The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, August 01, 1915, THIRD SECTION, Image 22

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The sun. [volume], August 01, 1915, THIRD SECTION, Page 4, Image 22
About The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916

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The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]), 01 Aug. 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1915-08-01/ed-1/seq-22/>

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THE. SUN, SUNDAY, AUGUST T," 1916.
BRITISH FLEET STILL SUPREME SUBMARINE ITS GREATEST ENEMY
Submarines, Striking From Depths of
Ocean, One of War's Great Surprises
British Cruisers First to Feel
Effect of Germany's
Deadly Weapon.
NEUTRALS NOT IMMUNE
i
Eight years before the Kuropean war ,
started Germany did not possess a sub- I
marine. The hood of the Herman naval '
Itarty, Admiral von Tlrpltx. had made I
a point of publicly decrying the naval
opinion which In other countries was
receiving the exploits of the then llttto .
perfected submersible with considerable
optimism If not with actual cunHdenco. j
Put early In 1906 there wa suddenly
a deemed change In the oerman naval
policy respecting this type of boat, and
on August I, 190, the IM, the first of
the present flotilla, was launched.
At the beginning of the war naval
annals credited Germany with less than
thirty submarines. As the naval appro
priation of 1914 covered a grant of
11,950.000 for tnl type of torpedo craft
It Is likely, however, thit ten or a iloten
moro submarines were nearltig comple
tion. Since the war began the most
creditable Information available Indi
cate that Germany has been laying
down two. If not three, submarines a
month. It seems probable, therefore,
that the German submarine flotilla, In
cluding losses, numbers something In
the neighborhood of sixty submersible,
while France Is known to have about
ninety and Great Britain about a hun
dred. Greatest Snrprisc of War,
The greatest surprise of the war has
been the ruhma.rlne. The Zeppelin has
failed. The great dreadnoughts with
their powerful batteries of guns have
by no means shown that they could
sweep all before the'm. The aeroplane,
to be sure, has proved nn Invaluable
tdjunct to the armies of all the fighting
nations, but the element of surprise In
the aeroplane has been pretty thorough
ly deadened because of the high state
of perfection lo which it had been
brought before the war began.
It Is the submarine, this compara
tively small craft, able to dive beneath
the waves ot will, and even to ret
motionless on the bottom of the sea,
that has driven the powerful monsters
of the greatest fleet ever built, that of
Great Britain, to seek refuse In some
unknown and carefully guarded haven
of safety, probably on the west coast
of England. And It Is this type of war
vesfel that, according tn the best navat
opinion, haa cut the fighting value of
dreadnoughts In two. If It has not en
tirely destroyed that value.
There have been no battles between
dreadnoughts, so 'the usefulness of the
submarine during such an engagement
Is purely a matter of surmise. Hut this
Is certain : the exploits performed at the
beginning of the war by stibmerslbles ho
awakened the minds of the British Ad
miralty to the menace of this craft that
the British fleet, representing millions
of dollars, has been kept well out of
their way.
Hut there has been one nsval en
conn ir between cruisers In which the
suLu rlne proved Its worth. This was
In i 14 Baltic, off the c04t of Goth
land, when a German and Russian
Kiuuilr . clashed. The cruisers appar
ently fro Impotent against each other,
but a submarine, a Brltlth submarine,
opeia e with the Husslan ships, stole
up tc one of the German cruisers and
sank it within a few minutes. This
crulsfr was the rommern of the
Dec. s hland class.
(rent Cruising Rnclln.
re-hap the greatest surprisi of the
IN ry afforded by submarines, however,
bis been their unexpected crulting
rjl'js. Some British navnl critics, un
able to believe that Germany has per
frctij t type of submersible capable ot
travelling so fur from a known base,
have 'nested that the Germans mu't
have lucceeded in establishing and main
talt inir secret bases. It has been said,
for Instance, thut one of these mutt be
on ("ape Klnlsterre, on the northwest
shoulder of Spain, and that another may
be In Hear Ijfuveii, at the southwest
nd of Ireland.
In any event the fact remains that
ubmarlnes have encircled the HrltiBh
Isles, and that one, under the command 1
of Capt, Otto Ilerzlng, made a trip of
n.vuu mues irom wiineimHiinvcti to the
Dardanelles, there to stick It ft periscope
above the wave un th't morning of May
SS and sink within a lew minute the
two grtMt battleship Majestic and
Triumph.
No type of wnrshlp Ih safe against a
submarine, liven a submuilne. It'elf ap
parently In not Immune from an enemy
aubmeislble. This wax shown some
winks ago In the Adriatic when un Aus-I
trlan submarine lose and spied un Ital
ian submarine flouting on the surface.
A torpedo was launched and the Italian
craft Was sunk within a few minutes,
In January u German submarine at-'
tacked tint battleship Formldubbi on j
riymouth anil the great ship sunk 1m- I
foie the character of the enemy was.
fully realised. In -March the British de
strnyer Ariel was torpedoed and Mink
by r German submarine, and only two
months ago the British torpedo boat'
Nos, 10 and 12 were destroyed With a
loss of twenty-nine men.
Submarine's First IIIk Hiploll.
On August 17. I KM, when the public
mind was tilled with accounts of the
enoi mull destructive powers of the new
German siege gun then battering down
the Belgian formications, there was
cruising early in Ihe morning in the
.-Norm bea a squadron of three Biltlsh,
frultera. They were the Aliouklr, the
Cressy and the Hague, Suddenly nnd;
without warning un explosion of Im
mense force literally spilt the Abuuklrl
open, A few minutes later there was
nothing but the surface of huhhllni: 1
water and the bodies of struggling men
to mark the place where she had been
riding. The Cressy and the Hogue
straightway drew In to perform their
work of rescue, Then, and again with
out warning, an explosion occurred In
the Hugue. She listed rapidly and
,ank.
It was only at this moment that the
tllOUKllt nf IL itltimftrin u-
mlmls of the raval officers, Scarcely,
thnwever, had the Cressy become aware
ot the real dancer when she was struck
WHAT THE SUBMARINE HAS DONE
SINCE the Inauguration of Germany's blockade -of Great Britain on Feb
ruary 18 German submarines have sung 152 steamships of more than
800 tons register. This figure Include!, neutral as well as belligerent
ships.
The tn,tal tonnage of all ships sunk, Including those of less than u00 tons,
U approximately 450,000 tons.
In this fleld of wat 1,643 lives have been lost.
The following list, complied from the most Accurate available sources,
gives the ships of more than 500 tons displacement sunk by submarine. since
February 1? !
FKIMUARY.
Nation'
alltr.
French
Nor eg'
F.niiLh,
Ensllsh
Norweit'
Knillnh,
Rncllsh,
Knll.h
Knillftl.
Fate ot
crsw.
Date. Name. Tons.
14- Dlnorsh 4.2"'
20- HeIrldae 7.1
M-Camhank 1.12:
IJ-Oakby 1,97
24-ltecln 1.144
H-reptfnrd I.ona
24 llsriiahnn 5.rt
:i -Rio rsrsna 4.01S
24 Urankasmc Chine. 2.1K
MARCH.
