment had developel the w captured on Dwcmber ' .used the resMent, of the fn.onj CZ the bayonet Half an hour later a Oerman officer carrying a white Hag entered the Japa nese lines. He was the bearer of a mes sage from the Governor formally sur rendering the fortress. All the Japanese toni'ltlons wor- iico-ptctl and the place .as turned oer to tho AUK on Novem ber 10. Th Japanese seized five trans ports, two gunboat and one destroyer. The water of the Orient were freed of Oer nan ships With thn full nf tttta uipnhMml.l tltu discovered aground and destroyed. A I nmstion Immediately nro.e. What .-. lew ia i.urr n irrniu crui-e r Jatmn KOinr to do w Ith it ? It w.-is re.illv hands of the besieger, t inly one: I'lre conseTJtnt ujion the coming great) MarlU was captured in K defence work resisted and at 7:10 I war between Hrltaln and Oermsnv i ,,,,'r in nriun from whiih w i- ivt" """'d " at ,hC r""nt f I South Africa should be left to shift for! !n Cape Town he tsrap-1 i hrelf 1 " ' ln 1 1 ' ' , on in June and was : About 10.000 white Oerman troops-years imprlsoninnu ut.-i t were stationed In the colony at the be- ( tine. The ml'.tl ir ' ginning of the war and thtse. with the for 11 crlm pun'shab!.- t Oerman settlers, met of whom were & .on 'f.- '- reservists, brought the total up to 16.-, enabled the l'nlon t. -I.. 000 men. in addition to three divisions of i w ith the rbelllin i'--n.itu-. trvw,t,. i. r..t. t ..., .... ' hi t -Oirm.in rlotin: t and nearby towns in nr ons ic-arneu in tneir expensive cam-; HkV Was done l mobs 'o paizns against the natives the Oermans ' -ity. nad tiul.t railroads Into the Interior from i Japanese, TreMtng In from the land side were about 4J.000 Japanese, troops, while from the sea the warships kept up an inces sant bombardment day and night, and aviator of the Allies hovered over the city, dropping bombs on the forts. The i Oerman. although their ranks were against a sea attack the Japaneso bent decimated by losses in the field and by all their effort to an attack by land. , Illness, still held out torpedoed and sunk In the harbor by the , hlne territory nnd In hi declaration J Swakopmund. Just to the north of the' rninmtluii I . Mo.l.n. ni me ouinreaK or ine war ne .Mixano I'Htish rra...ir,n. e vt.v. t.... Tie rs.hei .ni was understood to have Informed China that his object In attacking the Hermans was tc hand over Kino-chow to It right ful owner, the republic of China. Never theless the Japanese people began a r.ljnn.llffn fli- th. n.t-matint lmlrlleif rtf thp occupletl territory and Ambassador tween the two ports. Chlnda announced at Washington on The Union Invaders .-sovemoer , mu the Japanese ,i- .1 jirtt- l..iederi.ztiucht. in the southern part of thV Vcran; apa.n-'i t"e , the colony, 400 mites routh of Swukop. ! Lmding of tho southern ,srn. mund, and then had connected thc' made at I.uedcritzbueht vu roads so as to enclose the tableland be-', '5' lut ti" rl.-lll..n In f.i.- v I ern army, with Its ba. a v und-r l'rmicr . For this purpose they planned an over- The last act In the drama took place t.h ant. id n,.,-,,,.v T.in iJ '"'ha made no effort at first to crosi land march to take Tslng-uo from the I on the night of Friday. November 6, matter of the return of the temtory :c,'"'s Jesert, hut Swakopmund and Lue rear. Meanwhile the bombardment of , when a combined land and sea attack fhina not to be taken un until the Ruro. ' derltzhueht wer ..m-i .t.