?'v.r.-"
12
THE SUN, SUNDAY, JANUARY 19, 1919.
Albania's Future a Factor
of Worldwide Importance
Delegate in This Country Says Nation Relies on America
to See That Peoples in Territory Dominated by
Others Obtain Real Self Determination
Britain's Quick Shifting '
From War to Peace Work
Minister of Munitions Tells Employers and Trade Unions
of Liquidation of Contracts, Transformation of Plants
and Sales of Excess Material, Raw and Finished
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i
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Transforming munitions plants to
factories of peace is one of the
great problems of the moment
throughout the world. Steps taken
toward this end by Great Britain
were outlined recently by Winston
Spencer Churchill. Minister of
Munitions, at a joint conference of
the Employers' and Trade Unions'
advisory committees in London. In
this statement Mr. Churchill said:
I thought It desirable to tell you tho
in-ogreiw which has been made by the
Ministry of Munitions In their snare of
tho great process of demobilization ami
t "construction. I think I may my at
the outset that this progress lc good.
In fact tho dlhicultles which, on tho eve
of the armistice, appeared so very formi
dable have been found less serious than
v expected, and the Inevitable evils
unci Inconveniences of the transluon.il
)rlnd have not been severe.
When firing stopped on tho wcitctn
front we were at that moment at tho top
f)f our form. We had reached the cul
minating point In tho outpu'. of war
SiiaterUl of all kinds for the mpply of
armies. Wo had not only reached
the greatest recorded output uy volume
In every direction, but we had also a
whole scries of terrifying novelties, some
if the most Intricate character, and
weapon;) and devices of the most deadly
liature, which were In readiness to be
used by our troops In the campaign of
3 319 had It been necessary. Therefore
this office was at full extension, strain
ing like a runner In a race as ho ap
i oacht s the goal.
During the war tho Ministry of Muni
tions was organized to deal with the
output of munitions for the army. That
task ended with the fighting, but In Its
place another huge and Intricate t.-k
Ins devolved upon us. Tho new task is
threefold.
The first new task Is the liquidation
of contracts.
The second Is rendering assistance of
.ir!ous kinds to firms to turn over from
: ..r Industry to peace industry.
The third, which has only recently
hen Intrusted to this department. Is the
disposal of stocks of materials and stores
nf all kinds In every theatre of war and
for every department ot state.
Mast Sell 5 Billions In Material.
When I tell you that these storea and
rther properties may amount to nearly
3 100 millions (15,000,000,000) In value,
mid when you realize that they affect
I v ery trade In the country,' you will see
dhat a complicated business It will bo
to get the beat prices for the Exchequer
Without at tho same time discouraging
mid dislocating the normal Industries of
1'ie country and delaying their revival
through throwing great masses of new or
partly worn surplus products upon the
market. Itaeems tome to constitute one
nf the most intricate business problems
t at has ever been set, and It will cer
tainly not be solved by any sweeping
icthod.
It Is In the light of these three new
Usks that I would ask you to consider
I demobilization of the headquarters
ruff at the Ministry ot Munitions.
When the war was won more than
; nno persons were engaged on the
I "adquarters staff Very considerable
I eductions have been made and are
r.'Out to be made In that number: but,
pn the other hand, the new duties, tho
disposal of Mores and the liquidation of
fontrarts, have reduced the total reduc
I in which we have made and contem
plate making.
Still I hope, and my Intention Is, that
. the end of January the total aggre
y ite staff will have been reduced by at
i .st 4,000 persons, and I hope It may
THRILLING TALE OF SEA
MADE BY TINY SUBCHASER
Tn tho annals of the sea there are few
Instances of navigation more rcmark
piilc than that of submarine chaser No.
Lou almost In mldocean, Its en
gines disabled and no navigating Instru
ments except a compats aboard, sails i
vere rlfied from bed clothes, and after , MU)tSi J)IU WPrc not sufficient. There
imire than a month alone at sea, the 110 , were about five gallons. At 5 M0 1". M.
foot craft was safely sailed to the the centre engine started up : course
Azores. No. 23 was one of the American easti notling n sight. At 11:30 1 M.
jiudt sub chafers turned over to 'he , aIlotner and last breakdown of the en
i'rrnrh Government. French crews wer gne nn,i burning out of tho dynamo,
put aboard and the chasers, accompanied TIie chief machinist reported to me that
li American tugs, started on tneir long
Irip across the Atlantic.
Sailing from the Bermudas on Januaiy
191S. they soon struck heavy weather.
Jt was hard going for the tugs as well as 1
I .i chasers, and In the terrific storm of .
J.muary 12 the convoy was scattered
pi fl the 28 lost sight o her companions,.
Heavy seas had swept over her, carry-
lug away ventilators, boxes of coal and1
I'ei-ilene ; the lifeboat was torn irom ua ,
davits, tne crew s mesa lame an was ut-i
niollshed, the china broken. The engine
room was flooded, but the crew managed I
, to itart one engine and kept the boat go
In?
The weather moderated, and tho 28 set
ainer moaeraveo. n me -o e
Join tho convoy. Hut she ha
nut to re
more engine trouble, and there was a
shortage of lubricating oil. For two
days eho sent out signals for utd, but
r.ould get no alstance. The engines
Stopped and tip- 28 was helpless, sepa
latfd from Its companions, and no ship
rnywhero In sight. The others were
p.ithcred together later, having weath
i red the Btorm, hut tho 28, after days,
wa given up as lost.
When on February 18 the missing
i baser turnod up at the Azores It was
n thrilling story which Alexis Puluhcn,
tho sailing master In command, related
In i.ls report:
"The machlnlstH wt to work to fix
ho engines, and on Wednesday. January
IS. at midnight, the central engine
jiorlzon. headed east- I showed two red
lishts at the masthead and signalled to
t'.em with the blinker. rney run not
answer me and continued on their course
to the wist. 1 lost sight of them a few
p mutes later.
