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4 ,-" & py i- 0 'A*~ ". $*" ft,* a.' fr r»- VOL. XVI. NO 38. HOW BIG WAGES & dome Typical Examples of Large Earn ings Show That They Come as a Re sult of Extra Labor—Train Worker*! Willing to Sacrifice Higher Pay For| the Shorter Workday. By W. C, CARTER. President of Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Engineers. Railway wage statistics show that ty the overloading of freight trains, which in many Instances eliminated the mileage basis of payments to em ployees, tho wage cost to the railroads per ton mile of freight traffic has been greatly reduced. Also the earnings of employees for a ten hour day have de creased greatly as a necessary conse quence of the decline In the average speed of trains. Notwithstanding these changed con ditions, the railroads are able to dem onstrate that their employees earn large amounts during months of heavy traffic. It was shown in a recent arbi tration that some engineers in freight service earned over $200 during the month of October, 1013, and some fire men earned more than $125 during the same period. An investigation of these cases of ap parently very high wages discloses facts of which the following examples are typical: One engineer earned $212.95 In one month, lie did it by working 395 hours during that month —that is, lie worked the equivalent of 49.2 days of eight hours each during that one month. His average rate of wages was 53.9 cents per hour. Again, a fireman who earned $135.29 in that one month worked 412.7 hours, or an equivalent of 51.0 days of eight hours. His average rate of wages was 32.8 cents an hour. That these highly paid and overwork ed men In freight service are a menace to public safety Is well known to ev erybody—except the public. They serve a purpose, however, by convincing ar bitrators and the public that railroad employees are already receiving a high rate of compensation and should not be granted relief. This steady increase in the num ber of bourn of work has been the only way in which the railroad em ployee has been able to keep his total daily wage up to (be level at which It was in the days when it was possible to earn bis bonus by covering more than ten miles an hour. Every Increase In size of freight locomotive and ton nage of freight train has meant that the employee must work longer in order still to earn the same daily wage. Naturally strenuous efforts have been made by the employees to change this situation and to secure an increase in the rate of wages an hour so it might be the equal of that in the building or other trades aud that a fair day's wage might be earned without working over time. Their only hope was a change from a ten to an eight hour basis of pay. As an arbitration board had declined to re duce the locomotive hostler's twelve hour day to ten hours and other arbi tratlon boards had refused to increase the rate of pay per hour, there was not much to expect in that direction. S with the expectation of a possible con flict they demanded the substitution of the eight hour for the ten hour basis in existing ^wage schedules and an overtime rate of time and one-half. That what was really demanded was a lessening of hours of work is shown by the fact that in terminal work also where engineers, conductors, switch men, firemen and hostlers are employ ed entirely on the hourly basis, the de mand was the same for an eight hour day, with time and one-half for any work requiring more than eight hours irt a period of twenty-four. a WHAT RAILROAD WORKERS WANT jt REAL DEflAND IS FOR LESSENING OF THE HOURS OF TOIL jC ARE MADbl This demand for an eight hour day meant a reduction in earnings for the large number of men theretofore work ing more than ten hours a day. Their opportunity to earn more than one day's wage was eliminated through the "penalty" overtime provision, because la terminal work the railroad can al ways change crews when the eight hours are up and naturally will do so and employ a new crew rather than pay extra overtime rates. The em ployees sacrificed higher wages in or der to get shorter hours. More Pay For Thread Workers. A 10 per cent Increase in wages went Into effect at the WiUimantic (Conn.) mills of the American Thread company on Dec. 4. About 2,700 employees will benefit, and It Is understood that a sim ilar increase will be made in other mills of the concern, affecting In all about 8,000 persons. This Is the third wage increuse In the thread company's mills since Jan. 1, 1&16, the aggregate being 25 per cent. Limit For Women Workers. Attorney General Brown of Pennsyl vania recently rendered an opinion in which he rules that the word "week" in the women's employment act does not mean a calendar week, but that women cannot be employed in estab lishments under the employment acts more than fifty-four hours in seven comsec.utive