Richmond times-dispatch. [volume], July 05, 1917, Image 1

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67th YEAR
VOLUME 67
MMBEB IM
RICHMOND, VA? THURSDAY, JULY 5, 1917. -
PRICE, TWO CENTS
Ml
TEN PAGES.
WRATHEB TP A TP
PAGE ? r
"Seen on the
A T.-D. Editorial Page Feature
?Light. Bright and Unique
U-dUA I AIVIdUoLAUL
Officials Indignant That German
Admiralty Is Able to Lay
Plan So Well.
RIGID PROBE MAY BE MADE \
More Stringent Measures to
Cloak Movements of Military
Forces in Future.
[By Atuiorlated
WASHINGTON, July 4.?The unsuc
cessful submarine attack on the ships
of the American expeditionary force
has revived spy rumors in the capital,
and will result in even more stringent
measures, if possible, to cloak the
movements of military forces from the
enemy.
The relief and gratification of ofll-J
cials over the safe arrival of the last
units of the expedition is tempered by
a manifest feeling of indignation that
the German Admiralty was able to lay
Its plans so well as lo attack the Amer- i
lean vessels In force before they
reached the zone which had been re
garded as most dangerous.
Discussion of possible spy activities
took many angles to-day. Some offi
cials were inclined to believe that the 1
Germans must have had a warning of
the definite time agreed upon for the
crossing, but others discredited any
such theory, arguing that an attack
was to have been expected as a natural
consequence of the general knowledge
that was common property.
DEPARTMENT OK Jt STICK
MIGHT UK ASKKt) TO ACT
There were Indications that the De
partment of Justice might be asked to
undertake an Investigation when army
and navy reports on the incident were
complete.
At the Navy Department It was said
to-night that all the information which
had come through was contained in
Secretary Daniels's statement of yes
terday, telling how the expedition had
encountered two attacks, one of them !
before reaching the place agreed upon;
as a rendezvous with Admiral Slms's '
American destroyers, and had success- |
fully fought off the U-boats and de
stroyed at least one of them. The sec- ;
retary said he might receive a more ,
detailed report later, but It was pointed ;
out that there was little likelihood that
it would throw much light on the
genesis of the German attack or the |
information back of it.
Oflicials, taking the view that there I
Is no ground for a spy scare, suggested '
that It Inevitably was a matter of pub- !
lie Information that the crossing of the
expedition would follow soon after
General Pershing's announced arrival
in France. It, therefore, would not be
unusual, these officials argued, if the
German U-boats were given general
orders to cruise In squadrons across
various ocean lanes in the hope that
one of the squadrons would intercept
the Americana.
ATTACK OX THIS SI OK OK WAT Kit
WAS RKGAHDKD AS N ATI HA I*
That the first attack should have oc
curred on this side of the usual sub- j
marine zone also was regarded by these ]
officials as natural. The Germans, they]
said, must have expected Admiral Sims i
to send his warships from their North
Sea stations well to the west to meet
the expedition.
There was little inclination any
where to attach blame for the attack j
to any official act of the War or Navy j
Department. It was pointed out that ;
the movement overseas was conducted
with unusual secrecy, considering the i
large number of men affected, and that ;
the utmost precautions were taken j
after the ships were at sea to make j
the time of their arrival on the other
side conjectural even to any person
knowing the hour of departure.
THINKS SPIES OF GERMANS
ARE WORKING ON THE INSIDE
WASHINGTON. July A.?That Ger
man spies, working on the Inside, in all
probability, in one or more of the gov
ernment departments, aided in convey
ing information to Germany regarding
the movement of the American trans- I
ports bearing the. Pershing expedition j
to France, was the opinion expressed j
to-day by Senator Chamberlain, of j
Oregon, chairman of the Senate Mil-,
itary Affairs Committee.
"It seems a great shame that there
should bo such people In this country."
said Senator Chamberlain. "If they
should be found, they should be strung
up without delay and without the cour
tesy of a trial by jury."
Senator Chamberlain said he believed
the German spies were in communica
tion with Germany through Mexico and
Venezuela. He said there were many
ways !n which the Information could be
sent Into Mexico and thence to Vene
zuela, where, he had been told, it was
wirelessed, probably by relay, to Ger
many. Information concerning thin
system of the transmission of messages,
he said, had come to him and had been
forwarded to the Navy Department.
