The sun. [volume], August 12, 1919, Page 10, Image 10

About The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1916-1920

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THE SUN, TUESDAY, 'AUGUST r 12,. 1919.
VETERAN IRONMASTER WROUGHT MARVELS IN PUBLIC BENEFACTIONS
10
1
CARNEGIE GREATEST
I KNEW-SCHWAB
Humanity Has Lost a Bone
J factor, DcclarcB Steel Man's
Partner.
I OTHERS. PAY TRIBUTES
"A Qrcat American," George
W. Perkins Calls Pioneer
Clows Praises Career.
i
"The, world has lost a. great roan and
f great benefactor to humanity." was
tho comment of 'Charles M. Schwab,
a chairman of the Bethlohem Steel Corpo
jratlon, when Informed yesterday at hl
(country home at Loretta, Pa., of the
'death of Mr. Carnegie. Mr. Schwab left
tat once for New York and last night was
Son a train due here this morning.
"It would be difficult for me to find
jj words to express my love and admira
tion for Mr. Carnegie, my friend, my
partner and assoclro for forty years,"
said Mr. Schwab.
"He was the greatest man I ever
knew and he had a heart so filled with
.lender sentiment, .especially with refer
ence to his associates, as to make him
beloved as well as admired by all those
who cams Into business or social oontact
with him.
1 "Mr. Carnegie possessed the faculty
if Inspiring others to unusual efforts In
a greater measure than any man X ever
knew and he always won by expressions
of appreciation rather than by criticism.
"The world has lost a great man and
a great benefactor to humanity and I
have lost a friend greater than whom
no man ever had."
Tributes to Mr. Carnegie's spirit of
philanthropy and his energy came from
many of his former associates yesterday
upon tho receipt of news of his death.
""George W. Perkins, chairman of the
.finance committee of the Carnegie Foun
dation, said:
"I .am deeply grieved to hear of Mr.
Carnegie's death. He was a great Amer
ican, belonging to that class which after
the war of 1865 was quick to appreciate
that we had a united country and a
great opportunity.
"Ho grasped the new machinery which
inventors placed In our hands at that
time and with them threw all his great
mental energy Into developing our coun
try. When his active business career
closed, with the same energy he gave a
large percentage of his wealth to move
ments that he believed would help the
people.
"One of the last talks I had with him
was about profit sharing. He was most
enthusiastic in his commendation of the
Steel Corporation's "profit sharing plans,
ana expressed the belief that the prin
ciple of profit sharing was destined to be
a great factor In solving the existing
problems between capital and labor."
Incredible Career. Says Clewtu
James B. Clews of Henry Clews 4 Co.,
bankers, said:
"The death of Mr. Carnegie removes
one of the greatest characters the world
has ever known. In these days of labor
unrest his career offers a fitting example
of what can be accomplished by one
.commencing In the lowest station of life;
when he possesses the necessary qualifi
cations for rising and makes the most of
his opportunities.
"Viewed from almost any standpoint.
It seems almost Incredible that any one
should have been able to start at the
lowest rung of the ladder as a messenger
boy and work himself up through vari
ous grades until finally he became the
greatest manufacturer that the universe
has' ever seen. The name of Andrew
Carnegie will last for many ages to
come, not) only, however, as the foremost
iron merchant, but for his great works
of philanthropy for the benefit of man
kind. Mr. Carnegie not only was a
great money maker, but he was also a
great spender, In the right direction.
"Perhaps no one will ever know the
total sum bestowed for benefactions, but
that they equalled fully $350,000,000 Is
generally recognized, nor will It be
known until his will Is filed what part of
his vast fortune he retained at the time
of his death, but In all probability this
will also approach close to $150,000,000,
B. large portion of which no doubt will
go to charity. Mr. Carnegie's life was
a well rounded out one, and it is sate to
Ray that he made every one of his nearly
eighty-four years count to the utmost."
"Mr. Carnegie had extraordinary qual
ities which made him a notable figure on
both sides of the Atlantic" declared
Thomas W. Lamont of J. P. Morgan
St Co. "He first achieved a great suc
cess In Industry, a success which he
.shared liberally with his capable lieu
tenants, and then devoted his fortune
and his energy to the causes of educa
tion and peace. His libraries spread
ovor the English-speaking world: his
Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching and his aid to the causes of
peace and Pan-Americanism were wise
gifts of enduring value and service."
By nest Friend, Bays Bertram.
James Bertram, secretary of the Car
negie Corporation, which was established
in 1911 with a capital of 1225,000,000 to
perpetuate all of Mr. Carnegie's educa
tional benefactions, was born twelve
miles from Dunfermline, the little Scotch
Village which was Mr. Carnegie's birth
place. He was private secretary to Mr,
Csmegle before becoming connected with
the Carnegie Corporation.
"I was Intimately associated with him
for twenty years and his kindness was
unfailing," said Mr, Bertram yesterday.
"Ho was my best friend. I saw him for
the last time a few months ago, and. In
spite of his age, I had no idea the end
Was so near."
Ellhu Root, Jr., said 'Mr. Carnegie was
n citizen of New York and that his will
doubtless will be probated here. He In
timated that Mr. Carnegie's death would
have no effect ppon the Carnegie Foun
dation's future or upon ctmllar philan
thropies established br film. Mr. Root
sent the news of MT. Carnegie's deyith
to Ills father, whj ,ls( at his summer
home at Clinton, N. Y.
A recapitulation was made recently
of the wori of the Carnegie Founda
tion for Urd Advancement of Teaching,
hid first, and one of his largest, bene
factions. It was established In 1905
and. In the Oilrteen years ending No
vember, 1918, It had paid 798" allow
ances and pensions amounting to
$6,260,600 to teachers and professors In
the schools and private universities of
the United States, Canada and New
foundland.