- I ?'l!L.V."t.. w" -er The V.ce-M.n!.terlof am, ... . ... .r, OI !n, ,-savy at iokio, .M r-uziiKi. sain;... ... . i.(, r-.llw-iv lentinir f- , . Ofrmin I ne hefnro the order tr rhnre. .... ' , , , . began drlvinc thw '.ermsni h. V- line r.iliwa) le.Hlin; I ,1 formally declared war on Japan on was given. Then they went at It with minister the affairs of the port. the railroad from both ends of the huge ' V h it dlKcti'' iird on - the forts of the port was begun on August 24, llrltlsh ships Joining In the attack on the following day. Austria was landed at wak..p u.try 10. tho siuthern i t.ing itf o;v-rati -n.i .igt serious obstacle In :t a 1 army proceeded In'.ar I, half way to Wtndru- Contdiufd from First Page. ter and spring and succeeding summer of sic-ge warfare In trenches. While the Oerman advance was halted at the battle of the Marne, the result of the fighting was not the pronounced the Italians occup'ed without resistance . success for the Allies that tlrt account the towns of Capotetto, Cormons and would have led to believe. The Oerman Cervignano. dporftto 1 on the hlgh-l u"'r o cross in Aisne anu esiao- wny leading to Tolmlno, the northern : I'"" themselves In a position from which Isonzo fortres-, while Cormons and ' '".'" another drive on Paris. The CervJgnano are on railroads reading to , nvader. however, were forced to de Corltz, the main Italian objective. No- '"h many men from their main po where west of the Isonzo did the Aus.1"'110" their flanks and the rear, trlan wait to resist the Invader. l-W, ",S" l"T "r -'"nxim parently establishing thein-rtvea In full I n ,J, 'if TeV , '",' "n i m Length on the fortified position along . ' J' ' ' )s tho eastern bank of the river A.l- v:Ma , mlmVn.;H wl." gradually vancltig cast and south from Cervignano j. Mlng to the Allies ' the Italian occupied the coast town 1 w , conditions that the of C.rado anil the Important rallroa-l it.rmc illtllU. of ,,, AlHe w:l(( Junction of Moiif.ilcone, where the line .r,.nR ,..0!(. ,n rt.treallg U(.r. from Italy to Trli-st.i Join- one of the , unnie. Hritl-li and Fteiu-h force two leading from Oorltz to the main yu.-reeded In trussing the Alsne near A!rlntle port of Austria. . Sols.sonH and effecting a lodgment on The first fighting In which the Ital-lthe approaches to the C'raonne plateau, tank were engaged In this region oc. There the Allies weie held. The Crown cur'red at Oradisca, a fortllled town, I Prince, beaten In his attempt to cut off whictl may be cons'dercil the outpot Verdun, had fallen back to Alontfauron. of 'Oorlfz. The Italians had been nhle, w hlle east and wvt of the Argonne for to "bring up heavy artillery and the. est Ihe Oermans had so solidly In plahr was pounded Into submission I trenched themselves that the Allies re fiagrado. south of Oradls-ca, next fell ' allzed that the Herman retteat wa at Into (ho hands of the peninsula army,"" end. It w.ts the purpose- ,f tho nd' tHcrf began a desperate strugglo 1 Franro-Hritlsh forces if possible to keep for the "Castelnuevo height, on the edga1"1" 'Senium on the run iinlll nnrlherii of th.e great Carso pliite.u. It was ' l-'rance was fire of ihe Invaders, but hero that the Italian first cros-d the. 1 ""fill of the Oerman position on Ionzo. Castelnueo was strongly furll-' "rW ""V1' xh.1 Impossible. fled "ami a sierles of cement lined! ' situation when on German Fury Spent at Marne, Kaiser's