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fftZtZVAl &1VX1WI, Utararf ? Follt Ual ? Medical. 0't:o k XTTSE or OXNEIAL. HAMH.TON AM J THI CO Hi BR AND BMjUIKKK The L mrxtr mmd E%q*wtr of Monday, contains a long Ist'er from Alexanlrr Hamilton to James Duur, dated Sept 3, I7NJ, on the subject of the weakness ?( the govern mm t of the coufed* ration formed about the commencement of the revolu tionary war, and giving a sketch of the form of government which the writer proposed to substi tate for that confederation, to enable the colonies to prosecute tbe war successfully. The true friends of the country and of the Union, aud, if we do not greatly err in our judgment, the friends of General Hamilton, will all deeply regret that this epistle, written when he wis a mere boy of twenty three, should have been dun up aud published at this crisis, as the result of his deliberate reflection and judgment, in relation to the permanent govern ment of the American States. This letter was wntteu in camp, while the revolutionary struggle was going on? when the country was in great distress-- when no government whatever could fcave aiiordtd full rtlief? when the feelings of the officers and soldiers of the army were exasperated and embittered, by privations and sufferings which (bey attributed to tbe neglect or imbecility of the Coagrees of the confederation. General Hamilton ea)s,mthit letter: ? "Without a speedy chanee, the army must dissolve. It is uow a mob rather than an army? without clothing, without pay, Without provisions, without morals, without dis cipline. We begin to hate the country for its aefket of up; the country begin to hate us for our appreeaions of them. Congress have long been ]ealoc? of us. We have now lost all confidence in them, and give the worst construction to all they do. Held together by the alenderest ties, we are npenmc for* dissolution " It is foully unfair to the memory and tame of General Hamilton, to allow this production, written and er the influence ot the circumstances that surrounded him, thus depictured in his letter, and with the feelings natural to the position he held in the arm}', and which epistle, he states, was 41 hastily written," and with " confidential freedom," and should be re garded as the " reveries of a projector, rather than the soher views of a politician," to be put forth as am iadei of the convictions of mature judgment, as to the character of the government of the federa tion to be established after independence was achieved. The feelings of Congress and of the country were at that time, as is observed by Gen 7lar 'jn, "sore at the prevailing clamors" of ! army, tad indisposed to yield to what with ings herty" they called " the die b. u ui tii- word; .ti 4 so violent and tierce had uie coaler' bean? at the tim^ of the publication of General Armstrong's celebrated Newburg letters, that General Washington was constrained to exert his utmost influence to avert the most disastrous re salts. Bat for the patriotism md prudence of thit greatest and best of uiea, the close of the revolu tionary war would, in all probability, have found the thirteen colonies, though independent of Great Britain, subject to the rule of a military dictator, and governed by military law. The origin of the unextinguishable hostility of the American people {O Sim (ling armies, doubtless originated in the op pretHMons of the Bti.iah military authorities, before the Revolution, and a thorough consideration Cf the vicious pnnciplea and evil result} of such ays ieina ; but that hostility w?? ?tr- ngthed by the dis >o?tion manifested by portions of the revolutiona ry army, officers and men, at the close of the war, Co control the government. Military life u> not <ooagenial to the sipnt of republican liberty. A camp is of necesary a despotiim The genus of <iemocracy 1a silent amid the el tog of arms. W hea the teelings nurtured in the army, aa?l especially among its moot talented an<t ambitious >oung officers, and which induced many of them to long tor the establishment of a m.lnary republic at the peace ol 1781, were repressed by the patriotic firm ness of General Washington, most cf those officers ? ti ii rally became the advocates of a strong con solidated federal gofCOMKI I. Of this party, Al exander Hamil on *ds the admitted leader and t,rad. He denounces in this letter to Mr. Daane, he weakness and imbecility of the confederation, tad h? p* tfi.tcd in those denuaciationa after peace was restored, and Bitil after the for. nation and adopuon of th^ i>fr>-nt constitution of the United ?States. He w<s a proin *>*nt member ot the con vention that formed the federal con-titution, an i in fact, for some time, the only member represent ,ng the State of New York. Though, after the new constitution was submitted to the States far ratification a*ii adoption, he joined with Jay and JMtdison .n writing the able pi;?*ri called the fetit rftuf, commending it to public favor, aad defending t'a provisions; >ct it i a well known, that the jubilation* it contain' d in favor of or guarding tne rights of the Sta >? nn4 of the people from the absolute control of federal authority, were by no tne a as acceptable to h:;n. This was, at that era, he dividing line of political parties. In fact, it wna the comtiM uc-m nt of the form i ion of the t?o great i arties that have ever aince d vidi-d the couatiy. Th>- advocates of a strong, splendid, con solidated federal or central government, with un limited sovereign pow r, and regarding the States as mere geographical division', and entirely subor dinate to the central authority, were called fede rals Those who were far restraining the pow- , ers of the federal government to the control of our foreign relatkns, of ih* war p>wer, of the coin age, rnmiry, commerce, navigation, Indians, and other sublets necetiarily ani naturally nation* I , were called repu olicans or demo crats, of whom Patrick Henry and Thimu J f fterson were the cb *fi. General Hamiltoa has been accused, by sone of his opponents, with !?wi.g wMmnM coafiden< e m the virtue, pttnoti* n, or tatell'gtnce of the masses; and tome have as Mernd that he wan a mo:, irehist. We believe that it has beta stated, upon the aa.hori y of Mr. Jef ferson, that be avowed htmi'lf, either before or during the sesrli a of the Constitutional Convea tioo.as j ref? mi'g a litrrtMl monarchy to any form of government We ha ?e fc rcedouraelvea, hitherto, to dungard all the evidence ten-ling to aastaia this arcusation, aad to baketre that it was an an permon upoa hi* ? taracter. and we deplore tha the iadi?reet pubiu-atioa u it s letter, if i: 11 an theatic, ?? nds to weaken our r 'solution n this reaprct, We perceive, in this epistle, unmiatike ahle indications of the leaning of the wnter'a mind, which, it 'listing at h<t early age, and while holding a commission ia a repiMic m army, ai daily converse with such republicans as Wash tagtoa aad Kaox, and ? reeae, and their cornpa nou, would, ia sll probability, not become weak ened ? hen the writer was beyond the inttjence of :heir precept, assoeiation, and example. In this letter. General Hamilton op?niy aad baldly advo oatea the plan of an eiecutive departm- nt which "shall (to u?e his own words) blend the advan tage* of a monarchy and republic in oar con atitation"" The Crmrxrr mm I A"*y ?trer has ushered this letter to the public wi<h aearly a eoJamn of edi torial