S Nooraedjk I.IH
7 Penarovc 1,M0
-Prlnceaa Victoria. I. lot
9 Tamilian 1,714
nUrkwood 1,220
11-Aiiruate Consell., 1.M2
It Klnratan t.fino
11 Arienwen S.794
t:-lleadlsnd 2,M
12 Anilaluslan 1,344
I: Indian City 4.44S
l-ltartdale S,1
1J Inveriyle 1,74
H-Final I.M7
15- Iurham Caatle.... S.224
IS l.eeiirnrdcn i
1 HjriHlford 4.14
1J. Glenartncy s.rni
17-ltlvnulx Abbey.... I.IM
1 llluejaoket 1.5i:
l-nelne Lorn
:t-Catrntorr S,S4
21 Concord 1.441
:4-Delmlra J.4W
17-Medea 1,211
K-Falaha 4.400
27-Arutla 1.114
2- Vnssea l.OPj
n-Flamlnlsn 3,rl
.W-Cronn ot Cstllle.. 4.&0.1
Jl Tlie Emma, ,.. Ml,
31-Seren !ess s:
AJ'IUU
..Sareil
n.. Saved
".'Saved
n.,Sared
...1 loat
...1 loat
,Save1
Dutch..,
Enflnh
Knrilsh
Knjll.h
Rnrllsh
Kmll.h,
KnglUh.
Knsllsh
Kmll.h
Kiisllsh
Knilllh
Entlfli
Kmll.h
Ennll.li
Ensllnh
Knrllsh
Ensllah,
Eutllih.
Entllih,
EiKllth
Ensllah,
Ensllah
Kmll.h,
Kngll.h
Dutch .
Ena-llah,
Knell. h
Enillih,
Knill.h
Entllah
French.,
Encll.h,
...Sared
..17 loat
...Saved
,'.'.'l loat
...Saved
. .DaveO
...Saved
...Savetl
'.."savei1
... loat
...Sanl
...Sareil
...1 loat
...t loat
.'..Saved
.. Rived
.. Saved
...Saved
...Saved I
..?.,"."1
1 lo. I'
" I o! 17
"i '?'!l 19
..11 I".3
r27
a.,27
;"'! 2
2 IxicUwooil
2-Soulhpolnl
. 1.14.1
. 3,u;
. .14
, l.nu
. :2
. 2.77K
. :.2i:
. 2. ISO
. 4.7)2
M4ll
. f.47
Enallih
:ngllh
Kmll.ti
Ittia.tan
Kngllah,
KiKll.h
Frenrh
Ensllah,
Englt.h,
English
Kngll.h
French
Knill.h
English.
Clrrek .
Kngllah
Kngllah,
Knell. h.
Eiik-ll.h.
..Savetl
tmvine
4 Hemic. ... .
4 City of nremen...
t Northland.
-C1ialeautrland ...
9- General de Sonli ,
!- Elmlna
10 llapalyce ,. ,.
10 The Pre. Idem. ..,
tl Frederick Frinck
t2-Wayfnrer
It Ptarmigan
tv- EUi.pontn.
22- Ruth
Mobile
Z- Elldnn ,
?.- Cherbury
?-I..ill ,
IZ2
a bi
Lili
.Savetl
. ,
,..Saed
!Jav,',
.Saved!
. Savedi
..Saved!
I
-
..
?,'il
7W
i.5S
3.!l
l,15
Oil
3.2l
7J.1
Norweg'
n.. Saved
MAV.
.... 3.110
.... 1.124
.... 3.102
.... :!
.... 4.709
.... 2.3nr,
.... 2,00
.... 1.10
.... 3.0U
.... 4.07
.... S.kM
.... -V94S
1-Edate
1-Klllila ....
1 Svnrnno ...
2- llaldwln .
2 Eurntie . ..
1 America ..
2- Fulgent ...
2-F.tl
N-Mnterne ..
.'C..-bay ....
candidate ,
s CentuHon .
Truro ,
Enttl.h
Swedlah
Ruaalan
Norweg'
French .
.. Save.1
. Saved
..Saved
n..Sasl
Saved
Noriaea'
n..Savedl
F.ncllah.
Rmetll.h
Engllah
Danish
English
Engll.h
Ensllah.
..Saved
T I.iiaitanla
..3I.M0
Knill.h.
1.210 lost
-gueen Wllhrlmtna 3,iv
1
by a torpedo and she quickly sank.
Within a few kour the worlB knew that
an underwea boat, a thing which to
most people had previously been little
more than h fiction, had moved unseen
to the very sides of great warships and
had sunk them with the ease with which
one swats a fly.
Thl exploit had been performed 'iy
rapt. -Lieut. Weddlgen In the U-9. ft
man whose name will occupy a leading
r.lace In the history of the war. As fate
nould hae It. Ueut. Weddlgen later
lost his life In the f-29.
The sinking of the Abouklr, the
Cressy and the Hoarue started the sub
marine nrnre In Great Britain. Por
two months afterward there was little I
activity on the part of German sub-1
marines, nut the rumors regarding wna'
Germany could and would accomplish
with these craft flew thick and fast.
There were stories that she had built
end launched submarines of a strength
four times greater than anything then
afloat.
nnmnra Persist.
Slr.ce that tlmo exaggerated rumors
have been not a bit abated. H even
has been reported on apparently good
authority that four submarines of rl
gantlc lie were being launched every
week. Probably, however, the subma
rines now being built by Germany are
of the 1914 type, which are vessels of
ery nearly n thousand tona under
water with a surface speed of about
eighteen knots. The best British naval
critics point nut that n nation so me
thodical as Germany would scarcely un
t"rtake experiments In the construction
of submarines during a period of such
urgency.
Between August 1" nnd the end of
the year German submarines snnk half
n dozen commerce ships. Great alarm
was felt In Mnglanrt on November IS
when It was learned tht two merchant
men, the I'rimn nnd the Malachite, had
been torpedoed In the English Channel
e ft Havre. Karlier In the same mcntn
the British gunboat Niger had been
torpedoed and sunk by nn unseen
enemy in tho downs off Peal.
On November 24 a German sub
marine had been sighted by n. British
patrol lioat off the north coaHt of Scot
land. K00 mllen from the Ixtse at Wit
lieltnshaven. It wna ramtml by the
British iHKit nnd sunk, but the fact that
n HUbmiirlnw had succeeded In cruising
so far from It bae of supplies caused
th" world to oen Its eyes and to In
quire what next might be exported
fiom Germany's undersea crnft.
On January t. 19K,, the British battle
ship Formidable wu blown to pieces,
the victim of a torpedo which bad been
shot from a submarine brneath the
wove, and on February 1, a month later,
four merchantmen succumbed to sub
nnrlnes, two of them In the Irish Sea,
and all of Ibem without a signal of
warning.
At this latest aspect of Germany's
siihmailne wurf.itn the British and the
French press launched Into a bitter cam
paign of denunciation against the viola
tion of International law But Germany
did not deign lo reply In January Ad
1t1lr.1l von Tlrpltg bad foiecastnl In an
Interview the fiiltirn scope of German's
commerce wjr and In letent events the
British public began tn see the fulfil
ment of the thiMil then made nnd lo
feel nn iiliinn which was really seriou.