Crnft Mudc Much AVnter.
"The boat continued Btopped and the
machinists kept nt the repair of the en
rines 1 kept pumping the bilges where
t'-io water reoched a height of twenty
lichen. Tho boat made a lot of water
jiom the springing of her seams.
"At 11:60 A. M. I saw the ma.it of a
f.out boat to tho northwest. Considering
' my boat to be In a critical condition
li' reason of the length of time It had
been disabled and the near exhaustion
cf my lubricating oil, I fired a salvo of
f,x Fhots and hoisted the signal of dis
tress 1 obtained no answer and could
too nothing more of them a few minutes
later. At noon tho centre i-ngliie sinrted
tip . courso cast. Nothing in fight. At
j p. M. a new breakdown. Tli chief
machinist. Falgnou, reported to ma that
Marted. I set course east, iiiero win "" -" ...... ,
tmililng In sl-jht. At 3 A M. we again ! westerly quadrants and changing at In
J.roke down. At 3:30 A. M. I saw the i ter va'9 Im northwest to southwest
hf nf two steamers to nort on tho' I siKnien lour sieuniers, ui wiucn
be found possible to reduce It by nearly
0.000 persons.
This diminution of staff will hi fol
lowed and attended by thu disgorging of
hotels. We have nlieady made arrange
ments to vncnte St. Ermln's Hotel. I
hope that In a few weeks the Victoria
Hotel will be vacated, and the next objective-
of attack must be tho tint tut Ho
tel, which In marked out for early sur
render. Hut when all has been done It
must be realized that dining the greater
rart of 1919 tho liquidation of contracts
and the sale of totos, apart from tho
I normal business of the Ministry of Na
i tional Supply which will bo developed
1 all the time out of tho Ministry of
, Munitions, will require the maintenance
t of a very large staff at headquarters a
i r.aff which, compared with pre-war ilg
I ures, will be considered enormous.
Great Inspection Staff Cut.
Tho Inspection ftaff of the Ministry of
Munitions, In Itself a marvellous or
ranizatlon built up durlns the war from
persons nnlte iintrilned and unacquaint
ed with material of war. amounted to
over 70,000 at the tlmo of the armistice.
1 really c.inr.ot mention the Inspection
staff without drawing your attention to
tho fact that this staff ot persons, who
knew nothing about this work befoie
tho war, and containing from 4M.000 to
f.0,000 women, has not only cirrled out
the Inspection of the enormous mass of
finish .! munitions at a rate sufficient
to en.ilM' them to be placed continuously
lu the hands of tho troops, but that the
eMclency of our output and of the in
spection has been so great that the con
fidence of the troops In the excellence
of their weapons was unshakable. There
was no army In the field which w-js more
certain or which had more right to be
certain that their shells would burst
properly and their guns would resist
the strain put upon them.
Tills Inspection department has been
effectively leduced, and by the end of
next week more than 20,000 and possibly
nearly 25,000 will have been released. I
think that Is already a considerable step
Hut the Inspection staff has had a new
dutv thrown upon It. It is now being em-
1 ployed In all the factories throughout
he country in Inspecting and scheduling-
the stocks of finished and unfinished
munitions so as to assist in tho rapid
settlement of accounts between con
tractors and the Mlnlstiy of Munitions.
Before describing the steps taken by
the ministry to assist in diverting the
industry of the country from wjr to
peace production I should like to refer
to the great debt which we owe Sir
James Stevenson for the. gifts of organi
zation and practical mmagemeiit which
he has devoted to this vast and compli
cated task. Tor more than a year before
the fighting stopped he hd presided over
the demobilization committee of the
Ministry of Munitions and had been ad
vising me on the preparations which
should be made to meet the emergency
cf peace, and since the signing of the
i-rmistlce he has borne the main bur
den of the work.
As soon as the sound of "Cease fire"
reached Whitehall the flow of materials
Into munition works was Immediately
stopped so that It mlaht b-s diverted
to peace production Within a few days
all restrictions on the uso of m.in.v
of the mnt Important materials were
swept away and all stocks of materials
In contractors' works were rendered
available for peace purposes.
Takes Shells ns An Illustration.
Now Just consider what effect the ar
rest of raw 'material for war production
must necessarily have produced. Let
me take an illustration of tho task
which has been and Is being accom.
pllshed what has happened to shell pro
duction. You know the story of our
the lubricating oil was all gone. There
upon I used soapsuds and several greasy
substances to replace the oil, but these
gave bad results.
"I then gavo all the salad oil and
butter for the lubrication of the en
gines. These latter gave very gooa re
be would not be able to make the en
gines run any more. The radio would
not ork. It was impossible for me to
call for help. There was nothing left
me aboard but several pints of ealad
ii which I used only for the lubrlca-
thm of the auxiliary engine, with I
hich I pumped bilges when the state 1
0f the sea was such that I could not
use. the handy billy (hand pump). I
At Mercy of Wind nnel Sea.
"I found myself therefore in com
plete distress, drifting toward the south
east, at the mercy of tho winds and sea,
with no exnet position. I estimated my
p0tlon nt this time at 3 degrees .10
mlnutM nortll ,at,tude and 39 degrees
west longitude (about 700 m.les from
tho Azores).
