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THE SUN, SUNDAY, 'ATJGTJST 3, 1019.
Thrills Scientific World by Penetrating Arctic
Marie Czlapicka
Oxford Bestow
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Siberia?
Ins. Xuthor-n(mvA'lmatn ;
luror m niinnoiogy 10 "tns -omotu
School of Anthropology. She waa born
near Warsaw In Poland, "educated In
Poland and Russia and went to Eng
land In 1910 with tho Mlnlawakt Re
search Scholarship (Warsaw), studied
in Lonaon and Oxford (Bomervllle
Collego) and took a diploma In an-
' thropology In 1912. Under the auspices
or tills Oxford school sho made an
anthropological expedition In 1914-
1916 to tho Yenisei valley In Siberia.
She Is expected to lecture this- fall at
Columbia university.
Such In brief and colorless words,
shortened from the British "Who's
. Who," Is the distinction of this still
1- younar woman. In truth, her life with
v all lta honorary titles attached Is far
moro romantlo and In spots even
thrilling. Borne of thesd thrills ome
to her when ahe made the trip re
forred to to Arctic) Siberia.
The expedition came about when
Miss Czloplcka decided to write a look
on the subject of "Aboriginal Siberia,"
and in consulting tho data concerning
tho almost unknown races of the 81
borlan Arctlo in the vast library of
Oxford University she found to her
dismay that those records were very
sennt. A few books only existed writ
r ten by Russians and Poles who hod
penetrated merely to the border lands.
? Oxford OrennUc Expedition.
That there were vast -periods of his
torlc time to cover and real discoveries
valuable to the subject of anthtopol
" ogy to be made In this unknown tcrri
tory the woman lecturer felt certain,
But there was only one -way to securo
the desired information and that was
1, to go and get It.. This Miss Czlaplcka
aid. Tho oxford University Commit
tee for Anthropology lent her Its sup
, port and organized,, tho expedition
I placing Miss Czlaplokarat its head.
r . They Invited the University of Penn
if aylvania Museum to Join-and that in
stitution appointed Professor It U,
Hall to represent American sclenco In
. the party. He Joined the expedition
in London.
The party Journeyed "to. ,Petrograd
ou .-aoscqw ana uienco ro Krosnov
arsk, a considerable city or contra 81-n-
berla, 2,700 miles east of Moscow,
, Hero were purchase articles nsctav
sary to comploto the. outfitting of the
' party; A Siberian trader named" Chrls
tensen who had YoyagecTthrougn. the
s wilderness which the parV5'JWd.ujd
, traverse In the 'beginning" ,olf"iheJr(
Journey gave them valuablyknuwl
dgo of tho country and many hints
as to what was essential to takenlnng.-
. - , e . . - - "
a wa agrecu to locale ine neaa
quarters of the expedition at a point
on mo lcmsei River, on the parallel
of 71 deg. 43 mln. N the same on which
is situated Harschel Island, from and
- to which Stefansson has gone and re
turned when On his Arctlo wander.
. ings. In this region during May, June
, and July, for eighty days, tho sun re
- fuses to retreat behind tho, horizon,
and In winter the temperature falls
. 80 deg. F. below .aero.
At this point a small sullen stream
- called the Oolchlkha. Joins the, Yenisei
on its Journey to the Arctlo, and there
lire in solitary seclusion two Russian
i traders, visited only in the summer by
-r people of the Dolgan, Ynrak .and
u Samoycd tribes, who come to flan.
Stenmlnir at Three Miles an Ilonr,
The expedition at Krasnoyarsk
chartered the ancient Clyde-built side
wheeled . midget craft Oryol, that
was brought to the Yenisei. River via
the Kara Sea thirty years ago by an
.old viking named Wiggins, who. after
two and a half centuries reopened the
northern trade route to the Siberian
. northlands.