Mode It r 1 1 it 1 11 niloii,
uhiiinrlncM hid uppcurvd ami sunk
"hip In the Irish Se.i they hud cruised ,
through the Kuullsh rhnmiel with a se- '
curlty which battled the gieat British I
tb-et Ship owners begat) tn hesitate 1
about peitnittltig their vessels to leave a '
haven of safety, travel on Ihe seas
nlniiit Knglarid became a thing attended
by great li.ir.ard Would It be neces
sary to Inte-ri uiit communication with
Ireland ond Holland" Would the War
Office be able to transport the great
nimles of mem being recruited tn the
Kuropean shore without entailing enor
mous risk?
While these and many other specula
tions ei In the mind of the British
public the mercantile Insurance com
panies caught the general fever of ap
prehension and Insurance ratee began to
soar The Atlantic rates, ordinarily
& shillings per cent,, advanced to 10
shilling, and coastwise rate ahot to 10
shillings per cent. Thli wait tertoua
MAT.
Nation- Fate of
Tona. sllty. craw.
... M)' English ...Saved
... 4.121 Ensllah. .. -
.... 2. 414 Norweg'n.. Saved
.... l.ltl Amerlcan..8ave0
1,27 Danish .... Saved
... 1.714 Kngllah.i.M loat
...3.(20 Ensllah ...Saved
... 4,127 Knailali , Savr.1
... 1.3.11 Danish ... Save.1
.... 2,ev) Entllah ...Saved
... 2J rortiif'ae. SavKl
JUNH.
Date. Name.
'-Drumcree ....
I-Dumfrte
2J-Mlnerva . ,,,
ZV-Nabraakan ...
2 netly
2 Elhlop
24 Tullorhmoor
2!-Dlxlana,
so-Soborr
v-Olenlee
) Cane
1-Saldieh
J-Cubsno
3 I. applaud
1-Cjrrus
3 tona
s Adolf .,
7 Menapler
7 Trudvang
7-Superb
7 Nottintham
! Tunlalan
lo-Strathcalrn
10 Thnmaalna
l-Olheo ,
10-Danla ...,,! ,
IS John Lyman ,
1, 14 Ensllah. ... loat
2. MJ Norwet'li., Saved
1,417 Suediah ..Saveil
1.012 Rnehah ... Saved
2.013 Ensllah ...Saved
.. Ruaatan.,.,2 loat
I.41S IVIrtan.. 17 loat
40 Norweg'n., Saved
Norweg'n..Saved
1.0)1 Kngllah ...Saved
4. : English ...Saveil
5. so: Etutliah,...
t.K Ituaalan....
7 !iediih....
I.Ctl Ru.alan,..,
40 En.ll.h ..
u i-nclrn
1.017 Engl'ah . -
II Crown of India... 2.ar Engll.h
ll-nellglade ,
W Norne.lati
ij uianiani ...
13 Dtiranstr ...
14 Hoiiemount
II Verrfan.ll ..
3. US Frrneh
2.20 Norweg'n., Saved
1.H0 English ...
947 Hwedlah . Saved
4.1M Enghati., 22 lost
Ensllah .. Saved
4 HI Euillah Saved
2.000 Knill.h , 1 luat
- Strnltinilrn
- Ieiabu . ..
- Turnwell ..
- Dulcle ....
Kngllah . Saved
Tunlanl, ...
- Ed!lh
- Indranl
- Armenlan .. .
1.517 Nurwi-g'ii. Sarnl
4.2?) English ...Saved
I.2IO Ellall.h - S.xtl
3,) Knill.h .. Sated
I :t Kuxllah . l,,.f
;..lmfria..hlM
J.MJ Engllah ...Saved
2-eolll9h Monarch, 6.04S Kngllah .. Saved
!h Cambiiakennelh .. I.9K Noreg'n..Sae,l
-0e 1.094 .Noreg'n..Save,l
..Sav.-d;-rvKrott; "
vi Nireg'ii.,Saved
JtJI.T.
I Umli
Thlatlebank
ISardomene
2-Welburr ..
2-lngleniuor ,
,.2 Caucasian .
3. I.arihmore
1 Renfrew ..
3-lladabr . .,
3 Richmond .
a f'ral.anl ...
3.044 Engllah
I lost
, 2.4VI KiVllah.
.' Italian . 1 1,1.1
Italian
J.MI Engllah . Saved
2.7C4 Kngll.li ...
2.S Kngllah . .
i.fi Engllah . .Saval
2.24 Engllah .. Saved
3.17 KmlHIi ., Saved
2.214 Ensllah ...Havl
1.2 Engllah .. Savel A
l-li,liminat ,
ivigian ..sateil
, 4 - ixinuon
- PnvM.li U .... I
4 SiMttlah Monarch 5,01.1 TIngllah .. Saved
11-Eltesmer
1 llOllo .. ,.
II Nordaaa
i:-lo
Kngllali. . 1 loat
Italian ....Saved
. Norweg'n .Saved
1.124 Riswlsii.. loa
t.0,1 Norweg'n.. 1 loat
m KII..I&), !
l Rrm
Dalws ...
.. - 16-peneral Radettky Ruaalsn ..Saved
JTp4-Ruboni 7.. 3,424 RiiMitn . Ssveil
25 telanaw
1,177 American.. Sared
. French Saved
1.,'12 English.. ..Saved
l.HJ Nnrrt'n..Ssveil
1,211 English. ..10 loat
..saveiis ianae
Saved! 20 iranjrood
. Saved) 2 Fimrclthe ...
21-lIocarih ...
Tne l.ao loat Include paasengers.
matter. It precipitated on ocean of
prcs comment and added fuel to the
blaie of public alarm, which wna per
haps the very thing that the German
Admiralty had most wjahctl for.
Such. was the Mate of affair when the
German Government l.ued Its decrf
estAhllshtnar n hlwUnrf I ti t-- . , L
; ' v .... r,.iisq
ports. Straightway the United States
uuirramtm warnea Merlin that Ger
many would be held to a strict account
ability for any Injury occurring to
American shipping through submarine
activities. Germany agreed on Feb
ruary 1 to the principles Invoiced by
the Washington Oovernpient. and at one
,,.uutn nuci uuunigni on reDruary 18
the blockade went Into effect
Nine Victim In Three Days.
On the first day two British ships
ers sunn, un tne second day two
more were destroyed. On the third -day
there were nn ln.aa h,,t i..
next two days, Febsuary 22 and 2S, four
uium niramsnips were sunk.' only one
steamer was added to this list b,' the
end of the month, making a totll of
nine steamers In as many days.
The first six days of March passed
and not a British steamer was attacked.
At this the press of England grew con
fident and the submarine scare subsided
to a great extent. But on March 7
submarine activities recommenced with
Increased momentum and by the end of
March thirty-four steamers had been
added to the number of victims.
Most of these steamships were sunk
without warning and the loss of life
was considerable. The German excuse
that self-protection demanded action
wMthout warnlnr was nntiiraiw- re
ceived In good part and Oreat Britain
determined to treat the crews of cap
ttired German .nhin.rln.t ni.n.....
of wnr without honor. Germany retul-
inim uy placing an equal number of
British officers In solitary confinement,
and nfter a month of bitter 'lecrlmlns
tlons between the press of the two
countries Great Britain accorded the
usuul rights of prisoners to submarine
crews nnd Germany censed her retalia
tory measures.