"I remained In this condition until
Feb. 18 without getting help of any
kind. I ordered a Jury lug rig. to bo
got up, fiumplns the bilges all tho time,
puttin- out and taking In a sea anchor
when I thought It well to use It ; spar
ing tho drinking water as much ns pos
sible ; rationing the crew to tho lowest
possible amount, In view of the proba
bility of a long vojage; putting out and
taking In the sails according to the con
dition of the weather and the direction
of the wind, and endeavoring to make
, headway east by compass In an effort
to reach the Azores. The winds were
hree were very far away and making a
course nearly parallel to mine, so that
they did not approach near to me. They
were out of sight very ifulckly nnd prob
ably did not see me.
"On Feb. R at 8:30 A. M., I saw the
third steamer about four points to port
and crosslin our course not far away.
The weather was fine, the sea very
beautiful. I at once hoisted signals of
distress nnd got out tho lifeboat,
manned by two volunteers, and ordered
It to get in the path of the steamer and
speak to him, but when he arrived at a
distance of aliout five miles nnd was
bearing about two points forward of the
port beam the steamer changed coutse
sudden))' and put on all steam.
II nil Airily nt Full Speed.
"I Immediately fired a salo of seven
guns at Intervals of one minute, In ac
cordance with the rules fur distress tig.
naK. but he did not answer me and
continued to run away. At 11:15 A M.
ho disappeared over the horizon, heud
ins about southwest.
filling factories and of our shell plants.
At first a. trickle, then a rivulet, then
a stream and finally an Immenss tor
rent of shell was directed upon th
enemy during th four years of tha war.
Our efforts culminated In the dls-i
charge during ftftoen successive days of
more than 12,000 tons a day of shells
from Sir Douglas Halg's artillery upon
the reeling, quivering Herman front.
Suddenly thin whole great operation had
to be brought to a standstill, Tho tor
rent had to bo dammed at once.
During October the average preduc
tlon of filled shells wan over 47,000
tons a week. That has now been com
pletely terminated. The filling factories
have been demobilized. Tho small pro
pot tlon of workers who remain there
are engaged In cleaning and clearing
up, and the wholo of this vast process
of pouring out our materials, our steel
and our explosives, which was the main
featuro of munitions supply, lias come
to an end.
From that cause, as well as from the
general demobilization which we are
gradually hut unceasingly carrying out,
nearly 230.000 persons will have left mu
nitions production by tho end of next
week. That Is a very remarkable figure.
And T do not pretend for one moment
that such great discharges could pos
sibly take place without causing heart
burning and Inconvenience to Individ
uals. Hut Judging by all the evidence I
have been able to obtain this step has
been taken with a minimum of Incon
venience unci hardship resulting there
from. Few Ont of Employment.
So far as the figures of tho labor ex
changes are a guide, It Is true to say that
a very much smaller proportion of per
sons have placed themselves upon unem
ployment benefit from all causes than
have been demobilized from munition In
dustries alone. Already before our peace
Industries have sprung up again a great
deal of alternative employment Is open.
In the case of one filling factory I was
assured that out of 11,000 workers who
were demobilized upward of 7,000 have
been reemplojed within three weeks.
I would now nsk you to consider the
effect which ivn? produced upon the steel
trade by this sudden arrest of the move
ment of steel to war purposes. I'p till
the signing of the armistice we were con
suming practically all the steel In the
rountry, and although there are many
Important lines of production which have
a value for war and also have a value
for peace which are continually at full
blast shipbuilding, for Instance yet the
stoppage of the shell production alone
cut from the steel trade an enormous
outlet for Its products.
As far as the engineering shops nre
concerned, we are bound to have ft
j period of dislocation extending over sev
eral months. Not only have new projects
j got to be undertaken, but the shops have
to be cleared for new nrrangement of
n-ifinhlnnf-v
Arrangements which have been made
to turn the .teel trade to peace pro
duction appear-to be working extremely
well. My advices are that xery large
numbers of orders are being placed with
j (lit- SKt'i niitnriii iiiruu.iiuui uir euuiiw,
and that there Is no reason at the pres
ent time to apprehend any sudden shock
or setback In that Industry The first
essential to the reconstltutlon of peace
Industry Is to secure ample supplies of
steej, and a setback In that respect
would have reacted Indefinitely upon the
whole process of revival.
Wo have fixed home prices and export
prices for steel and Iron up to May 1,
1919, and have provided for Hit gradual
removal of the Government subsidies.
Uy these measures the Meel and Iron
trades have been steadied and have
gained confidence. Orders aro belnc
"I had at this time a fore-and-st
mainsail, a sta sail and a kind of leg-of-mutton
at the small foremast. At
11:20 I hoisted in the lifeboat and con
tinued to sail toward the cast. I am
certain that the steamer saw mo clearly.
I could not recognize her name or
nationality. There was no other Incident
of note during the voyage.
'The conduct of the crew was marvel
lous throughout the voyage. They re
tained at all times their habitual calm.
They never complnlned of the smallness
of the ration which It was necessary for
me to restrict them to, and thereby
showed a grand spirit of sacrlflco and
self-denial.
"On the 18th of Fehruary at 6:30 A. M.
I saw land one point on the port bow,
bearing north 53 degrees east by com
pass. 1 headed over and took a sound
ing from time to time. At 11 A. M., as
the ship was going very slowly because
of the light breeze from the west that
prevailed nnd th sea u very CRlm, I
had the lifeboat hoisted out and manned
by threo volunteers for the purpose first
of reconnoitring tho exact nature of the
lapd and secondly to hove a tug sent
out. I hoisted at tho same time the
signal 'VI'" 'I require a tug.'
Sails AVrre None Too Strong.