Tho water voyage. oj, 1,600 miles,
almost directly north, consumed three
weeks, an average of about three miles
v an hour, giving 'ample time for visit
lng tho native fisher settlements along
the short of the Yenlsel-Ostyak, the
- 'most ancient of tho peoples' of the
r lower Yenisei Valley. All tH6' races In
this part of Siberia are of Samoyedlo
or Ural-Altaic stock and may be dl
'vided into main groups. Those in
From a Provost Marshal's Notebook: The
Major Ruaaell'a War
Narratives
This story ot PTht Women in
Room a?" is the Gtth. in series
oi ten entitled "Leaves From
Provost Marshal's' Ndte Book
With the 4. E.F. in FraHtceT
which will be published iiSixhday
issue . of THE SUN. The iuthor
vrnr C. E. Russell, who draws
from his experiences in Ihe-Qreat
.r - . r ' j Li '
irar a weajia oi utuiuauv umh
rial for his pen:'
The othet thrilling stories wilt
appear successively, each based
upon an actual experience of the
Major's while serving in France
as k Provost Marshal.
By C. E. RUSSELL,
(Oopvrifht 1910.)
ARCHBRCHON, a pretty French
town sltuated-.on tho Inside of
the hook .that forms Archer
chon Bay and nboAit thirty" miles west
of Bordeaux, is a sumnier resort where
In normal times the faster rrench set
gathered and whore eVenr iBurlng- war
times quito a cosmopolitan crowd was
to bo eeen. .Manyl beauUful vWsjs are
thera. Before, the. War tha'Caslno mer
VltMtttl Mai a amffint
"vtfcoBBfc now men
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habiting the southern parts of the gov
ernments of Tomsk and Yeniseisk
have been so much undor Tatar in
fluence-that it is 'with much difficulty
they aro distinguished from the Ta
tars.
Prof, H. U. IIft.ll says In commenting
on the origin of those people that they
are without doubt descendants of a
fair-haired and blue-eyed stock who,
as recently as E00 years B. C, con
tinued to inhabit the upper, or south
ern Yenisei Valloy, and who after that
time became Intermingled with peoplo
of Turkish blood.
There are many conjectures relating
to the meaning of tho word Samoyed
an applied to this peoplo. The Russian
meaning of the word is "solt-eaters";
Schrcnk- derived tho namo "Samo
yodes" from "8yroyadtsy,"or"raw-at-ers,'
not a convincing definition.
trcvfts with the Ycnlsei-OstyakaHo also
fthe eating of raw meat a preferred
custom with the Copper or misnamed
Blond Eskimo of the Coronation Qulf
and Victoria Land regions. They also,
as aro the Yenliei-Ostyaks, are very
skilled in the making of bows, and
hold the same reverenco for their
Shaman, who to them has a supreme
command over the destiny of all man
kind.
Iaat Tree Disappear,
At tho Juncture of tho Kurolka
River and the Yenisei the Arctlo is
entered, and at Dudlnka, 400 miles
south of Oolchlkha, the last vestige
of stunted trees is lost, and the vast
tundra, or rolling moss covered plain.
spreads to the horizon tn evory direc
tion.
At Oolchlkha, where the party or
rived on a gray day In June, on old
shack was convertod into a houeo for
their residence during their stay in the
solitude of a vast Arctlo wilderness.
As the fishing season was approach
ing the nomadlo tribes- of tho Solgan,
Yurak and Samoyed began to scatter
their tents and prepare for the quest
of a supply of fish for their winter's
need.
Long and' short Journeys were made
from headquarters by sledge, there
being ample snow and ice for th rein
deer to make good progress, oxoept in
p. few places where the water had
drained in gullies. Then it was neoea
eary to harness five deer, Instead of
two required for snow or Ice travel,
There was found much similarity
among the tribes frequenting the tun
dra, though with closer acquaintance
it was possible to distinguish them
moro 'readily by traits -.than by any
apoclflq or marked physical differ-
on the outskirts of the town was tho
racetrack. Near waa Camp Hunt,
ono of tho largest artillery training
camps, where the new guns of our
army were tested out and the men
wero trained In handling them.