Army Makes Determined Stand on Aisne trenclte guarded Its rugged slopes. In October 10 the fall of Aiitweii. released splto of tUc .heavy arUlU-iy lire of the . enonnoui , '"n " forces for a dr ye AustrlaiiB the beisagllerl and gren-' a" '"V ' V" UI drine the Austrians cut I '-K-tl anil wht-ii tli lrUr siKalnst I'arU Me&nwhlt-. on the uw.t Thoiu.i S"lr,V I1 MW,ntf . " (,en'ia" Ui'n ' . . . . . . Wl.irr li.nl f.ttul)..t...l ... .una n.mtt..r. Ifauans nan crossed tne frontier in the , - l.VVshlfr r,.elnn n.,,1 th,.lr ...tlllerl l.. " '" of ttto lirril) . Orps lo tllC relief gan to hammer nt the batteries of l nrt llcnsel, guarding Malbergh.-tto and the road to Tnrvls, on the direct talltvay between Vienna nnd Tyrol. In the :ime region- the foitlflr-at'ons of the lustorii Piedlf "Pass were attacked. It was. however. In the. district south of ihls region: from Tolmlno to the head of the Adrla'ic. that the mo't spectaoul.i" fighting' of the Italian cainpa'gii was under way. The taking of Monte Nero, the im mense natural stronghold northeast of Tolmlno east of the Isonzo, was ,i re.it which called forth eulogies for Hie Ital ian -Hoops not only In their own coun trv 'bu; from military exntrts in France nr.- Tiiglari.-, The inounla n Is Hlmut ,ltll e.,V"m ir.-l II1KII HMO Mil III.- Iipjil mil urn had been solidly intreiH lu-d by the Alls-J.riau. Tsso Hit 1 1 is I lo n . xniillillnti-il. of Von Kluck The liclglan flel.l ami) In Antweip made a M.irlie. real lied al most the aatc-s t,f lliiie-rls un I held' off the lei-iif.ii. einoiit-. Ihiik eiiouuh to pie erit theli being of iny -e.il assistant e t- Voi Klin I. The tinman ' the isne weir. riMie., niiteriall) we.tk- t'llrd IA the lie, t ssll Of keeping lame lours aunid ihe finite la.lioad S)-"tein I Mini llrusseN smith and t was nut until Un- last fni t s ,.f An'wi-ii wete battered into submission ami ihe H-Ul.in aimy lllien ellllei Into lloll.lllil or to tile iIuiks to the wesiw.nd tliat the resere O. -tin. in .inn) w i rtleaseil foi a new dine Meanwhile the new llrillsh ann was bei iii-e..,!,.,.. u,i .... ti.., (;iiautl inast tile op.'ratlotis became u race be. operations In the western theatre of the war. Beginning on September 12 when Von Kluck reached the river In his retreat from the Marne, It was under way on the whole front on the following day and raged with undlmlnlheil vio lence throughout the rent of Septem ber and the first week of October. It wa not at first apparent to the French whether the Oerman were resolved to made a definite stand on the Alsne or. km wa asserted at Herlln, were getting teody for a new advance on Paris. Kngagements of Intense violence were fought day after day In the region of St. (Juentlri, where the Oerman right rested, and In the triangle formed by the OUe and the Alsne, on the extreme French left. So terrific wa the strug gle here that the opposing force ob tained possession of strong positions barely Me mile apart and held them against all attacks. The Oerman kft up a vigorous cannonading of the Friiith tVntre anil In the course of the almost dally bombardment of Hhelm the famous cathedral, one of the world' glories of architecture, was struck sev eral times, ll old time majestic beauty, It I feared, has been destroyed beyond repair Tile line heltl by the Fienth extended by the end of October as far north as Albert and tan eastwaid through Itlieiins, the Argonne forest anil north of Verdun to the Hwls bonier. The fight In the centre of this line devel oped into trench warfare and except for gain not amounting to more than a few kilometre on either side the line remains the Hiune at present On the French extreme right the Oerman forced a crossing on the Metiite and oc cupied the Important position of St, Mllllel. They established themselves there so firmly that now, after ten month of t'on.