There has apparently been little sys
tem to the Oermnn submarine pro
gramme. Some British navnl critics have)
sought to show that the attacks were
sporadic, that Is for a period of a fort
night there would be great activity by
the submarines followed by an equal
period of Inactivity, Some have at
tempted to show that Germany pro
ceeded by spurts, as It were, In order to
gauge public opinion. It does not seem
likely, however, that the policy which
has directed Germany's subnmrlne war
fare will be known until Hfter the war.
If ever.
Trtlnar u Cut lit? Hrltnln'a Sup.
Piles.
The campaign against trawlers be
gau In the middle of April and was
Inspired no doubt by the fait thut the
submarines, while able to sink a good
many merchantmen, were unable to
menace British shipping sorlou.ly, Tlse
effect uf this campaign wus to' crento
u temporary shortuge of fish In the Hrlt
I.1I1 market; but nut one of sutllclent
proportions to cause serious slnrin to the
Hiillioiitlrs.
The submarine warfare has been a
i otl.v business tn Get many. At the end
Of MllV It WHS f.hthtii.t.,,1 1.. I a. -
... Ml IM,Muun
that seventeen Germun submarines bad
been destioyed. Since then miolliclul
reports have suld that ns many morn
have been sunk It is lmpoybln, how
ever, lo obtain official Information re
spectliig the submarine losses mid the
miotliclal reports must tin considerably
discounted,
At the end of July the British naval
critics are unanimous In their conclu
sion that Germany Is unable by the use
of submarines 10 hamper British ship
ping seriously or to accomplish any
thing like an effective blockade of the
British Isles. Nevertheless, a vast
amount of shipping has been destroyed
approximately 460,000 tons which
represent a serious loss. Allowing
lioo a ton, the amount used bv Insur
ance brokers 1n eatlmatlng the p.
proximate value of a ship, this would
mean that the value of the chipping
destroyed total! $45,000,000.
BIG TASK TO GUARD
NEUTRALITY OF U. S.
Attacks on Amerlonii Vessels
nnd Deaths of Citizens
GivexHlsc to Tension.
EXPORTERS HART) HIT
When the Bed Deluge bf Europe burst
Its dam a year ago the preservation of
Amerlcon' neutrality seemed t be a mat
ter of mere proclamation. This wns
done for the first time on August 4.
Since that date so many unfriendly
things have been cist -up by the torrent
thnt neutrality has hecoirie a matter of
Increasing effort, calling for tho coolest
of stslesmanshlpt
For many years, and even- within the
memory of men still .tlvlpg, It was a
favorite belief that the- United,. States
occupied a position of ','splendld Isola
tion" ; thnt white the tradition fettered
States of Europe might periodically fly
at one another's throats, establish nnd
reestablish balances of power. It was no
concern of our.. 8uch was American
theory on August 1, 19M. Then Great
Britain began to seize American ships
nnd enrgoes. Germiny sank American
ships with loss of American lives, then
ssnk a great passenger steamship, caus
ing the death of more than 100 Ameri
cans. Not only was trJde with the
belligerents bumpered by contraband
taws nnd the scant oourtesy uf warlike
prooesies, but It became Increasingly
difficult to do business even with neutral
countries. War meant business oppor
tunity to some, to others It meant de
pression, In some ctaes ruin auj these
were unceasing In their clamors that
Washington give both ear ami aid.
The American people awakuied to the
fact that despite their "spli-ndld Infla
tion International relations hail so mul
tiplied that Grrut Britain's prrwnat
quarrel with Germany meant more than
serious discomfort for the. United States.
The most serious of all violations of
America's neutral right wu the tor
pedoing on May 7 uf the Cunurd liner
l.usltunla, which cost 1.149 lives Includ
ing IM American. 'Other German acts
I mil occasioned Indignation In tills coun
try, but previous sentiment was ns noth
ing when compared with the popular
amazement and wrath following the at
tack which killed American women and
children us well ns mon of such stand
ing as Alfred Gwyrrrte Vanderbllt,
Charles F roll ma Q nnd Elbert Hubbard.
Te published "warning" on the day the
I.usltanl sailed wus considered In the
light uf an Insult, even sujggestlng that
certali40erman ottlclals In this country
were "accessories bere the fact." To
the German cloltat that the liner was
armed and carried war material tbls
Government replied that even so, which
It (fld not admit to Be the casts
American cltlxen tvd the right to travel;
In passenger ships of their owsj choice
nnd thnt If Gcnnany could not "vlsft
and search" vesse'.accbrd1ng in interna
tloaal law she shoo flV net ,inoJt,. them.
The axiom of the law thur It Is hotter
to let many llty men escape than to
punish one Innocent man was brought
Into direct conflict with. Germany's de
termination to uv her rtost effective
sea weapon In her own way, whatever
the cost. The l.usltunla affair has been
the subject of three notes of protest ad
dressed to the German Government.
Neutral HoJtand and Switzerland also
made protests.
Thtee American vessels were de
stroyed by mines In the North Sea. the
Evelyn on Fehrunry 21, with a loss of
one life, tile Carlb two days later one
of her men died from exposure 'and the
Greenbrier on April 2. Previously, on
Decemlier 30, the Greenbrier's captain
had hefn ordered to haul down the
American flag off the Shetland Islands
and hoist the British.
One American was killed on Ihe Brit
ish steamship Falaba. which was tor
pedoed by a Mibmarlne on March 2.
This, too, was file occasion of protest, to
which the Oermnn reply was tha In
stead of stopping as commanded the
British skipper tried to escape, thus In
viting disaster.
German aviators dropped bombs on
the American steamship Cushlng 01
April 27 while that vessel, oil laden and
bound for New York to Kotterdam, was
near North Hinder lightship In the
North Sea. Tne Gerimin claim Is that
the vessel flew no flag. No life was lost.
The steamship Gulflight, flying the
American flag, was attacked Vy u Ger
man submarine on the afttrnoon of May
1 In the vicinity o-f the Scllly Islands.
Three lives were lost Including that of
Capt. Ounter, the ship's commander, who
died of heart disease. Iteparntlnn
to the Oulf Bellnlng (.'ompuny, owners
of the vessel, wus promised.
The American freighter Nebraskan,
bound for I.lverrool, was struck by a
torpedo nn the night of May 23. The
vessel was dtsahlnl but made jKirt. No
U were lost. On July U the Gov
ernment received Germany's regrets ami
the promise of compensation for what It
termed "an unfortunate accident."
Tho William P. Fryc. un American
schooner, wus sunk on January 2S by
the German sea raider, Prlnx Eltel
Frlediloh. The Frye, wheat laden, was
on her way to a British port, Food
stuffs btlng contraband, Germany
clulmed the' right to destroy both ship
anal cargo, but this Government con
tended that the treaty of I S 11, still held
valid bv Germany, provided that such
destruction should got be made. Pro
test was made and Germany promised
compensation. Prlr.e court proceedings
war Instituted.
Last Sunday the American freighter
Lelunuw, carrying flax from Arch.-ngl
to Belfast, wus torpedoed and sunk.
The "visit und search" provision of In
tel national law was complied with, and
the crew was given ample time to leave.
This case reMnhltU that of the Frye,
and the treaty of 1K2S inay be similarly
Invoked,
Count von BernstorfT, the German
Ambassador, and Ur. Drrnhnrd Drn.
burg came bur last' August while the,
(uermun armies were- shooting, cutting,
I burning, pounding their way through
Some sulci Dr. Dernburif. who usurne.1
Bernilorffs place us spokesman for th
German Government, was the Kinpcw'
permmul envoi.. Tnis has been denied.