He said he had no doubt but what
the government was doing all in Its
power to apprehend these spies. The
German spy system, he said, had proved
remarkably efficient during this war,
particularly In Great Britain, where
troops and ship movements had been
tipped off repeatedly to Germany.
GRATIFIED AT SAFE
ARRIVAL. IN FRANCE
Senator Chamberlain expressed great
gratification upon the safe arrival of
the entire expeditionary force and the
gbod work done by the navy In pro
tecting the transports.
Senator Page, of Vermont, a member
of the Naval Affairs Committee, gave
it as his belief that a spy was at work
In the Navy Department.
"Just recently, during the Investiga
tion by the Naval Affairs Committee
Into the ammunition accident on board
the Mongolia, the St. /jouls and other
armed merchant shl^v' he said, "it was
brought out that some one with access
to the confidential flies of tho Navy
Department had sent letters to Senator
Freyllnghuysen. These letters gavo
(.Continued on Second P&geJ
'? V ' ?' * f j , ? ' _ , . ' . ?
Ready by September i
for Men of New Army
(By Associated Pre**.]
WASHINGTON, July 4.?Clothing
and ramp equipment lor the flrat
million mrn of the new armies will
be delivered hj September 1, the
tentative date of the mobllUatlon of
the tlmt Increment of the national
army. A atatement limited to-night
by the War Department says that
adequate supplies for all the Na
tional t?uard and national army will
be available when the troopa are
railed out.
The department haa already
equipped 300,000 men. National
(iuard and regulars, and the troopa
In France have with them ?tores to
last alz niontha.
The main shortage ivai In tentage
material, hut tents for more than
500,000 men will be ready Septem
ber I, which I* more than will be
needed by then.
The statement explains alno that
National Guard requisitions are not
now being tilled, as It la necessary
to conserve the clothing supplies
and ace that only men who are
fin u II7 accrpted for ser\lee In the
federalized force are outfitted.
After the guardsmen are assembled
In their armories or at State mo
blllcutlon points to be drafted Into
the Federal service, clothing will be
Issued to them.
NEWS DISPATCHES FIRST
90 TO SECRETARY OF WAR
Stories Telling of American Troops
in France Diverted From Usual
Channels of Delivery.
WITHHELD FOR INSPECTION
No Notice of Government's Intention
Given, First Intimation Coining
When Report* to Associated Press
Are Sent on to Washington.
(By Associated Preaa ]
WASHINGTON. July 4.?Since yes
terday dispatches to tho Associated
Press telling of the American troops
In France have been diverted by offi
cial order from their usual channel of
delivery and have been delivered first
| to the Secretary of War for his ap
proval.
There Is no ccns-orship of the press
In the United States. Congress having
refused to enact such a law, but news
papers and press associations have vol
t untanly been observing the requests of
i the government.
Heretofore news dispatches leaving
{"Franco have been censored by the
French officials or the American censor
' with General Pershing's expedition or
! by arrangement with London. This.
however, is the first Instance in which
| an executive department of the. United
?States government has seen fit to di
vert dispatches from their destination
: and withhold them for official inspec
tion.
j In this case, no notice of the g > r
ernment's intention was given, and ihe
first intimation of the practice came
when, last night, dispatches addressed
> the Associated Press, New York, by its
i Paris correspondents were, by official
order, delivered to the Secretary of
War at Washington, who, after inspect
ing the dispatches, delivered them to
the Associated Press bureau hexe.
Other dispatches, addressed In the same
way. were delivered to the Secretary
of War to-day and. through the com
mittee on public information, delivered
to the Associated Press here, with cer- j
tain portions eliminated. i
The volume of matter diverted to1
; Washington was very large, and no
adequate provision for the examination
; or censorship had been made. The
War Department was overwhelmed, and
a consequent delay of hours In import
' ant dispatches resulted.
Assurance has been given by Sec
retary Baker that the new procedure is
: to he practiced only temporarily, and
| that doublo censorship will be short
lived.
i COL. CORNWALLIS WEST DEAD
| Was One of Greatest Land Proprietors
In England?Ills Wife Involved
In Army Scandal.
LONDON, July 4.?Colonel Wllliajri
: Cornwallis West died to-day at Ruthin
Castle, North Wales, aged eighty-two
I years.
