D
3
THE SUN, SUNDAY, AUGUST 1, 1915.
TEUTON ARMIES,' BEATEN AT FIRST, TURNED TABLES ON RUSSIANS
Severe Reaction Followed
forced
Triumphal Sweep Throiasfh
vasion of Hungary, Transiormea Into Retreat Baf
fled by Von Hindenburg in East Prussia.
The nv'i jtirtllcant event on the
iitern battle front came on Thursday,
July 2!, when the Russian General Staff
I to abandon Warsaw, the ca.pt-
ttl of Russian Poland; tho fortresses of
the Vistula and the Narcw, with a large
illce of territory. In pursuance of that
decision the evacuation of the city be
tin at once, and It was reported that
tie triumphal entry of the Kaiser and
i! troops would be made to-day, tho
Srit anniversary of the declaration of
wr by Germany against Russia.
T!ie Russians are retiring to -Ucled
positions In a straight line from
Kovno, through Grodno and Brest
Titovsk, south along the Bug Ittvsr, by
which tlvy eliminate tho 250 mile bulge
10 protect Warsaw, shortening the bat
tit front I" Russian l'olaml by 12C miles
As their armies appear to have escaped
rftact this will enablo them to effect a
nrlly stronger concentration on a
itralirht line than they have ever had
before. As they are laying the country
saste as they retreat theN problem of
attack against them will be Infinitely
more difficult than It has beon before.
The new positions are those where
KuMla desired to meet Germany by tho
plans of 1510. It was decided then to
abandon the unwieldy Vuitula-Narew
front with Warsaw, but the pleas of
Pre ident Polncare of France, then Mln
tr of War, Induced the Russian Gen
eral Start to lay this plan aside. It was
pointed out that the distance of East
I'rufJln from the new positions would
enable Germany to crush Krance before
AuiiU could get a counter Invasion of
East Prueela under way.
Neither the Russian Empire nor the
Allies appear unduly depressed by tho
event. Russia Is convinced that she
must bide her time until she shall have
received the fruits of her mobilized in
dustries In field guns and howitzers able
to net the Austrian and German guns
en an equal footing, until her 6,000,000
or more available fresh troops can be
adequately equipped; then, It Is prom
lstd, she will resume the offensive and
recapture her territory. Had she forced
an Ifsue now she might only have lost
an Irreplaceable army
The situation on the eastern front la
the climax of the great Austro-German
offensive begun the tact week of April
just when Hussla had well started an
avalanche of troops rolling down the
western slopes of the Carpathians onto
the Hungarian plains.
Tlii (Irrat German Machine.
With the precision of a perfectly nd
Ju 'il machine the Teuton nllics one
feci jii after another, on a battle line
w h In Us convolutions attained nn ex
treme length of 1,057 miles, have been
w hero It w.is cxpested they would bo and
v lien they were . xpectod anil have accom
pitied tint which they were ordered to
do (ien. von Mackcnsen with his Ger
man army conn wan to turn the Hus
r. n right north of the Carpathians and
he did It Gen. von Llnslngen, with the
Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria,
w.is to turn the left, and he did It, and
the Russian centre fled from the mountain-,
now to Przemysl, now to Lem
betg With machlnelikc precision, as
hit been said, the other Austro-German
armies plunged into action. Buko
wlr.a was cleared; Galicia practically
wa freed from the Invaders, and then
on the north Von Hindenburg. the '-Old
Man of the Lakes," thrice defeated In
hl drives on Warsaw, gathered up his
trentrth, and from the Ilzura River to
the west around the fated capital, along
the Vistula, the Narew and the Nleman
threw hlH armies Into action for the de
cisive battles.
Supplementing this came the German
offensive, further to the north, from
L.bdu on the Baltic, through Hhavll north
jM miles to the shores of the Gulf of
Riga clearing two great Russian
Prov.nces and threatening Riga, second
only to l'ctrograd as a manufacturing
city
fif rinnny'ti plan as It developed was
fen to have as Its objective something
far greater than the capture of Warsaw,
a important strategically as that might
She was aiming, by a series of on
e.opir.cr movements, to cut off tho Rus
.an armies in Russian I'oland from
II relief from Interior Russia, and the
fjilrwiils were the key to the situation.
Fortes which were designed solely as
buffers, to prevent escape to the west,
forth anil south, were moved up and ns
mined positions, and then from the south
ern .-unii the Austro-German armies
moving on the Lublln-Cholm railway
'Re and upon Ivnngnrod to cut tho War-'-JIu'ow
railway. An army under
'n ., Oaiiw-ltss jiushed cast Kouth of
r man toward Wllna, fifty miles
i i Intercept the Wnrs-iw-Petro-
kmiI r,,'iw,iy. nnd finally Von Hindenburg
".iMf. r .irovo a wedge between the fortl
neu i-ins of l'ultusk nnd Rosen, over
vitw into tliu angle made by tho
"infi.ii n -e 0( tnp Xarcw nnd tlie Hug
Mers
Teiitnn Success Due to Metal.
TV Teuton success In the eastern field
tu one thing metal. Big guns.
unprecedented In size for mobile
armies, h.ie told tho story. Against
'"-e pjwerful weapons no human being.
'onewT trained, however brave, could
"inn ititl in the face of them even the
ra lorn Inlllt.irv trench nnVirriaH Hill.
I'1-'1!' ' ejl, fiermnnv h Itternllv htnivn
nroiiifh the country.
T-,
nplillty with which the Russian
It i r l. mnl.lll.n.l t 1,-, ..itV.... I.
for'-.
war undoubtedly saved ParlB,
" '' ' h III liftlln,.,, !... .mMI. ......
the world
1lr
'v. tcallzlng that Russia would
II ll'ted 1 1. he lessona of th
Itjsi.
'uro'li.-, i.,.r,.l n..i. -J
. ' ... .kimiii luniini runs
at .tlier Heilnn-but found that she
.' -i-'-d to teiitn through her nT
Mtn, ir,al n, i(,o complete revolu
. ;t Itusslan army tactics and plans
'V effected by the General Staff,
're ',r, Wthln n few days ufter
'lp ! '.i ration of war, Instead of a
' i Shu planned, she found thfct
' b.i ison forces of 300,000 Jn Kast
and the Austrian forces In
in. .J r,:,'lcla nJ Hukowlna had fac
au, iY"'n approximately 1,600,000 o.