The doctor himself said he repicieutc!
the Gernmn lted Cross and thut he had
been commlsaloiieil to collect funds: for
the alleviation of human sufferlnir. That
ho did this there Is no doubt. Neither Is
there doubt that he Hwke and wroto
with consummate skill h skill lorn of
such really American experience that Im
si)lce the language of Fifth avenue and
the dialects of less cultured district
with a facility that might have hid his
sturuy reuionism nad he so wished,
What he Said and wrote was heard and
read with keen Interest by the Ameri
can people up to the time he said:
told you so," after' 1M Americans had
been killed by a Oerman act through;
the sinking of-the I.usltanl.. Then the
United State naked Great Britain to
permit him to go home, as he wished,
nd home he went not deported, hut
with his own wishes to depart speedily
reapeciM im tna ways wen 01 ltd.
Former Navy Officer Sees Lesson for America
in Year's Sea Operations tn the European Conflict
Prof. William Lcdynrd Cnth
enrt Compares Strength of
Great European Fleets.
tir pnoF. wir.MtM i.i'.dv.uiu
CATIIt'AltT.
formerly of the United States
'sivy, tnle nf Colombia Univer
sity' atnfT, nnd reconnlsert ns
nn expert nn mailers connected
with naval wnrfare.
During the year of wnr Just ending,
naval engagements have been far fewer
than the magnitude of the vast armadas
massed for this mighty conflict led a
waiting world to expect. And yet It Is
wholly safe to say that no year since
tho dawn of history has seen such un
precedented nhd spectaculnr effects In the
conduct of naval war. Great Britain's
"Grand Fleet." the largest In number and
power the world hos ever known, has
tugged nt Its anchors In some secluded
port, but Its tense quiescence has been
that of the Hon quivering for Its spring.
Held at bay by It and under the protec
tion of submarines, mines, fortifications
and stone walls, Germany's great ships.
the second In strength of the world s
navies, have lain Inert, their existence
msrked only by minor and Infrequent
rulds. all Ineffective militarily und some
of them disastrous materially.
The few actions which have occurred
between capital ships and Germany's
harassing tsillcy of attempting to wear
down her foe by submarine warfare
have had, each In Its own way, momen
tous effects on tho naval architecture
and fleet tactic of the future. These
swift changes have been startling to sea
officers who cherish the memories of past
days. Stately llne-of-battle ship no lon
ger advance, slowly anil majestically in
column formation, to grapple fiercely In
the end at' tiolnt blank range. Instead,
enormous nrmorclad have chntged at
express speed In a running and decisive
fight over wide stretches or sen. nring
effectively nt unprecedented distances
from gun which are still lieluw the sea
horizon of their foe.
tin August t. 1914, three days before
Great Britain declared war ogalnt Ger
many, Its Home Fleet, now the Grand
ec-t. e.i ed for a publicly unknown ne-
filiation, presumably In or near the North
Sea. It consisted of 4S3 vessels, as fol
lows: SO battleship. 12 battle cruisers.
Zi armored and light cruls-M-. 12 mine
sweepers and mine layers, lsl destroyers
and other torpedo crnft, 9 tenders and
repair and depot ships, 74 patrol boats
nnd H submarines. Opposing ths vast
aggravation were the German High Sens
ond Itewrve fleets, j-omposed of 33 bat
tleshliw. 3 battle cruisers. 30 armored
and light cruisers. ISO destroyers and
torpedo boats, 2S submarines and various
auxiliaries, such ns mine layers and re
pair nnd depot ships, a total of more
than 27E vesecls of all classes.
Task ot Frrneh Fleet
Supporting th British force In the
Channel nnd the Atlantic, there has been
a French fleet of 7 armored cruisers,
numerous auxiliary cruisers and 140 tor
pedo craft. The operations In the Medi
terranean, except those at the Darda
nelles, , have been also chiefly In the
hands of the French, who. for eleven
months with a force of 4 dreadnoughts
and 5 pre-dreadnought battleship, at
tended by cruisers and destroyers, have
maintained n close blockade In the
Adriatic Sea ngalnst the entire Austrian
fleet of 16 battleships, 14 cruisers, 77
torpedo craft and 11 submarines.
There has been much adversj nnd un
Informant comment on the eeemlng quies
cence of the still silent British fleet.
Thnt the battleships of the greatest sea
power on earth, on whpe navy In the
last decade $1,940, 031,000 have been
spent, should lie for a year of war with
out firing a shot, has seemed, naturally
enough, Incomprehensible to the lay
mind, used to prompt and vWble results
from a'dequate expenditures for their at
tainment. The fundamental principles of
grand strategy give full answer to this
criticism, For the offensive, concentra
tion at the decisive point Is the cardinal
principle.
Napoleon's dictum,
nf positions,
was never truer than In
Anglo-Oerman naval strategy of to-day.
The British fleet, hy far the stronger of
the two, concentrated nnd acting on se
cret Information before the declaration
of war. assumed the offensive promptly,
occupying the commanding strategic po
sition which the geographical location of
the British Islns gave it, ATter Its sail
ing, the delay In declaring war due to
NO BATTLESHIP ENGAGEMENT IN FIRST YEAR OF WAR:
BRITISH AND GERMAN CRUISERS IN FOUR ENCOUNTERS
With one year of the Kuropean war
ended the first engagement between
battleships Is yet to be fought, although
there have been engagements between
cruisers. Hud n prediction to this effect
been made twelve months ago It would
hardly have been taken seriously.
Everywhere It was bcl'eved thut when
the c lash between the two nations should
conm the Issue would eventually be de.
elded at sea. This prediction may yet
be fulfilled, hut probably no one. at least
among disinterested otcreis, expected
the test of sea strength to be so long
delued.
There have Indeed been naval bittle
In these twelve month four of them
but In each fat battle cruiser have
played the leading, almost th exclusive
part. Thiee were complete vlctorlm for
ilrrat Britulti i one was a rleun cut
triumph for Oermanv Hut when the
results uf the subtiiailne campulgn, ot
the mine laying operutlon. of the at
tacks In the Dardanelles und of the ac
tivity of raiders are taken Into con
sideration It is seen that neither fleet
ha so far gained a decided advantage.
Hnttleshlp Losses,
In battleriblfw Oreat Britain has been
the greater sufTerei, hav'ng lost no fewer
thuu eight. Uermuny has lol only one
buttleship, the I'otnmrrn. l.LjOO tons,
sunk In the Balllc by n British sub
marine on duly 2, and only one bHttle
ship belonging to anv of her allies bus
been destroyed, Hie Till kind Messudleh,
which was sunk by the British subnm
rlne 11-11 In the liaidanelle, December
13. On the other hand. In cruisers Hie
Oermaii navy bus been hit much Ii aider
than any other
Of thn eight British battleships lost,
throe were victims of submarine attacks,
two struck mines, the loes of another
was due either to a mine or a torpedo
the Investigators were unable to deter
mine which and defective ammunition
wns blamed for the destruction of a
seventh Four of these giant vessels
met their fate In the Dardanelles, on
while at her moorings In an Kngllah I
port, and the two others also In British
wsters.