t "marks, displaying aa anuautl degree of igaoraa< ?of the "deia.l ," and even of the date of the federal con -tit ntion; aai about the usual ex hibition of stupidity in reference to the general ;*inciplrs of that instrument in the Cimritr and The editorial states, "ia this boy-man (otter, (this fel citaus expre?ai>a is invented by the Vtmriti umti Kmqmrm) we have, year before the coeventM>a met, the foreshadow ing of what ,t 4ioukl do?the details of what was re fjired; aad, ia short, that identical constitution which, m ITHi, (qr *ST> the convention framed." And ?"We ash the reader to compare this let ter of ItfW, and its description of what the powers of the new government ahould be with the pro. vtfuoas of our admirable constitution; aad he will at once perceive thai tha labors of the coovsauon of 17M), Cb7) were nothing more thau an em- | bodying and arranging of the work cut out tor them by a boy in camp, several year* before " Again the editorial aay a i ? ?'Uere we bay* tl>? nl|in of ourf(loriou? coa*ti*.u tion . and tbat Alexander Haiuiltou vmphaticaily tbe author acul lather of tbat imperishable inttru ment." All thia it supremely ridiculous, and must be ex ceedingly mort'fying and disagreeable to tbe high i ly intelligent and worthy relatives of Gen Ham ilton, who may read the Courier ami t'.nqvutr It ts is well known the plan* and projects of Gen. Hamilton, offered in the convention, were not fa vorably received; tbat moat of the propositions made by him, and most of the amendmenta he ? suggested ta proposition* by othera, were not ac. ceded to General H was generally in a minority in'he convention He was, as before observed for the establishment of a much stronger central or federal government than wan organized. Not withstanding tbe announcement now so pompously made by Mr. Webb, above quoted, he waa less the author of the constitution than any member of th* convention that ftamed it, as the recorded journals will fchow. Though he succeeded la getting but a (ew of his important details incorporated in that jnstrument, regarding it as preferable to the old ar ticles of confederation, he patriotically supported it, and, as we have before mentioned, contributed, with Madison and Jay, to the Federahtt. Doubt less, he hoped to get its provisions expanded by latitudinous construction, and his sagacity was not at fault. Such has been, as is yet, the tendency of things, and will be, till some feirful encroach ment on the rights of the States, or of the people, excites ubited resistance to, and the overthrow of, those who attempt the usurpation. Every lede ral or whig administration hitherto in power, have exhibited a pronentss to practice upon the doctrines advanced by General Hamilton, and ihey have all met the rebuke of the States and of the people. It ia curioua to note the process by which such usur pations are attempted and sustained. A striking example ia given in the farat part of i reneral Hamil I ton's letter, in which he proposes the usurpation o supreme authority by the Congress of the Confeder i ation, and this defends it in advance:? Tbs manner in whioh Congress was appointed umU U'Orr nut. and tkt public rri/vired, tbat they should have considered themselves aa re*te<l witb full power ta pre serve the republic from harm. They have done many of the highest acta of sovereignty, which were always cheerfully submitted to. The declaration ol indepen dence. the dtclaratlon of war; the levying an army; creating a navy; emitting money; making allianoei with jjorflfn powers; appointing a dlotator. he. & o; all there implications of a complete sovereignty were never dispnted. and ought to have been a standard tar the whole conduct of administration radetlned pow er* are discretionary power*, limited only by tha ob ject lor whioh they were given. And again: ? A convention may agree upon a cenfedi ration; the States individually, hardly errr win We must have one at all events and a vigorous toe if we mean to succeed id the contest. and be happy hereafter. As I said btiore. to engage the States l( comply with tbi? mod*. Congress ought to confess to them, plainly and unanimously the irn practicability of supporting our affairs on the present toe ting and without a solid ooer cive union The editorial of the En^uirtr atates, further, that? | JE very grant of power, almost without a aolltary ex ception which Hamilton urged should be made by the 8tat?s to the new government, was made; and that, too. in a manner which dearly prove*, wbo it wa* that controlled tbe eonvotion whose genius and whose ?pint it was. which led the mm Is of that assemblage ot patriots, to the adoption ot those admirable provi sicns which bare rscdered us a happy ana prosperous people aa well as a great and powerful nation. A ir.ore egregious and ridiculous blunder v?i never made, even by Ihe Cottrur and ?V/u?rer, than is made in the fiist assertion contained in U10 sentence quoted. Hamilton advocates, in this epis tle. the giving to C'onim ss "complete sovereignty;" that, for example, allowing them to apj-oin*. a "dic tator j" and he contends that Cougress should rraKe such government "the standard" of its "con duct,"' Jcc He is in favor of an uncontrolled con solidated government, upen which the States are to be "dejitRdent;" and he would le i le the States nothing except that "part" of "internal police which elates to the rn;his ot property and life among in* dividual*," Arc ; ell else he would leave to the pie car)' control of Congress, aud degrade the States to he scfcle of mere municipal corporatious, em tna- j ting frc m the parent central and supreme govern men', and emasculated ol all sovereign attribute and jower He ?ays ? The eont-deratloa in my opinion, should (tire Con gretf coiti|il?tt fouri'UD'.j eirp. a? to that part ol la terna! police, wiieb relate* to the right* of property acd lite among iod'vidual*. *nd to r.rnifr n>n; by iiitei n?l t?nrf. 1 1 in n 'ce?*?ry tnat everything ba it rinltg to tbl* should b?r-tfuUtad bjr the Stat* Le Striatum Ci'B|re?? kboull bare complete sovereign ty .0 all tbit relate* te war pease. tltu. finance. and to tte management of fcrei tu ?.!?Lrr Ui?ri.;bt of da eiartng war. of raieing armi> * cfltcering pa} la< th?m. dirert:ng their motions In ev*ry reipsct of equipping 1*? tp ?nj dolcg tbe fkine ?ltb them of bull Jmg turtl rceticn* ar?enaU ua/i' s-f. k?. le.; of aaakinc pea a on *uch c< nditi n* t< they tblnk proper, ot r-*tle' ing tieJe determining ? Itli what couatrie* It aball b? earried oa <:*nliag ladultraael- - layitg pro bib:ti?n* on all tb? a.ttllaa of exi <rt or Import, ita pu?irg dutie* granting bountlea an I |r>aiuai lor raUing. exporting or importing, an 1 applying to tbeir o*t K*a tbe ptoduat >t theea dutie* oalj giving crtilt to 'heState* oa wbom they ara raie? 4 la tb* H?a*ral account ot rer?nue? and (i(?owi. Instituting a<;a.ir?lty ccurU 1 o . of oelaing money establishing b?i.k' cc ?ucb terms and wttb ?ti-h privileges a a the* think proper , apprr prlatlng funds, aad diing what aver el a* relates to tbe oparati u< of Haaaoe, tranaa.it Ii.k eter; thing witb toraign nation* making alliaae**. ogenitve and d. f*n?lve. treaties ot oonmeroe. fca lib Tba rented, ration fhould proviJe aartala perpetual levsnuta t<roducti?? and itlf of eollaa'ion, a land tar poll tax. or the like; which together * lib tba duties on trade and th# uniocated latidf, woold give t'OD(jr-a? a *ut>?tantlal exi'teace and a "table founU tlon for tbeir febem** of t:nau<" Kbit mweaupi lie* were t,?ee>aary lb uld ba occasionally demanded of tba Mate* in tba present mod a of quet*> Now, w e expressly deny that "every " one of thene tuggettiona ta ineorj<orated in the Itderal coaati tutiop, atd we thank ? >o>l that tomr or them are not. The prrnect ta to a bank bjr Coogreaa, waa pro poaed in the convention and rejected. We are aware that by some fifty two and odd thousand model of caruiatiral reaaonmg, nnd bjr inference and implication, and deduction and ron^luaion, aome other people contend the power to incorporate a bank, "on Mich term* and with auch privilegea aa t he jr thin e | r?jer." notwithstanding the proposition to put it in tbe constitution waa rejected, ia atill there; but we do not agree tothia. The ft-Cbt'je to Aurtna, when he aajra that "every graat ol power, aimoat without a solitary exception, (we emit comment on the grammar aad aecae ol the esprea*ioa uaed) which Hamilton urged, ahould be mad*, "waa made," we pre* jbi', reltea on thene reasoning*. inferences, implication*. aa J deductioaa and conclusions to sustain hia assertion. Perhapa, when he qualifies hia aaaertion bjr ihe expression "slmo?*, be doea, in (act, me*n ' not quite," and that "withojt a ?clit try exception," mean* thtt tr veral exce,>'k>ne, not aolitiry, do exiat. If ao, the editor ia for once ri|ht j for moat surely, Congresa ia aot given the power by the federal ccaautu'joa. Ol "*r <minif indulgenciea," and oflay iag "prohittitkma" on all the articlea of export, *r.'t granting bouniea and i>rf>mium* for "raJaii g, exporting or impcrtiag," and all the di vtraifiad |*?(|| cf "com, lete aovrrignty" apecified in the ex'rac<- ?-e have quoted from the "boy man letter. I >n the contrary, the terma of th^ cone'itution. and of the Hmendmenta to it, clearly ahow 'hat the federal go . ernment ia one o< dele gated, and not of original or inher-nt powera: and that all iiowera of every character, not clearly delegated to it, ?r? " reserved to the Stl'ea re ?pe. ( lively, or to the people " We would not do ( reneral llamilton'a fame m. |i?tice. Though it doea not aeem to have been perceptible to the etoli d C'urur and Knmxrtr, it ia fair to prenume that the auggeatioga ia liia letter of 17f 0, were not a? to th?- government that ahould be farmed after indr p' n Irnce waa achieved, and peace .eatored, but were only aa to the temporary government to arcompliah the work of independ ence. It ia the Comrttr wi En^irtr'n view of thia letter only that makea it cauae of reproach to hia rr.emory We find aome of Gen Humilton'a irug geationa in the Articlea of confederation, and, in fact, one or two ?-f thoae mot'. ohjectiMMble Theae article* were fi rmed and agreed to" yeara before" thu " boy man" letter, ( ifit ia genuine) waa wrtt teu by 'ieneral HWButM Home of theae Mine aupgeatKHia were coatameJ in the conatitntion of l?"7, (not an the C and K ttjira,) and aome w*>re exemdrd; nnd no we find in th> conatiration oth?r aiiggeatioaa ol n < ommon p!nce character, and the authorship tf whtrh no more beloWa to Gen H imiltrn, l>erauae alluded to in hia letter, than that 1 1 the pbrane " voir 'ohedieat nervaat," at ita ewrtiiatoi Oen Hamilton wan a aUteaman o feat ability, tn4 ot great purity of cfctrMtor,' bu thai he was iu 1780, tt( the age of HI, auperior to th?* veierable sagea of the revolutionary Goniireee, or that he wm the " mutter spirit of the conven tion of 17HT," and ? Ud th? miuds" of thalbody, is t.11 fusttau, and romance, aud iwattle, and uon I ?' n?e, If the letter now no tuui shly thrust before the (itthhc it authentic and genuine ; if it really ku ft nh hi* deliberate judgment as to the per ii auent goverumtnt of this country after the w?r was over, mid if the reading of it bv Mr Webb in correct, then we are forced to say, it af fords evidence thai lie was not at heart a true re publican, and that in the conduct of a republican govt mment, for that reason alone, his acts aud his opinions. Rod his doctriues, should noi be regarded sa authority in this country. If the fact th t'. he wi s not a republican iu principle ia one estab lished, his wri'irg* *re not entitled to a whit more retpect from th*- American people than the opinions end sctn of Field Marshal the Duke of Wel lington. Lord Csstlereagb, Prinze Metternich, Count Nesselrode, Talley rand, or Hayntu, or any other illustrious anti-republican aristocrat, nohle man, ambssHidor. geuersl, diploma'-, editor politi cian, or individual man or vtounn. One bing iu the editorial of the Courier awl Hmt/turer it* dreadful ! It is that paragraph in which the editor discourses thus. ? We mean ao ditraspect to Mr Jefferson, nor woulJ we. for an instant, question bis patriotism; but regard lor truth; and u conviction how atcssary Ic is that the rtrisg generation should know ths truth of onr own history ss it in, compel us to say. tbat if Jefferson, with bis Fienob notion ? of democracy and republi canism? hif philo*ophioal theories, and his irreligious optnUns-t Is declarations of ths anivertai equality of man, from i he cradl* to the tomb, with bis practice In direct hostility to it? had been th? first President, Htid pofresfsd the power of shaping ths future aotlon of our government under our present constitution, we should at this moment bsve been pretty mush in the situation of the South American republios- without the happiness, the prosperity, the etability, and the power, which olalm for ua thu admiration and reapeot of the civilised world. Who is there that will be 'surprised, if the spirit of the departed "Apostle of Liberty" should, on hearing of this atrocious assault, burtt forth from the other world and visit Gotham, to meet his auda cious vilifierfoce to faoe! But we presume, on fur ther reflection, tht re is little danger of this, for Gen. Jackson, or President l'olk, or mo;t other of the great men who have left this world within the last cycle, could admonish the Sage of Mouticello that little heed should be given to "the wanton traducer of the author ?1 the Declaration of Independence, In this instance. If, perchance, Old Zeck waa in quired of, he might, in friendly feeling, volunteer sn apology in the exasperated feelings of the offender, caused by certain persecuting sentences, a certain rejection by the United States Senate, and the outrages of the Hudson Railroad Company, which may have excited htm just now againtt re publican government and republican institutions and laws. There is a portion of the letter of General Hamil ton, and aomeof the editorial comments upon it, to which we shall, hereafter, again call public atten tion. It may be that in the publication of this let ter, at this crisis, and in these editorials, there is more than at first meets the eye. We allude to that part of the letter in which General H. speaks of the necessity of a " coercive union !" We doubt not that the expression waB meant by Gene ral H. to refer solely to the necessity for such government during the revolutionary war, and we consider the attempt of the Cowitr and Em -jut rer to apply it to the present state of afttira, and to invoke i' as authority for the present fede ral government to use military force, in certain contingencies, against a State and its citizens, is a gross perversion and misrepresentation. The editorial eayi: ? And it will not asaape tha careful