As Aroherohon waa the only place
near1 by whero our men could go for
recreation, naturally on Saturdays and
Sundays the place was thronged with
officers and' soldiers. This town also
was frequented by the Americans 'from
Bordeaux' who would go there' for a
swim and to spend a pleasant day. It
waa not an uncommon occurrence for
a thousand Americans to be there on
a Sunday. Consequently it was a place
where Information needed by the Ger
man High Command could be gathered
easily, and there some of the best
Qerman sole were aent to operate.
Germany whon after Information
from the American army used -women
whenever and wherever possible. The
Germans knew tho well known trait
of- the' American that he always
showed all women the same consider
ation which he showed toward his'
mother" and his sister and that It was
almost beyond his conception that a
woman 'Would stoop to tho work of a
spy. This made him easy.
In Archerchon Germany hod placed
among other spies three vory 'clever
women. These women were busily
engaged' lh gathering lnfaraatUra and
were Jox aome manner go tang' it .out
of Fraaoe- and into
ertoes. They have dark hair, brown
and (straight, ore yellow skinned, are
short In stature, with little it any re
semblance to -the Mongolian In the
formation of the eye.
One day on tho -train to Bordeaux
two officers wero overheard by one of
my men commenting an tho .act that
these women were entertaining them
every time, they came to Archerchon
and that in overy case, the women paid
the bills. These officers thought It a
good Joke. This was such an uqusual
occurrence, however, that It was ln
vestlgated. It waa found that these
women were giving many parties to
American oftlcord, that all these parties
inded with plenty of wine and that
the women always paid the bills. In
France, as well aa elsewhere, when a
woman pays a bill for,a man's enter-,
uunmeqi were is someimng singular
about It, and if he Is a real man he
would be wise to watch out.
Additional suspicion waa directed to
this town from the faot that our In
telligence department had discovered
that the German High Command had
detailed information oh what waa
going on at Camp Hunt; the Germans
knew much about our new guns, the
strength of the batteries, helr loca
tion and the number of inina to a
battery. This was a very serious mat'-'l
ier, una wo were insirucica 10 spare,
neither time nor expense in getting
those who wero responsible.'
Wo first assigned to the case two oi
our women .operatives to. watch these)
women. They listened to the oonversa.
tions between these- women' and -our
officers and noticed that after the wine
bsgaaJtoflsBK. -Xrai; th awfully
SAMOYED TOMB ai GDLCHICHA . SIBERIA
Like tho Eskimo of the Victoria
Land and Dolphin Strait region of our
own continent they have small hands
and noses, and of a very similar shape.
To them also medicine 1b a delectable
brought the conversation around to
the size of our guns, tho number of
men In & battery, the sailing of ships,
the expected arrival of convoys and
varloua other topics of Interest to the
German intelligence department One
night at one of these parties on of
ficer told of the expected arrival of a
convoy and bragged that we had
driven the Gorman submarine off tho
seas, that they dldnt daro to try to
sink any of our boats, and that thts
convoy whs not oven protected by sub
marine chasers.
A Submarine Lay tn Walt.
This convoy waa bound for Bor
deaux. Bordeaux does not lie on the
coast, but is situated about thirty miles
up the Glronde, River. In order to get
Into the river the ships havo to pass a
bar that can . only be crossed at high
tide. When the convoy mentioned by
the officer arrived at the mouth of the
river a Gorman submarine was lying in
wait for It and succeeded in sinking
two of the ships.
At another time theso women enter
tained certain officers from ono of the
American transports that was unload
ing at Bordeaux. They won tho friend
ship of these offioers so cloverly thai
they succeeded in securing an Invita
tion to visit them on board tha,ship
ana nave tunoneon wuh them. The In-
I vitation waa gladly aoospted, and after
the luncheon these twn ofRpAra ahnxrul
'the women over the boat. They wesa.
potion, and tablots or pills, no matter
how bitter under the sugar coating,
aro as candy to a child.