days. 5 A MEMORABLE ECLIPSE. When the Sun Was Totally Obsoured In This Country In 1806. Tho most remarkable eclipse of the sun witnessed in the United States In the centuries since Its discovery took place on June 10, 1800. There were eclipses previous and since then, but that of 1800 Is regarded by astrono mers as the most memorable of all, that of Aug. 7, 1809, being the next in grandeur and Interest. Tho eclipso of 1800 was to be seen over all parts of North America. For tunately the day was a remarkably fine one, scarcely a cloud behig visible in any part of the heavens. The sun's entire surface was covered at twenty seven minutes and thirty seconds past 11 o'clock. James Fenlmore Cooper, the novel ist, though' but a youth at the tTOTe of the eclipse, was so enthusiastic un ob server of the spectacle that twenty-five years after the event he wrote a mi nute uccoant of what he saw and how he felt during the wonderful occur rence. Mr. Cooper states that as he and other spectators in his company first discerned through their glasses the oval form of the moon darkening the sun's light an exclamation of delight, almost triumphant, burst involuntarily from the lips of ull. The people began gathering into the street. Their usual labors were abandoned, aud all fuces were turned upward. The noonday heat began to lessen, and there was something of the cool ness of early morning. Mr. Cooper further states that "ull living crea tures seemed thrown Into a state of agitation. The birds were fluttering to and fro In great excitement. They seemed to mistrust that this was not the gradual approach of evening and were undecided in their movements. Even the dogs became uneasy and drew nearer to their masters. Every house now gave up Its ten ants. As the light failed more and more with even passing sc.-ond the children came i! "Cking si i.out their mothers in terror. The sun appeared like a young moon of three or four days old. One after the other the stars came Into view, which filled the spirit with singular sensations." Tho general phenomena at ull the places where the eclipse was com plete or nearly so were the vacillation of the wind, tho deep, strange shadow, the yellowish pink of the atmosphere in the west, the flickering and wavy appearance of the sun's rays when the eclipse was at its height, the chilly feeling, the disturbance among the birds and fowls and tho sight of cer tain planets with the naked eye. ALASKA'S LONG SPUR. The Aleutian Is nnds Chain Over Thousand Miles In Length. Few persons are aware that the shortest route from San Francisco to Japan is by way of Alaska. Nearly a thousand miles are saved to vessels trading with the orient by coasting along the Aleutian islands rather than following the Hawaiian route. Tho Aleutian islands, more than 150 in number, which extend in a chain east and west for more than a thou sand miles, are inhabited by the rem nant of the Aleuts. Their war of the revolution closed just as the Ameri can Revolutionary war began. So pa trlotlc were the Aleuts, so brave their struggle for hides eudence, that they succumbed to the Russians only after a coMlk-t of nearly fifty years and then simply because tho race was almost exterminated in the struggle. While the Aleutian islands must eventually form an Important link in the commerce between the United States and the orient, other Islands link our country with the vast empire to the north. In the narrow Bering strait lie two little islands, one occu pied by Russia, the other by the Unit ed States, so that citizens of the two great nations live on respective islands within a few miles of each other. Evening 8ohools. Evening schools owe their existence to tho Rev. Thomas Charles, who about 1811 set up one at Bala, Wales, which proved to be quite successful. In 1839 or 1840 the English Bishop I-Ilnds strongly recommended such schools for poor adults, who, on account of en forced labor, had no clmuco to secure an education. The Idea was taken in band by tho British privy council in 1801, and from that date evening schools began to be considered seri ously. At tho present time they are numerous throughout Great Britain America and many other leading na tions. An Old Coat. My coat and I live comfortably to gether. It has assumed all my wrln kles, does not hurt me anywhere, has molded itself on my deformities and Is Complacent to all my movements, and I only feel Its presence because it keeps me warm. Old coats and old friends are the same thing.—Hugo. Too Few. Hub (during the spat)—I don't be lieve In parading my virtues. Wife— don't see how you could. It takes quite a number to wake a parade.