Big Teuton
Galicia, Threatening In
JilS J"?"1 na h "obr. their bases.
000 were C.000.000 mnr. mn ,.,i.ii..
n.1fr."tra""f ,n.,.'.n'. fortified centres of
V u n,mnn them were
2.000.000 mem eligible for military ser-
Agalnst this In addition to the Ger
mans of the number mentioned was
I regular force on paper,
h , wl,h ft Pntlal reserve
of 1,720.000 men.
The German garrisons at the time
awaiting In East Prussia at
Koenlgsberg; at Dantilg on the Vistula;
at Ornudenx and at Thorn; In the natu
rally fortified districts of the Mazurlan
lakes Along the Oder, In Posen and Sile
sia ; at Ureslau nnd Opeln. The Austrlans
had natural defences In the Carpathians,
n Jn addition had Cracow, Przemysl
and Lemberg.
Principal llnsatan nrfenres.
Reglnnlng with Ihc Nlemen the Rus
sians had the first class fortifications
of Kovno and Grodno. To the south
waa Ossonrlec, which showed Itself able
to wlthMnnd .two sieges: Lomsn and
Novo Oeorgievsk at the Junction of the
Rug nnd Vistula rivers, the live for
tresses forming a front of about 187H
miles. On tho Vistula was Warsaw,
the Polish capital, witn us circle ot
thirty-two forts, the main objective of
a FURTHEST RUSSIAN ADVANCE
GERMAN
PRESENT BATTLE LINE
j
the German campaigns thereafter be
cause of Its railway communications
J and Its political Importance. To the
southeast was Ivntigornii ami nortneaai
from that point llrest-I.ltovsk.
The pnrrlsons of the Itusnliin forces
became the first offensive army In order
that the pressure might be relieved to
Mime vMent from tho western armies
In France nnd llclglum. The mnln mo
bilization of the lltissluns was behind
the Ureal Ultovsk-ltowno Rallroait, but
ns rapidly as they could be moved
these men were shifted to the outer
rlnss of forts. Topographical conditions,
swamp landH, lowlands and marshes
made It Impossible for the Russians to
maintain a line of forts directly on the
frontier. They bad to build along their
rivers.
Therefore the plans of the Germans
were upset when at the first oppor
tunity two small forces of Russians, the
one on the north under Gen. Rennen
kampf, dashed across; the East Prussian
frontier around Eydkuhnen and another
under Gen. Samsonoff struck north from
the Narcw River. Rennenkampf came
In contact with the Germans nt Gum
btnnen and won the first battle of the
war. Samsonoff drove north success
fully and as early as August 10 the
cry nroso "On to Ilerlln!"
In the meantime the Austrlans hnd
begun to drive north from western Ga
licia in the direction of Cholm. and the
world began to believe thnt tho enor
mous bulk of Russia would crush tho
Teutons with very little difficulty.
lllnilrntmrjc to the Pore.
The effect of these early Russian suc
cesses waa to change the German plans.
To preserve tho morale of their people
as well an their soldlerH a force of ten
army corps wns shifted at once from
central Germany and from the western
front to Kast Prussia, nnd In command
of these troops went Gen, von Hinden
burg, the "old man of the lakes," stern,
Implacable, efficient warrior, who had
been preaching to deaf ears In Iterlln for
yearn his plan of campaign for the great
war.
Von Hlndenberg took charge and on
August 26 tho confident Russians were
trapped in the Mazurlan Lake district
nnd the forces of Gen, Samsonoff prac
tically destroyed by n smaller body of
troops, fighting, however, on their se
lected ground. Almost on the same day
the Austrlans were, victorious nt Kras.
nlk.
The situation then was ns It was
threo weeks or more ago. The Ger
mans and Austrian' were employing
the mine tactics. They were after V'ir
juw and Its important cominunlcatlois,
Von Hindenburg coming down frnui
tpn north nnd tho Austrlans from the
south by way of Lublin.
The Grand Dukii .Nicholas had one
thing to do. He rushed Gen. Plove with
strong forces 'to I.ublln. nnd at the
same time ho ordered Gens. Hrou
tdloff and Ruzsky to hold the Aimtrlnus
on tho Gnlla-Mpa River at all cost.
Tho battle which ensued Is regarded ns
perhaps the most desperate of tho war.
It Is said that the Russians under Gen.
Radko Dmltrleff charged the Austrian
positions eleven times, tooK mem, ami
were driven out as many times. They
got them on the twelfth and held them.
That was the turning lolnt of that
stage of the campaign.
The Austrlans and Germans made
four drives on Warsaw, which nntur
ally divides tho war on tho eastern
front Into as many psrMh.
The first period starts with the Inva
sion of Kast Prussia, Includes the disas
trous battles of Tatwienberg in August
28 nnd I.yck on September 7, the Aus
trlan offensive : Pofnnd and Its defeat,
with the subsequent capture of I.em
berg on September 1 and Itawa-Ruska
sight days Inter. The first offensive on
Warsaw began In reality with the battle
of Augustowo on October 1 nnd the
subsequent German avalanche on the
Narew. In a detail study of tJie situa
tion It will be seen that the German
tactics then were ns they wero on July
22, but that plan was defeated ; diver
sions towards Kast Prussia by the Rus
sians 'caused Von Hlndenberg to stop
and withdraw; the first offensive waa a
fillura.