I Colonel William Cornwallis West was
! lord lieutenant of Denbighshire since
I 1S72, and honorary colonel of the
| Fourth Battalion of Royal Welsh Fusil
1 iers. He married in 1S72 the eldest
I daughter of Rev. Frederick Fit/.patrlck
and Lady Olivia, who was a daughter
of the second Marquis of Headfort
Mrs. William Cornwallis West became
Involved in an army scandal in Jan
uary of this year. She was severely
scored for her interest in and subse
quent antagonism to a young IrlBh
lieutenant. The officer was promoted
and then punished, largely through her
influence. Field Marshal Viscount
French, who was named in the report
of the court of Inquiry, was criticized,
while Lieutenant-Colonel Delme Rad
cllffe was removed from command.
Colonel William Cornwallis West was
one of the greatest landed proprietoro
In Kngland.
CONTR^TTlORn^AVAL BASE
Formal Announcement Made by Jfivy
Department of Awards for James
town Buildings.
I By Associated Press.)
WASHINGTON, July 4.?The Navy
Department to-day made formal an
nouncement of contracts for work on
buildings at tjie new Hampton Roada
naval base on the site of the James
town Exposition. They include;
For construction work of training
camp, John T. Wilson Co., Inc., Rich
mond, Va., and the Carolina Wood
Products Company, Asheville, N. C.
For reconstruction of buildings now
on site, the Richardson Company, Nor
folk. Va.
For hospital, the Newport News En
gineering and Contracting Company,
Newport News, Va.
The amount of the contracts was not |
announced.
FEDERAL INQUIRY
CE RIOTS
Full Report of Trouble at East
St. Louis to Be Made to
General Barry.
TOTAL OF THIRTY-SEVEN DEAD
,
City Absolutely Quiet, Guards
men Patrolling Streets, With
Orders to Shoot if Necessary.
(By Associated Press.]
EAST ST. LOUIS. ILK. July 4?A
Federal investigation of race riots here
in which thirty-three negroes and four
whites were killed and approximately
310 negro homes were burned on Mon
day was begun to-day by Colonel
George H. Hunter, chief quartermaster
of the central division of the United
States Army. Colonel Hunter Is under
Instructions to make a full report of !
the trouble to Major-General Thomas '
!l. Barry, at Chicago, commandant of;
! the Central Department.
j The city was absolutely quiet to-day. i
No trouble of any description was re- |
, ported. More than li.OOO Illinois na- '
I tional guardsmen patrolled the streets :
under strict orders to shoot If neces- j
I *ary. The city's Fourth of July cele- j
bration was called off and all saloons j
and theaters remained closod. Militia- j
j men prevented citizens from congre- j
gating in any section of the city.
The only excitement of the day was j
i the finding of three negro bodies In ?
Cahokie Creek, bringing the death list i
to thirty-seven. Civil authorities be- '
gan the work of collecting evidence
to be presented to the grand jury when
it convenes on July 9. Only two of the
ninety-seven tnen arrested Monday
night on charges of inciting to riot j
are being held. The authorities say
that the ring leaders of the mobs are j
known, and that aetlon will be taken i
at the proper time.
MORE THAN HALF OF NEGRO
POPLLATION HAS LEFT ;
Estimates were made by the author- |
| ities to-day that more than half of the
| city's negro population has departed.
! Many negroes escaped over the bridges j
into St. Louis. Mo., Monday night, and j
j thousands were escorted out of the city j
by the military authorities yesterday.
' Scores of homes in the negro sections
| are deserted. Many left to-day. It is
| estimated that before the rioting more
' than 20,000 negroes lived in East St.
Louis. Negroes remaining in town to
day were unmolested.
Governor Lowdcn, who arrived here
last night, said, after a conference vrlth j
; members of the Chamber of Commerce, j
that the situation was well in hand. 1
| The Governor declared that a large ,
I number of soldiers would remain here ;
! under Adjutant-General Dickson until ,
they were no longer needed, and that I
| if further rioting broke out every i
guardsman in the State would be sent
' here.
Street-car service, which ceased at 1
I S o'clock last night, was resumed, but j
1 all saloons will remain closed until 1
| further notice.
i Governor Lowden was said to be an- i
gered at criticism of the militia by
members of the Chamber of Commerce. j
Last night's meeting of the chamber !
was executive, but It was said that the ,
members, after a day of investigation, i
were less than ever inclined to modify I
the assertion that had the militia acted :
vigorously Monday night much blood- !
shed might have been averted.