An endowment of 110,000,000 was
Alven the Foundation at Its creation. In
VJS 15,000,000 was added to enlarge
Its scope so as to Include state uni
versities. Another gift of 11,250,000
was made In 1913 to endow a division of
educational Inquiry for research Into
methods of tenchlng and the study of
educational problems.
.kPlifsld,ent. W'lson, who was then at
the head of Princeton, together with the
president! of most of the leading unl
v,.".Ule,Vof the county, served on the
original board of trustees. The original
laea contemD ated fr. .m. A l
ANDREW CARNEGIE
wm w wsr 4. W w
Continued from Flrat Pope.
anlums because of their pungent odors.
One of these flowers was his dally choice
for wear In the lapel of his coat.
In the summers of 1917 and 1918 he
did much fishing. Ho had a power craft
built to make these excursions com
fortable. He was on the water for the f
last time last Thursday. He passed tho ,
afternoon under the shadow of a group
of pines near the .shore trying for black !
cass.
Before his last illness Mr, Carnegie
played much of what Is known as "clock
golf." For a long time he had been ac
companied to the links only .by an at
tendant He used always tho club he
bought from Tom Morris, whom he once
culled "the greatest man In the world."
Prior to this summer ho war an active
golfer, playing nearly every morning In
gpu weawer.
Never Dlscnsseel Arxntsttoo,
The war has long teen ignored as a
subject of conversation In the Carnegie
household. So far as Is known, no one
ever discussed the signing of the ar
mistice with hurt or the developments of
the peace negotiations.
Tho funeral service will take place
Thursday morning, probably at 11
o'clock. Tho Rev. Benson N. Wyman,
pastor of the Lenox Congregational
Church, where Mr. and Mrs. Carnegie
had a pew, and the Rev. Dr. William
Plerson Merrill, "-pastor of the Brick
Presbyterian Church, where the Came
gles attended services In New York, will
officiate.
Other details had not been arranged
last night It was the opinion at Shadow
Brook that that the body will be taken
on a special funeral train on 'Thursday
afternoon to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery at
Tarrytown, wheve there Is a Carnegie
burial plot The New York house will
not be opened by Mrs, Carnegie, It was
said.
According to members of his house
hold, the' Ironmaster had hoped to go
to Sklbo Castle for this summer. He
changed his plans and went to Lenox
when he learned that it would be Impos
sible to take the servants who had been
with him long and whose presence was
necessary to his comfort Restrictions
of the Government limited him to taking
one automobile and one chauffeur.
The only social event Mr. Carnegie at
tended during tho last year was the
marriage of his daughter to Ensign Mil
ler, April 23 last The wedding took
place In the Fifth avenue house. There
Were 100 guests. As part of the pro
gramme Scotch bagpipe players gave the
national music that the Ironmaster loved
so welL
Toole Special Joy In Wedding",
The bridegroom was the son of a
former president of the Chicago. Mil
waukee and St Paul Railroad. He left
Stevens Institute, In Hoboken, In 1916
to drive an ambulance with the French.
When the United States became a bel
ligerent he entered the navy and was
made an Knslgn. He Is 24 years old.
The former Miss Carneglo Is 22 years
old. ,
The wedding brought particular Joy
to Mr. Carnegie. He had been a busi
ness associate of the bridegroom's
father. The elder Miller and Mr. Car
negie, long before either had attained
the measure of success that was to be
their ultimate lot and while the son
of one and the daughter of the other
were very young, had exchanged the wish
that their families would become con
nected by marriage.
Besides his wife and daughter, Mr.
Carnegie left three nephews, Andrew,
Morris and William C. Carnegie of New
York, and a niece, Mrs. Rtcketson . of
Boston.
At the time that Mr. Carnegie pur
chased Shadow Brook, In the hills of
the beautiful Berkshlres. It was said that
he did so because of the resemblance of
the surrounding country to that around
Sklbo Castle.
STEEL'S SUPERLORD
HAD AN EPIC CAREER
Crowned It by Renouncing
Business for Philanthropy.
Carnegie Is dead. A little, red nosed
weaver's calm of Dunrermune has
ceased to be a prince of the world. A
thin shanked Immigrant boy of eleven
has slept peacefully his last sleep In a
great bed after a last ride over his own
sweet sun swept acres, hill carved and
water gemmed. The starveling bobbin
ooy whose every daylight hour meant toll
In a grimy, humming cotton factory,
lies a dead Lord Rector, a lord rector
who for thirty years has ministered not
to the elegancies of the leisured few.
His chancelry dispensed its treasure
and garnered new amid the drab ways
of toll. Upon his wires of gold he sent
the Imaginative spark to where In dark
places It might Inspire to brighter things,
might divert with the gleam of romance
the mind and heart oppressed, fainting,
beneath the stress of man's age-old bat
tle with matter the battle In which
Carnegie won ruthlessly to triumph for
himself. '
A little telegraph operator became the
manager of a budding railroad. The
railroader turned his skill and managed
the communications of his country In
civil war. The small merchant, ventur
ing on borrowed capital amid the dawn
ing wonders of the day of transporta
tion and of steel stopper Just short of
dominance In all the world's material
affairs. The lone child of the wife of
his bosom came frail and fragile Into the
world and Just before his death she
wed and made him happy.
nenonnces Power, Tnrns Altruist.
Thus, meagerly set forth, the life of
Andrew Carnegie ran the gamut of all
possible romance. And, crowning it all
is that incident, almost unique In all the
epics, when this superlord of Industry,
his vast plans and his mighty battalions
drawn, marshalled, munitioned those
who hod fought him knew how terribly
wen renounced me conquest of the
world and turned to altruism. Steel
ruled the world and Carnegie was pre
paring to rule steel all steel It makes
ono ask what would have happened had
Alexander stopped at the Hellespont
had Ctesar not crossed the Rubicon, had
"Napoleon not maae himself from Consul
Into Consul for Life.