-ttant fighting In that re gion, they mill hold the place, the very up or a iieimnii salient pushing into the Flem li line southeast of Ihe follies of Wt dun llHI-l for 4 liitnnel Porta. v lien .xntweip ton on iK-tubet it all t!llelle Herman force was teleasei! and wa ai onre iiinhrd wes'.wald 111 the rile: dash against the Channel pons .loffie saw- the danger and Immediately "tut all Ills available Fienc-h and Rrlt Isil ravalr) a r.il lnf,tnr to mercept the Herman Ka.h aim) wj trng to outflank Ihe oilier until Anally the aril Mil of the allied troops at the coast ninth of listeml put an end to this phase of the battle Hermans and Fietu-h and III 1 1 1 sett 1 1 tit themselves Into tienofies mid built sitting field forlllli-atliins along 'he ellllie line leaily ..Inte.- cam- ImIl.11 pioneers and machine guns from Metz. For three month, from October. U'll. , to February, the French continued sap ping operation and the tlrt attack on the slope of the hill was delivered on February 17. The Oermans were sur prised by mine explosions and tho French occupied the first line of the enemy' trenches. The tlrst wood on the side of the hill was taken on the fol lowing day after a struggle the .. verity of which may be Judged by the fact that every French olllcor In the battalion which made the attack was wounded. The final and decisive bat- heavily and up the slippery slopes of th mil the l rench Infantry raced, some t me in mini up to the waist. All night the battle raged. In the morn- ju i I .ti, I tm . 1 " VatsC "Jv I tl- l-gait on April :. Ik if"JV ; Xe2"7 ture of the village and the occupation of about two square miles of ground held by the Invaders. In spite of de. perate assault launched by the Oer mans to recapture this jiosltlon .t is siill In the hands of the Allies. Next came the headlong drive of the Oerman against Ypres, when for the flntt time April 24 the use of asphyx iating gases by the soldiers of the Kai ser was mentioned In official bulletins. This engagement, known a the Second llattle of Vpres. was notable for the astounding valor displayed by the Cana- oi.ui ir.Miiis, i-rmcess fats light inf.in It wns raining try regiment being practically annlhl- of two bridge., used for the transport of a strategical position of the first tin- big gun to the noith bank of the liver, poiianrc Their gnu covered all the were forced to withdraw about I.S'iO valley mail ovsr whlih the Crt-iuti yard, s'.lll huldlng the town of Sui-s.nn, transport lialii had tu tiavs-l. The III si on the south bank. The Hermans weie assault was .lollveied on the morning f held off by the .ti till, i file of tiie FeiJiuitry -.'s. when after street lighting Fienth ami made no fmtliei atteuilits to cross the A'sne at th it point. When th Crown Pilm-e's hi my. foiled In Its attempt to Isolate the fortress of Veidilli, fell back In tolifonii to the new Her ills ll line, it huh established on a fiont i tinning fiom a point near Soiialn, between Itbelnis and the I-'otesl of Hie Aigonne. Ihiougli Hie finest, known since the Ite v tllllt Ulllit r W.ls as tile Fii-litll Tlietinop) l.t- " In the 'lortliwest I for sevei.il bout the Fiem li m t-uplt-tl Pisft t tile village. Tile) Were llllVell out on tiie following nlglil On Maii-li 1 the Flelldl, heavily reellfolied, lllmle iiiiollier attat-U Tliiee irgini.