, WARNS NORTHERN CITIES
AROt'T RACE CONDITIONS j
| CHICAGO, July 4 ?Victor A. Clander.
, secretary of the Illinois Federation of j
Labor and a member of the State Coun- j
cil of Defense, has issued a warning '
to Chicago and other Northern cities j
"where the same conditions which
brought about such frightful results
j In East St. Louis exist." He calls at- j
, tentlon to protests by organized labor ,
! against what he terms the. unnecessary
j importation of negro labor at East St.
' Louis, and says:
| "I don't care to say about the sltua
, tlon here In Chicago, but there should
j be an Investigation. Unemployment is
j increasing. Certain classes of em- !
j ployers are seeking cheaper labor?i
negroes and women?on the pretext j
that additional labor Is needed on ac- '
count of war conditions. As a result, j
thousands of white men are being ;
thrown out of employment."
; The killing of Charles A. Maronde. :
i an aged saloonkeeper, by negroes in |
? 'he "black belt." on the South Side, j
j early to-day brought out police re
l serves, who took eight negro suspects !
Into custody. Later the police fired ?
at a crowd of negroes In an attempt !
to stop a fight. One negro was i
wounded.
Chief of Police Schuettler has or-i
dered a force of reserves held nt the j
Fiftieth Street station, in the colored ]
section, to prevent any disorder to- j
day.
At a mass-meeting of negroes last I
night, F. L. Barrett, colored, a former i
assistant State's attorney, urged his >
hearers to be ready to protect them- '
selves against any mistreatment. He '?
said that a short time might see scenes j
here similar to those enacted in St. j
Louis, and that Chicago negroes should |
b? prepared to make a stand for their j
safety and rights.
VOLCANO IN ERUPTION
BSo Damut Done at San Salvador, and
and All Danger la Delleved to
nave PuBtil.
[By Associated Press.]
SAN SALVADOR, REPUBLIC OF
SALVADOR, July 4.?The San Salvador
volcano has been in eruption for thw
last two days, but no damage has been
done. Yesterday ashes and stono were
thrown out of the old crater. The lake
In the crater was dried up by the great
heat. All danger is believed to have
passed.
Great damage was done In San Sal
vador and nearby towns early last
month by earthquakes and volcanic
eruption*. '
.'.V i :.rrt ? 'V
SUBMARINE SINKINGS
SMALLEST IN WEEKS
First Photos of Disaster at Niagara Falls
in Which Fourteen Persons Lost Their LJves
LL
r JBBMBWB3MB' ?ttr'AST
?Copyright by Underwood & Underwood.
First photographs, showing the washout on the Niagara Falls Gorge Railway at the Cantilever Bridge, where
a crowded car was hurled from the tracks and plunged over a twenty-foot embankment into the head waters of
the whirlpool rapids.
Upper photo: The floor of the car can be seen In the left foreground, after being brought up from the whirl
ing waters. The front truck wheels can bo seen to tho left, and the washout that caused the disaster is shown.
Lower photo: Excellent view of the washout which hurled the car crowded with passengers down the em
bankment. Reports say that at least fourteen are dc.ad and twenty-four injured.
In Historic Setting,
France Celebrates
Our Independence
Battalion of American Sol
diers Reviewed by Persh
ing, Accompanied by
Poincare and ] off re.
PARIS, July 4.?All Franco cele
brated the Fourth of July. Paris
turned out a crowd that no American
city ever surpassed for size, enthusiasm
and profusion of Slar3 and Stripes.
A battalion of the first American ex
peditionary force, about to leave for
training: behind the battle front, had its
first official review in France, and was |
the center of the celebration.
Everywhere the American flag was |
flying: from public buildings, hotels and
residences, and from automobiles, cabs
and carts, horses' bridles and the lapols
of pedestrians carried them.
Tho crowds began to gather early at
vantage points. Rue De Varenne was
choked long before 8 o'clock this morn
ing when the Republican Guards' Band
executed a held reveille under General
Pershing's windows, and all routes to
ward the. Inv&lidcs were thronged, even
before Pershing's men turned out.