MMlWMMNlWli wsss vjM.n'w
Russia's Early Gains;
Guns to Abandon Warsaw
OPlRATtONJ NORTH
Of WARSAW
iinsitanawiassa
l' MMUS
scfirruTatust
slans, finding the Austrlnn offensive less?-
effective, turned and with l.emberg
Its have struck towards Przemysl as a
wedge and drove the Austrlans before
them Into the mountains
The second offensive toward Warsaw
begaji In November. Gen. von Hinden
burg? or Field Mnrshal von Hindenburg
he waa then, massed his men toward
the northwest, aided by the wonderful
system of German military railways, and
undertook a new offensive nrounsl So
vemler 11, This was to oome from the
west along the Ilzura, with diversions
from the direction of Lodz. This second
offensive was also doomed. Tho three
army corps around Lodz were nearly
enveloped by the Husslans and only got
away with great losses. Winter came
on. The Russians, Hanking the Germans
to tho west and the Austrlans to the
south nnd southeast, applied pressure In
all parts and struck north, only ulti
mately to Hnd themselves again crushed
in the Mnzurlan Lake district by Von
Hlndefiburg, who straightway rolled
every Huesian out of Kast Prussia and
for the third time struck south through
I'rzasnysz toward the goal of the Ger
man military ambition.
Dofeat In this operation came quickly.
The Germans captured I'rzasnyaz on
February 22 and two days later they
gave It up, There was a terrific defeat
in the Ilzura region. In Galicia the
wonderful fortress city of Przemysl fell.
It was then the high'tlde of Russian
affairs. From the Nlemen on the north
to the Rumanian border of Hukowlna
they were going forward, With the fall
of Przemysl the routes to the Car
pathians wero opened, and with the fall
of Cztrnowltz In Hukowlnn the Crown
land became Russian, The Germans,
compelled to shift troops rapidly to the
wtfrtern front, could not help Austria,
nnd th" Muscovite armies started
toward tho plains of Hungary.
Tried to liMinle lliuiKiiry,
Thilr Hucccsi.es were continuous in
this section. Against Russia Austria
Mas poni'i'less ami olio after another she
lost hrr great uioui-t.iln passes: one by
out' her mountain foits weie talim and
tin.' Russian army started downhill
t(i-aril Him ipest.
This waa the situation nt the begin
ning of April Inst Austrh, openly
dlsuiuraged. was reported to be suing
for a separate peace, Lord Kitchener
had hinted grandly of the llrltlsh diivo
In the west which was to h gin on
.May 1. The war was to begin then,
Germany wns neither Idle nor discour
aged, DurltTg the winter months her
extcnMe munitions und arms factories
hnd been turning out ammunition and
big guns. Including seVnii'tecn Inch field
guns and howitzers, some of which, like
tho Skoda gun, could throw a shell
weighing nearly 2.S00 minds, She had
perfected her asphyxiating gases, her
improved shrapnel, and, tlndlr.'g thnt
I.md Kitchener's promise was a llttl
premature, to say the least, she allowed
the western front to remain nhero It
was, shifted between sixteen nmj twenty
army corps to tho eastern front and
struck in to tho north of the Carpathian
salient atr.'. tho slipial for thi last crne.t
drive, wns soundeS.
Gen, von Mnekeuscu, Uem von I.ln-
slngen. the Auatrlan Generals lloehm-
nrmolll nnd the Archduke Joseph Fcrdl-
mind simultaneously struck the Russian
gaiikB from us many dluguniils. Tlie
wings were bent tsicK and the centre
had to be withdrawn. Von Mackensen
dashed for the Ban. Then Przemysl,
confronted by the Austrian and German
masses with artillery which could not be
met, waa evacuated by the Russians,
who retired precipitately to the east,
Lemberg waa no restinr place for them
yy )ii Tisaifi'snesfi'trt wi lasaitn 4n fmim
Lack of Munitions Spoiled
Muscovite Chance Oppo
nents Well Supplied.
of Von Ur.slngen's forces. In June the
Russians wer) rolled out of Onllcla,, ex
cept for sh.irt sector at Rokat, and In
the last weeks of the month everything
was In readiness for the fourth big
drive on Wnriaw,
Htmatil Itself Invaded.
In the meantime had oome the nd
varre north through Kovno and Cour
land in Rusila. I.lbau was captured
and with th.it port as a base strong
German forces were sent eastward
toward the Interior, the left wing ad
vancing toward Riga. In this sector
the successes were fully ns great ns
those op all other fronts. There was
nothing to oppose them. Wlndau, Mlt
awa, Kurachany and Important strategic
points were speedily taken and lines of
communication with Poland threaten?!.
As this movement developed the situa
tion further outh was fourrd to be Just
a It was In August and .September.
1914. Gen. von Mnckensen with the
German nnd Austrian forres was again
threntenlng the railway between- Lublin
and Cholm. which terminated nt War
saw. From the PUItza. River a force
had advanced north until on July IK
It had taken Orojec, about twenty miles
to the south of the capital, From the
west, from the lltura still another force
had advanced east until It was nt IMoii-Ia
on July 1!, sixteen miles from the capi
tal. Then to the north was Von Hinden
burg. his ixreat columns advancing
steadily toward the river fortresses of
the Hobr. Nnre-w nnd the Vistula. They
were before l'ultusk, Iimzn, Itoz.in- nnd
Novo Oeorgli-vak on July 20 nnd It was
certain that once one of these lines was
pierced and the river crossed nothing
could nave the capital. It might be able
to stand a siege, but It would l had
policy to attempt that. The life of War
saw was In Its railroads, which went to
Pctrngrail, Moscow nnd Klefl arl Ilrest
I.ltovsk, nnd the Germans were threat
ening these communications from three
directions.
firm mTkTTf liriTT nr
f TkIiIMPM rtfiR
! Dull 1 111 U 111 111 1 Ull
SUFFRAGE CAUSE
Woiihmi of Knplnnd Assort
They Have Proved Their
Fitness for Government.
If the European war is destructive
111 most of Its consequences, the women
suffragists of Knglaml are confident
thnt It will prove constructive In at
least one. They believe that already
the cause for which they fought un
successfully through many years of
peace has been won during the single
year of crnfllct Just passed.
In minlfold activities helpful to tho
Rrltlsh cause women have demon
strated their usefulness to the satisfac
tion of even their hitherto bitterest op
ponents. This assertion Is made with
pusltlvenrss by ill the stiff night leadeis.
Secondly, and this fact is Kcarcel
less striking, while the men of Kngland
have been divided Into opposing camps,
while both enlistment and work In tho
munitions f ictnries have lagged, and
wlille even t'.ie Cabinet hns been rended
by repeated factlnnnl disputes, the
women, formerly warring nmong them
selves, have given an rloipient proof of
their ability to stand together when the
Interests of their country demand united
action.