-* S EIGHT HOUR DAY. $ Our business men should now give more thought to what is S necessary for the decent living of the employee rather than to e forming larger combinations to defeat those of wage earners $ whose experience and study of $ the problem have convinced S them of the evil effects of more than eight hours of manual la 3 bor. We who are more fortunate can work many hours to secure great profits, or in the hope of them, if we need not worry over $ necessary food and clothing, but S» with daily manual labor experl ence has shown it is very differ ent.—George Foster. Peabody. SWITCHMEN'S AWARD. Eight Hour Concession Sounds Wellt but Doesrv't Mean Anything. Members of the New York branch of the Switchmen's Union of America de nied that the award of the federal board of arbitration, filed in the United States district court. New York city, on Dec. 24, constituted an eight hour day as described by that body. "They've given us a phrase we can't collect on," was the way one of the of ficials of the union characterized it. The eight hour concession was awarded to the union by the federal board after a wage aud hour contro versy extending over months. The Switchmen's union is affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, but not with the four transportation broth erhoods in train service that made the eight hour day a national issue. The federal board grained the request of the switchmen that 'eight hours or less shall constitute an eight hour day," but denied their request for time and a half for overtime. But they did grant the members of the union, so far as they had contracts with the va rious railroads, a tint increase of 5 cents an hour. "The trouble with an eight hour con cession," the union official quoted above said, "is that there is no flnan ial penalty imposed on the railroads for working their switchmen more than eight l'o :rs The f. deral board merely h.-c-- smH to ii e railroads, "If you work these men more than eight hours you must pay them at the same rate as dnrimr the eiHit hour!?,' which, of course. i% 1:0 eo:i ~iou at all. They could have the iis.ard a six hour day or even a ur hour day. becau just as long »!ie rate of pay aft the expiratii n of the stated day re mains the same as before the men gain nothing, at 'cast by that particu lar concession." FIGHT ONLY BEGUN. Campaign to Prevent Child Labor Must Be Continued In States. State regulation of problem.!' child labor in local industries is not yet as thorough as the federal regulation of industries engaged In interstate commerce, ac cording to the annual report of the gen eral secretary of the National Child Labor Committee. Twenty-eight states allow hildren to work more than eight hours a day in stores and other local establishments nineteen states allow children to work at night in such establishments twen ty-eight states have no regulation of street work by children, and twenty states have poor regulations twenty three states need night messenger laws twenty-six states do not require medical examination of children for work permits twelve states have no educational requirements for work permits, and thirty-two states have standards lower than the fifth grade one state has no compulsory education law. and four states have only local option laws. "The 1,850,000 working children whose status cannot be directly affect ed by any kind of federal regulation present the major problem on which the efforts of the committee may now be concentrated," .says Owen R. Love joy, the general secretary, in his re port. "Congress lias forged the tools for an aggressive campaign, and we have now reached the stage where be taking hold instead of letting go we may hope to .sec the solution of the PLAN BIG UNION. Needle Workers of the Country May Amalgamate In One Organization. The strike of clothing workers in New York city may result in the amal gamatlon of the half million needle workers throughout the country iuto single union. The initial step for such a combination was made by Joseph Schlossberg, secretary of the Amalga mated Clothing Workers, in a letter to Louis Langer, secretary of the joint board of the Cloak and Skirt Makers union. Were the organization effected It would surpass In numbers the Ton fallroud brotherhoods. The rout cm plated combination of needle worker: would probably be built around the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. Secretary Schlossberg's letter to Mr Langer, whleh furnished the sugges tion for the greater union, closed with this paragraph: "We all- realize that we belong to you and that you belong to us. We hope the time will soon come when Instead of a number of separate or ganizations, there will be one great powerful and all embracing body of needle workers." THE BUTLER COUNTY PRESS SIOE! OF ROBBER. hfr Romance of This Now Highly Prized Material. WAS OF LITTLE USE AT FIRST. Not Until the Vulcanizing Process Was Invented Did Its Vast Possibilities Become Apparent—How the Amazon Monopoly Was Broken. The average man believes that rub ber is rubber, just as silver Is silver and ivory is ivory but, as a