reader, that la sketching ?bat the gnrernment should be he eipress 'y provided for a ?? coercive union " We would espe dally Invite the attention ot South Carolina to this fact; and It will be prudent, at least, lor Varmaat to bear it mind. And again : ? Id (tort, he not only faithfully depicted the evil* of the confederation, and the necKsity of ? " coercive union "with national powers; but lie pointed out in 1TN0 rpecifioally ?bit t hat union nhoutil be, what the provision* of ita constitution, the p recite grant of power* by th<> State* and the mode ot making such a ?trong national government aooeptable to the people. We do not hesitate to say that we have no idea that the | repent ftd?ral government of the Uaited States was inten led to lie, or is a " coercive Union." God fori it that ths loyalty of the Ame rican people tor the Union bhould depend only on the force employed to induce it. We have no idea 'hat a ?' coercive union" can exist as such, during a single term of a President ; and it is to this topic that we propose hereafter to devote a portion of our columns in comment upon the editorial quoted In what we *Ilu11 MJT, the con duct of the federal adminis ration now in power, ; wuli respect to the act of the Legislature of Ver- t mont legalizing resistance to the Fugitive Slave low, with respeot to the Bos on fugitive slave 1 Crafts, and the Boston fugitive altive Shadracb, and he niguer mob rescue ol that fugitive, an 1 with re- . .-?>e?t alto to the action of the State of Sou h Caro- i lina, fmding to a withdrawn! from the coniederaiy, ! already had, and that ant'Cipated, w.H all be freely exumiiird. We do not think ttie subject in all it* beating* has been fully understood and properly discus*-' d. As somewhat pertinent tc the ruhject, we present our readers with an imjiort nt, genuine and authentic letter, written in October, 1<M, by Hon. John McLean, of Ohia, now a Judge of the Supreme Court c f the United Suites, aud who ww a Judge when h? wrote it, and upwards of forty | years of i'ge We ask for this letter a cars* i tul end considerate perusal, by the American (?eople, aiid we inv.te uoiii*e of the fact th.u it is ! not the doctrine of " nulhli .-ation," by South Caro- j line, that is 'o ?*? met, hat it is t act of " seces- ! eion " '? Nullification" was reeie'aaoe to a law by a State, w hile in the I uion ; " woeseion,'' or ? ith- j drawel from the Union, is a totally different I l limit. The letter was addressed to a ci'izen of North Carolina. KnoxtiLLK. 23J October 18J1 M< D**a Pis ?As 1 am about i-eviix ibis place tor ofcl >. 1 have but a tew moments to rsply to your favor of t be 21st Iwt In my view. no power* can be ei?rcinad bv tb* fede ral goreronient. eicept those whi :b ere expressly d?. j I*?e'e4 to It; at d I should tbink that the experience we have had ought to o<>n? mse'evi ry one, that any ei- ' tension of th? federal powers must < ndanirer the per manency of the Utlon Ail judicial queetior* whr-h arl?e under the eon stitution and law* ot ti? Union ere rsferrabl* to the Supreme Oourt of the United States toi Its dscl * ton is final In such case* The tribunal I* expreMly vested with tbe power to decide *ueb questions by tbe constitution which was adopted by the people ot tbe respective Btatee The Supreme Court, then ha> boen ?ut'e tbe arbiter In such esses by tbe States, and Its declaleti* are binding on all litigant partlee. hut tf a political power be as?*rte4 by the federal government which i* controverted by a dute and It cannot be mads n judicial mixtion under the consti tution er law* of the L'nton. ih^r** is no tribunal com mon t<> the parties sod in each a c?*? ??tf?ol rfinot be given to the power. The decision of a sovereign Htat* tnsnrh a case Is a* good as th- decision of tbe federal government, and of ncceesitj tb> re must be mutual t r bear a rice. An unconstitutional act of Congte>< imp ?** no b ligation on a Mate or the people ef n Stat- and may be resisted by an individual or a c mm-ioity No one, I believe, will oontmvert this Rut is a State bound to submit to s *ystemati<- ionise of opprtwion from the federal government I answer no It should remonstrate sgaln and again until all rvmonsttunee is vain and usel??a An *pp*ai should be msde to the other States. In all the for** *anc tioned by the ?>nMltnf and ample tiueaboail be git en for reflection Hut If all thee* effort" shall pro dure b<> effect and the oj-j re??ien be continned? an oppression which wither* the h pee | the Htate and driee uj tne NluINN <f I'.* prosp- rity - and th* people oftheS'ete are forecd t the alternative ot chooaing. nnder such circumstances llbertj ?? slavery they may and sh Bid reject the latter aid sssert the former by Open reel. lance Thi" It an Inherent und sn inali-ns bl* light which may b? s>serted and maintained by ?very <rgsnlsed c>mn.unity. Instead of enlarging its pr.wr* l y a rale ol csa eiruetion which tu*j h* co.itr* ted or cttend*'! at rlo*?6re th" federal government eheuld act within the sphere allotUi ** Pi f?*tder that the trne glory of oar federal system eon-n's ,2 th# great objsete ol i*s |ormatl< n wl h >h* least pissibl* neticn up- n the diversiSed and c- nflitting iaterest* < f : the peogle. In this way and in thi* wny only can thle ejftem eo eventful In it* oiigin end whiah ha? ei cited the aetoni*ha>et snd aimlisti a of the world, j be made perpetual And I need not *ay what every , Intelligent individual must admit, that upon Its per- , petuity the enuee of rational liberty depend* If tlae permitted I would sire a more detailed reply | to yonr ln<|nlrle?; bat I tmst this v ry hasty ssrawl. I uwdsr the eirenmstnnees will he received. Very truly and sincerely joure J1 'UN M LIA5. DK ift riCV'S WRITINGS. I* Qoincf once wrote ? hook and called him self the " Opium Ef?t?f," and the world hi* been inclined to call him eo ever aince. H- ji ob* of thoae meteoric men who fl nh u?. before tUe vieiou, and ?hoot down onj the hram of a wh^le generation. Hia writm?*, at hrat hluah, eeem to be n'her the m er- raving* of a literary Canner Hauaer, or a kllifd??*|? of affectation Krou time to lime, a* hia production* cam" out from the Bnti*h pre**, they divided public opinion Now that they are being collected and brought out in library form, from the elegant pr*"* of Tichoor, Reed and Field*, criticism 1a cryetalyzing it?