Kat ly In the wnr the women organized
n nurses, ns distributers of relief, as
angels of mircy to tho families of men
who had gone to tho front. I. liter they
Invaded mtin'H own fields, offering tin Ir
services us f.irm hands, us Hour walkers
In the stolen, lis ticket sellers, een as
I street car conductors and railway
guards, that the men ordinarily perform
lug these function! tulKlil enlist.
More recently Mrs, PankhurM has seri
ously advocated the conscription of the
entire adult population of the nation,
tho men to t'ght, the women to carry on
war work lit home, Women police fones
mill divisions of home guards have
boon foi nun nnd women hao engaged
even In the manufacture of arms and
munitions In the wnr factories,
The antl-iiiilltnut wing of the puff la
gluts has been worUIng hand In hand
with the faction which It formerly fought
with all tho bitterness nf enraged
womanhood.
To say that th men of Kngland
recognize the elllclency of the "Women
workers and are grateful for their con
tributions to the common effort is not, of
course, lo say that they will grant them
the vott, when the war Is ended, This
recognition, howey;?, is ':i Itself a gieat
concession, A mini who liar been out
spoken in his opposition lo woman suf
frage wrote In an artlclo In a Loudon
newspaper rwctly:
"At ft touew tl'.s. war has virtced men
nnd women In their true relations the
1 one to fight, the other to encourage nnd
t consolo, Women, In the hour of crluls,
have iKirue themselves hplendldly, They
have watched the passing of the young
manhood of their race to the shambles
of Kuropo with unflinching eyes.
"They havo applied themselves unre
mittingly to every work which may miti
gate or alleviate the rigors and horrors
of wiVr. They have displayed all the
qualities of womanllneae so dear to men,
and thla will have a lasting effect on
lb ralatloa betweea tlM auus.'! .
ABSINTHE, VODKA, .
GO DOWN TO DEFEAT
Franco nnd Ilussia Bckre Op
portunit j of War ti ?iglit
"Liquor Evil."
ENGLAND COMPROMISES
Almost coincident with the beginning
of the great -.var Russia and Fromi
each entered mother struggle ngnlnst
an Internal foe adjudged guilty of
"giving active aid to the enemy." In
other words, vi ilka and absinthe. While
the battle against the foreign foe Is
still far from a decision the Internal
disturber In each of these countries has
been definitely laid to rest. Gone Is the
"fee verte" frcni tho Paris boulevards;
the Rustdan peasant life has been freed
from slavery to the equnlly Insidious
and dangeroni Intoxicant known to the
Muscovite as the "green serpent."
Great Itrltnlu too faced a similar
problem and for a time, following the
lend of King George, leaders of public
life believed the time was ripe for abso
lute prolilbltlo i. In Knclaud tho final
decision has not been ns radical as
tliosr of her allies, but governmental
regulation of the drink tratllo In the
areas devoted to military works has
succeeded In allaying the evil to a large
extent
IM'NSIA. The Russian nrmy authori
ties had kno-vn tho frightful results
of vodka drli king on an nrmy about
to tako the field, lien. Kiiropatkln re
ferrcd to the 'drunken mobilization" of
1901 for the Russo-Japanese war and
aililed that when the army chiefs asked
for the suppissloti of all the "ilrnm
shops" on the -onds through Siberia, the
reuuest was denied. Count Wltte ex
plaining that the Finance Ministry was
squeezing the llunr Interests for the
expense of thu war nnd could not nffortl
to siippresH t it; triilllc. .
.- Mplrlt nt Work,
Ten yenrs Ir.tt-r. however, a new spirit
was working among the Itusslan ruling
authorities unii the Czar was determined
that the disinters of the Manrhurlnn
campaign should not be repented.
i in- - z:ir, long nciorc ine war, nan
l.idtlit.tA.l n i - , . ,,..,
of the drink evil In his Immenie em-
... .
pire, uui iiiiii ianeii. it wus very nun-
cult to do awa J- at one blow with a
Itralllc which Melded an annual revenue
of about I45n.n00.00t.. aI , wn, n).
I . . .... .V.. . ....
limfl iietunil iM-iu-i mill .1 liniiuil Ul
heavy drinkers would accept the entire
proh b It on or the sale of alcoholic
drinks
Tbe'sreptlo had reason tp doubt', but
nt the outbreak of the war the situation
changed as If by magic. On September ,T'"''C. f ,I,;,,'n'", ""'venture and ile
1 the Czar Issued the ukase prohibiting ' ruc,'"'V, 11 T- '.0m.nal"1" waH JI.
k.. -..i- .. ...i.i.. ,i, .1.. ..i.,.. . .Von Muller. Forty-four men. four olll-
,,,
The dlsaptie.1 ranee of vodka from the ."I . ... " , , , . ninKlng away in pursuit of nnother shin,
life of the Russian peasant, apart from ?,hfr ,1le1 of, ,11"?!,H or w,',r'' kllu',, For a month the Kmden ll the name
its effect 011 the morale of the soldiers. "ne wr.c "!l,d'' Prisoners 11111I are now Rlv to Ay(.lla ronn.,, le ,,,,
caused such p rapid, radical change in " i-uucentratlon camps In l.nglau.l. The , 0cfan Gliding her m.mv pursuers. Fl
the ntmosphete of the villages lhat the '-"' V1no,ntl,, '."l1 "1" "ally she managed to drop anchor safelv
Russian press Is celebrating the great- ',0,,' ",,n" of ""'PI"1; rhe "'f0' ' at Hog Island, a small Dutch posesslon
est victory f the war. destroyed were valued at many millions , co lH, ()f s,1M1:1,ri,
jvlnK Illrrrnsed.
As a direct result of the abolition of
the sale of odka the deposits in the
1....,b. 1,., ul,,.. ., .. I.,nv..na..
of S0i per cnt. For the month of
March. 1915. the deiMislts were $23.-
fiSrt.OOO. cotniareil with ts. I24.O00 for
the corresponding month of 1914. The
loss In reveuuj to the .Stat- is estimated
at about 126, Hio.iiOi) a muntli, but the
Government is authorized to use the
savings bank ileKisits fir the pin poses
of Investment in IhiuiIs.