The first of the naval battles .took
place In the flrst month of the war,
In the North Sea. A strong force of
British destroyers attempted a sweep,
ing movement with the object of, cutting
oft light Otrroan craft from thi.r home
NAVAL LOSSES IN THE WAR
HE following table, based on official reports, shows tho naval losses
suffered by the various belligerents up to date.
Summarised Great Britain nnd her allies have lost ships as
T
follows: Great Britain 32, France la; Ilussla S, Japan 3 Total 63; total
tonnage about 207,178.
Ships lost by Oermnny and her allies: Germany 67, Turkey 6, Aus
tria 4 Total 7C; total tonnage, about 20C100.
(1I1KAT HHITAIN AND HER AI.I.IKH.
tlreat Britain.
Ilsttleahlps (I).
Dlsplaca-
ment.
,, 11,000
, , 15,000
., 15.000
.. 16,000
.. 11.911
I. 11,150
.. 11. too
.. 14,100
.. 1.440
.. 1.140
.. J.11S
.'. 11.000
.. 11.000
., 11,000
.. 7.1S0
,. s.too
., It'.tOO
.. 9,100
Date. Name.
Oct, 17, , Audacjuiis ,
Nov, it, .Bulwark
Jan, 1. Formidable.,,..,
Mar. I. , Irresistible
Mar. ..Ocean
.May 1l..ilollath
May 3t. Triumph
May .17 Majestic
Cruisers (10).
Aug. I. Amphlon.,
sit. I, Pathfinder. ,
8ept. 10,,1'efaeua
Sept. 11.. Abouklr
Hrpt, ll.,Creaar.,,,
Hepl. 12, .Bogus
Oct. l5,.ltawkt
Oct. II.. Hermes
Nov. L.Good Hope
Nov. !.. Monmouth
Munboata (1),
Sept. I,.flpedv
Nov. 11.. Niger v....
Deatrnyera (1).
Mav 1.. Hermit
May . Maori ,
Rubmarlnea (4),
Oct It .K-l
Nov. I..D.5 ,
Apr. . K-1S
May 1.. Unidentified
Auilllary Cruisers (.
Hrpt. 8. .Oceanic
Oct. 10. Hohllla
Ian. ll.,Vlkuor
Keh. IS. .Clan Mc.Vuuchton...,
Star. 11.. Havana
May 27. Irlnce Irene
110
110
mo
1,03s
716
(10
:
550
7.J11
4 110
I. jr.o
4.m
5.I4J
Franre.
nattltshtp (1).
Mar. ll.iBouvet 1M0S
Cruiser (1).
Apr. K..!.eon (lanibetla 12,410
Gunboat (1).
Oct. 21. 7.xtr J0
Destrovers 1).
Oct. II. MnuU't 101
Krl. !..tiigue ill)
ubmarlnea (t).
Dc. i. .furl , IM
Jan n..8phtr 190
Mar. II Unidentified 110
Apr 11. ,.foul
.fill 11 Mcirtotte
Torpedo Iloata (1).
Oct. 1..147 IH
Oct. 1. Ill T
.fan. II. .Unidentified ..
Russian.
Cruleera (1),
Oct. 11 Pallarta .-. 7.77S
Oct. H. ..lemtehiig 1,050
Oimlioati (1).
Ort. l..Kubanets 1,100
Oct. !,. Donets l,:oo
Auxiliary Crulaar (1).
Oct. IL.rrut 1,100
Japan.
Crutaer (1).
Oct. 17..Takarhthn 2,700
Deitroyar (1).
?pt. 4. .Shlrotay U
Torpdo Boat (I).
Nov. 11. ,10 no
peace seekers In the British Cabinet
allowed the Oerman High Seas fleet
then In the Norwegian fiords to find
shelter In home harbors. This fatal de -
lav of sixty hour Is primarily respon.
Bible for the year's Impasse In the North
Bea, for the silent battleships, the grim
siege, th harassing blockade
The critics nf thoe long wnltlng ships
should remember that there Is also an
other silent fleet, What of Herman
naval Innctlnn? Mere Inferiority In
strength does not Inevitably Imply de
feat In war as In huslnes affairs
It Is the Improbable, the wisely daring
stroke wntcn. Dy tne very impronaDiiiiy
of Its success, lias otten won, llleverv.in main nailery power oy tne iirmsn
fighting force, military or naval. !s lo
. auacK oni.v wnen ii is superior wne.i
In m uciiiiiK mi i r i tnin i, inn, till urn iiiw inii,en iwii , in,- e.i"ir t.uii 11,1
.. treatises on the art of wnr nnd the rets. The smaller the calibre the more
science nf strAtea-v will hnve tn he re-
written. Such an assumption would dls- the volume of projectiles per minute ,
regard wholly tho personnl equation. I nnd normally the, less Is the range. For
But. lighting men nre not mere pawns' years tlie German designers sought thn
In the great game of empire and their j to Increase the volume of tire by mount
leaders nre not all cast In one standard lug gun of leser calibre than those of
mould of dull nnd mediocre efficiency,
In Justice to Oermany two rotisldern-
tlons of crave welaht should he noted.
Vlrst she has, not one, but two coasts
base and engage them at leisure at
sea. Off Helgoland Bight, on August
2S, this ecjuadion, commanded by Bear
Admiral David Beatty, was nttacked by
three Oerman cruisers and two de
stroyers, and for tblrty-flvn minutes
the vessel fought ut a range of ap
proximately .3,000 yards.
In the end the Oerman cruisers
Ariadne, Mulnz und Koeln and the two
destro)ri were sunk, while the Brit
ish ships escaped pruetlcully undam
aged, The complement of the Oer
man ships, officers and men, wus 1,200
and nil except .320 were reported to
have perished. The British casualties
were fifty-nine killed and wuunded.
On November 1 the Herman Admiral
von Spee, commanding the armored
crul'ers Scharnhorst and OnvlsetiHU and
three light cruisers, engaged a British
fleet of two unnoted cruiser and a
light crulsrr under Admiral Sir Chris
topher Cradwlt, uff Coronet, Chile. A
battle raged desperately for two hours,
continuing until the Urirjsh milreis
Monmouth and (loud Hope hud been
sunk, with all on board, und the
Olasgow had taken to flight. The Uer
mun shliw suffered virtually no Injury.
Tlie British avenged this los on De
cember S. when off the Falkland IslunJs,
In the south Atlantic, Admiral Sir Fred
erick Kturdei administered a decisive
defeat to the Oermuii cruiser squadron
which hud won the Coronel engage
ment. The Hcharnhornt and Ouelseuau
were sunk and with them the crulsera
Nuriiberg and Leipzig. The cruiser
Dresden escaped, though pursuit! bv
some of the British vessels, Two Her
man colliers w'ere ruptund Admiral
von Siee went down with his flagship,
the Pohnmhorst. und I.SIft iiwn were
aboard the ships which the Kaiser
lost.
Baltic Off DnMKerhHnb.
The most powerful Oerman fleet
which had ventured into open waters
since the beginning of the war was sur
prised Into action hv s British cruiser
squadron off the Doggerbank. In the
North Sea, on January 24 Her Sir
David Beatty. the hero of the Helgoland
Bight engagement, again distinguished
himself, With the battle cruisers Tlaer,
Lion, Princess Royal, Nw Zealand and
Indomitable, assisted by a few light
cruisers and dettroyers. h attacked the
Oerman battle cruller Dorfllnitr, 6yd-
fl Kit. MANY AND HKIt ALLIES.