There seems little doubt but that
this name In which speaks the snlrit
of .. ,. f8. hanical development
and a I Its traits, Carnegie, will live. He
himself attached it to thousands of
"monuments more enduring than brass."
Its story will Inevitably turn, neverthe
less, on that great change to the Idoal
of altruism from the Ideal of power.
Of the three great financial figures
which the age produced In America, Mor
gan, Rockefeller and Carnegie, Carnegie
possessed most of those human traits
that nave tne strongest appeal. Men
yean ui .j. i-. icrsaii, or "jonn u."
Rockefeller. But they say "Andy" Car
negie. Throughout his career runs the
constant thread of his rough and ready
contact with his kind, whether the
weavers of Dunfermline, the factory
hands of Pittsburg or the giants of the
Industrial battlefield yjero he fought
Andrew Carnegie, the
.Hi i ,.,,!
No picture of his bearded face can ever
be completely dissociated from a chuckle.
And Andy Carnegie was articulate In
his own behalf as the others were not
He had no mean genius for expression.
He had written books of solid worth
anc real charm. He was a ready speak
er nnd writer for all the grind of his
early years.
And It was a grind. From the mo
ment he earned his first wage, a dollar
twenty for a week, until he retired, ho
ground himself, his associates and his
enemies. But he never ground any one
harder than he was willing to and did
grind himself. Work, readiness to seize
opportunity, daring when opportunity
came, and a supreme ability to organize
the effort of other men were his touch
stones of success.
Ho himself believed that his genius
was seeded In heredity.
"I have often said." he once remarked,
"that I do not know a lineage which I
prefer to that of a library founding
weaver."
Ills father was one pf those substan
tial citizens, the artisans of the days
before machinery. He had his own
seven looms In Dunfermline where his
apprentices wove the linen he was com
missioned to make by the merchants of
thi town. Mr. Carnegie's remark above
quoted was prompted by the discovery
that his father had pooled his books
with the books of other master weavers
and that from this collection hod grown
the first library of the town.
There In the little Flfeshlre city An
drew was bom November 25, 1887.
When he was 10 came the tragedy out
of which by a strange double paradox
rose his own greatness. Machine weav
ing was Introduced into Scotland. An
drew's father got no more orders for his
hand run looms and disaster faced the
little family, whose eldest son was one
day to oe the overlord of most of the
machinery of this earth.
Carnegie said he well remembered the
family council at which It was decided
to sell the hand looms for what they
were worth and emigrate to Allegheny
Pa., where the family already had rela
tives. The decision was taken, he said.
In the face of his parents' conviction
that It meant nothing but sorrow for
them, but because they were convinced
It spelt better things for the two boys,
Andrew and Thomas. Andrew was 11
when the little family came to Alle
ghany. Worked ITom Dark to Dark.
At 11 he was thrust Into the factory
system of those days, which he admitted,!
was mtlo short of child rlavery. He
got a Job as bobbin boy In the cotton
factory whero his father had found work.
Ho went to work before daylight and
tolled until after dark. But even then
ho said, there was a hint of the Ideal
In his canny, young Scotch head.
"For a lad of 12," he has written It
"to rise and breakfast every morning,
except the blessed Sunday morning, and
go out Into the streets and find his way
to the factory and begin work while It
was still jlark outside, and not be re
leased until after darkness came again
In the evening forty minutes Interval
only being allowed at noon was a terri
ble task.
"But I was young and had my dreams,
and something within always told ms
that this would not could not should
not last; I should some day get Into a
.better position. Besides this, I felt my
self no longer a boy but quite 'a little
man,' and this made me happy,"
AVhen the change came Carnegie
seized It, though It seemed at first to
be wut of the frying pan Into the fire.
Just before he was 18 a "kind old Scots
man" took him Into the factory Wi
the bobbins were made. His duties, not
yet IS, were to fire the boiler nnd run
the small steam engine which powered
the plant Upon a mind of thirteen
years this task produced a reaction that
might have been expected.
"The firing of the boiler was all right,"
he has said, "for, fortunately, we did
not use coal, but the refuse wooden
chips, and I always liked to work in
wood: but the responsibility of keeping
th .i.P rirrht r .u.
1 glne and the danger of my making a
mistake and blowing the whole fac-
tory to pieces caused too great a strain,
and I often awoke and found myself sit
ting up in bed through the night try
ing the steam gauges.
"But I never told them at home that
I was having a 'hard tussle.'"
His third apprenticeship, as he calls
It, came when he got a Job aa a tele
graph messenger In Pittsburg at the age
of 14. Ho greets It with his first en-
, thuslasm. thus
This," he said, "was a transfer from
darkness to light, from the desert to
paradise, for here I entered a new world,
amid bookB, newspapers, pencils, pens
and Ink, and writing pads, and a clean
office, bright windows and the llteHiry
J atmosphers I woa ths happiest oy
Famous Ironmaster
nisi - i i .i .!
alive. Really, after this change there
seemed little left to be desired ; for what
more does one want In life, and Indeed
what more can one get that is of much
consequence? After he has got these
things he has 'got it all' ; the only tools
he needs for anything."
Ill First Investment,
But nobody better than the shrewd
Andy realized that It took energy to
consolidate this "all." He was a new
boy in Pittsburg and his first Job was
to become a perfect messenger by get
ting to heart the names of every busi
ness firm up and down Wood street.
Then he set out to become a telegrapher.'
Sitting In when he could he was soon
a substitute operator and then a regular
one. Apparently he was a good one for
he was chosen to run the first private
wire for the Pennsylvania Railroad,
Just completed. W. A. Scott, the road's
superintendent, had observed his oper
ating. At this time Carnegie was get
ting $25 a month and he considered It
a competence because It made his family
at home Independent "They could live
on $800 a year," he says.