1'IIAM'K lust nfter the outbreak of
the war Gen. Giillleiil, Military Gover
nor of Paris, Issued a decree ordering
cafe proprleto s to close nt 11 P M and
!g th, sab- orubsimhe. m,e ofl four fumiel.e,, cruiser Smudge was
orlte aperitifs of Parlelaus. This bur under thin , n,,e oiccen ua .
IntriHlired Into France by n,., 1 ' renllt of Its app arance. And as
1 of the first Algerian campaigns the Kmden salle,! J.ii.i.tll past the Jap.
i.n f ., ,,i,v hn.i'anese cruiser, her crew lined up at the
forbidding
the favorite
ltnunr,
nntillrM
.in the middle of the last century, had
long been llu sut.jeci or unr.iyornoio
comment b- medical experts, it was
held responslt.lo for a large percentage
of crimes mm mental diseases
In February last a bill was Intro
duced In the -hnmher of Deputies pro
hibiting the manufacture of absinthe.
Wholesale at d retail traffic In the
liquor had already been prohibited by
decree for Hit period of the wnr. Sev
eral Deputies made a determined stand
against tho bill, but this opposition wns
of no avail. A vast majority of the
French legislators were thoroughly In
accord with t ie plan and when It came
to a voto on February 12 the bill was
ailoiuen ny i snow m ii.tnns, u nui
being necessniy to have an actual count.
J Thus France fell In lino with Switzer
land and Itii.iiiin.
Slim- to llecil KtiiK
-Practically no at
'after the oull.-eak of the gieat struggle, fty Ku.opeane on this Island and sotii..
mill In fiei It hecune apparent thnt , t brie or four hundred natives. It Is
'".nik osp;,ly,m2,",ea!;rno,,,,hKltua.ed In the In.llai, Oce.it, about half
; nil n i.'iir in him iiiiiii ru-xriiii iiMiiitim
rontlnent wit I Hp- arms and munitions
was badly ha npeied by luavy drlnlilng
nmong lie workers In the Government
..... ....
III i pliu d ng .'arils anil numinous iwi ", '. , . , ,
,-Lu irir,.. n..,r... . Hw. ilri inM't leach.sl this out of the w.i place.
I make' the, mrtter n nntlorul question.
1 .v.... i... I....I ...i.i.i.i.,., il.
fnrlilil.len Ihe
'aw., nf .ileoli lite ilrluks lii the rovnl
palaceH and roclalmrd himself a total!
..i.. - ... ,i... .,.,in,i nf ii... n.,ie
Admiral SI- John Jelllcoe Hiihmltted
a leport saying that be was "very un-
icasy about 'the labor situation oil the,
'Clyde and the Tvno" on account of !
the heavy d Inking among the men.
He eald ilia 111 four weeks fiTn.min
working houri hud been lost. At this ;
time, too. It began tn slid. Into the.
mind of theixerage Ilrillsher that the l
glowing accounts of the progress of the
expeditionary nrmles did not represent i
one-twentieth part of whit he expected
'the armies to accomplish.
i Nevcrtlieles . tho movement started
by the Clianci llor gained little headway.
The "pub" is llio lltltlsh workliignuin'M
dull and ho rcents any attempt at
I closing It, wa or no war. Tin- brewers
stood by him A further strengthening
oi nn. iiM.ii ni-- ....ir,
plan wns MlP'illed by Premier Asqiilth
who openly d'clared lhat the Idea was
Impracticable, and nun cover nnin'ces
sary. Mr. Anulth said any such move
ment should Ue limited to Sunday clos.
Ing and the t-hnrtenlng of the hours on
week dnys,
In April in d there wero rumors that
tho llrltlsh loveriiment had lesnlved
on a vast "dink nationalization" plan,
by which tln Government would pur
chase tit at. outlay of about M.
nnii.noo.noo th entire liquor Industry of
tho nation and conduct It on a war
basis. Tho b 'ewers and illstlliars came
out openly against the sc'vsa:. ft
noteworthy that some of the ajvat chiefs
of this Indus ry In Kngland are peers.
The Uuke of Leeds Is the greatest trill
distiller in tie country. The Govern
ment ami representatives nf the liquor
Interests hell" several conferences, the
result nf which wan that the national
Izntinn schenrj ns well aa the project of
prohibition wns abandoned.
Instead It was decided under tho new
munitions a i, giving extraordinary
powers to Lloyd George, to restrict the
ale of llquot in the districts In which
Government niunlUorji work la carried oil.
TOTAL CASUALTIES
ARE ESTIMATED AT 8.673,805
FKICIAI. casualty figures; at the present date nre Impossible) to
obtain. The following table Is computed from official und semi
official Information mudc public early In July:
o
iiNff9t
Prsnee ,
Ureal llrltnln
Itussln
Uermony (I'ru.sls)
Austria
HflKlum
XerliU
Turkey
Japan
(Iran, I tntnl 2, HI, Ml 4.HOC004 l,l,lll S,71.I0S
An nitlclal Hat Issued In Herlln early In June plnreil the total of I'rus.lan joshes
t that time nt l.iM.OOO men, Comparing the number of troops In the Il.ivarlan,
i!vn and V urttemherg armies lth thst nf Prussia, and estimating their loss.
.ruikllir.stelr, the tntnl Herman loss is plnreil nt 2,I0,000 men,
' ISissi le.olu.llns the eiimtialgn for Warsaw.
.So stnte.nent vt Italhin losses, nlTlcl.il or unofficial. Is ntitalnahle.
Tale of German Sea Rover
Most Entrancing of War
Cruiser Emden, Like a Privateer of Old; Played Havoc
With Allied Commerce in Eastern Seas, Sinking
Fighting Ships and Traders in Her Short Career.
SURVIVORS HAD FANTASTIC ADVENTURES.
This Is the story of the German
cruiser Kindeti. It begins nt Tslng-Tao
and ends at Constantinople. There Is
adventure In It; there Is fighting In It;
there Is bravery, daring, risk mid vic
tory. Neither Inside nor outside of fic
tion, It Is reasonable In say. Is there n
story thnt tipials It. Fur two months
the Kmden. "the scourge of the Pacific,"
sailed the seas, destroying llrltlsh com
merce and dodging scores of pursuers.