*lf into positive opinion*; Bnd, moreover, we have Kmc streak of information about the m*o and hia bittoiy that t dd a peculiar ptqttaany to hi* author, ?hip. We art not quite sure, a* we are obliged to write rapidly from chaotic recollection, whether we may not be somewhat apocryphal in *ome of our Matemeata, that he wan a c laaaical *eholar, who pretty much brrke down hi* < onatitution by chewiof < pium, and hfier h? reeovere4 from th?a madett of all specif* of intoxication, some wild and i*inful vagaries lingered around hi* mind and haunted bin fancy, tuch aa that he had a living ti |i| o|H)tama? in hia atomach, and that hit body, (l>e Quincy's,) was likely to turn out to have been manufactured for no loftier purpose than to furniah lodgings to thia strange animal, who was ted and taken care of with every specits of solicitude, leat bis feelings might be offended in some alight re spect. Aa the atory goes, he waa once talhiag with hia friend. Kit North, the polar atar of Black wvod'i Maf-tizinr; and, as dinner time waa ap proaching, l)e ljuincy had begun to indulge in a dolorous dissertation upon hi* "animal," aa he called it. Well," says Kit Notrh, "let us give the animal soma soup, then " The bell rang, and they went to dinuer. Da Quincy. they aay, is otlended if any of his friends doubt the existence of this fabulous hippopotamus in his carcaas, and thinks precious little of anybody who doetnot regard the hippopoiamas as a real e*t ere and living monater, devouring the poor opium eater, hip ana thigh. At another time we read about l)e Quiucy the following story Before this celebrated author csn get sleep at mght, he is obliged to w ilk ten miles during the day; and, if it ruins, he goes into u rope walk, or some o'her convenient shelter, and carries a cait load of atones from one end of the walk to the other, aud back again. Well, we have heard of stranger thing i thin this, and we have no sort of objection to the fancies of Mr. De Quincy, not even bis hippopotamus He in welcome to them so loog as he will throw off from the Ixion wheel of his genius such sparks of fire. People will have their fancies, and it a man will eat opium the first part of hia life he may expect something worse than hippopotamuses at the other end of it. How straoge it is that the most brilliant things in the universe seem to be begotton by a spirit of madness, contortion, ctuoe, and desolation. The pearl divers tell us, and naturalists, too, that the oriental petrl is never found except in diseased oy sters, and that they only expect a very brilliant pearl when they fish up an oyster that is scraggy, distorted, and malformed. Byron had a clump foot, and hated all the worli oil that account, but he wrote "Chtlde Harold" and "Don Juan." Pope, who, take him all in all, was, perhaps, the master genius of his age, was a drivelling, suarlish, puppy looking fellow. Dr. Watts was mean and insig nificant in stature; and even his gentle and chas tened spirit rebelled against the man who heard a friend ihst approached the great poet eay, " There goes Dr. Watts " "What," rejoined he, "that insignificant looking lutle fellow? is that Dr. Waits 1" And Watts turned round, in the indig nation of his soul, aud u.tered those memorable words : ? Were I so tail as reach the pole, Or grasp the ocean with a span, Still I'd be measured by my foul? The mind's the standard of the man. Dean Swif'i eclipsed everybody when ke took up a pea, and yet his last days justified what Pope taid of him ? And Swift descend! ? dtlvtller and a show. So it is with men of wonderful genias some times ; although we are not disposed to encuunge the idea that a man must eat opium, or have a clump foot, or die mad, or be of a very small stature, or look mean, snivelling, or insignificant, in order to be a genius. Newtou was a man of genius, and a magnificent looking mm he was, too. 80 waa Gailiieo ; ao is Humbolt ; 60 is Arazo j so is Lamar tine. We are satisfied with such pearls as are got from commendable looking oysters ; and, on a l pinch, we like an oyster that is too good to have any peail. Young men and young women very frequently start out upon the world with false ideas about genius. Dr. Chanaing says that genius is the consciousreHB of the unshaken power of self control. In bis case, this is true ; but it is almost as hard to dt fine yenius a* it i? wit. At all events, Be Quincy it a man ot genius. A COMMON SEKSE V1KW OF THE CAtSES OF SHIP FEVER AND ASIATIC CHOLERA. The recent arrival of the Shannon, with the occurrence of forty death* on board during her passage, and some forty sent to the Hospital ; and the arrival of the packet ship DeWitt Clinton, reporting the death of thirty-one passen gers during her voyage, and forty-one on board still afflicted with the same disease; as well as the numerous other arrivals, within the last two years, of ships laden with pestilential disease and human mitery, with your permission, I will expose the re mote and exciting causes of these terrible visitations It will|be borne in mind (with many exceptions how ever), that the great mass of steerage passengers, or t migrants, is composed of the poorest and worst fed of the vaiious European peasantry, and hapless worn down artizan* of manufacturing districts, who, by tome inexplicable problem, manage, from their daily earnings, to cave a portion to pay for their pas-age, and to purchase food sufficient for an AtUmic voyage. The German emigrant procures dried or smoktd sausage meats, prepared from what, Heaven and the manufacturers alone can tell; the Irish emigrant procures a few potatoes, a little salt, and a net to boil them in; t^ie Loglish, Scotch, and others, procure cheap pilot bread, (danugf d generally,) dried cod fish, smoked her ring*, and such like luxuries, pur excellence, as a ham or tome bacon, warranted to endure a sea voyage to any part of the world! These execrable viands water will not soften, nor any known natu ral functions digest. It is not nccecstty here to exhib t by what spe cious or nefarious promise*, and wicktd falsehoods, many of these wretched {>eople are lured from their homes, induced, or entrapped, on board ship, and consigned to this " land of promise," by the nu merous unprincipled " runners," who receive a per centage upon every "head" (passenger) thit they procure for shipment? of course I do not al lude to the many honorable exceptions. In this manner, with the voluntary emigrants, who advis edly make their arrangements for emigration, some time to aix hundreJ human beings crammed sway in a narrow space between two air tight decks, iu but ks, made up tem|>oririly for the voyage, from old lumber. I.ach bunk or berth'? heaven save the mark? on an average, accommodates two per. tons, in a space of about aix feet in length, by three feet in width, and two and a hall feet in height. These bunks answer for sitting apartments, sleep ink ditto, store-rcom, kitchen, &e. Arc. Arc., for a voysge of indefinite duration across the turbulent Atlantic, which, with the marrow passages between the bunks, from one end of the vessel to the other, filled with boxes, ttuaks, bigs, bundles, an l mys tenons looking vessels, often answering the multi tudinous offices and purposes of culinary, chamber, and parlor utensils, make up the grand tout entem We. Some stow away their provisions under their bedding, such u it in, to secure them from marau ders, tad others lock them away amoagst their clothing uid rags; aad others ornament the insidea of their berth with numerous ancient-like hierogly phic-looking tongue*, hams, and chaina of aau ?age meata, and tome, cunningly, make pillows of their provisiona. Five tinea out of ten an " emigrant ship" lenea port, with the ?? evening's tide," either enveloped in a miatjr damp atmosphere, or in a " miuliag ' rain. The poor passengers are kept upon deck, penned r.nd huddled together, like f i?s on board an Irish steamer for a Liverpool market, e*pone<l to the noxioua atmospheric influences, whilst answer ing to their names, that they have paid thetr pan aage money, and preparatory to their being passed M down below" to their several accommodations ! If thry are fortunate enough not to be " wet through," they are sufficiently moistened not only to be rendered uncomfortable, but miserable and wretched in the extreme, in a strange, close, daik place. In thi* deplorable rendition they are unable, ev*n whm th< y poaaeaa clothing, to effect achange. Their bedding unprepared and damp, prostrated whh mental anneties, and from physi i cul exposure and sufferings, they "turn in " Their c< million made still worse by the moans of the aged, the heart piercing wailing* of mufrni! toliciturle, the crying of children, the cursing,, ?wearinganf Nasphrmies of the sHhsh; comMn I mp all these with that horror of horrors?" sea i en knesa"? with the ?? rolling," the "heaving," and the pitching of the vessel, and the reader has a tme picture of five hundred human beings, after ; Ot.rt'a own imxge, parked snd enmmed in an emi grant vessel's tteerajre, posai#i? thetr first night at j sea JiVflf- ' Om4 my lard; The tyranny of lb* night s too rough For nator* to ?Bdure t.mr- -foot r?fc??l vreu.bes i?ho#f.e er yeu ars. That ii 1? ?h? seltiog of this p!Ul??? storm, flow iball yoor bou*ele?a beads and unf?d ? Idee. _ Yonr f.rfni ml slslos a ra?r(?4nas? dsfsnd yoi f t< m season* #o?h a* th??? l.?ch iarseng?ris n<w in the full enjoyment of ?h( ut ir-enty ruhic f' et *?f atmosphere, which, as s healthy medium of respiration, is exhausted m l?