Starting as "clerk and operator" to
the superintendent at 815 a month,
young Carnegie was soon deep in his
superior's confidence. So deep in fact
that Scott gave him his first opportunity
for Investment He told him where he
could buy for 1600 ten shares of Adams
Express stock from the estate of a man
who had Just died. Though Carnegie
was one of the world's largest holders
of securities, he bought always for In
vestment He boasted that there was
not a, dollar of all hU millions which
had been made in stock gambling. He
had no patience wit) speculator in
securities. '
"It will be c. goo. for this coun
try when the stock gamblers come to
grief," he said on one occasion, "I wish
I could devise some means where both
parties to a stock gamble could be mode
to suffer. I am speaking now as a busi
ness man and as one who rtas never
made a dollar by gambling In stocks
and who would as soon make It that way
as by playing cards, bridge whlat and
so on."
Nevertheless that first purchase of
stock was made with borrowed money.
His family by this time had built and
paid for a little home, worth about $800.
When Andrew came homo and told of
the opportunity to buy the stock the
family decided that an opportunity to
invest with the help of his superior In
the railroad, help which Scott had prom
Ised If Pamegle could not raise the
money, was too good to be neglected,
Irrespective of the actual merit of the
Investment. So his mother hurried to
Ohio, mortgaged the little house through
an uncle who lived there, and the stock
was bought Tho stock paid monthly
dividends of $1 a share.
It was while working as clerk to the
railroad superintendent that young
Carnegie teamed the lesson of organiza
tion. In those days the superintendent
was not only charged with responsibility
for his section of line, but. with all the
details of operating It. despatching train
and sending telegrams. Carnegie says!
of It himself:
"It took me some time to leam, but
I did learn, that the supremely great
managers, such aa you have In these
days, never do any work themselves
worth speaking about; their point Is
to make others work while they think.
I applied this lesson in after llfo, so
thai hininoo !. ... i.
a care. "
Aids Sleeping Car Inventor.
The first real item of this Pirniv
,,, . II UO UlUi 4-tlllOUOUi BVIWb, milt., I uVBtl
fortunes came at this time, but not his town home. His devotion to Scot
through tho Adams Express stock. It land was only less great than his devo
was laid In the fortunes of the first tlon to the United States. He expressed
sleeping oars and the Woodruff Sleeping it as the feeling a man has for his
c" Company. mother and for his wife. In an ad-
"One day on a train," Carnegie says, dress before the Worshipful Company of
' a nice, farmer looking gentleman came Plumbers In London he said :
up to me and drew from a green bag the "I stand before you as-a representa-
model of the first sleeping car." live of both the old and the new, being
The conductor had told the Inventor, neither exclusively of one nor the other,
Woodruff, that Carnegie was conneoted bothft Scottish-American one
with the railroad. He was Immediately my native and the other my adopted
Impressed with the practicability of the country. I love to think of them as
Idea and arranged for Woodruff to meet motner w,fe- tot" t0 ba greatly
him In Altoona the next day. There Ioved- Such they t0 ms-
Scott Mill superintendent, grasped the nevr "e th tW0.flaB' " X see
value of the idea Immediately and & tn,m Defore me now' "ltll0Ut teellng a
contract was made for Woodruff to erect lVmp myL thr2at. or raany ye?
two sample cars for the Pennsylvania! fln0B ther8 has 1.ate1 trom my ca"ls
This contract gave Tcarneii i hE ,n sxanl - J"bl Br
experiencV B,rPes and th8 Unlon Jack B8wn t0
make monthly nsvS.nJf .... t0 "ethr- 11 fl0Ilt ther8 now a symbol
more than $200 17?A h-methln? ""aiding, I believe, what la to come."
Se car and h. w.. LuS "v8 Yet even England fell beneath his
nrmf o. S 2 llhout ""eh criticism In his devotion to peace. De-
inSl-K ' hV.ty"' h8 went Plte th dependency of his business on
v3 oanK'r and borrowed the money on munition making ho was the first great
jus own note, agreeing vo repay it at , modem advocate of International dls-
mif "J1,0"1?' - armament In fact, he refused to make
me woodruff company afterward was armament In his own plants until con
absorbed by Pullman and the Investment vlnced by the personal importunities of
proved extremely profitable, in the President Harrison that it was his duty
meantime CarnegU had gof to be a roll- to do eo. '
, road division superintendent Ha got
there by a typical display of nerve. One
day the superintendent was late coming
to his office and - wreck on th'e single
track tine had tied traffic In knots. It
was railroad religion In those days that
I only the superintendent himself could
ucur up a wreuK. xoung v&rnegio uis-
entod.
Sitting at the telegraph wire he dl
1 gesed tho reports of freights waiting
on every siding and the through express
from the East hours late. He sent out
the orders that put 'tho trains In motion.
The express he hold until the freights
had been cleared, getting acknowledg
ment from tho express conductor that
he knew the other slower trains were
running "on his time." He signed the
messages with Scott's name. Carnegie
thus describes the superintendent's re
ception of his work :
1 "When Mr. Scott reached the office
he was In a great stew. He had- heard
about the accident and all the trains
being late, and aa he sat down to his
desk he said:
"Here it is 10 o'clock and the ex
press not In, all the freight trains hung
up, and the devil to pay. Wire ,'
"Here I Interposed with 'Excuse me,.
Mr. Scott, but I have sent all of the tele
graphic orders that I thought you would
send. Here are copies of my telegrams,
and X think that you will find the
through freight already in the yards.'
"Mr. Scott looked at me very keenly
for a minute, but ho never said a word.
He looked over the telegrams I had sent
In his name, ard still said nothing. In
fact he never said a word to me about
the matter. A few days afterward J.
Edgar Thomson, the president of the
road, came Into our office and, laying
down his hand on my shoulder, asked,
'Is this Andyr
" 'Yes. sir,' said L
"-Well, I have been hearing about
you,' said he."