At Inst she was herself destroyed, but
home fifty of her survivors, by lurk that
seems miraculous, commandeered a
schooner and oecaped,
When Jnpan joined the Allies the Kin-
urn wiin iiiiik vuiiiuirmiiiy hi i sink-i .
''"'''IT n'T w ""nure.1 cruisers,
twfi Kent cruisers. tun tnrtieiln hunts
, " , . , , ,
nnd five gunboats The cruisers slipped
" , '.'V . ' "7. . nAI,:,,ulr'
'; Is another s ory. The !Ue gun-
boats and the two detroiers were sunk
, ... , .. ., . wi. ...
", ''sii-.i..iih se nm, n.e r.m-
. r","i"" ,
,Sr"" '"ol," ol" "r Tslng-Tao with n
hr',"o- of g(-id luck hanging at her
'.. ; ..
cers und one surgeon arrived safely at
1 -.1 .' , , u
! The story begin, at Kino-chow,
1 1 nn r uiriuiru im iiifi mi nn 111 niiu
there, perhaps, the Kmilen's commander
performed tho neatest of a g mnnv
. t.inl i ...... ..11 . ...n-n.l
Jitpanere cruiser was lyl "lile
Klao-chow. It would have - d-
in mi.,,mi .nmi uiil, Ihl.
.... v .... ...... ...
W"rr" ... "fir u !"u Z
range the .Japanese would 1 have pounded
the German cruiser Into bits.
Funis the .Inpniirsr,
Pown came the German man of war
ensign am up went the llrltlsh white
ensign in Its place Cp went, as w ell.
, .
; , K,Mn lhf mi,,,!!1''''''''''''''!'". 1' 'i,.Mng mature,! to
j.-.n,,,. eomn.nnder. who or-
dered a salute and sent forth a n.es -
.... of ml xvll! to Ihe eKC-il.lnir el.em v.
From that time on the Kmden roved';'.1'. J'" "' ,V.,,rh""15r"lI,",,lnB KV.'
the high seas, doing ns much ilnmage
ns opjiortimlty nffordeil, which was a
good ileal, and always on the lookout
to do more. It was early In September
that the cruiser stood off Madras, when
,.' , ,., ,. ,ir..n, re.lilen,-,. ml'.
a sailor olunteered the Information,
, ),), thlU number of oil tanks
K.to0,i jut within the harbor. A do -
clsln w.ls ......lo ulcklv bv the Km-
, lUWlt 0.,,,t.ilu. Nightfall came. The'""," ,,""t travel was possible
omiser clipped Into the Imrlor. opened
lire on the oil tanks, and was away 'Vi """ .h.hw were met
n km It, befi.ie the shore b.itterl.s got ' ' '" ' "'f"1, " battle ws
Into action Seeral million gallons ofi'"lKm , The Journey had scarce!) been
oil wero ibstroved begun before the Ar.lll guide deserted,
' I i.... o i.ft and must of the trln was mad., tie ..,,,.
10, after sexeral morn Uimtneive ships
,
way between the const or Alii, i, no
nun .nr.i - " "
'ucd of provisions, so In the hope that
f ,h.. l,oiiine.iM ll'!l. Iiml iiol
'.Tt win Muller sailed his crulcer Into
I the. llttln Ii.llltur.
tllll little ll.llbor.
Luck was still with tho Kmden
The
old. white haired man who acted lis
iiioveinor or ine isriiiu nui oniy anew i
1 nothing of the war but had not yet
heard of the death of Pope Plus. A
small crvw was ent ashore to estab -
Ilt.Ii friendly relations with the llrltlsh
Inhabitants, and meanwhile the Guv
crnor paid a visit to Capt. von Muller.
ixtcnillng to him the courtesies of the
Island. Theie w ere plenty of pro Islons
to be luiil. ami for three days the
I linden's crew stored nway new supplUs
wh4le the Captain and the Governor be-
i.iinu me, i ioKiM oi menus. or men in miultion to the tribesmen
..t..ti.. witi Hritun." I'lV.'g r-iSV ""'""" """r "r''l"ar
As it was necessary to make some, Hnefl the centii. of the fighting
i .x plana t Ion of the piiwnnce of u tier- which has Mm. ensued Is the point
limn ft'tuxer velllimil uiioiillii In tli.it her.i .Mntlllt Arnivil , ,,u,i,,.l ,p
vicinity tin. llrltlsh Inhabitants wire tnld
that the Kmden wah p.iitlclpatlng in
i joini maiiiriivre' wiin a itriiiu euuuu-
ton. j rum, the capital of the Turkish province,
Late In October Ihe Kmden approached , while the Turks dealt e to Invade the
Pennng, The dumno funnel was again I Caucasus, where the cities of Knrs.
put In place and as the ctulscr neared Olty, Kilvan ami Hatotim are situated'
the harbor a Russian cruiser and a , The lltst tocurilcd engagement was be.
large number of sm ill merchantmen j tween nrtlller rear Koeprvorv on No
were sighted, At n distance of seven embor !., and a week later thi- Russian
iiuiiiiieii iirnt., ine uussiau i-iei ii.ivnm
no suspicion of the Kmden's ldentlt5,
two torpedoes were fired. The warship
wac sunk before she had a chance to
tire a shot. Several of the small mer
chantmen were then sunk by shell lit"
and the Kmden sailed away j.ecklng ne.v
adventure
Onl tn!?y-llve mllin from Penwpf
the French delrner Moitsquet vnis
sighted and approached. The dtlmim
funnel and llrltlsh ensign stll! acted as
an effectual disguise and at a range of
only 3, G00 yards the Kmden discharged
a salvo. The Mousquet sank within a
few minutes. Thirty-five of her crew
wero rescued by the Kmden. At tin
moment nnother destroyer was sighted
making rapldlv for the Kmden from tlm
direction of renang. Full steam ahead
waa put on and with the aid of a tropical
rain storm the Kmden escjned. Iliirlm-
the nest two weeka ,e.vcral mr W-
OF YEAR'S WAR
Prisoners
Casualties
Kill..'.