-iits imi tb'late. and again Hie lower part of the village was captured TerilMi liainl lo hand tlKlltlhg III the srls followeil, evel) house lit'lllg a centre of Orllllatl leslstaiue. Four nines the Ortolan am hail, I twti'ii Hie Mll.-s ;i'i.l the Oermans for the strattgl. line extending ft run the to break through the allied line In lie! txlreiii.. north of the allied positions 111 , giillii. notably at Yni n ami o'.lif-r polntH lo llle fight, eacll llllle with stlollget furies. The Flench wete iltiven again lo Die opni, but in a final attack on the SolssohH region to tin- coast Oeiinaiis pies.s,. westward In As the an at of Verituti Along Ihls fionl tbete has been tt'rilH.. Ilgliting tver slnie Hie Oer iiihii letteat f t tun Hie Maine. In Hie Soualu sector, in Ihe i 'hHiiipague, Freinli eff.nis weie illiei-teil inward driving the Heiinsus bail, to anil across the ruilioad aliotit two miles in ihe leur of the line Slight nilvaiiie wete mailr liv In- fiiti) attack on Hie Herman tiemhes poit the finwn I'llnc and the regiment .....I I.A L 1. 1,1.... n ..I.... I. ...I I Inul li..ut-llf -Pl,u i , ....i.ii mt'i r I fin II onrnioii un nu,r.. aii'i-v". VJ' .;,. . ' '"' " " Ivancetl until the Oerman fnnil wa bent ' back ul several points, but Hie Invaders ' t'onlliiue to hold the giound south of Ine I "he of the most iinpoiliiiit imsitiuii iui; 'In Fieii n were foi e, i,, aliai.ili.ti the pusiii, s woo ilul hg the log'ii but the same .-v.-ning i lis. a"a. K w.is renewed Willi o.li fi.i.,i.ss that the em army f-ok Aus. F-'.:-foree which had crose ' Uiver anil the desert t at the southern rxtreir. .. rran military rallroiiLs ! the strategical key to t . which the line nkes a tur toward Windhcn-k. Ml the two force closed from two sides, th is;--May 13. un July the . . man forces surrendered to Oen. J?otha. Th attack on the d-. gun late in August. !:!. gunbo.v.s Cumberland a: . I ascended the C.-im.ro..n k : ' teinber 27 Duila, the rendered to an Aur' -r which cont.nued on u- - i ictober 14 trKik Ja niltcs inland from Dua.r At the same t.me a I" mounted Infantry opt-..- -m nor hen. Nig.rl.i. ft... Illver. the ch'ef nfflur- . Into the not:heatern p. ovtr.ng l "!. m.ies m e, v the r..ny season, arj . tacked tne f,. -title,! jki.- . wis the hxidciuarter f..- admin. str.ition ..f the 1 ef trade o ntr-, 4tl -i .. laied 111 holdlllK all atlvan.-eii nosltn.n Tin- aim of the tlt-rtnans wa to break through the line by sheer force of num bers and heavy artillery and drive to .'al-iis The attempt was frustrated, but at a frightful i ost in live. Ftoiu this time onward the fighting in the w.si Im been in gre.it part a I. Ilex Of the ..pr.lt!0-ls of the T.Mltnnle I armies ..gainst the liuian. Wh.-n a I oh.' ,r'r'i-r "i uie .nusooviies gives Hi,, tier main, a bieatlntig space troop are tished in imntensf number to the west ft i front and huiletl against the Allies' .Lin- When the Hermans are engaged 10 vteiiieniious attack on Itusslan pt.si. Hons the Alllt have seized the oppor tunity lo gain a few hundred meters, 011 a few occasions several mllos, of the ground occupied by the Invader me of these invasions that which gave rise to the astounilng battle f,.r Oaru.i, in an attack wie Mi) iimn. a veritable stee and had givm so n.ma t con. rete fortltl.atlon toveMng an area ' other working north ' of about ivvo stpiate miles, south of Neti- j plan of .