TROPHIES AN1) SODVEMUS
SI RItOU.VI) AMERICANS
About the court of honor, where the
Americans were drawn up with a de
tachment of French territorials, the
buildings overflowed to tue roofs. All
around the khakl-clad men from the
United States were trophies and Bouve
nlrs of war; German cannon, aero
planes, machine guns and many appli
ances for burning suffocating gas. Be
hind them In the chapel separating the
Court of Honor from* Napoleon's tomb
were German battle flags trophies of
C. A O. fast morning train now leavea
Richmond for Norfolk 9 A. M.' daily. In
stead of 8:30 A. M Afternoon fast train
leavea Richmond 4 PM. dally. Parlor car*.
?Adr. . . , s . .
the Marne anrl Alsaco, besides Prussian
banners of 1870.
There In the chapel before the tomb
of Napoleon, General Pershing- received
American l^aga and banners from the
hands of President Polncare. Almost
tho entire history of the struggles of
the I*'rench against the Germane looked
down upon the scene from paintings
portraying heroism in French battles
from Charlemagne to Nap.oleon. There
was a ?b>rp contrast between the
khaki and plain, wide-brimmed hats of
Pershing's roan and the gay dress of
D'Artagnau's DJum?l musketeers and
Napoi*<no?8 grezMkOdiere.
EVItflW^SM OF OHOWO
HLEAdfES HIGHEST PITCH
The <yiU?U3iaem of the vast crowd
reached Its highest pitch when General
Pershing. asoorted by President Poln
care, Marshal Joffre and other high
Proncb dif^itaries, passed along re
Mitwinn the lines of the Americans
dnvn up in square formations. Cheer
ing broke out anew when tho American
band struck up the Marseillaise, and
again when tho French band played
the Star-Spangled Banner, and Per
shing received the flags from the Presi
dent.
"Vive I-.es Americanos; vive Pershing;
viva les Etats Unis," shouted over and
over by the crowd, greeted the Ameri
can standard-bearers as they advanced.
Tho crowd that had waited three
hours to witness the ceremony that waa
over In fifteen minutes surged toward
the exit, cheering frantically after the
departing Americans and trying to
break through a cordon of police
troops. Outside a greater crowd that
covered the entire esplanade of the
Invalides took up the cheers as Par
siting's men marched away.
SEEM ANXIOI79 TO RUSH UP
AND EMBRACE AMERICANS
The crowd In the Court of Honor
tried to follow the soldiers, bat th>>
~~ (Continued on Second Pair?-)
FIGHT NOT ABANDONED
BY ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE
Battle to Make Nation "Bone Dry"
Will Bo Renewed at
Proper Time.
WTLSON IS NOT WITH "WETS" |
Dr. James Cannon Tells Convention ]
President Had to Appeal to Pa-j
trlotism of Prohibitionists Because j
Liquor Dealers Had None.
[Special to The Tlmes-Dlspatch.]
NORFOLK, VA.. July 4.?Patriotic
motives were imputed to the Anti-Sa
loon League and the reverse to the
liquor dealers by D. Jamea Cannon,
| chairman of the national legislative
committee of the league, in an address
this afternoon at the league conven
tion on the prohibition amendments
to the food bill and the fight for their |
adoption. Dr. Cannon declared that |
the President appealed to the Anil- I
Saloon League to cease its efforts to '
include the prohibition of the roanufac- j
ture of foodstuffs into beer and light
wines "because he could not appeal |
to the patriotism of the lienor crowd, j
which had none."
Dr. Cannon explained In detail the
fight for national prohibition and for j
the prohibition amendments to the food
bill, and told of the cause which led
up to the correspondence between him
self. ap chairman of the league's legis
lative committee, and the President.
"The liquor crowd," he said, '"'vent
to Senator Martin, the Democratic
floor leader, and told hint that the food
bill would never pass until the prohi
bition amendments were eliminated,
and told him to talce that message to
the President. When the Senator re
ported to the President and was asked
his advice, ho expressed the belief ihat
It would be useless to appeal to the
llqaor dealers. The President Is no
ignoramous; he knows the saloon peo
ple, and he appealed to the patriotism
the /nti-8aloon League rather than
| (Ooothraed on Second Page.)
*
!E
OFFICIAL FIGURES
Navy Now Is Firmly Con
vinced That the U-Boat
War Has Failed.