"At 1 P. St. I recognlred Fayal to
port nnd liclo to starboard. At 2.30
P SI. I saw a tug coming from port and
heading for me. At 3 P. SI. I doused
sa'll (one Jib, two staysails and one fore
and nft mainsail). The salliallowed us
I to steer to a certain extent and drove
us about three knots when we had a
fine sea and a good breeze. They were
made from tablecloths, Bheets, bedspreads
and blankets. The weather did not per
mit of their being used nt all times
because they were not very strong,
"At 3:25 the Sln-SIao took me In tow
about flvo miles southwest of Fayal and
brought me Into the port of Horta, At
4.30 tho Hln-St'ic took In her towllno
and a patrol boat of the port put mo
alongside the French four masted bark
Cap Horn. Sly chaser was In complete
security ; the crew were all with mo and
In good heath. The captains of the
French ships Cap Horn, La Ser Vnn
nalso nnd theffln-SIac camo aboard also.
At D P SI. 1 called on the French Consul
and told him nt my condition. Ho Im
mediately telegraphed my arrival to the
Department of .Marine. Paris, and uup
plled me with food, water and coal.
"I returned to the ship Immediately
and wrote out my report. The winding
nf the dynamo armature was burned out
in two places. The electric wiring was
all very badly grounded. Tho ship needs
to bo calked and cleaned on the bottom.
The depth bomb rack nnd skids need to
be rebuilt, but tho other damage Is
slight. Part of tho crow's clothing was
damaged by tho water nnd dampness.
"The coal for the galley was all ex
pended by January 26. The galley fire
was made from the wood of the broken
im ts table nnd benches. I estimate that
1 might havo held out for twenty days
longer, but not more than thai, because
all th.) provisions and water would hae
been Bono by that time."
V-,;,- -bbKbbbbbbbbW . J JsV
WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL
booked for export, and so far ai home
production Is concerned tho Jleel works
aro already fully occupied. I think that
Is a very satisfactory step on our anxious
nnd lengthy Journey from war to ue-ace.
All retrlctlons on the purchase and
manufacture of machine tools were 10
moved almost immediately after the ar
mistice. Tile machine tool trado Is re
ported to be doing well and to have
numerous orders for peace work. Con
tractors In the possession of plant and
machinery owned by the Sllnlstry of
Slunltlon.s are" at liberty to use It for
civil work on notifying the local super
intendent engineer of their Intention to
do so. The only restrlclon Is that the
contractor must pay a reasonable hire
for the use of the machinery In case he
does not ultimately wish to purchase It.
The great parent trade, the key trade,
of machine, toolj has been liberated and
Is functioning freely
Iron and steel and non-ferrous metals
may now be ordered and supplied nnd
used without priority clasltic.itton or
leference number from tho Sllnlstry of
Munitions. Stocks purchased nuil held
by Government contractors may be used I
for any class of work. The control or- I
dera for dealing In non-ferrous metals
without a license aro suspended In the
cate of tin, copper, brass, cupro-nlckel,
platinum, spelter, lead, chrome ore -and
type metal. Freedom 1m restored In all
these cases.
Prices have beer, fixed for the non
ferrous met..ls which tho SllnUtry had
In Its possession. Very large stocks
of these non-ferrous metals, t-o'.ne of
great value, were In our possession ready
for the campaign of 1915. Wo have put
them on the market at prices which we
believe will have a dir. ct effee't in en
couraging trade. Supplier of Industrial
alcohol and gljcerlnc have been released
and control orders have also been sus
pended In tho case of shellac, calcium
carbide, benzol, naphtha, tar, chlorine,
acetic acid, copper sulphate, &.c
AdTlsed by fioirrninrnt Men,
We are doing our utmost to develop
alternate e Industrial production as a
ntopgap pending the transition from war
to peace. Industry Tho superintendent
engineers of the Sllnlstry of Slunltlons,
distributed all over the country, are ad
vising and assisting firms n their areas.
The local boards of management aro also
cooperating In every way.
We are making special efforts to ob
tain orders from Uovcrnment depart
ments from the colonies und the do
minions and from public bodies with a
Mew to placing them to tho greatest
advantage. Where necessary I am pre
pared. In connection with Government
schemes, to pl.te-o covering orders for
commodities which will clearly bo re
quired In considerable quantities If
private orders arc not forthcoming.
For Instance, I have arranged with the
railway executive committee und with
the Board of Trade to place orders If
necessary for 1,000 locomotlve-s and
30,000 or 40,000 wagon; (cars) In the
shops of the country, and these, orders
I am placing with special regard to
IN THE WORLD OF MUSIC
Continued from Third To (jr.
Saturday evening. January 25. In Car
negie Hall, will play this programme.
Concerto. Nardlnl : concerto In D, Paga
ninl; Chanson .Meditation, Cottenet:
Arva, Valse MIrnone, Juon ; Vogel als
Prophet, Schumann-Auer ; Tambourln
Chlnols, Krelsler; Legende, Godowsky ;
Tarantella du Concert, Auer.
A feature of "Les Freres Knramasoy,"
which will be produced by Jacques Co
peau at the French Theatre du Vleux
Colombler during this week of Jnnuary
19, will bo tho Huwlan songs and In
cidental music which will bo given un
der the direction of SI. Baoul Blals.
The Russian Symphony Society will
give Its third pair of concerts on Tues
day evening, January 28, und Wednes
day afternoon, January 29, In Carnegie
Hall. Stravinsky's Symphony No. 1, Is
In the programme for each concert, and
Sergei Uachmanlnoff, as soloist, will play
his rewritten version of his own piano
concerto No. 1.