matter of fact, the different kinds of rubber run into the hundreds. If you were to take up one of the commercial dailies which devote their columns to the news of the different industries yyi|t would find prices quoted on thirty or forty differ ent sorts of rubber. Some are called after their geographical location, some take their name from the method of preparation, and others have names de scriptive of their form. Originally all rubber came from the valley of the Amazon. When It was first discovered no one knows. At any rate, when the first white men. follow ing along after Columbus, visited South America they found the Indians play ing with bulls made from the exuda tion of tiie bark of a certain tree, and these balls differed from any the Europeans had ever seen, for they bounded and rebounded and were full of life. But that was not the only use the Indians put this milk of the tree to. They smerred it on their blankets to make tliein waterproof. Still. 200 years and more went by, and, while many wise men believed this elastic, cohesive, Impermeable sub stance ought to be full of usefulness, nobody found any way to use It to any advantage—it was so brittle in cold weather aud so disposed to get soft in hot weather. But in the fullness of time a Connecticut Yankee started to puzzle it out. It took him the better part of ton years, but be did it, and in 1839 gave the world his vulcanization process, which Is in use today. Up to that time rubber was so cheap that ships from South America some times used it as ballast, taking their chances of selling it for what they could get in some American port With the discovery of the vulcanizing process rubber took on a new hue and a new value, and the tropics were searched for it everywhere. It was found in the vines of Africa, and gutta percha, a sort of first cousin to rubber, was found In Borneo, and some years ago a large volume of rubber was found In the guayule shrubs of ilex Ico. As rubber grew in value the chem ists fell to work and devised ways of recovering it from old shoes and bose and other articles into which It en tered, and thus "reclaimed rubber" soon came to equal the new rubber In volume, and all these varieties found some legitimate use. Gutta percha makes unapproachable insulation for ocean cables. Balata. which comes from the Culanas, is famous for belt ing, and even "reclaimed rubber,' taken from junk heaps, serves perfect ly well for flooring and mats and other articles where resiliency is not needed. For many years the best rubber was that which came n the banks of the Amazon. The p-iic of that country enjoyed a practical monopoly and de terndned to keep it. Not a rubber seed would they let pet out of the country, under heavy penalties. But from time immemorial the fear of punishment has given way before the lure of shin ing gold, and in tSTU. by means of gen erous presents here and there, a ven turesome Englishman sailed out of tho Amazon with rubber seeds, and that was the start of the great rubber plantations eylon and the Malay peninsula. The beginning was slow. It was twenty-nine years after these seeds left the Amazon before the first plantation rubber was ready for the market, and then the total was only 115 tons. That was in 1005. But since then the pro duction of plantation rubber has grown enormously, until now it is about 100, 000 tons. Various rubbers can be used for vari ous purposes. For some purposes a lifeless rubber will answer well enough while for other purposes the only rub ber that will adequately serve Is the one that has life and resilency and toughness. There are numberless rub ber articles of commerce where resili ency and wear combined are necessary and where cheaper grades or too large a proportion of "reclaimed rubber" Is the poorest sort of economy.- Hartford Times. Suspicious. "There's a man outside who wants to seo you." announced the office boy "He says he's an old friend of yours "Find out whether he wants to bor row money or sell life insurance," di rected his employer. "In either case I'm not in."—New York World. The New Age. The London Office Girl—Could I have next Monday, sir, for my sister's wed fling? Her Employer—Why, you had a couple of days off for a sister's wed ding last month. The Office Girl—Yes sir we do get off quickly In our fam ily.—I iondon Sketch. The Universal Gratitude. "How thankful I am that I have a home." "Ah, yes, to abater your dear ones." "No to mortgage for an automobile.