It was shortly after this that he got
his own division on the railroad. But
he wb constantly on the alert and the
profits from his sleeping car Investments
were shrewdly turned Into oil lands near
Oil City. Pa. This was long before the
day of the great development In oil, and
young Carnegie was looked upon by
many of his fellows aa foolish.
So when the civil war came It found
Carnegie well up In the management of
on Important railroad and owning per
sonal property that marked him as a
substantial citizen. He was but 28 years
old but ho had been at it for fifteen
years.
He was made superintendent of mili
tary railroads and Qovernment telegraph
linen In tho East during the war and at
Its close cut loose from railroading and
went Into business strictly for himself.
He no longer loaned his little share of
capital to others. He proceeded to bor
row capital for himself.
Up to this time all railroad bridges
had been built of wood. Carnegie saw
that they must be built of Iron. So he
went .into Pittsburg and organized the
Keystone Bridge Works. His' share of
the capital was $1,250.
"I had not the money," he confesses,
"but the bank lent It to me. This com
pany built the first great bridge over
the Ohio River. This was my beginning
In manufacturing and from that start all
other works have grown, the profits of
the one works building theother."
From then on the career of Carneglo is
the familiar career of the great captain
of Industry save that Carnegie was
perhaps the most successful of them all
with a spirit and dash about his exploits,
a drive and vigor and hardlnest to his
work that many of the others laod.
He was frank, surprising, humorous
with It all. He thought for himself and
ho expressed his thoughts without the
slightest hesitation or constraint In fact
his frankness earned him many enemies.
He was a violent opponent of some of
the" most sacred doctrines of the Repub
lican party, to which ho gave always his
formal allegiance. , Yet he said things
nbout a protective tariff albeit he had
been one of Its greatest beneficiaries
that made Republican leaders shiver. A
story has made the rounds only recently
that he went to McKlnley In 1900 and
offered to pay personally the prlco the
United States had paid Spain for the
Philippines, provided the President would
commission him to go to Manila and
proclaim that the Flllpplnos were free
to go their own way.
He was the familiar of many of the
greatest men of his time, not only here
hut abroad. His first large profit In fact
was a quarter million dollar commis
sion for the sale of Pennslyvanla Rail
road bonds In Europe. Even In these
early days, before he became famous,
he was on terms of friendly Intimacy
with Gladstone. Rosoberry, Matthew Ar
nold, Herbert Spencer, John Morley and
James Bryce.
Throughout his life he was an omniv
orous reader. He dlgested.a,dozen dally
papers, read regularly the principal
weeklies and trade reviews and was fa
miliar with anything In the monthly
magazines that Interested him and his
Interest was well nigh universal How
early his own literary spirit manifested
Itself Is shown by the list of his books.
They begin with "An American Four In
Hand In Great Britain." written In 1SS8,
and continue with "Round the World"
(1884), "Triumphant Democracy"
(1866), "The Gospel of Wealth" (1900),
"The Empire of Business" (1902). this
was translated Into eight languages);
'The Life of James Watt" (1806), and
"Problems of To-day" (1909).
Always Democratic.
Yet despite his distinguished acquaint
anceship, his vast affairs and his aspir
ing mind he was above all a democrat
He did not own a private car until within
the last few years. He was In Atlantic
City when he was summoned to New
York In 1901 to close the great deal for
the United 8tates Steel Corporation. A
private car was sent for him. Wltn a
tingle companion he sat there for a few
minutes in solemn grandeur and then re
marked: "DoeBn't this bore you you and mo
all alone? Let's go into uie aay smoaer;
Uiere are people In there."
And In they went
He was devoted to organ music. He
gave hundreds of organs to Institutions
and churches. He also was a regular
attendant at the opera whea In New
York, but never subscribed to a seat In
tne "8:olden horseshoe." He and Mrs.
Carnegie, latterly with .their daughter,
orchestra seats which they bought
as chance afforded. And despite this he
nu ug,uicu w nw nut... w. ww.hw.,
pipes. It was Scottish plps that fur
nished the musla at his daughter's wed-
Jl I. . V. - 1 1 .. nn1nn. a, Tf.U
. ,i. ,,.,. i.i.i. h. k
$350,695,653 Is Last Total Given
of Ironmaster's Many Benefactions
QOMPILATIONS mado public by tho Carnegie Endowmont for In
ternational Pcnco yesterday showed that tho ironmaster had given
away a total of $ 850,605,53 up to June 1, 1018. This was more than
the quarter billion ho was credited with upon his retirement, illustrat
ing the difficulty in the task of disposing of such a sum, tho bulk of it
5 per cent, bonds, piling up income at the rate of $50 a minute.
Among tho principal gifts enumerated are the following:
2,811 free public libraries $60,804,808
To colleges. Pvr libraries, endowments, &c 20,383,010
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
teaching 29,250,000
Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg.... 26,719,380
Carnegie Institute of Washington 22,800,000
Carnegie Endowment for International Pace.. 10,000,000
Scholarship endowment for Scotch universities. . 10,000,000
In 1912 all future gifts wero placed in the hands of tho Carnegie
Corporation of New York, with an endowment of ?125,000,000. This
organization gave $3,000,000 to war relief work since 1914.
Among Mr Carnegie's minor benefactions wero $2,000,000 for the
Allied Engineering Societies Building in Forty-fourth street, $2,000,
000 for Carnegie Hall and Music Hall in Fifty-seventh street, liberal
contributions to the New York and Pittsburg orchestras and endless
pensions and gifts to personal friends and bid associates. It is not
known how much Mr. Carnegie gave for church organs before ho
turned this work over to the corporation.