The University Settlement, Itlvlngton
and Eldrldge streets, announces a series
of Illustrated tnlkH on "The Appreciation
of Music," commencing this evening at
8:16 o clock. The purpose of the series
Is to give a genoral survey of the various
forms of musical art and at tho same
time to develop an Intelligent apprecia
tion of good music, and In order to pop
ularize the lectures the small fee of
twenty-five cents for a single ticket nnd
HI. 50 for tho entire course will be
charged, Following Is a list nf the lec
tures, which Daniel Gregory SInson will
open with a talk on "The Listener's
Share in .Music" ; "The Classic Period In
Piano Music, Bach and Beethoven";
"Modern Piano Music, Beethoven to tho
tho Interests of smoothness of transi
tion from war to peace Industry.
Arrangements are being made with the
local Government board for the Sllnlstry
to place large orders for articles re
quired In e-onnectlon with the Govern
ment's housing schemes, such nrtlcles
as steel casements, locks nnd Iron
mongery, ranges, stoves, sinks, lavatory
and wanltary equipment, fittings for gas
and electric cooking and lighting, and
many others with which I will not bur
den you.
Some of the best brains In 'he .Min
istry nnd In Its Inventions department
and In the firms In the country nre de
voting themseles to considering the
adaptation of useless munitions to
articles of commercial lite. I have
authorized extensive experimental work
In this direction nnd there nre several
projects of great Interest which are now
advancing hopefully, of which I would
rather speak when they have definitely
come Into production. I hope that It
may bo possible to find ues for a pro
portion of our surplus shells, and of
course the explosives with which they
are filled haic a definite fertilizing value.
Some1 Dislocation Is 9nre,
It ought to be realized both by work
people and by contractors that In many
Instances where factories have been de
voted solely to the manufacture of mu
nitions with highly specialized ma
chines the sooner work on munitions
terminates the sooner can tho factories
be reorganized for Industrial production
of a permanent character. Therefore It
Is idle for us to suppose that we can
bridge tho next three or four months
without a certain degree of dislocation
and of unemployment.
The injunction which I desliv to em
phasize mot of all Is the real Impor
tance of everybody, from every point of
view, endeavoring to stimulate alterna
tive peace productions and taking cery
step In reasonable relation to that. Let
every man endeavor to find hi peace
job, and let tho country ns a whole have
courage and confidence In Its Immedi
ate future. I have great confidence In
Its Immediate future, and the Immediate
future Is the period about which there
Is principal cause, for anxlejy.
nut though the difficulties which lie
before us are very serious, they nre not
half so hard as those which wo have
already overcome by working In coop
eration and In comradeship. I am rer
tain that If we continue without sioth
on the one hand, or precipitancy on the
other. If we all make up our minds to
pull together with the same loyalty nnd
comradeship as we have shown during
the war, In a very few months the great
Industries of our country will have re
sumed their natural actlxlty and the
transltlonnl conditions which overhang
the labor market will have psed away.
There ought to be a period of great
activity following this transitional pe
ilod and every one should look to the
future In the spirit of hope and of con
fidence, for by that process they will
mor" or l stimulate the revival which
they desire and which Is so essential to
our well being.
Present Time" ; "The Early Symphonies
nnd the Symphonies of Beethoven" :
"Sfodcrn Symphonies nnd Symphonic
Poems," "The, Folk Song," "The Art
Song," "The Opera," "Chamber .Music."
Among the lecturers who will be heard
are Kurt Schlndler, , W. J. Henderson,
Arthur Whiting and David and Clara
Sl.innes. As the seating capacity of the
Settlement's auditorium Is limited to
200, those still wishing seats should make
reservations nt once. Address H. WHk,
director musical activities, University
Settlement, 184 Eldrldgo street, New
York.
Koscak Vnmada, Japanese composer
and conductor, will give a second orches
tral concert nt Carnegie Hall on Friday
evening. January 24. The. raii..ri i.
under the auspices of tho Japan Society.
e.'iarence wniteniu, barytone, will lie the
soloist. Programme : Symphony In classi
cal form, "Triumph and Peace"; Japa
nese folk songs, Choreogrnphlo sym
phony, "Slarle Slngdalene," after the
drama of Maurice Maeterlinck ; Wotnn s
Farewell from "Tho Valkyr!," to be ming
In English, and the overture to "Tann
liaeuscr," Wagner,
NEWLY WEDS AT WHITE SUL
PHUR. White Sulphur SnitNos, w. Vu Jan.
18. Sir. and Sirs. Slontngnc Lessler of
New York are spending their honeymoon
at the Greenbrier. White Sulphur Springs,
as aro Mr. nnd Sirs. Philip H. Sleekier,
also of New York.
Sir. and Sirs. Herman Bills, who spent
the yenr at their cottage nt White Sul
"bur Springs, are going to Itellenlr. Flu.,
for the winter. Sir and Slis. IMvva-d
W, SlcKennn have taken the Casino
cottage for one year from April 1.
Albania's claims of Independence and
lh possibility of the Balkan States prov
ing a cenulns stumbllnr block to world
peacs are set forth In a statement Just
given out In Boston by C. A. Chokrezl.
Albanian delegato to the United BtAtes.
"In his historic address to the Italian
Parliament on January 4," jy Mr,
Chekrezl. "President Wilson emphati
cally told the Italian people that the
liallcan States should no longer be In
terfered with, but be let to exercise
their own national Independence. Who
ever Is tn position to realize how the
Balkan States have been In the punt em
ployed ns the Instruments of their ikw
erful patrons and how they were com
pelled to forego pro fanlo, willingly or
not. their own national Independence
will fully appreciate the high states
manship of the mun who haa so suc
cessfully grasped the conception ot Uie
thorny Balkan problem.