Prof. Hall, contributing a sketch to
tho University of Pennsylvania Jlfn-
Women in
shown the various Instruments .used to
locate and to escape from a submarine;
tho officers oven went so far aa to ex
plain to them the new Instruments
used in steering the ship In a algzag
course. The poor fools paid dearly for
their folly, however, for the ship was
met by a German submarine within
200 miles of the boast and sunk. There
was no doubt In our minds but that
these women had in some way suc
ceeded in sending the information out
to the submarine that sank the boat
and that they were responsible for
sending many good men to their death
men whom they had entertained and
by whom thoy had been entertained.
Wo had no direct ovldonce, however,
and we did not wish to arrest them
until wo knew Just how they operated,
who assisted them and who waa the
ringleader. It was necessary that we
obtain sufficient evldenoa to convict
them,' as we wanted to make an exam
ple of the entire number. We could
have arrested them as dangerous to
the public welfare, but that was alto
gether different from a conviction. This
wan on offence that was punishable by
shooting, and wo wanted to he abso
lutely euro that we were not sending
Innocent people to their death. Then
again, we wanted to get them all; so
wo decided to change our tactics and
send one of our men on the case.
Attached to. our department was a
olian. cut American officer who aooka
se-um Journal, says tho medlclno chest
and tho phonograph proved most ab
sorbing uttractlo'hs. Tho first appli
cation for medicine wns mado by u
rich gumoyed who came In from the
Room 27
of tho typo that would attract tho at
tention of women. This officer may
have a sweetheart In the United States,
so we will call him Jones. Jones was
Instructed to cultivate the acquaint
ance of theso women and, it possible,
to secure their story. He proceeded to
the town, secured an adjoining .room
In the samo hotel and gave out as his
reason' for stopping there so long that
ho had been gassed and sent there to
recover. Ho was well supplied with
money and was soon successful In be
coming acquainted with theso women
He installed a dictagraph in their
rooms, but if they ever talked over
their work the conversations were not
loud enough for tho machine to regis
ter. His first report, sent us a few days
after his arrival, convinced us that
we were shadowing the right piople.
Hi had found that they were signal
ling out of their room at night by flash
light. He also reported 'that at oertain
times they would hire a boat for a sail
on the bay. He notod that they always
hired the aamo boat, that they always
went alone- and that he never could
obtain an Invitation to accompany
them. They .would go for a sail, .then
laund on the opposite shore of the bay,
wrysre wo had a naval hydroalrplane
station, and visit some of the officers
they knew who were stationed there.
After this report, was received, we
placed men in a boat out In tho bay at
Big Low Tundra to buy tea and to
bacco from Kucherenko's agent and
was told of the "tabloid equipment'
that held so many mysterious healing
charms.
Wife llnd n. Heartache.
Without any preliminaries ho demanded-
medlclno. What did ho want
medicine for? Ills wlfo had a heart
ache. What was the matter with her
heart? "It aches," was the Samoycd's
reply, placing his hand over the region
of his stomach. Tho husband of tho
afflicted ono received a few harmless
tablots and went his way to his tent
far away In the tundra wilderness.
An epidemic of heartaches followed
among tho ladles of the tents along the
river. The solicitous husbands re
ceived a, goodly supply, which they no
doubt, tato lo'ns-.rbqfQroithey; reached
tho'jjjlt'Bod sufferers.' "'..1'.'.',,. .. "i '
" The, Yurak tenCSr. wlgwnm Is not
unlike the lodgo of tho Indians of tho
Canadian Jforthwe'st. The half near
the entrance Is 'reserved' for women
and the other half 4 for t'lii men. '
Wltfi tho coming 'of tho springtime
co'mes 'tho season-of fbstartiappentrtgs,
one or tho important functions being
tho "making of -new sledges 'for the
gods, the old ones being- abandone'd.
Their bows aro placed so that thoy
face tho north. The Splrltman or
Shaman always presides at this
ceremony.