In 1909 he was one of the leaders In
the international conference that called
on President Taft to propose In behalf
of the United States the first move for
limitation. But after a trip to Europe
In the next year he changed his mind as
to who should lead the procession. He
decided that England should do this. So
vigorous did he become on 'this theme
that a Grand Jury In Wolverhampton
Indicted his book on democracy aa sub
versive of society. He charged England
with being responsible tar the armament
race, and In a letter to the London Times
he wrote:
"In all truth and soberness it should
no longer bo permissible for any two
Powers In jealous rivalry to build dread
noughts contingent upon what each
other may do, thus compelling all other
naval Powers to follow their ruinous
and. In this the twentieth century, sad
dening example, or to become defence
less. "This Is no mere German-British af
fair. It Is a worldwide Issue, and the
next step, momentous as It may. prove
for good or evil. Is apparently for Brit
ain to take as the Inventor and first
adopter of the dreadnought
"Whatever tho final result If Britain
played the part of peacemaker, as sug
gested, she would have the moral sup
port of the enlightened public sentiment
of tho world with her, a tower of
strength. If repulsed she would have
her quarrel Just
"It Is not for any non-cltlxen to ad
vise ; she will choose her own path. Cer
tain It Is, however, she could play no no
bler part nor one that would redound In
history more to her honor and glory, Il
lustrious as that history Is, for hence
forth Jt Is the triumphs of peace through
conciliation, not those of brutal war
through the slaughter of our fellowmen,
that are to make nations venerated In
after ages,
"I write as one who loves his native
land."
Built Hnsrae Peace Palace.
In 1907 he dropped his prepared ad
dress ao President of the National Peace
Conference to make sharp reply to
President Roosevelt's Just Issued cry for
national spunk. Mr. Roosevelt had said
that when righteousness and peace were
at odds peace would have to give way.
"Junius tells' us," Mr. Carnegie cried,
"tha the first prlnclplo of Justice Is
that men should not be Judges In their
own cause. When a man refuses to
submit to arbitration he Is unjust We
have heard righteousness contrasted
with peace. Righteousness and peace, I
tell you, cannot be divorced. It Is the
man who offers to submit his cause to a
Just judge who embraces that 'right
eousness which texalteth a nation.'
"Had I a dispute with another man, I
would be unjust should I refuse to listen
to the Judgment of a third. The only
thing for that other man to say would
be "Well, you may be right but I want
to go before Mr. Hughes or Mr. Root'
here and what they say about your
rights we will abide by.' "
It was Mr. Carnegie's $1,800,000 that
built the great empty peace palace at
The Hague. He even offered to pay
1360,000 to Germany for her claim
against Venezuela rather than risk war
between the two and the possible drag
ging In of the United States. He gave
half of the cost of the magnificent
81,500,000 Pan-American Union Build
ing In Washington, and much more for
other buildings for the International
Bureau -of American Republics at
Cart ago.
But these were tho manifestations of
the later Carnegie. The earlier Car
negie, the "Andy" of the big steel days,
the Ironmaster at his fighting prime. Is
an Intriguing figure.
Following the Keystone Bridge Works
came the Union Iron Mills and then Car
negie saw his first Bessemer converter.
Ho had his quarter million from the sale
of Pennsylvania bonds abroad and he
threw It all Into stell. He organized Car
negie, McCandless & Co., which began
to loom as a big factor in the growing
Industry.
Genius at Oriranf zatlon.
It has been said that Carnegie was
not a practical steel maker. This Is
probably true. But he was a genius at
organization and salesmanship. He was
also a genius at advertising In his own
way. He never shunned publicity.
Rather he courted It courted It to al
most his dying dajr. He travelled and
ho talked to reporters as finely as ho
talked to Prims Ministers. It was a
well-nigh Irresistible combination. It
was tho best substitute for the modernly
organized systems of publicity that
reaches both Prime Ministers and re
porters automatically.
An early friend describes Carnegie's
place In this first firm as follows:
"Shlnn bossed the show; McCandless
lent It dignity and standing ; Phlpps took
In the pennies at the gate and kept the
payroll down ; Tom Carnegie kept every
body In good humor; Andy looked after
the advertising and drove the band
wagon." So It was. Carnegie had faith In steel.
Partners, come and went, but Carnogle
stayed. It was the day of the great ex
pansion of steel. Not only was Iron
replacing wood and lath and plaster In
construction, but steel was making new
fields for itself. The "T" roll hod re
placed strap Iron on the railroads nndJ
steel became not oniy me metier lor'tne
metal worker but for the builder.
Behind a high protective tariff the men
of the Camegle mills were driven by the
Carnegie spirit to undreamed of feats of
production. The captain of the Lucy
furnace produced a hundred tons a day In
1S77 and men said It was an impossible
myth. But before the eyes of captains
of furnaces Carnegie dangled always the
glory and the profit of partnership. To
the men who produced results went re
wards with an almost automatic pre
cision. Those who failed to produce soon
dropped out. Carnegie had passed his
long hours in the mills and factories. He
deemed It slight hardship that others
fchould do the same. His company paid
a consistent 40 per cent.
In 1881-lts growth and prosperity was
revealed when It was reorganized into
Camegle Bros. & Co That company
was capitalized at $5,000,000 and $2,737,
000 stood in Andrew Carnegie's name.
His original quarter million had In
creased eleven fold. Up to 1888 the
company had paid dividends varying
from 28 to 69 per cent, and Carnegie's
original Investment had Increased sixty
times over. In those days a million dol
lars was still a gigantic figure.
The men associated with blm In those
days were the pioneers of the steel in
dustry, most of them, like Camegle, hav
ing risen from shirtsleeve Jobs. Henry
Phlpps remained steadily with hta chief.
And in 1889 Henry C. Frlck came in to
stay until the great Frtck-Caraegls war
of ten years later.
In that year Camegle acquired the
Homestead Works with which his name
will always be associated. Under his
management it paid for -Its acquisition
In two years. The Duquesne plant ac
quired a year later, paid Its cost In a
single twelvemonth.