-f e than one hour H addition to the nSsorMion i of vital portion of the atmosphere by ?h* lungs I and clianna ion of,a deadly poimoous gt* from these oigacs, bs well ?? the poisonous moisture oozing in the intensible perspiration from the porec of the sain, wp find the putrid evaporation from their dump, tilth* beddiog aod clothing; combine with then- the corrupt rx?t>i<r of their unwashed fljsh, which putrifies ti|>on their bodies, from the time they embark to the period of their arrival on these shores, their limited quantity of drinking water, their Bbnmin-ibly iirepared, spiced, dried or salted food, prepared and cooked inaea water; the nume rous vermin infesting and covering their berths and bodies; all uuite, and by their united influence!, superinduce the moat direful diaeasea upon those constitutions debilitated by starvation, or predis posed to, and dependent upon, such poisonous and wxcitine causes as these, to destroy the equilibri um of toe tnimil functions. But we have other causes of great end overwhelming potency, still more destructive to health and life than eveu these; in which cases no vital reaction takes place, arising ! from the poisonous exhalations of various gases, from the filthy collection in the ship's bottom known as " bilge water"? an unctions, oily, black, thick, { muddy and disgustingly fetid fluid. These gases axe produced from tha mixture and decompositions, and new chemical combinations of portions of the numerous substances, escaping from the various cargo**, such asbitumisoua co d, acids and alkalies, metala, wines, spirits, sugars, milt liquors, pitch, tar, roi-in, &c. &c In addition to these is the powerful decomposing egent, in the electro-galvanic action of the copper sheathing in connection with the other metal-*, and the sea water, upon all the above named substances. Thus, the most virulent and malignant poisonous gases are formed and evolved, filling the body of the ship with their noxous aud deadly influences. Add to j these the various and multitudinous spilling* of i Btsle animal and vegetable food upon the berth 1 deck, the accidents ol children and sea sickness, the mouldering provisions an 1 clo.hing, from their I close confinement and dampness, ail more or less | putrifying, and tending forth their noxious aid, ! with no outlets but the limited hatchways? the I wonder then presents itself? not how or why ships I of this cIssb become sailing pest houses, but how so few are aflected by these causes, and how so many, aa it were, miraculously escape altogether. If these phenomena, although daily demonstrated, escspe the unobserved or unprepared minds of aea faring men, while engaged in the (to them) more important object, the abstract principles of meteor ological phenomena of the clouds and winds upon the ship's course, it must strike the philanthropic and observant mind, that to these vitiated combina tion*, acting upon the animal systr m,the consequent derangement of the auimal functions, to the men tal and physical prostrations, we must look for the several diseases termed "ship ft ver," and the im ported Asiatic (!) cholera, 6c c. flee. There c in ex ist little doubt that the proximate cause of these ship diseases produce the same phenomena as do those which superinduce the genuine epidemic, Asiatic cholera, viz. : the non-electric and carban ized state of the blood; or, in other words, these ghses destroy the animal electricity, or vitality vital powerof the blood. Should bad weather over take the emigrant vessel, requiring the closing of the "hatch ways," the pent up poisons immediately produce their direful e fleets upon the battened down and half suffocated living mass. And now, when vitality and nourishment are most required to resist these exciting causes, by supporting the animal system, the passengers cannot get upon deck far a " mouthful" of fresh air, or for the purpose of cooking their provisions, judge, then, the tenfold power aud action of sucn causes, brought to bear ui?m these unfcrtunate beings, and attending a winter passage. Disease immediately makes its appearance amongst the infantile and aged portions of the living cargo, and a hundred voices echo and re-echo. " We've got the ship fever" ? " the Asiatic cholera's on board." It is a remarkable fact, which emphatically speaks trumpet- toneued as to the real causes of these disasters. We find few. in comparison, of the cabin passengers of emigrant vessels, similarly affected. Enjoying more space, as they do, with well ventilated " after cabins" and berths, purer atmosphere, with stern windows and open sky lights to admit and to allow a free egreiB of the fresh sea breezes, with fires in the cabin in winter. To such as these, and the large and numerous gun port hole*, in connection with cleanliness and a proper sanatory discipline, are ships of war and government transport vessels, with crews, tec , from five hundred to ene thousand men, indebted for their immunity from disease and infection, un less they are taken to an infected climite of conta gious diseases How is it, 1 would ask, that our ships, sailing eastward from this comment, never, under any circumstances, carry with them into European ports, " ship fever," " Asiatic cholera," or even yellow fever? Simply because they are better fed, well clothed, and possessing ample space. Beu,g mostly sailors, they have ample ex ercise and exposure to the pure atmosphere of the oct-sn wilderness, which invigorate their blood and nervous system; whilst the wealthy passengers, with all these, and the goods the gods provide, was t ere ever aca?e of ship disease known amongst them, otherwise than the ordinary sea sickness? The question presenting itself is, how are these difficulties to tw- obviated or preveuted J. I answer by tome of our numerous philanthropists, who spend millions for the salvation of the unknown heath* n, taking the matterin hand, and cons iructing emigrantvesat-la, especially adapted to the comfort, accommodation, and health cf the unforiunatr, but ?nil brother christians ' Th<; vessels to be ho con structed that a fre< end he ilty ventilation of fresh air can be et cured throughout the tleepiua; and hubiial parts of the vessels. The passengers to he ?applied wiih a proi*rly OOOfced and chdtigeable nourishing diet, by the cilicersof the vea?el. The conduction ot several port holes, ao aa to t-e retdily opened, weather permitting; him nock netticga for the stowage of (it tot of bcddinj) bed clothj ij it in proje rly constructed bags . gutta p>-rcha gum elastic nidttraates. sothatth>-y can be washed. Thene would also answer, in case of need, aa life prtservers. The bertha filed and constructed of iron ItttlCC work, ao that a free pMMM of air could be transmitted throughout the wnole line of bertha ; facilities fur washing and cleansing the bt r<h deck ; fuunt la and tu^es should he ? iiiplcd, is in our first class packet bhipe, to cause a tree draught of air between the casing and sheathing of the ship'.