ENGLISH COAST RAIDED
BY GERMAN AIRPLANES
Two Enemy Machines Brought
Down Ablaze and Third
Is Damaged.
RUSSIANS CONTINUE DRIVE
Capture SOO Officers and 18,000 Mea
During Sunday and
Monday. ?
rBy Associated Press.]
ATTted efforts to check the submarine'
war were successful the last week, &?
?j
the weekly statement of British losses
shows a decrease of eight In the nura-*
ber of merchant ships sunk. Twenty
ships, fifteen over 1,600 tons, and flva
under 1,600 tonH, were lost, In comparl
son with twenty-eight In both catego
rlos the previous week, and thirty-twe..
In each of the weeks preceding. In ves
sels of more than 1,600 tons sunk, the
falling off In more marked, aa there'-'
was a decrease of nix.
German airplanes again have raided
the English coast, this time attacking
Harwich. British airmen pursued ths
raiders, and two enemy machines were
brought down ablaze, and a third was
damaged. Eleven persons were killed
and thirty-six injured by bombs
dropped by the raiders.
The soldiers of revolutionary Rus
sia maintained their attempts to break
through the Austro-Oerman lines in ?
Eastern Qallcia. Cheered by the - r?r~?
suits of the lighting during the flrst.
three days of July, General BruHsilofTs
men continue their efforts, especially.
In the region of Brsesany, and are
throwing fresh forces against the Teu*
ton positions.
BUSHUN9 HEPOHT BIO
CAPTURES OF ENEMY FORCES j
During Sunday and Monday, the drat
two days of the new drive, the Russians
captured 300 officers and 18,000 men.,
and on Tuesday and Wednesday prob
ably added several more thousands to
the total. ^Twenty-nine guns and
thirty-three machine guns were taken
from the Austro-German forces.
Violent artillery duels have been in
progress on the Konluchy-Zlochdff
sector, on the Stokhod, In Volhynta arid,
at Brody, on the Gallelan-Volhyniaa
border.
In the Champagne, on the western,
front, the Gorman crown prince has
made another desperate and fruitless
effort to break the French lines north
west of Rhelms. Attacking in forca
along an eleven-mHe front, the Ger
mans made especially strong effort*
around Cemy and Allies and against
the Californle plateau. The French re
pulsed all attacks with losses.
After checking the Germans, the
French took the Initiative In a small
operation east of Cerny. and captured i
a strong German salient. German at
tacks on the left bank of the Meuse^
were repulsed.
ltalds and patrol engagements have
occupied the German and British fur-,
ther north. Several Austrian attacks"
on the Carso south of Gorlzla were
checked by the Italians, Rome reports.
TOTAX OF TWENTY SHU'S
WEEK'S SUBMARINE TOU
[By Associate Press.) i
LONDON, July 4.?The weekly ship
ping summary, Issued to-day, shows
that fifteen British merchant ships ;of
more than 1,600 tons were sunk, and
five vessels of less than that tonage. |
Eleven fishing vessels also were lost. Jj
The summary: . *V 3
Arrivals, 2,745; sailings. 2.S46.
British merchant ships sunk by mine
or submarine, over 1,600 tons, 16; -j\
under 1,600 tons, S.
British merchant ships unsuccessfully. ?{
attacked, including rive previously, 16.
British Ashing vessels sunk. 11.
General von Hindenburg's boasting
announcement that "If we hold our
ground until the submarine war has
done its work" has a pleasant sound to
the British naval ear, for the navy la
now firmly convinced that the subma
rlne war has failed.
A staff correspondent of the AssocU
ated Press was privileged to spend two
days last week in observing the anti
U-boat campaign at close quarters at a
big naval base on the southeast coast. ;
There was plenty of evidence of the
effectiveness of the Admiralty work In
near-by waterj, as well as of the tre
mendous effort being put forth.
The navy still maintains secrecy re- ,
garding the submarines sunk, but the
pursuit has become so lively that (t
U-boat shows Its periscope in channel
waters only with the greatest risk.
Is impossible to keep entirely secret
such incidents as that of an oll-drlvejy ,
destroyer which a few days ago swept
into port with part of a rammed suhi 3
marine hanging triumphantly from hex
prow. ,v
Airplane and dirigible patrols .1* the
channel are proving highly effeeti,i
and a U-boat once sighted by a 41 '