"If one Is bound to say the bare
truth, one would be compelled to recog
nize the fact that up to the present
lime there have been no Balkan States
at all ; there have been, Instead, r num
ber of mere-enary satellites revolving,
mora or less, as Inert massen within the
orbit of the mighty planets of conti
nental Europe. This was, of course, the
corollary of the old system of tho bal
ance of power.
t Old Diplomacy to do,
"But to-day when the current of re
organizing the world and establishing It
on more moral and sound bases Is calcu
lated to do away altogether with the
older schemes of European diplomacy i
when the United States broke off the
barriers of her traditional policy to
help Europe remedy her century long
evils of misery and bloodshed which
could not but directly affect America ns
a world power ; when President Wilson
personally went to that depraved Europe
to Instill higher Ideals of justice, peace
and world freedom Into tho poisoned
hearts and minds of the European peo
ples; to-day, I say, when serious at
tempts are being mado to reform tho sin
ful Europe and to Inaugurate a new
era of prosperity and world fraternity
Instead of the bankrupt one of misery
nnd continuous carnage, one Is bound to
thoroughly examine the causes of dlwaf
fectlon that have been prelng on the
tranquillity of Europe, left there bo left
eome sore point which may be the gen
erator of new convulsions nnd struggles.
"President Wilson's reference to the
past dependence and contemplated fu
ture Independence of the Balkan States
ha been explained as applying chiefly
to the Italian claims on the eastern
coast of the Adriatic Sea, and the Jugo
slavs seized this opportunity to make
more bitter their attacks against Italy as
claimant of the Dalmatian coast. But
If we have to take Into consideration Sir
Wilson's state of mind when ho made
that ntatcment before the Italian Parli
ament, and If, moreover, due Interpreta
tion Is to be given to It, It would easily
appear that no such restricted const ruc
tion may be rationally put on the Pres
ident's declaration.
Dalmatian Coast Only n Tart.
"The Dalmatian coait is only a part
of the eastern coast of this particular
sea. Southward of that coast extends
tho Adrlntlc seaboard of Albania which
la equally, and probably more, Im
portant than the Dalmatian. Likewise,
Sir Wilson's statement In regard to the
shadowy Independence of the Balkan
States brings forth the question of Al
bania which was made an independent
sovereign State In 1912 and remains so
to the present day, constructively at
least
"One cannot understand thtw. why so
much space Is given to the Jugo.Slav
claims on the Adriatic coast while "nt
a mention is made of the preponderant
ly Adriatic position of Albania Should
thl.s be attributed to ignorance of the
real situation and Import of the Adriatic
problem or to tho fee-ting that the prln
Iple of lf-determlnation and national
ity havo been abandoned before It was
MODERN
ADDS
Among the many changes which the i
war has brought about It looks as If one 1
of the mot Important would be a com-1
plete revision of our present text books
for army surgeons, and tho Introduction '
of new melhodn of treating ragged 1
wounds, whether In military or domestic !
life.
Doctors at tho front have found that I
tho engines of modern warfare, asphyx-1
latlng gases, flame projectors, tear shells
and the Incessant crash of artillery lire,
ptoduev conditions In tlm wounded never
before known. Shock, ehaltatlon, furor ,
and demoralization and such abnormal ,
symptoms frequently make tho employ-1
ment of any anesthetic dangerous.
Dr. B. Sherwood-Dunn, who was him-'
self wounded at the front. rclate tho I
case of an officer who was brought Into
the front line hospital with a slight frac
ture of the forehead but suffering from I
profound shock. He was put to bed
with a first aid dressing without admin-1
Isterlng any an.esthetlc. Later, when he
was nnnvthlzed, he developed .a Mate
of extreme exhaltatlon, "calling upon his
men to charge, and urging them on with
cries of encouragement and patriotic
fervor."
tins (innureiie Developed.
Almost without exception, nil the doc
tors who wero sent to tho fron1 line
hospitals at tho beginning of tho war
had been taught that their function was
to douche nil wounds with Iodine solu
tion, apply a rtrnt dressing nnd (-end the
patlont to a base hospital for any opera
tion that might be nccess.iry. As the
Journey, with repeated transfers, fre
quently took ten days or two weeks, the
usual result was tho development of
counties cases of gasemis gangrene,
tetanus nnd fatal Infections. Thousands
of men lost their lives or limbs through
Ignorance of tho proper treatment.
During the early Mages of the war It
was the universal opinion of army sur
geons that operations could not bo per
formed In tho war zono. If the standard
text books and recordu of past wars are
consulted It will be found they pre
scribe that no operating shall be done In
field hospitals. This ruling was based
on tho fact that the majority of the
wounds In past wars wero tn.nlo bv bul
lets. . In this war rifle fire has been almost
entirely replaced by shells, and almot
all tho wounds arc from shell splinter
or objects forced Into the body by i-hell
explosions. In former wars n bullet
wound was usually ,i clean cut track,
seldom contaminated. Under modern
warfare the naturo of the wounds has
completely changed, both in their ns
pert and gravity, and they not only do.
maud Imniedl.ile treitmiiit. but tie.it-
ment never dru.imed ul m Ik Id ho.spituls
of former wars.
even put Into actual application? Are
we Inadvertently beginning to acquiesce
In the old system of diplomacy which
waa speaking of the principle of na
tionalities In order to slnglo out the na
tionalities that were to be exterminated?
"In 1912, Albania was recognized as
an Independent sovereign State under
the collective protection of the then six
great Power, following the proclama
tion of Independence by tho Albanians
tnemMclves. Sloreovor, to InBuro tho now
State against aggression, the Powers
proceeded to neutralize It by giving It
a status similar to that hitherto en
joyed by Belgium, In order to violate
that status n little later Just as Ger
many did In regard to Belgian neu
trality. "On June 3, 101", however, the Italian
Government proclaimed again the Inde
pendence of united Albania. Since then
Italy has taken charge of the protection
of tho rights and Interests of Albania,
and ono has but to sincerely wish that
tho Italian Government, being fully
aware of and In accordance with the
views of President Wilson and of the
Albanians In that respect, will do every
thing In Its power to safeguard the In
dependence nnd national rights of Al
banln. Slicns of Dlsacreement Seen.