Miss CzlaplcUa consulted one of
these splrltmen before the party set
The New Diamond Centre
NEW enterprise Is developing
In Birmingham, England,
which is bringing forthwith a
new race of craftsmen and is of spe
cial interest at the present time. Prior
to the war tho industry of cutting
diamonds was confined almost ex
clusively to Holland and Belgium, but
endeavors wero made some year be
fore the war 'to add diamond cuttlns
to Birmingham's other industries. In
face of great difficulties the effort,
which was started In a very modest
way, was persevered in, and when
Antwerp fell numbers of refugees
from among tho diamond cutters of
that city wero provldod with means
of pursuing their craft in Birming
ham. An Interesting report has been pub
lished In tho Birmingham l'ott, which
says:
Thrnueh many vicissitudes the In
dustry has gradually gained strength.
T,p f,rmtnBharn enterprise has failed
I'nder ttio ban of those powerful In
ttreRts whoso aim It Is to maintain the
Industry as tho exclusive property of
Holland and Belgium. Foreign labor
has been withdrawn so far as It could
be controlled by those Interests and a
"freezing out" policy has bcon at
tempted in regard to supplies of
rough diamonds.
Despite the opposition, diamond cut
ting has mado Bteady headway In Bir
mingham. Tho now growth Is all the
moro lusty for tho difficulties It has
encountered and overcome. At tho
outfot it was dependent upon the aid
of Continental experts and Contlnentnl
equipment, to clofely hnd tho craft
been preserved. Now It may be frald
to bo strong enough to stand alone,
for during the past sevon or eight
years a number of Birmingham hoys
havo oeen trained to the work, and
moro recently they havo been reen
fnrced by discharged and disabled men
from the army who have shown nptl
tudo for it. Diamond outtlng has got
beyond its earlier exotic character, and
tr now a local industry in which the
homebred boys may find a career.
Not that it Is anything like as big a
development as It might bo. Birming
ham Jewellers still look to the Con
tinent for the vast bulk of tho
diamonds thoy set nnd will continue
to do to. In fact, It Is not planned to
make war on tl dlnmond cutters of
Holland and Belgium, whose great
presttge has boon worthily won. But
It Birmingham hands and brains are
equal to the work there is no reason
why this Important branah of the
Jewellers art should be regarded aa
out on Its long, winter; Journey to tfe
Tungua tern tory. -.The name oi wa.
Shaman waa, BokWdbushkA, On hlr
visit ha seated himself cross legged la
his tent while his .vol it, oonfldent and
friend, one Yannosuo, covered htm
completely with a blanket. Silence
ensued In which began the fermenta
tion of the spirits. Then the Shaman
Intoned with great solemnity, alter
nately a shrill whine and a -whisper.
To both' the attendant responded In
kind. At length Bakkobushka asked
solemnly if any member of, the party
had a dark spot on the right Arm.
One person had such a mark. Ah,
said tho Shaman, "then you aro th
people tho spirits asked me aboutr
To Miss Czlaplcka the medicine man
prophesied thus: "Where you left em;
home you will find three homes mad
one."
In preparing for the Journey to tho
Llmpllsk tundra it was necessary to
return to Turukhansk from wnicri
starts the least frequented trail to tho'
lake country about tho upper waters
of the Khatonga River. This river la
500 miles west of tho delta of tho
Lena whero perished Commander Do
Long of tho Jeannette. Tho journejj
to tho tundra waa made In "baloka,'
Russian sleds made of canvas, fur
lined and containing a stove.
A Wilful Interpreter.
A Tungus woman belonging to OTIO
of the most autocratic and distin
guished families of that district ani
the wlfo of a criminal, exiled by thoT
Russian Government was secured tol
net as interpreter, and by Hall Is de-j
scribed as being a decldodly wlltufc
lady. In vigorous middle age, with
opinions quite hor own about the Kinaj
of questions that ought to do oskoo
of one's native hosts, and tho way
such questions should bo worded.