In 1892 the capital of the firm was
Increased to $25,000,000. It had become
a national figure. Its business was the
cause of bitter battles among the rail
roads entering Pittsburg. So Frlck'
threw them all out and built the Union
Railroad. But the business was fast
outgrowing the Pittsburg district It
reached out to the fertile Meaaba ore
fields. Frlck engineered their acquisi
tion. They were owned by a man named
Henry W. Oliver, and Oliver lacked the
money to develop them. Oliver gave the
Camegle Interests five-sixths of his stock
and the Camegle people loaned htm a
half million to develop them.
But between Lake Superior and the
mills stretched miles of lake and land.
Camegle himself bought the Bessemer
and Lake Erie Railroad, and In 1899 he
bought the first of his own fleet of ore
vessels, the fleet of towering ships that
now form the greatest single Item of
great lakes transport This was the
chain, the first and biggest example of
modern efficient organization, that made
It true that ore which lay In the Minne
sota hills on Monday was steel rails in
Pittsburg on Saturday night
In selling Carnegie killed competition.
In manufacturing he stimulated It That
was the secret of his great success.
Without the merciless cutting of prices
and a rail pool of brutal strength gave
him a clear field. Within, every boss,
sub-boss and workman was pitted against
every other In his class. Success led to
promotion, pay, partnership. Failure
meant dismissal from the highest to the
lowest Even for the partners there was
a sort of human scrap heap. They were
shunted Into politics when they 'couldn't
make and sell steel.
But fiercely as the men were driven,
bitter as was the competition among'
them, implacable as was the face of their
chief as he cried daily for the besting of
yesterday's record, each man felt that
his reward was there when he earned it
Men died like flies before the blazing
hearth doors. Men dropped from exhaus
tion in the ferocious race. But the win
ners won reward. And after the great
change Camegle turned to the consola
tion of the losers with a generosity as
free as had been the competition which
caused their loss. Even before the great
change, however, there are many stories
to show that beneath his stolo mask of
Napoleonlo ambition there beat a tender
Scotch heart
Frfclc and Carnearle Break.
Out of this blazing cauldor In more
senses than one came the fire tried men
who have formed the steel kings of to
day Charles Schwab, William E. Corey,
George Lauder, Dinkey, Lovejoy and
Lelshman. Among them worked Berg
and Boenthrager, whose processes In
creased the wealth of all. In 1889 the
company's profits were $90,000,000, and
of that $25,000,000 went to Carnegie
alone. It was more than the total cap
italization of the firm.
Then came the Frick-Camegle quar
rel, which estranged not only Frick but
Phlpps. It was never wholly made up.
Frlck charged that Camegle threw him
out of office at the acme of the com
pany's success and demanded that he
sell his interests at half what they were
worth. He called Camegle a thief and
Camegle replied In kind.
Finally there came a conference at At
lantic City, arranged by that shrewd cor
poration lawyer, James B. DHL A new
company was organized In New Jersey
with $160,000,000 In stock and a like
amount In bonds. Of the common stock
Carnegie held $86,000,000 and Frlck
$15,000,000 par value. But Frlck failed
of election to the directorate and though
Dill got a fee'tr,' y 000,000 for his work
Frlck was never satisfied. Phlpps, too,
fell out with the Ironmaster.
But Carnegie had tasted blood. In
1900 he declared war. He said he would
drive every competitor out of the busi
ness and make himself the dictator In
steel. Ha refused to return a two million
dollar option when It was forfeited by
violation of Its technical terms. He
mercilessly undercut every other firm In
steol. lie plunged Into every phase of
the business from the transportation of
the taw material to the sale of the fin
ished product In the market
Where he .couldn't buy the plants of
competitors he built his own near by and
killed them. He threw $12,000,000 Into
a tube plant In Ohio. He set a corps
of surveyors to work to plan a road
rivalling the Pennsylvania from Pitts
burg to the sea. He declared war on
the Rockefeller Interests, building his
own seagoing ore carriers. When a
small rival withdrew Its trade from him
he smothered It with his own plant In
tho rival territory. He foamed with a
perfect Berserk rage of commercial bat
tle. He announced that millions would
be spent to make his own plants beyond
the reach of competition In prices and
the world knew he had the millions, the
energy and the will to do it.
And then, at 60, he lay down. With
his rivals fully cognizant of the terror
of his thlrty-flve years of experience
when brought to the battlefield, with his
single glance enough to set an enemy
a tremblo, with the world of steel domi
nation before him, he .took his price and
quit Frlcx aof Schwab had always;
argued for corporate control. Men n.
the ranks as they were, they seemeir
sense Instinctively the danger of an .
plre founded on a man, albeit a maiTS
genius 1
Schwab took the initiative In the w
gaining, and In 1901 Interests headed i.
J. P. Morgan & Co. camo to Mr rJl
negle with his price. It was $304 Us
000 In gold E per cent bonds, $98 277 lj',"
In preferred stock and $90,274 04n i!
common. Carnegie took It to hlj ttM
and the billion dollar United SuiL
Steel Corporation was formed.
Over night Andrew Carntgle turnit
from the emperor militant to the falri
godfather. His nrst act upon retirement
was to set aside a $4,000,000 ptnjlou
fund for the Steel Corporation's em
ployees. Thus began the great eu of
philanthropy, the years through which
ho strove to live up to Ms then in
nounced dictum that tho "man who ea
rich dies disgraced."
Whether he has been successful la
these laler years as he was in the earllw
ones remains to be seen. The best tu
tlmate of the amount ho has glvn
places It at about $400,000,000. Cut hi
Income when he retired was $40 a Bin.
ute. He consistently followed the nrta!
clple which he enunciated early In u,u
phase of his career that the very rich
man Is but a trustee for the poor, "m.
trusted for a season with a great put
of the Increased wealth of the common
lty, but administering It for the beneji
of the community far better than it
could or would have done It for Itself
He did not seek to make more monir
But ho did not Invest foolishly. h
once said that In the panic of 1907
could have mado another $50,000,009
but did not do so because It would be but
nxiy more womeB ior nimseif.