Germany.
Battleship (1),
Displace
ment. ... 11.200
Date, Name.
July 2,,Pommern .....
Crulsera (1),
Aug, 17. .Magdeburg 4.IS0
Aug. l..Koeln 4,150
Aug, 2. .Mains.,... 4,150
Aug. 14,. Ariadne l.tfio
Kept. 13, . Ileln 1.010
Nuv. ,,Vorrk 9. 050
Nov. 6,. Cormorant 1,604
Nov. L.neler 1 . r. 0 4
Nov. 9,.Kmilen , 3.S0O
Dec. ..Frleilrlch Karl .S0
Dec I..Schsrnhorst ll.r.OO
Dec. I, ,ilnetsnau tl.COO
Dec. I..Nurnherg 1.450
Dec. s..f.flplc 1.150
Jan. IL.tlluecher 15.500
Jan. IS .Claielle J 2.445
Mar. tl. .Dreaden l.00
July 4. . Koenlf aberg 1,400
Ounbonte (9),
Aug. 9. .Moewe. f.50
Aug. l..Talngtan 1C4
Aug . . Iledwlg von VImnn, 109
Aug. . , Valeriana K.J
Oil. 14..Komet
Nov. A.. Tiger. P00
Nov. (..litis.. 900
Nov. 4.. Jaguar sflij
Nov. 4..1.uch. 900
Destroyer (9),
Aug. II. , V-147 .- ICO
del. B. . H-11B 47
OM. 17..S-II9 , 420
Oct. 17..H-UI 420
Oct. 17. -H. 117 420
Oct. 17. .H. 115 420
Oct. 10. .94-90 400
Nov. L.TskU 210
Nov. 11. .!.t24 420
Hiibmarlnea (9)
Aug. 9..U-IS 150
Oct. 14.. Unidentified ISO
net. 10. .Unidentified !''
Nov. 11. ,U-s C.-.0
Fab. H. Unldentlfled ISO
Jlar. 4. U-i 150
Mar. 4..U-1 type ISO
Mar. I0..U.12 150
Mar. II. IMS . .m 800
Torpedo Hoata (2).
May 1, .Unidentified
May 1 . . Unidentified
Auilllary Crulsra (19).
Aug S..Koenlgln I.Ulae 945
Aug if . K Wllhelm der (J S.S21
Npt. 11 ..Sprrewald 1 414
Kept. 14 Cap Trafalgar 9,164
Sept. . .Ilrthanln 4,144
Oct. ..Itnln US
Oct. ..tthln, 110
Oft. . HoJen t.'O
Oct .Marknmannla 2.410
Oct. ..Criteria l.9?
Oct. 17. .Ophelia 1,161
Nov. C .Ituhln
Nov. 4.. Berlin 9. 114
Nov. ..Karnak 4.417
Nov. L.tockaun 1,020
Feb. 10. .Ilnlger 6.300
Apr. ..!'. Rltl Frledrlch 4,r,S0
Apr. 24 Krnnprlns Wllhelm.... S.to:
Apr. 10. .Macedonia 2,77V
Turkey.
Bsttlethlp (11.
Dec. 13. Meealldlveh 10,000
Crulner (1).
Apr. 1. Meiljldleh S.tll
Ounbost (1).
Oct. 31. .Burak HH 80S
Torpedo Hoata (1).
Apr. 20 .Unl'lrnttfled
Apr. 20. .Unidentified
Aualrla.
Cruter (2).
Aug IS. Zenia. ...-. 2,300
Nov.. . Kalterln Eltaabtlh, . , .. 4,000
Ounboat (1).
Qct. 2!..Teme 440
Fuhmarlnc (1).
Oct. 17 .Unidentified
I to defend that on the North Sea from
the British nnd thnt on the Baltic from
Ilussla. It Is true thnt In the wnr
, with Japan the bulk of Bussln's modern
ships was lost, with the remnant nnd
the additions since she had at the out- ,
break of this war n not Inconsiderable
fleet In the Baltic of four superdread-
Ki.iKiii ........... "
ers. eight protected cruiser and scout.
. l,.lll.,.l,Ha .1. ,....npA ,,.llu.
cigliiy ciesiroycre, iimripen lurjieuu imjiiih ;
and thirteen submarines. j
Second, the ships of the Oermnn bat- J
tie fleet, while unsurpassed In armor, .
secondary armament and propelling ma- ,
cmnery, nre many or mem ouu iaseu
I ships of the same date. This Is due tn
two reasons! uiierinr ignore u min-iuhi
mnldlv the sun can be fired, the firrenter
the British. Now, when extreme ranges
prevail they find their shots fall short
When wnr tirnke nut there were l!i0.-
(ion officers arid men In the British nnvyj
Ills. Moltke ond Hlueeher. and several
light cruisers.
In n tight lasting three and a half
hour the Hermans suffered a decisive
drfunt. The Hlueeher, a vesel costing
16,700,000, one of tho most satisfactory
ships of her clnsn ever constructed, was
sunk, with 700 men aboard, nnd other
Oerman ships wure damaged. All thn
British vessels escned Injury.
The first battleship lost by the Biltlsh
was the predreadnought Audacious,
which wus sunk off the Iilsh coast on
October 27 It has never 1kcii definitely
determined whether :i torpedo or a mine
reused her destruction, us the Br'tlsh
Admiralty has never announced the lo
of the ship. The Audacious was of
'.'S.OOO tons and cot II6.000.UOO
A month Inter, on November 2C. the
battleship UiilH.uk, of 15,000 ton', was
blown up at her moorings off Sheerne,
only thirty-five miles from lundiii, 73't
uttlcers nnd men losing their Hie. At
first Oermun spies were suspected, but
after (in lnvetlgtlun a British com
mlslon of Inquiry chuiged the disaster
to defective ammunition.
The battleship Formidable, also of
Ifi.ilUii tons, was torpedoed bj a Oermnn
submarine ami sank off Portsmouth on
January 1. She canled 6f.u men to
death,
The navle of two of the Allle suf
fered u serious los In the Dardanelles
on Match 1, when the British battle
ships IKvati ii ml Irresistible and tlie
French battleship Bouvet struck floating
mines and sank during a combined at
tack on the Turkish defences In the Nnr
rowB, The Hornet went down in le
than thtee minute, Hltfi neatly her
entire personnel of officers and crew
iilsMid The two British Hhlps renmln-il
above wafer long enough to permit llielr
cn'ws to be saved On thn same day the.
Fiench battleship Oaulols and the Brit
ish battle cruiser Inflexible were put out
of action temporarily by 14 Inch shells
from tlie forts at Kllld llahrand Chitmik
Kalessl,
The Oerman naval Ictory off the
coast of Chile In November and (he de
struction of the Oermnn crtilsi Dres
den, near Junn Fernandez Island, 100
miles from th Chilean coairt, on March
14, were closely allied events. Follow.
Ing the Falklands battle the Dresden
had been pursued up ana down the west
ern coast of South America, through the
Straits of Magellan. Into the Atlantic
and back again into the Pacific, since
December 3, when (the eluded the Ola.
Sn.vs U. S., ill (ipnnnii.v's p.
oultl Hnvo Lost Is In in
Possessions.
,in.l fi Gig In IlinC n't t?r.... , t. .