400.0M
(Ml
733,00(1
4i:,000
SUmimm.
joo.Joo
04,19s
t770,O0O
233.00O
1S3.000
;.)!
30,000
46,1)1)0
700.e
1(17.494
1.9SJ.000
S62.0D0
711,000
10.1100
lK.COO
90,000
910
l,4v,ooo
1(0,993
1,433,000
1,307,001)
l.Ui.OO)
;,::-
2K,SO0
111,000
1,210
311, uno
K.ono
1,4,000
4i,ooo
300
men were sunk. On Nuvember 9 Cocos
Island was nlghted nnd Capt. von Mul
ler ordered a detail of men ashore to
destroy the llrltlsh wireless station.
The men donm-d llrltlsh uniforms.
Apparently a llrltlsh cruiser was ex
pected nnd the Kmden was mistaken for
her. The landing party was thus able
tu round up a miuill llrltlsh force ami
diMroy the station without so much ns
tiring a shot. Scarcely had this work
been performed when the shriek of th-
l-.mden a whistle gave warning that
there wns danger near by and the land
ing part) hastened to the small boats
at the shore. Hut the Kmden did not
wall. As she steamed rapidly out of
the harbor, leaving some ilfty of her
men and two oillcerH, a large cruiser
was seen approaching on the horizon.
Miner Is Aflnme,
Tll(1 ,.. ,... ..,.., Im
.mediately and nt the end of an hour
th ,..,,,, wn , ,
i...i.i..i
"ti fiiiu in-.,, I'tjiieiiuy nulling 10 run
,1Bhoie nn an Island fifteen miles awa'-.
but was ileMrnjcd and Capt. von Muller
nnd the survivors on board made pris
oners. The men on shore, after a twenty
minutes conferenee, oomm.itideeted a "0
ton schooner, the Ayesha. and prepared
to flee. It was soon seen that the war-
snip which had destroyed the Kmden-
t ,h. An.inll.ni ni... u.-.i
--wns
well to 110 Gerinnn resident sunnlied nro-
vll,M ., nilnMft , n, '.T, Ii".
(Amliof " .km. ..til.., .... i .
w w-er"ill mb left , Z l-'m
. ,7" ?m I!. ... . .. ,,olllllu- ,,,,! J'm-
, "S-.in.
A few days later a coasting steamer
s
flag.
' " " . . -.v. munra inn-
()r ,,, incK10.t tlltlls th.lt befell the
ln.llng corps. The 'teatner
wl, "aA lvvn
chartered by the German authorities
and loaded with coal for the Kmden.
Since thnt time she had been tiiIIiik
here nnd there, craping capture by
, " ' ,' T r . '"r "" ,""
. ' an V
l(0.,r, . ,.,.,,; ' H . M
Arall.,n cont
AltIlnlIRl, rtls,, .:,rtll. W(,r
,,, ., ."
ely
he
the lookout everywhere for th. Kmden-s
oro!,H V" '.. ean without en
1 ' lo" '", -" ' - steamer
. " 1 ,:,!'t through the
rs 1
fairly bristling with British warships,
Into the Red Sea. She proceeded to
a point south of Hodeldnh. where the
landing enrps went ashore while an un
suspecting French cruiser steamed bv
in piam Mgnt.
-ftr several days rest on the heights
!':"'k ,'r J"deld.ih. the Journey ncross
' desert was begun. It waa made
' "-M""'t I1"' Bre.itest obstacb s. Tliehe.it
" i Miring in., journey vi-
1 '"' walking and carrying
, - .' "T "
' ' 1 ''' -' lnP '"'r
M-, .,, a , he ,.,,,, , ,
mm timi n ... ...
inn iiiiii were Ptirleil in the Hand .t
iermiiiiK arriieil
if 111,' Il,.1l,7
' " " ",""
, pt.,KP tl) ,.,,,,,,,,, , ' "
ne '" 1 "nst.intlnople
CAMPAIGN IN THE CAUCASUS.
HiissliuiN Won Only II I u llnllle
I'oimlil There llnrlllic eiir.
Turki-j began war on
i October 21 by bombarding
Rusila on
the Russian
1 port of Odessa on the lll.iek Sea This
! bombaiiliiient was carried nut by the
.two German warships boiuht hv Tor
key, the i loelien ami the Hteslati. maiiri, ii
by German officers and German crews
Immcillatcl thereafter a Russian foico
mm-lsting of about lCO.oim men was
sent into Transcaucasia and the TtirKs
ic-qmnilcd with a coriesponillng niiiiit,, r
laitcasla. Risiun t.riitiux , with Pe'reii
I and Turkey In ,sn The Russian oh-
jeeiive was ami is ine catiturn of l.:w.-
oiTenslxo In the direction of Kr.eniin
developed The Russians have not yd
accompllr.hed their purpose
The Turkish ofTenslxo lbs C.'..;
casus, it was credibly reported, was
I unlet ed at tho Instance of tleimany
so as to invert a part . the Russian
ui my '.- that district tin thus retiexs
wres!.T.. on the GnTi-tta finm, when,
the Austrian were hard prvissi.
The principal battle of this eainpalgii
was fought at Sarl-Kamysh, which Is
about Ihlity.flve mites south of Karn,
on January 5, The Russians won a de
cisive victory In that engagement, tak
ing the Fifteenth Turkish Regiment
prisoners, destroying the Ninth Army
Corps nnd putting two others to night,
It was reported then hut not count mod
that Izt Pasha, the Turkish com
mander, and many of his officers had
been,t"' n prison
SERBIA'S WORST FOE!
NOT AUSTRIAN ARMY
Wliilo Invader Was Prirttl
'From ITcr Soil Typhni f
Took Awful Toll.
PKODIOTKS OF YALOB
After nn Inactivity of six months Ser
bia cirly in June took up the burden of
the w-ar wheie she had droptd it tf
December, strengthening her northern
nnd eastern frontiers and crossing over
the Albanian Mountains to tho Adriatic.