Miss Czlapicka's knowledge, of Hua
slan and Tungus mado casual dis
agreements more oaally mastcrod than
If the English languaga(had been their
only resource. ' J
Miss Criaplcka is now English by
adoption and education. Tho social Te- S
s'trlctions of her natlvo Poland mado j
It .impossible for her. to satisfy heri
ambition for a scientific, education.
Oxford, surrounded by past tradition
and a conservatism that few of heri
sex had over been able to challenge
successfully, appreciating her zeal and
unusual gifts, bestowed upon her tho
highest honor within' Its gift.
Nnnsen visited parts of Arctlo SW
berla, but his reports-are less author!-'
tatlvo and moro. limited than'those of '
Mss pzlaplcka, who, .staying ,rouch
longer, than did Nansen, and remain
lrig'lri'the vicinity of tho Yenlsel'-River-ojid
passing the winter on tho tundra
near tho mouth, camo In very Intimat
contact with tho Tungus tribes, a,
branch, of whom established the Man-'
churian dynasty. i ,
Miss Czlaplcka has contributed much
of value to ethnological lore descrlp-l
tlve of the little known peoplo of re
mote Siberia. She has also revealed
in her lectures before the Anthropo
logical Committee of Oxford much that
will bo of valuo in the adjustment of
political and economic questions that
Russia and tho world will be eoonl
called UDon to solve. '
i
Those who wore concerned to defeat
the endeavor to establish the industry!
in Birmingham have inferred thnt k
mean advantage has been taken of-tho1
occasion afforded by the war, that
under tho guise of succoring tho
diamond cutters driven forth from,
Belgium an attempt was made .treach-.
erously to transplant their Industry.'
This is not true, The Introduction of,
diamond cutting Into Birmingham wan
not prompted by tho wnr. It preceded
the war by some years and was'
already advancing steadily In 1011.
A factory specially designed for'
diamond cutting wns erected on Hock
ley Hill and boys from tho local
schools wero learning the craft there
under tho direction of comcatant'
workers from abroad. The factory is ijBf;
of ferroconcrete, so constructed as to
give the maximum rigidity, as vibra
tion Is fatal to proficiency In diamond
cutting. Tbero Is nothing veryi
elaborate about tho plant. Tho Irfp-
plng Is done by means of electrically
operated metal disks, which rovolva
rapidly pn tho bench at which the
Inpldarlst sits. He will have four or
flvo stones in hnnd at once. Each of
them Is held tight either. In a meohanl-'
cat holder or In a bed of lead alloy,
prepared by an attendant boy and
secured to a tool heavy enough to
keep -the diamond in position on the1
revolving table. The friction grinds
the facets usually fifty-eight In num.
bor on tho stone, tho process being
assisted by emery powder and oltvo oyi..i
A preliminary operation and ona '
which Is not so Mmplo as It looks Is
tlmt of reducing the rough stonos to a
circular shape. This Is done on tho
diamond cut diamond principle. While
a latho gives rapid motion to ono
stone another stono Is held In contact
with it and manipulated by an opera-
tlvo till both are properly shaped 1
The boy who aspires to bo a dla-'
mond outtor has to enter into Inden-'
tures of apprenticeship for sevon
years Ho becomes a wago earner
right away, however, Aa he progresses'
his earnings Increase, and there are
youths not out of their apprenticeship
earning nn much s $19.45 and $21.90 a,
week, Tho experienced craftsmen may
enrh anything up to 8.6B. The ex
periment of. tonchln.g discharged and
Clrnbled soldiers has. been quite a euc-
rnrK. Tho men are nut on a waen 1
oarnlng basis at once, though for tho
first twelve months the value of their
labor Is practically negligible. Thence
forward, however, ap apt learner will)
so ahead rapidly,, Tharo are fixed'tlma,
rates, but a production bonus make
earnings mainly dependwitoo. indlvld.
la bHy,nd tBdlMtfsa. , '
-ft n i
I
I