*' —Baltimore American. The power of concentration Is one of the most valuable of intellectual attain ments. HAMILTON, OHIO, FRIDAY, JANUARY 5, 1917. $1.00 PER YEAR RIDING ON BUBBLES OF AIR. Motoring Would Be Ideal If Tires Could Be Made Thinner. In the whole mechanism of modern tiansportatlon there Is nothing so par adoxical, nothing so daring in concep tion as these bubbles of air which we call tires. They are at once strangely nonsensical and strangely practical— nonsensical because they must endure great strains and yet are necessarily mado of unendurable material practi cal because nothing can match air as a shock absojjjier. From all the tales that we hear of tire costs and tire repairs, let it not be forgotten that motoMng as we know It became possible because of the art of riding on bubbles of air had been discovered. What happens when the old fashion ed iron tired, wooden buggy wheel strikes a small stone in the road? It simply rises and the entire load rest ing on the wheel is lifted. There is loss of power—more work for the horse, for whenever you or a horse lifts a weight energy must be expended. What happens when an air tube strikes a stone? The tube is simply punched in, as it were, momentarily! The wheel need not be lifted over the obstruction. In order to secure this extraordinary result the air must have a chance to compress. If It were possible to build a tire with a wall as thin as a soap bubble's and yet so tough and elastic that it would both yield to blows and resist punctures and blowouts the ideal would be attained. One of tho hardest technical tasks ever set was that of de manding from the rubber industry a tube which would hold air and which would also be resilient. Air tires serve not only to make mo toring luxuriously comfortable, but to protect the car Itself. Were It not for them engines would not perform their work BO efficiently gasoline would not be so economically consumed high speed would be unttalnable steering would not be so easy shock would not be completely absorbed.—Waldemar Kaempffert In McClure's Magaelne. HE KNEW THE TURK. 8o He Boldly Proceeded to Take the Law Into His Own Handa. In his book, "Forty Years In Con stantinople," Sir Edwin Pears tells the following Btory to Illustrate the Turk's attitude toward foreigners: I knew the Englishman of whom the story was told, and 1 persuaded him one day to give me his own version. He sued a man In the chief Turkish court that has Jurisdiction over cases between Europeans and Turkish sub jects. When the Turkish defendant came to telJ tils tale he spoke of the Englishman as a giaour, or infidel. The Englishman objected. Although the judges knew perfectly well that It is contrary to Turkish law to use such an epithet, they did not interfere, whereupon the Englishman said, "If you call me a giaour again I shall take the law into my own bands." The Turk at once replied, "Well, you are a giaour." The Englishman stepped across the floor three or four paces and gave the Turk a blow on the nose that startled him aud the court. As the blood flow ed freely, there was a great hubbub, aud orders were given to arrest the Englishman. lie was a big, powerful fellow, and Instantly he smashed the stool on which ho was seated and cried out that he would brain the first man who laid hands upon him. Allschau, the dragoman who first told me the story, said that every one hesitated to attack the Englishman, and he, Alischun, was asked by the president to tell the aggressor that If he would apologize there would be an end of the matter. "Apologize!" said the Englishman "Not a bit of It. He Insulted me, and I let him have it." Allschau went back to the president and said, "This Is the kind of an Eng lishman who won't stand an insult and I can do nothing with him." Thereupon the court ordered the pro ceedings to go on as if nothing bad happened. A Rousing Welcome. "Anyhow," said the small man with tho big sot of books, over which he figured from early morn till late at night, "anyhow, there is one faithful friend at home that never falls to give mo a rousing welcome." "What friend Is that?" asked the billing clerk, pausing to eat a sand wlch while the boss wasn't looking. "My old alarm clock," replied the small man dreamily. Jacksonville Times-Union. 8hadows of History. "William the Conqueror," read the small boy from bis history, "landed in England In 1006 A. D." "What does 'A. D.' stand for?" in quired the teacher. The small boy pondered. "I don't exactly know," he said "Maybe it's after dark."—New York jplmes. Insert Letter "E." "So you were invited to participate in a profit sharing scheme?" "Yes." "How did you come out?" "I discovered that the purpose of the teherne was not sharing, but shearing." —Birmingham Age-IIerald. Irresponsible 8plrit. "Has your husband told you yon must economize?" "Yes," replied Mrs. Fllmgilt, "but I'm not lettfng him bother me. He's one of those people who Insist on tak ing up every fad that comes along." Washington Star. It isn't a good plan to allow your re ets for yesterday to overshadow your opes for tomorrow. NEED OF REST. The history of the shorter hour movement shows that long hours result in a predisposition to nerv ous and Infectious disease, gen eral injury to health, strain from the speed and monotony of mod ern industry, cumulative fatigue and accidents. The spread of the eight hour day, on the other hand, has resulted in better Qual ity and larger quantity of work, Increased temperance, education and general welfare. Life is more than work. The laborer and the employer alike should have their free hours between toil and sleep. Work performed by tired men Is costly to society.