In the interim she hnd taken a much
needed nst, for with nn exhausted treajs
ury and nn army depleted by two Ilallaui
wars she had been forced to bear the
llrst blows of tlm great conflict and to
meet the Austrian Invaders at her bor
ders. She had lost heavily In the fold
nnd to this she wns compelled to add
thousands of deaths from typhus. Hut
she had gained n signal victory she had
cleared her soil of the enemy and he had
not returned.
Tho Austrlans almost Immediately
upon the declaration of war began the
cannonading of Belgrade from forta at
Semi In nnd from gunboats In the Save.
The Serbians checked their ndvance at
this point by destroying the railway
bridge over tho Save, which was the
connecting link with Hungary, and
made several offensive movements from
the capital, one of which resulted in
the capture nnd holding for sevral daya
of Semlln, and another In the repulse
of a heavy detachment of Austrlans who
attempted to force a passage of the
Danube nt Seinendrla. The Serblana
knew the strategic weakness of their
capital city and when the bombardment
Increased In severity they moved the
seat of government to Nlsh and made
Kriiguyevutz their military headqiurtera.
Ilnril Tnak at llelnrade.
The Austrlans found the capture of
llelgrade a much harder task than thejr
hnd anticipated; for although they con
tinual the cannonading without Inter
mission and succeeded In destroying
most of the public buildings ard In
causing great damage tn private prop
erty they did not enter the city until
December 2. On thnt day Gen. Frank,
commanding the nrmy of occupation,
sent to Kmperor Francis Joaph a tela
griitn saying:
"On the occasion of the sixty-eighth
anniversary of your reign jiermlt me to
lay at your feet the Information that
llelgrade wns occupied to-day by the
Fifth Army Corps."
The occupation, however, wns of abort
duration. Twelve days later the Aue
trlans under the protection of the bat
teries at Semlln Here lleelng across the
S.ie.
The army that the Austrlans had
been oollectlr.g for tho punishment ot
the Serbians Invaded western Serbia,
crossing the Save nt Mltrovltzn and Hhs
batz, nnd on August IS was apparently
well established upon Serbian territory.
Hut two dioa later It mot the main
Isidy of the enemy and In a battle
that raged for five day along the Ja
dar the Austrlans wer routed. The
Strblan sue, 'ess, however, was only
temporary, for the Austrian army, re
tiring to the border, wns reformed mil
reenforeed and It was again bent upon
Its putiitlie expedition Hefoiv ttili
fore the Serbian", their artillery am
munition exhausted, fell back and the,
Austrlans swept everything before them.
A lleserled I, mid.
"For forty miles from th" frontier,"
said an American who followed in the
wake of the Invaders, "the country M
Ii set ted iiixl silent as a tomb. Klghteen
tow nx thtoiigh which we passed were
utterly des rted. In every town I saw
r 'wo walls ilililleil with hulleti
which had been exicutlon places''
Pinal! on .Nnxemlier 1,', the Initio of
Valjevo was fought and the Seitilans.
driven front their last trendies, were In
full retreat. Here tb's peasant army
appeared at Its bet. The nnii hid
been told that ammunition was cumin.
They knew not from where or how It
was coming, but their faith In its ar
rival and In their llnal triumph remained
supreme.
I'll the ist of December tile world hid
begun to belieie that the Serbian le
slstance was broken and that the Aus
trlans had completed the conquest of
th count r Put on December 1! two
things happened suddenly In the first
place the ammunition that men for
wicks had beep laboriously .liaggtisg
thtmich the snow over the mounta.i.rt
from the MontMicriii roast arrived. In
the next place the old King, crippled
with I'iieiiinatisiii, and worn out with
gout, took his place beside the -nldlersi
i. the trench, s. An emotlon.il and sen
timentil H'nple, they saw in the aged
rulei ,ho li.nl eoiiie to lead them either
to letoiy or id nth one of their legen
dary heroes of Kossox'o,
These pel ants fell upon the nstnn-l-lu-d
and unprepired Austrlans with
the dash and -iplrlt of a new army.
They ciiislpil tlm main body and sent
Its remnants Hying across the Drln-i into
llnsuli and they stunned tho position
of the smaller body which had been
nhle to fortify Itself at Ilelgrado and
drove it hack ncros the Save. The
Sicilians took t'.n.iiiin prisoners, liundrede
nf guns and stores of ammunition. On
De, e nber If. while the tiling wa.s still
going on the old King at the head of
bis ttoojis entered llelgrade and the,
pioplo returning from their refuges In
the country strewed Ills way with flow
ers. Few natloiiH have a more- splendid
stoty of overwhelming victory plucked
fiom disastrous defeat In twelve days.
Disease Den ill nn Wnr,
Hut admirable lighting men nn the
Serbians were, they were not able to
combat disease, which proved In the end
almost n- deadlv as tho Austrian r
vaili rs Their medical staff, while. tjtP
cient, was unequal to the tat-k ot car
ing fur the wounded and sick and their
hospitals wete inadequate and over
crowded War wipt away safeguard
sullcleiit for a coiintiy of which tho pop
illation was mostly rural and admitted
typhus. This dread disease appeared in
the camps al N'tsli and at other points
wliete large bodies of troops or prison
ers weie congregated and m.iilo heavy
levies upon both Serbians and Austrlans.
Kngland, through Sir Thomas Llpton,
labored lo assist her small ally, but a.
Jteat deal of credit for the Until control
of the scourge was due to the Ameri
cans who contributed so liberally of
mone nnd to the American doctors and
uursi-h who all.intly and In nniaj
lei l of death fought It In the Sertum
,irr,;
r,ic ritrnlatis tn their ailv-itice acre)
Albania repeated their memnralU marra
of two .veins ago anil with foi ri
success The i cached the reasiiLorUood
Durazzn with practical! oppe
sltmn and are In virtual eosrul of ati
liaiiia. In the second phase of the war tho
Serbians have taken ns the motto of
their arm .
"Something to defend, somethlnc to
reclaim,"
The something to dofen 1 is tho king
dom of Serbia, the sonictliing tn reclaim
Is all Serb lands stin uutilde tho lim
its of that kingdom and they have eli
tered upon thla mission with unabatsd
enthualaim.