"Still there are some signs that point
to the existence of a serious divergence
of views between Italy and France.
Seven months before the Italian procla
mation In regard to Albania the com
mander of the French troops which oc
cupied tho Albanian district nnd city of
Korcha or Korltsa, eastern Albania es
tablished and recognized 'the Independ
ent republic of Korcha.' This act Is
very significant In view of the recent
but unconfirmed report that the French
military authorities have handed over
this district to the Greek troops, not
only In violation of the proclamation,
but also In the face of tho opposition
of Its Inhabitants, who did express
through n solemn plebiscite conducted
by the French military authorities three
months ago their determination , to re
main Albanians.
"If the report be true It would be evi
dent that SI. Clemenceau Is already
beginning to cany out his favorite pro
ject of the balance of power, for by
this action he would certainly be ptrlv
Ing to counterbalance the contemplated
Italian protection over the rest of Al
bania by giving to Greece a consider
able part nf Albanian territory. And
onco this baneful process Is set In mo
tion none knws where It will stop and
what nations It will not affect.
"Unhappily these proceedings pans un
noticed when Albania Is concerned, for
though sho has been declared Indepen-
i dent untoward circumstances have so
i far rendered Impossible the formation of
I an Albanian Government. It Is, Indeed,
' a regrettable phenomenon that Italy
should have left that unfortunate coun-
try without a ccntrnl organized body,
1 although almost all subordinate civil au
J thoritles are Albanian, and although the
Italian Government has repeatedly
I promised tn the Albanians that they
soon will hae a national Government of
their own. It was only a few days
ago that the Government of Homo In
vited the principal Albanian leaders to
Italy to confer with them on tho avowed
necessity of forming a central Govern
ment for Albania, but nothing favorablo
has been heard as yet.
Albanians Stilt Anzloas.
"Naturally enough, tho fault cannot
be laid on the Albanlnas, who nre nn
anxious as ever to have such a consti
tuted body In their country during these
I critical days. When one realizes thai
I Italy Is tho only Power which has
! openly declared Itself in favor of the re
' establishment of Albania and on whose
, support the hope" of the Albanians are
i-entred 'o-d.i. one Is unable to under
stand what meaning Is to be attached
to the eplliit statement of tho official
Italian proclamation of June 3, 1017, to
the effect that 'by virtue of this procla
mation Albania, shall have her free gov
WAR SURGERY
MUCH TO SCIENCE
Instead of the smooth path of n bullet
tho surgeon has to deal with fragments
of shells, grenades, torpedoes and shrap
nel. Each of these carries Into tlVj
wound bits of clothing, which Is always
dirty; particles of earth, hair, splinters
and even small pebbles, which uro al
most certain to ret up Immediate In
fection. The necessity for Immediate treatment
lies chiefly In the form of the wounds. A
shell fragment bruises and mangles the
tlesh, causing what rapidly becomes de id
Usue and forming a nest for infection.
To apply roush temporary dressing to
a cavity filled with torn nnd ragged tis
sue, foreign matter, dirt, metal splinters
and coagulated blood Is absolutely use
less. No matter how liberally the wounded
man may be douched with Iodine it can
rot penetrate all the recessea of such a
wound, and the inevitable result is In
fect Ion, which It mnv lake months to
eradicate If the patient survives.
Thr N-w AViiy n Roul Ite volution.
The modern surgeon proceeds upon
tho theory that he is as much of a sol
dier ns the man with the gun and that
whether ho Is in a front line hospital or
tlfty mlkfl back of the tiring lino his
duty Is tn do his best. He has thrown
antiseptics to the dogs. During tho
early stages of the war they were In
universal use ; now they are studiously
avoided. In 1M4 every wound was
douched with every variety of antiseptic
liquid; now all wounds aie kept as dry
as po.islbh and the gauze drain has sup
planted all others.
The Ideu that there Is not time or that
the surgeon hau not the nerve to oper
ate under Hie Is exploded. He starts
upon the assumption that everv wound
which Is not made by the clean cut
track nf a rllle or machine gun bullet Is
contaminated, and the flrft thing be does
Is to open It up so completely ns to ex
pose tho entire cavity. Every particle
of foreign matter is then removed and
anv tlNMie that looks as If It might die
and plough away Is cut out.
The old method of treating tho en
trance and exit of a projectile, by en
larging them ns little as pcusiblo and
paj-slng a drain through Is obsolete. In
stead of that tho surgeon makes liberal
i Incision, long and wide enough to search
1 the recess nnd traumatism thoroughly,
j Tho (.ventest departure from the old
'text books lies III the I econimendatlon
for th front line surgeon to do his
' work thoroughly nnd to lay open the
I wound rather too much than too little
This Insures the patient against Infee-
tlon In case It should bo ten dnys or
j two weeks before lie arrives at the base
, hopltnl
If his wounds have not been sub-
je ted to n careful nnd thorough ele.in
n by tho front lino surgeon by tho
tlmo ho arrives at a fixed hospital In-
ernment.' Ac. Is It possible that all tho
faith and confidence tho Albanians have
put In the Italian Government may
prove unwarranted In the very end""
"It Is In view of these trying circum
stances and of the approaching peace
conference that the free Albanians of
the United States proceeded to call nil
extraordinary convention In Boston
This convention, which represented the
Albanians living In North America, as
sembled December 20, 1918.