"..,.' ,,. ...... ... , ,,,,, ,. iii-nn
compsrn thl1 relntlvidy small
the millions now filling th; trenchm i.
of Its nchlnvement during the n'T t,
conuici eefiii. annum increit, ,,
ycl It Is but the story of the "u;
force" of sea power, when fitly .
In all ages.
First, while a Fraiii'o-l;ti., .
force hn made th" Mediterranean
allied Isltn, the Britl-li battle il.t r,i
kept not only Kiigland but the rrrth-i
coaat of France from Invasion lnl)
from tho beginning tboe llent ! v,
hnp been the dominating factor s'rv
eglc.illy, In the western thi-nue nf
From England, through the siibmirre
and mlno Infested waters of the Ch.ir.r:
hugn transports went for ,i time al-ij ,,'
dally, bearing n total of not b thin
800,'000 troops to France, and wlfbnt
the los of a ship or .1 man. This !str"
also of tho oversell transport jt nn
Brltlh reenforcementH which, when t
number nnd dlstnnccs nre onn diel
has no parallel In history '
Again, the cruisers ct the AItic hiti
swe.pt Oermnn und AiiMrlun riiir.ttm
from the sous. Hamburg and lire.-.
nre, commercially, cities of the dud, a!.
tnougn l.nnecK, tlie gn-nl Bait.'- port f
Germany, seems to bo eiijoving .1 bi,ou
irano in oousiuii ami war supply
With Denmark and Sweden The to'il
of Germany's) commercial lose 1,
pennon, op to siny ir, the tonn: of
German merchant shipping sunk or
turl by the British navy was 31), (ft,
nnd thl totnl doc- not Include the c,
man ship lying In British port ,,5
1 vnr negan. Micro lire now i
man merchantmen Imprison) I in I-r 'i
jhnrlKirs. nnd recently tho Italian clover-,,
jment confiscated flfty-ven Autr an a-i
'German steamers having i tot-it tonrsri
I of 2 1 (1,770 and a value uf e.'rt
.than J20.000.000.
I A dramatic sequenco of nl'led (r
! mnnil nf th He:i hn l...,.n fit.. .1 .c ,.,!..
I of Germany's dream of a vcidc1"', c
! lotilnl empire. Thre. times. f i ti t-t
risk of wnr, thn "mailed flat'' ha h ,j
raised to obtain overseas iein.
for that commercial and mil tarv five,
hold, Klno-chow In China, for "ie C.irw
line and -Marshall groups u t , P '
nnd for German Samoa. m t r
colony In Southwest ,f ice, ni 1 jr, .
Buiy inni in i.asi n i ,i ,
gone, ucrmniiy s colonial c xp usluii
v.inimed.
.nvnl l.eaaona of the. Wsr.
hlle ther. have been a r"mM
nlnor clashes, only three imp"r ,nt ri il
engagement. havo occurred dir f.ii
war.
in nil these ong.igenie' t hX"''t
speed and heavy, long rang. cir n
the dominating factors T' , i i i
especially of the performance 'if ' e hi!.
te cruiser, a ilieadnought h I i 4
.icrlflce of some armor p-niift . -
Incarnation of thce iiialltte ' v :.
Ilant rcntlt polbly forcii '
shedding by the h.itleshlp of n" v '' 'i
protective coat, us the salts of err - f
the Oartt Ages have been leplur i v
th khaki of to-day, or ut tesst u
tr.infcr of i-omo of Its belt aimer to ' t
decks, to withstand the pliinj'-. !
vertical, ttre of lorn; range sue "
abo sweep .may the '.i.t ,
of "column formation" ' re , a '
ship In action; two parallel ' Is't-
i nK jiroadldo to hr,idnle
ptevnllcd since the i,ntle ,,f
In K.73 This forminlon tn.n
wiled by attack in "line ab'o.
Tde hy side, like oldler )
I .
front, or hy a rutin. ns
,hl, Weker licet wt'i sh ,
only, a lesser mark, to the i
The striking leonn frr
by thl war seem ( ' i- fk
Iirlnr prejudice .md .Mhrrei. ,
yield to their force Miiipe-e ;
, ntend of Oerni.inv, had
t,ee
e d-
i fon(i.,n, in ear of n ,i r i
a fleet defeated or penT,,"! ui
enemy or enemie hr.l.lnw iv
t '
the sea What woin 1
for us to-day" Alien tic
been floating, month n:
Panama Canal, the I'h .
Samoa, Hawaii, 1ak , 1 ir'
perhaps Cuba. tlM-e
slons. the land of i" emn'i
-h
could regain onlv n li'er v, ,r and r
n long nnd bloody wir
(Copyright, lfll.V hy thr lfs"'r .'r
rule, in I
gow. rinally the Ol.i-r v
erftil Kent rtertiN.' i
Un sden.
After five minute flgM
buttled down In" !
n tthltu flag. She iu, C
a few minutes Liter, f "
plosion In her iiingn. .
Her entire crew w.i . i ,
Ish Buffered liu i isu i !' I,
Ing. Thus the s..i. .!
that sank Cr.ido k' sli'i"
turn sunk b Siurdee w.u
The llllldetl li.nl ulrr i '
so that theie mm teni i t
In all the watem of t" .
DfO'f
.-.1 t--r
!
I VI 1
,i".tv ant
i'
, ' iiii.
i. rtirt
' 11 1 '1
el
. - vX
. s r",
i i.iv
rss
those of Oerm.iM he-s.'f
the ICulsci's w,n '
Kuilsruhrt ,ii d the nix
prim nit.-i niedi b i.' i r
Wllhelm.
The latter two nft,r it
..i-i
i '"!
' we'4
ing sought refuge ,u .v t
llitvrned.
The ICirlsrithe. h: 'i a 1 1
m.n. months In pr- nn
was reported in Mir "
struck n r ef in the ' i i '
damuned, to ii i . e I i
her wttn crew i .i ' '
s.ild to huve re . , i I !
liietcliiint inin.n I
have flnnlh un nt -l
Thus the ilepi. ,1 ,',..'
rjldcts, whoe . 1 1 1 1 1
recalled tlie S.ipt.lsh M i,
to nil end
The tletliinii i I'n-i" K
ib'HtlOJI ll In .i llgl ' '
liver liiolillols i,ti .In, I
ment look pi, ii e In "
Willi II llnux tin,, m i ' '
Afrh a Tlie , t ihm-i i id I
In the Jungle liotdi ii il r j
ber. liilMiig crawled tl t n '
by the British i ru'eet I. '
i 'mnplete fig'it s n . i
MIITetcil by the n i
awnbiblo, hut 'i, !
noiuiced terentK l .
Mn Biltlsh tleei
kllled, 2.143 ii wu . "
mining, iuui of : 3 - i ' x-ftw
men.
A Oerman ju i "
aealnst the Urg l
mouth. nen' e
threw shells ii 1 1 s
pool nn I Whit"i rs
Christma tl.n a an '
an aerial r.nd wa "
In none .f these ip.i .s '
damage Inflicted serious.
I
-I 4
. I
.' ,i
. -
tit

The sun. [volume], August 01, 1915, THIRD SECTION, Page 4, Image 22
About The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916

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The sun. [volume], August 01, 1915, THIRD SECTION, Page 4, Image 22
About The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916