—Mary Alden Hopkins in Century. 0 COMPULSORY ARBITRATION. Taking Away Right to Strike Would Be a Movement Toward Chattel Slavery. In a recent address in New York A. B. Garretson, president of the Order of Railway Conductors, said in part: Now, to talk about compulsory arbi tration, whether It Is compulsory inves tigation or compulsory arbitration, is an utter absurdity. The very moment it becomes com pulsory arbitration it ceases to be ar bitration and only becomes another form of court, with a Judge possessing different qualifications presiding there in. Take away the right to quit when he will from the laboring man and you might Just as well enslave him to start with, provided he will submit to It. There Is no difference in principle be tween tying a mau on a public utility or elsewhere to his labor and actual slavery. It is exactly like the idea that labor is a commodity. If labor is a commod ity the man who does the labor and furnishes the effort is a chattel. If man is a free agent, ethically It is the same thing to make liiui work for one hour against his will as it is to make him work for one ear or a hundred against his will. The guarantee of liberty, the pursuit of happiness according to bis own con cept of what Is right, as long as it doesn't infringe, not on the profits, but on the apparent rights of others, are his now, and whenever you take these away from the meanest laborer that there is on earth you have deprived him of something—well, there are some of us yet who believe It is God given and It will bring its logical result. The mass of the people are exactly like the elephant—dangerous when they learn (heir strength and when ever lAtrlulitf luu I o| ioSt'd Ol* I.S en- 4 Square is the name. Square is our aim All Suits and Pants made to your individual order in a acteu fiiut infringe* on tlie rights or man for no cause that can be cited except for the profit of others, not nec essarily the comfort, but for the profit of others, it is bound to bring a re action that, will lead the man into the course that will educate him as to his strength. If you complain that K 0.000 men held up the government what will S, 000000 of tlicm do if they can to hold up the government? Are they going to be that govern ment, or is the other 20,000,000 going to be the government? It is worth careful consideration. The signs of the times are not to be disregarded. The social conditions that exist are of a character to make every man who has honestly the interest of the people at heart, and I am not speaking of the people as 'peepul' either—the great body of the race honestly at heart, to give careful thought to whether or not the crust is too thin for safety, wheth er or not evils that exist must not re ceive tho honest effort of all classes for the correction or whether there Is to come a cataclysm that will make previous occurrences of Its character all go Into the shade. This is the age of colossal things. If It comes it will come in a way that will make it overshadow all former industrial upheavals precisely as the present war blots out of existence vir tually all of the wars that preceded it, and it is worthy of the best effort of every honest man, no matter what he !«, union man, laboring man, capitalist or employer, to bring about a solution that will be equitable to all concerned, for it will never be settled finally until it is settled right., and the strife be tween the man who has and the man who has not will continue until that day comes, and it is worthy every man's effort to bring it about. His Suspicion Confirmed. How interesting the financial columns In the morning papers can be to the traveled reader! For instance, here's a market report that says "butter was strong." This confirms an impression formed at a bo.-trdim.' house recently.— London Ideas. Union Shop The SquareTailors 106 HIGH STREET meet him at Cor. Front and Hisii Sts. Merchants' Dinner Lunch Served every Day Feminine Intuition. "I thought you were going send that hat back. Mamie. W'mt induced you to keep it?" "Every girl i know was careful to tell me, as soon as she saw It on me. how unbecoming It was."—Baltimore American. On the Line. Lunch Counter Connected "You say you lmve spent hours ©Yer a single liner" "Yes and sometimes days." "Then you're a poet?" "No: I'm an angler." The Co. Reliable Idlers in Dry Goods, Carpets, Cloaks, Q,ueensware Millinery. House Furnishings Voss-Holbrock Stamps with a a s u I a O •J *n l.vt! -m •4