- bottom : bilge pumps should be ru,? plitd, both for ptimfKBg out the last drop of bilac?* water, as Well aa for pumping in cle-in water, and disinfecting or neutralise agents to pun ty these parts. These arc but a lew of the ?n<;<''sii<>ns, without entering into detail of w hat might be done for those unfortunate ? nu^ruuts whose only crime is misery and poverty. It is riot our province to s|* cul ite uj on their earthly tribulations ; hut w - cud, with conscious propriety, raise our voice Hi/bistt every worn out sh.p being brought to this bai-e purix'^e at lai-t, with a remote hope that we msy thereby awaken or induce the milk of hum in kinrfnei* in the breast of th*- philanthropist, to ad minister one ray or hope, if not of sunshiue, where darkness and muery have taken ui> their aho<ie? to atfnrd one drop ( t renfort to this hold full of wretcbrdnerr, yearly overwhelming hundreds and thousands of our fellow beings. Perchaace, thereby, in the place of the periodical fear and the hue and cry, that the ahip fever, or Asiatic cholera, has arrived, to welcome to our|ahores sinewy limb*, sleek and roay cheeks, and happy faces, tba> would even be acceptable to the most ultra of native American prejudice A C. Castle, M. D. 1t>e Alternation In ->oatl> Street. TO THE tblTOB '<? TBI HKRAI.D. Allow me to correct an error which appeared 10 your paper of >eaterday morning, in relation to the stabbing case in South str*et, on Friday night, i our report say a David McLachltn bad an alter ration with a person named C M. Sullivan, tec. The facta of the case are aa follows ? On Friday night five men came into the atore Ml South street, and, bavirg drank, one of them (McLachlm) sat down near an old man named Tilford, who waa intoiicated, sod commenced quarreling with him, [Milling his cap over hi* eyes, tee. The old min resented this, and used some opprobrious epithet, upon which MtLachlan seized him by the throat, and attempted to strike him, when I caught him and (brew him down Some of his friends inter fered and were roughlj ?in>"< <1 Some ten min utes afterwards, when they had shaken hands all ?round, and all was quiet, the barkeeper sent Til ford up stsirs to close the shutters ; he had just reached the stain when Mcl.achlsn rushed at him wt'h a knife, but waa stopped by Lynch, when he inducted the wounds for which he was arrested By inserting this in your valusble paper you will oblige, Yours respectfully, O0ft*BU?9 M SCIUVAX. New Yob .. March 17, 1*51. dwindling nt ths West. Sani>i-*k\, Jan. 7, 1851 . J. O. MORfi Esq., New York Herald On or about the 2t?(h Nov. laat, we met an Irish entleman who claimed to be in your employ, said e had been reporter for your japer a number of years, and was, at the time, on hia return from Nash t ill*, hound for New York. He took ao interest w ith us in our new project for a railroa < to Toledo, srid said he would give us a r uf! in the lloaid. The re were four of us subscribed for the paper, ard Paid him |3 each for the IVtrkly )b<al\ and he taid we would get the fir?t number issued in l?ecen ber He said he wrote under th?* signature of Otho His real name we do not know, and were gTna enough not to take a receipt. We now write to hi ow whether we are really cheated, or whether there is aome neglect or miatake in his fivisp m 'he sames and residences. F T Harney and Geo. Riber, Sandusky City, "bio; (3 T Snv ad and J. H Masruder, Port Clinton, Ohio, paid |3 each Your*. truly, F. T The mail b*g.?, on board the steamboat Detroit, and istf nded ior(/hi< sho, U seine, Kenosha and Wsnkegan, from Mtiwauhie, were nil robbed on the 2'<th alt If Is not yet known, what amount of itsney *u stslaa Central AmtrlM, TO THE ID1TO* OF TH* NEW KOUC HSUIO. Allow me 10 add a few more remarks, concern ing Central America, to the many Uiat have already appeared in the columns of your journal? ao ready always to leceive communications which lead to enlighten as well aa amuse the American public. In the first place 1 will epesk, in a few words, of the inhabitants of that country. Being estimated at about one million and a half of inhabitants, and occupying (be peninsula extending from Mexieo to New Granada; and 'hat peninsula being covered principally by the lange of the Csrdilleras, laket, liveri", gulfs, volc8iios, and innumerable Knots of ro j k y mountains, 6teriie, una unprouueave to * degree, leaves but a fcmall poitiou of land to bo cultivated; aud much ot lli at, to the contrary not withstanding of what has been said, very, very puor end unproductive indeed- Consequently, from the tact of the Cordilleraa running perrallel with the coast of the Pacific, at above twenty to thirty mile* distant in the mu-rior, end thence to the Gulf ot Mexico, the mountain* almost prohibitng cultivation, hw induced1 the nn tives to settle, as is now the case, commencing nt San Joee in Costa Rico, to the town of Nicaragua, Granada, Leon, San Miguel, Nan Salvador, up to Guatemala, all ranging from fifteen to thirty miles from the coast. They hive formed themselves into towns for mutual protection, arising from the fact of their internal feuds, and not from any com* , mercial advantage as to position, but comparative ly from that of agriculture, aa the most, ind, in hue, I may say nearly all composing a town in Central America are Duenat de una hacienda, or owners of a plantation, by w hich they live, owning a house in town, and living there from the product of the farm, which may be ten, twenty, or fifty miles of!'. The governor of a town or province, owns his hacienda, aud in the corner of his house in town, will have a ??rienda;" which is a retail chop, attended by no one, except upon occasion when the Indian (after having tolled throughout the week upon an indigo plantation, or mure la boriously, with crowbar in hand, has made the towering peak {of some hip h mountain shake, as it were, by pecking at its base in a dark and dismal hole, where the wily Spaniard, in tho days of Cortez, sought the precious metal that now induces him to waste his life and substance con tending with the vapors, See.,) brings his little gain, probably two to four ounces of silver, to ex change for a few yards of muslin, tape, or, possi bly, a bottle of some spirituous liquor. You see all ?ver the country this same state of things There are three grades of society: -First, those holding the reins of government, comprising the higher order of society, being principally whites, and, nn a general thing, men of considerable attainments, particularly in a political point of view, outvleing even the intrigue and diplomacy of the celebrated Frederic Chatfield, the instigator of internal feudn in that country, and the proud champion and vindi cator of her Majesty's rights and pretensions on the coast