-.impai.n in. i-i ville-M Nai.st. in the Arras tlisi,,,.,, , t. , f.,,.,., ,,t N : V leiiiiun louimaiiii- i t astern Ci'ininon -I Nallse Trooiis lli-iimr il. .1 The JtrltMi native tr.. ; mora:ized by the n. I. - . tho Hermans ar.d tn Nigeria, witlt a loss .: t ers and in pei . of : In the pr.!l th. .-a hewed, with ,t fore, "i - . 1 ..! t. Nu. na, sixtv .r. .- - absolmi iy Inexpugnalil I ii l. in- 1'ritliiri of War. 'fie i attle for this .,is.ti-i li.tfj 'nre Weeks and .t pit ..-nteil feituiM. ooniiie in ttie annals .if w.n. At-io. plan. s. iiiK KUI.. scar, mights, assist,.! until tie dining the ll.htliis-, which nt U-. ..as, I an hour until the l'r noil eme.Jeil tl l lllli'util a in.. llO thr.u. rn ..He i.r the lalotmih l.i led the itn ill, i g, nt 1 1 at- I .-ii June i'lt Ns.i i r . I -oi uil.'d Tnolai,.l. tin- small, st ,,- Afri.M.I iKIsf-fsSIOIlSl, .!s ui .-..lidit.onallj un ,u..t liiltlsh forcts fron. tl,. . Herman Kaot 4' ! ., I toiHiuert.l. T'.e t.i-v Oerman Kast Afi i w i Vfiiiber a. with ai itt. - , ami . oiisol!. 1 log nt the pm t a: I -.i ' Th. lo T.llUta. thill) in Ma i eh 4 they occupied Hie enlie village I rein he weie again i..ilei at and the HeiuiHiis abandoned Hie pla-e I point or Hi- l.aonet In the fighting on Hie Souain-Argoiuie ' The Fieii. li w.i. ab'e io bum: floul Hi. Heniian turps il elite, the Kai- ' " i-uge niiiiioer or ma. nine n 1 1 - Ihe set' Pitisslau Hiiaril. was senl to sup. The Alpinl and bi-rs.iglieri wt ri1 Iok-mI j 1 1 mpt lo oiitll.ink the Allies 'the IViincn. In man) places to climb the elib ofiMilllsh funis exti'iiibd tbe.r line peaks one by one and tnke the Austrians liortliw-anl anil tlnall) siKcvedt-il in by surprise In night attntks On the ' teaching the North Sei east .if (isttinl. summit of Monte Via'a, nun of Hie , It- a yrneral way tint tins- ha re. Monle Vrr u its. ati entire IliiiiKariaiimalii.il the- same for leu munlhs, b.itti'.oi, ami n Ausiii.in Int'alion were .iiiiiihiln'ed and nil ht-tr guns r ;t tur. tl r n June l'l. Italian .-iivairy rrpssrd the Isonzo at Plava, eight miles abovtt Horilz, about Jjini' 12 und drlvinif off the Austrian Hit I lie of Ihe lasts-. The si-tlt-H of t'ligiigemenl along a i v ft nrit of inorr. ihnn too milt-, known as tiie H.itllo of the Alsne, wa perhaps tho most bitterly contiuUd of tlielniajur i '. i I -inrd on Hie Vser Canal. The lack of success of .hist, attempt caused Hie Kaiser's t oinm.i inlet to abandon them for the lime b.-Ing imu to leimw the sledge ham mer tactics on Hie line of the Alsne, On .lariuiny in a tei rifle attack wa launched on 'he Fiench position north J of So.ssons. It I estliiiiiird that 50,u00 Oeiinan took pan In this engagement, I oiitnumbei ing the French at least two tn one. The battle lasted three days. at the end of which the French, ciURht at n disadvantage hy the sudden flood Ins; of tht AUne and the breaking down i i . i'i itr, .ss.v'j imu - I lllltllra 4 roil nd Nt, Vllblel, rallioatl line In the forest itself the righting ha been mostly hand to hand "truggles. Owing lo the clniliuler of Hie ground artllleiy was at a disadvantage, 111 forest being Impassable exiept for n few road