"On January 4, the very day Prcsl.
dent Wilson wan addressing the Itnllnn
Parliament on the necessity of safe
guarding tho Independence of the Bal
kan States, the convention passed a
resolution to appeal to the Governments
of America and associated Powers for
tho restoration of the national Inde
pendence and sovereignty of Albania
under International guarantees ; for tho
tcetlfleatlon of her frontiers so an to
Include all purely or preponueranuy
Albanian regions which havo been un
justly cut off from the new State bv
the London Conference of lf'12-1913
.i-rl.A rnDnlntlnii u1un tired n nlebl"-
cltc 111 tho cut off districts after a
previous occupation by American torces
so ns to insure free expreslon of the
wishes of tho population concerned, and
fnr ihn nctmlaslon of the Albanian dele
gation In tho peace conference
Snrnks for All Allmnlnns.
"The resolution was transmitted to
the American Government, tp President
Wilson In France, Col. E. St. House
and the Foreign Sllnlsters of Urea
Britain. Italy nnd France. Though It
comes only from tho Albanians of North
America It does actually voice tho senti
ments of all tho Albanians. There Is no
question that the convention Is the
mouthpiece of all I'm Albanians wher
ever they live, considering the fart that
the Albanians of America aro the only
people who can freely express their
sentiments.
"What the Albanians want through
that resolution Is simple and elementary
Justice. Despite the patent fact that
the territories taken nre Albanian h
every title, human and divine, and so
they are known to every one, the Alban
ians do not claim them outright bu'
only through plebiscite. The Greeks ma)
be expatiating over the Greek ohai-a ter
of tho southern Albanian provinces the
Albanians simply say let the people talk
for themselves. The Serbians nnd Slon
tenegrlns may claim the districts o'
northern and eastern Albania on haz
historical and sentimental ground? , tKe
Albanians wish only that t'le populatlo
of these districts he ghen a chanco to
make their free choice.
"No nation either great or smalt has
up to the present so unreservedly In
dorsed the principle of plebiscite and
self-determination. The Albanians do
not wish to Ihe on charity but on Jus
tice. "A sallffactory settlement of the Bal
kan question will be the one which will
close the door to further Intrigues and
machinations In thu future Hut such
Intrigues and machlnatlor w.ll never
cease to hav- dire effects unless) theie b
left no "terra incdent.i" of whateve
sort and description nnd no popuhvion
In subjection to foreign rule
Never "Will Op Conquered.
"It Is a notorious fact that Ihe Alb.i
ian has survived every oppressor jnd
conqueror of his national soil, and If he
be left now under the domination ot
eome other nation he will never ac
quletfoe tn his predicament. He will be
In a constant struggle against his op
pressor, whether ho be mild or rigorous
and cruel, and unless he be exterminated
he will never cease harassing his enemv
"This Is especially true to-day, wnen
the national Ideals have pervaded t'e
Albanian masses and old Albania ha
given place to a. new one which is like1,
to outbid the conjectures m.ide lr i.
gard to Us latent possibilities of astound
lug t-elf-developtnent
"This the world has been lately realiz
ing, though It ha.s not as )et been able
to fully appreciate Its Importance."
fectlon may have progre.-sd to a deg
that will entail months of treatment
Hut If his wounds have been pi"i
erly opened and cleaned out. the r
face thoroughly pone over with t "
pons and soaked In hydrogen porM"'
the cavity being then carefully pneke
with gauze and bandaged lo vvl'hs'i''
tho demand of rough travel, he- i
usually arrive nt his final destlnnt -In
condition for the beginning ot he a"
granulation.
It has bepn found that anv woni.i
which has been prnperlv leaned ai '
packed should lernnin untouched fc
least a week unless theii ts boipe c
ef infection or a rise m teinperai'fe
itedri'sMng a healthy wound t. '
quently h.is now been found to re- r
Its rceovery-
X-RAY'S VALUE PROVED.
Tho X-ray. us might ro.idih be
ngined, has pi nved to bo ono of l!ie- -valuable
aids In the surgical svst,
our nrniv. LiUe plastic surgerv
many other specialties of mr
science. thi war has si t It ahead
rate equal to .i decade's progress In
of peace.
For Instance, i.nu of tho nm
portant uses of the ray Is to u
tho exact position of foreign suV .
shrapnel fragments and the
tho body. Surgeon-General : .
staff has selected and stand i- I r
methods of doing this wur. :
with specially designed -.ii
adapted to tho purpose.
Oiui of the most lucent is if i'
Is tho Hlrtz compass, invented bv
Illrtz of the French aim- Di'i
Its construction i-.re not .i,i l.il .
publli .itlon, but it fiinil.si-.es the -i
a direct guide io the foit-mn lu
lug the operation for its itmiov.i
tleiiient of guesswork Is .sanl to be
nated. The ordinal)' -i.i .
serves only to tell tho surgr-m '
the splinter or bullet It perpcn l
beneath a point marked em U.
The operat on follows.
AinerU.in Ingenuity is respons '
tlio perrei t iiii nt an A-rnv (.ui:r
'cm bo taken nnywhere. fjr it n.
i Its own eliHtiic current. A -
ambulance Is altered slightly ' '
carries a gas engine, a high
'rans'furnior, a sptvl.il purt-il... N
table, a portable dark room
other necessary aecrssories i
engine and generainr remain m
bulance. Thu portable tlaik ns
up near It. Thus the out tl i
taken .in)ivheie n motor c.u .
Another out lit t.iu be i.U,.
bedside or the patient. Th -
tlrul.irly valuable In the c.im '
chest vvnuii'K A l.iH'e 11. t ',;
I Si 'nuil ha.- Ken or.m zed '. i
j gem. -i lent i ,i' .u I 1. e.utiej -n at
tiicenlcaf, Georgia.
i