ofthb Pacific, from Tigre island to Tur tle bay, and back again the other way, from Mus fuito to lialize, including half way up the St. ohn's river, over the mountaios and valleys of Honduras, to the devil only knows where. The second class of society is what we would call half-breeds, or, in other words, they are de scended from the Spanish and Indians, and are n very decent race of beings. The girls in this class of society are very pretty, and well behaved, but, of course, ignorant. The third and last class are the Indians, and workers, poor devils indeed, igno rant to a letter, but harmless aa mice? having no great vices, neither do they drink much; but will pilfer a little, and are given to idleness. In tine, here y ou have the Central American people. Whea you see the nicture ot one class, 'tis a true likeness of the whole ; and I venture to say, there i* not a people living on the face of the glob--, save our selves, more favorably disposed towards at range ra then these very same Central Americans; I know it. Humble and modest in deportment, socnl and kind, I kuow them to be? not like the prond Mexi can, who, looking alone upon the picture of the Monte /umas, forgets that the moral world is fast approaching the halls of his former greatness No, they kuow (heir ignorance, and axe willing to re medy it. The question now arises? as we have com menced operations in that country for its future greatnets and our gain, and as we have rejected the treaty made for the protection ot Americans' interests iu that country, by Mr. Squier, and as we now have three ministers from Nicaragua, liundu rat, and San Salvador, I ask the question, what are we &oiiig to do with these minitters, and Ame ricans' interests there 1 First, the so-called Clay ton and Ilulwer tieaty amounts to a mere matter ot n.oou thine, to Americans, with their all em barked in that trade, becaun it has nothing to do withCen ral Americans. The Central Americans sre forgotten, and treated tt a ship canal. What have we to do with ship can lis, " entrt oceanic," that maybe commenced tuelve or twenty years from hei.ee 1 1 have laid, and repeat, that he Central Americana want to cultivate commer cial reht'ions with the United States, and the Americans, w ho have engaged in the tr tie of that country, not from the fnct of a s .i jct i*i being pro jeced or contemplated, but from the fict of a more potent lev > r hu ving come to ne.tr Upon it ? California and its grid. This is what i? o,>eniig the com mi rce of Central America? asd this it what will m?ke it e^usl to Peru or Chi. i. Therefore, why reject a tieaty by which an American cm claim the protec'ion of 1 is government, no;wi hitandug w htt the Hoard of Cornmis. toners on the Mexican ii deirni y say! If ??? were to make some com rrvrtial treaty with Nianfngus, and a,>,>oiut a Charge, with full powers to act as such, aud not treat turn as shah ly cs Mr Squier was, why, then, the commerce ot our country wo ild bepiotectect from iheir civil con. motion.'', aud Mr. Cftatfieid m.ght blockade and keep them in a state of war, only so !< i k as it was convenient for our people to lei him do s<> Now, all this fumbling shout the cansl msy do for future gene rations. I h -li-ve in it? I tV el rocfident il is practicable ; but, beiore it is bail , w hy, mr.ny of us, we hope, will have re tired item the content f.?r gnu there, an I, gliding t?i eily o'er the fcrte, in our d*ar native laud, with a brt cing air around us, only wondering if they are K? ing to commence the rwtrii ocetimc c inal or n* I hope and trust we may rm.ke rome sprcial treaty with the State of Nicaragua. Now, we have so tmii) m meters here, I cannot see the grsat objec tion* I entering into some amicable arrangement. If not. there will a detk cloud an. e in the south ern horizon, mid Me may be brought into collision with Great Mntain on this Irivi il q ir-stion. Th* Americans will colonize Nicaragua. J. M. B Tt>? (aland of Itonlan. As the public atten ion has again bet ? called to the Uriliab ag|(rei?ion oa the coast of Central Ame. rica, by the seizure of the i.lmd of Koant*n, we think the following account and description of the island willhe found interesting i? The (.oil of the island t* of the first qmlity; there ia Utile waste laud on it, and the whole might be advantageously cultivated. In approaching tne island it has a singularly beautiful eiyaranie. The mountains rise gradually in height to a sum mit of 9W) feet, which seem .successively to follow each other, latersected hy valleys, and the whole thickly aj.a moat luxuriantly wooded Palm and cocoa nu trees encircle the shore*, nnd oth-r tre-s covtr the hills These furnish an abundance of good and uaeful timber, such aa the Santa Mari i wood, extensively useful for ship bttlldiag. tho?? vanetiea of oak, red?r, Spanish elm, aud laaoe wood. At present, the itland produces in abun dance, cocoa nuta, nlantaina, yam, bananas, pine applet, Ac , <Src ; and CsiAnn Mnh-11 expresses his conviction that bread fruit, Kuropean vegeta bles, and indeed, many of the fruits and productions of more temperate region*, would grow there. It ia admirably adapted to produce ?ll the tropic il (taplea? sugar, cotton, eofW, and tobacco ? which aoon become extensive articles of export. The greatest abundance ot gime is found there, includ ing fowls, wild hogs, Ore ; and quantities of domestic animals nre raised. A great deal of rain falls during the win'er m->nt!>*. from Septem ber to February, which has the effect of making the air cooler than in the West Indi tu isla ids gene rally, and a constant breeze tempers the influence of the ;*un The dry months are w iraier, hut not ? ppressive, and during Captain .Michell's stay the thermometer averaged HO deg. Fahrenheit. He thinks the climate 14 not only he?lthy tothise twrn in warm latitudes, but that Kunpeans, w .h proper precautions, might hi re enjoy good heilth and long lives The population is now about 2 000, and rai idly increasing ; the proporti in of births to death* being as three to one. It is confined almost i xtliif ivcly to the sea coast, for purposes of onve ni?nce The people here erect their dwelling* in the midst of their palm and plan'mn groves, hav ing their little vetselsand Ashing boats In quiet and sh< Itered nooks, and conveying their produce, an I supplying their wants, by water The *tr<Mtest number are located at a place called Coxrn Hole. This is a sate and sheltered harbor, but Captain Mi ch* II thinks "they were directed here by chat.ee, and not hy the superior advantages of the place. The mass of the people ar- liberi?ed slave* from the Grand Cayman, who have also b 'en followed by rr.nny of their former ma*t*rs. wuo had Koa'an a better position. There is ano'her portion of the population made up of Sp-in^h, settlers from the adjacent coasts; besides whi :h arc a few Kuropeans ar.d Am?nc?ns. C.ip'ain Mich-ll says thar'th* macs of the poptilaii'in ia a fine race? string, ac tive. athletic, tem|>eraie, and quiet in their habits, and not given to excess. Crimes are nue. They are famliar with the ride mchinical arts, of which they a'and <n ccd; wime are carpenters, others rein tinkers, and they have a knowledge r>| ho it end ship bt ild?n!?, the mik ig of lime, etc. Their trade i? nth ir ptontalt, co oa >111*, t-me a,? p|r j, eic , which 1 hey csrry to ihe ports of llon lu rar on the roam land, to the Belize and New Or lean*."