and cut ihiougli anil through by rocky I a vine. A an Indication of the severity of the fighting may be mentioned the battle for the village of Vaimuol, taken by the French at the beginning of thn year after day and night fighting for nearly a week. The Oermans. occupied ul Vau quol, on the eastern edg of lb forsst, held b) the Oriiuuu in the legion known as the St. Mllnol salleul wa the crest of the hill at l.e Kparges, about ten iiillis iioitheasl of St. Mlhtel and Hie Name distance southeast of Verdun From till height the Herman observa tion station t'oiiimauiled Hie entire valle of the Wnevre and eveiy movement o Ihe French troop operating against the salient was observed, while the artillery of the Invaders dominated every ap proach to the position. The Oerman forco consisted of an entire division ,nf picked troops, with five battalions fit nu.weii iinwn tne Merman i.-eufoitiiii. as a fst as they appioa. Ii. il the tiring line Another elltlle division of He. man t loops. Hie Tenth, was on Hie s. him by this lime The tub s of the Fivii. Ii were chok.-d vviili mini ami thev w.-ro fori ed to irsott lo the ba)onrt Fifteen hours of continuous fighting on ihe day and night of April : wot uplete possesion of the ciest of the lull ami by the Mowing inglii Hie Heimans ha I withdrawn lluttle or Ni-nve ltiiit-lli-, The first break .n the a'most oules. ent character of the wurf.it e was the dash ing advance of the liiltlsh Hoops against Neuvo Chapelle, north of l.u Hasseo, which was brought to a success, ful concludon un March. U by the cap- o' i.i.tn s:,rs in this inttle w -te enor I l"A i,as: .ni. t nous li.g for. e was tl. '. While t.HS ..r.r .,llflt0 WAS l! Ill tt'll- i l'l MH'1 ' ,1- Ml llle . riil-e l'li left of ln 'r,, In ... "P Ttt" "th. I ' ItllU-ll I lies llle Illicit ss of the III, ll, 'is i oolll 'he nil., o' I he lepilt.li 'li thn tsl, nt legai.-llllg ll"'1 'S "P' ' the i.,.t pmv.iiies nf AN.i.-e and Itr- fS.nti b'gait .. i . ne was ill..,,,, in u lowl ,. tho' and the I'mba I: e n. ginn'ng of the ii.ii Fk'Im n t'.i...'Wh n in Hi," . l ad nut. I.- a dash down the .lopes of the inan ttsrutury 'I ..sgrs int.. th.. land that on. e w...tUev bin l..t Ja -l-'-ainv itnl had oc ui....l several iiihii, The Hpnnau t . .Ilul vlllace. I'ttllv h.-..uie of the I loaiiaimern. iii of t ie plans iu,. t,, th.. i.-u.-iii ... too aiatne. inosi ot the foites In thi- region h.nl in i.e wltlidiawn to onr.iiin to the new i:neial b.-ftle line i At soin,. polnl of Hit- fioritier the Her iiiins rei-aptmeil th.- j.issty and ma le tbeli vcav Into 1'ieinh tt-nltniy When, Hie piojirss of ihe opir.itlons at th cen ie and the north of tho battle line1 .ii Fiati.i- .eiinitt,, Hie inv.is.n f I ls.i. e-l,..riM ne was resumed rlv n v ' hao been made both rth and south! ter d. .'.'atl'lg the I!- .1 -gnsiis off Zanzibar on ; ' it-filgi- hix n. ilea up t',.. siunli oi aiisibsr ii; n , , laud ul .Mil (la (Ii, 1 1, of the Oeiinan lines routing tho S ! were mad .Mllllel salient .ilul at the end .f itn. fhst Sevc je.tr oi ine war llle i .enoii r' mo mas. r-vor, tei or a l.irse part of lie r; iinjucrcd icrruurjr. a . l-h .hi . .plane made .r K.lelltgShelS ui its s forciil to ilri'sjii Af were various att,i.;.v l W .11 sll.ps Tin- Kn. 'i gsi , . . on J'i'i I .u.l i pleti'k ! I 11 and and W . neer iipp..ro.i . mouth Of tile l.ver (pVi'V r i , i r i r ii. . v.J,.ilt nfV.V! Mttirt irlM. -in; jo".- ?'" - i"'