Before the Industrial Relations Com.
mission In Washington In 1915 Mr. Car.
negi gave this review of his phllao.
throplo enterprises In his own words;
"My first act upon retiring from bu'sl.
ness was to give $5,000,000 to tfct
workmen of the Carnoxle Steel Com
pany as a parting gift, $4,000,000 for
pensions to the men and $1,000,000 to
maintain tho libraries and halls I hid
duhi ior inem. i was greatly pleised V
when later the United States ri.j
wurwi nuuii ow at 10 oupitcate my
gift, 'adding $4,000,000 to the fund for
pensions. I have Just read the follow
lng report of this Joint fund with greit
satisfaction :
"The Tourth annual report of the
United States Steel and Carnfrts
Pension Fund, made public to-dir
shows that Blnce January 1, 1911, whea
the fund was established, retired em
ployees pf the Steel Corporation hiT
received in pensions $1,575,021.3, For
the year 1914 the total disbursement
from the pension fund amounted to
$611,967.90, which was a gain over the
previous year of $89,152.76, and a r!a
of $230,510.52 over the first year of the
fund's existence.
"There are now 2,521 beneflclarix r
1 the fund. During the year 612 pension
er?" were added nnd 183 died. The aver,
age pensions of the cases added wtrs
$20.40 a month, the average age of tho
I pensioners being 63.33 years and tho
1 average term of the service 28.76 rears.
Under the rules of the fund not less thsa
$12 nor more than $100 a month Is raid.'
I "The Hero Fund which I was privi
leged to found has always Interested na
most deeply, 'perhaps because the Idea
cume to me through personal experienca.
Mr. Taylor, who had formerly been su
perintendent of the coal mine near.PItt.
burg heard that an accident hi.', oc
curred and Immediately drove to ths
mine and called for volunteers to descend
with him to the rescue of those below, A
number promptly responded and man
wero saved, but Mr. Taylor, the volunteer
hero, lost hls'llfe. Here was one of ths
true heroes of civilization, who save and
serve their fellows. The heroes of bar
barism wound and slay theirs.
"I could not rest until I had toundtd
hero funds In various countries, with
a total capital of $11,790,000. The re
port of the annual meeting held at
Pittsburg on January 20 shows awards
given to forty heroes or their wives
and families, with a total of 1,021
awards since tho fund began operations.
"The Carnegie Institute of Pittsburg,
one of the greatest gtfts I have made,
has cost so far $24,000,00 and his
more than 3,000 students from forty
two States, 1,288 of whom are men
from tho Industries trying to Improve
their conditions. The fees are onlr
nominal, averaging $25 a year, which
Is one-fifth to one-tenth what la usually
charged. The cheapest we know of else
where charges $150.
"I do not know of any service to
widows which brings such relief. It
relieves 'the widow of doubt about the
security of the fund upon which she
is able to live In comfort. Of course
the deposits and security are regularly
examined by a representative of the
State Department of Banking. Six per
cent Is a higher rate than banks would
pay. but I feel quite Justified In beiM
Uberal.
"I confess to being greatly surprised
to learn within the last few days that
I have no less than 481 pensioners
upon my list receiving a total of III.
945.56 a year."
Endowed Sclenttflo rieienrch.
The Carnegie Institute in Washington
probably vies with his foundations for
the pension of college professors In im
portance and Interest nmong hi educa
tional gifts, barring alwaya the scatter
ing of libraries over the face of the
English speaking globe. The Washing
ton Institute Is designed to do for science
In America what Governments do (or It
abroad. It takes the examplar of any
science who shows himself worthy and
provides him the facilities for original
research. It is Mr. Carnegie's contribu
tion to tho sum total of man's origin"
gUl 0 W d (76a
It has departments Ilka these of so
ciology and economics, history, a gM"
physical laboratory, marine biology ana
botanical research. It has already pro
duced valuable results. The cruise of
the non-magnottc yacht Carnegie hu
produced absolutely reliable charts 01
magnetlo variation In all the seven Mj'
and through tho wllderne&sea of tM
continents.
His pension fund for college tearheri,
originally designed as a measure purely
for the relief of those whce devotion
to pedagogy brought them to penury w
old age, has developed Into a pmierTJi
controlling factor In the trend of '
modem higher education Through
requirements for eligibility to the pen
sion fund It has ext-clsed a trcrr.en
lnnn .v.. l,iiln nnd mff-00'
of the seventy-four Institutions of hi1"'
learnlnic
In this country vi
n.UlstU .1.... I Visnsflla
In addition to these gmat to""";,,
be has bestowed more than f
In Individual irlfta for H'er ai ana
.l r.i,rnnu. in nnn.KPCtnr ft" 'nst ,
I' " ' "
ttnn nf l,arnlnr In this t'U' ri
and
Canada. He endowed the Pi '
l, unw
S otch
versiiies wun tK.-nuiuir.mi'- " ' ,vd
students only less munificent tniln "J.
Rhodes scholarships for the ''""r
from all the world at Oxford and t.
brld-ie. And In 1912 he irnn,X
all of this work to the Carnig ' Foul no
tlon of New York with un endowment
$125,000,000.
' war came ther. and all
s efforts. During "e war "
The great
phliamnropio errorm. j-ui -ir ".",
nun kivuii uuiJiKiii uiviu ...... ..in
to various war work nnd relief orgwiw
tlons. ,v,i
But It Is In his libraries after j
the name of Carneule wir hve '
them that he has taken the n ' l'r' ,
He has always Insisted that on
attached to them. Ami lio has a
. Anmlilllll 1 Ci 1
he gave tho bulldlngn vhouiu t
provide the sltea, tho booKs
maintenance.
-.. sit
and
V 4