Evening star. [volume], June 24, 1911, Page 6, Image 6

About Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972

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Rats in the Cellar
Mice in the Pantry?
Cockroaches in the Kitchen
Whit can be mnre dlsajrreeahle than a Tiime
hife??te<1 with vermin? Destroy them with
Stearns" Eleetri.- Hat and ltoai'h Paste. the
?tamlard eiterniinator for more than thirty
rear*.
Kill* eff r*t*. mice or cockroaches in a single
night. Does not Mow away like powders; ready
for tine; nothing to mix. The only exterminator
?old under an absolute jrunrantee of money back
if It falH.
Sold everywhere. sure t? get the tannine;
26<~ ?nd $1.00. Steamy* Klectrlc Fast** Com
pany. Chicago, 111.
(OldestMuslc House in the City.)
ESTABLISHED 1S.VJ.
Upright Pianos For Sale
At Cash Bargain Prices
AS T.OW AS $T."| Oft. $100 00 AND $12". 00!
PORT WHEN NKVV AS MITII AS $,V*).00:
CANNOT BK I>I I'l U'ATKIt FOR T11K MONKY!
TOME AND SEE AND HEAR TIIEM AND
MARE TOUR SELECTION.
JOHN F. ELLIS & CO.
937 Pa. Ave. N.W.
MEiiEl, MUSTER Ma.
ARCHITECTS
WASHINGTON. D. tt
INCH CABINET OUT
una BRIEF SERVICE
Ministers Resign Following
Vote of Lack of Confidence
by Deputies.
PARIS, June 24 ?After a tenure of of
fice of a little over three months and a
half, the cabinet of Fremier Monis was
defeated on a vote of confidence in the
chamber of deputies yesterday, and shortly
afterward the ministers tendered their
resignations. These cannot become offi
cially effective until the retvirn of Presi
dent Fallieres from Rouen, which will be
Sunday, unless yesterday's events cause
him to chancre his plans.
The vote of lack of confidence was 24.".
to 224, and caused amazement. Gen.
Goiran. the minister of war; M. Delcasse.
minister of marine, and M. Ouppi, min
ister of foreign affairs, accepted the vote
with folded arms, and then hastened t"
the bedside of Premier Monis who was
injured recently in an aeroplane acci
dent. and told him what had happened.
Beyond Power of One Man.
Tiie vote was due to a statement made
by Gen. Goiran In the senate last Tues
day that the present organization of the
army does not provide for a commander
in-chief in time of war. the direction of
operations th?n being in the hands of a
council of war, made up of the minister
of war and generals of the army.
In the course of debate Gen. Goiran
amid:
" To command the French forces is a
task beyor.d the power of a single man.
Napoleon did it. but he left France
smaller and feebler than when he re
ceived It. Never will I agree to French
arms being directed by one man."
The statement had no result in the
senate, but yesterday Deputy Andre Hesse
opened an attack in the chamber, charg
ing that confusion existed in the control
of the army, and pointing out that the
late minister of war, M. Berteaux, re
retitly declared that a commander-in-chief
did exist.
M. Hesse wanted to know where the
government stood on this important mat
ter Surely, he said, there was no lonser
a fear of the return of a victorious gen
eral from the battlefields.
Vice Admiral Supports Hesse.
Vice Admiral Amedee Bienaine. in sren
eral. suppoited M. Hesse, while Gen. Gus
tave Podoya dwelt on the dangers to
France In case of a war by the triple
alliance. He insisted on placing supreme
control in a single hand.
Gen. Goiran said that in the senate he
had merely expressed his* personal opin
ion: that the organization of the army
was safe ar.d had not been changed in a
long time.
The first named as a successor to Mortf*
is thar of former Premier <Jeorges Ku
getie Benjamin ? "lemenceau. Others men
tioned are Alexandre Miller and Ray
mond Polncaire. It is understood that
Theophile Delcasse and Joneph ?'aillaux
have formed a combination that is am
litious to f"mi a ministry.
The Monis cabinet was formed March
2 following the resignation of the Bri
%nd ministry, February 27. Gen. (?olran,
who became minister of war following
the accidental death of Minister Ber
teaux, was rec, ntly quoted as saying
that in the event of war the chief of
state, the president, would have the su
preme command
EXECUTIVE SESSION HELD.
Managers of the Boys' Corn Clnbs
in Conference.
Managers of the Boys' Corn clubs of
tha United States contimied in conference
at the Department of Agriculture torlav.
It waa an executive session, and had to
do chiefly with the details of the club
?work. Between and ?iTi.'XO boys'
oorn plots will be rated. A new feature
w1H be added to the competition this vear
In the Bha;>e of girls' tomato clubs There
are now about C."*> girls in the competi
tion. and the experimental work done
among them last year Indicates that this
BBW phase of the club work will be a
rreait success.
Jast Try a Tea Ceal
Bax cf 'Cascarels'
SALTS. CALOMEL AND CATHARTIC PILLS
ARK VIOLENT-THEY ACT ON THR
BOWELS AS PEPPER ACTS IN
THE NOSTRILS.
We all need a laxative sometimes.
How oiten we need it depends en
tirely on how we live. If we exercise
largely and cat the right iood, we
need a laxative only occasionally.
But if we li\ e indoors, and <et too
little laxative effect in our food, we
may need to Ket it quite frequently
in some other way.
Nobody can doubt the need for a
laxative. The only question i>: Which
one is the best5 And that i-n't a
question now. Cascarets are known
to embody the only laxative which
acts in a gentle and natural way.
Castor oil merely greases the bowels.
Cathartics and salts, acting as pepper
acts in the nostrils, flu^h the bowels
with fluids. But those fluids are di
gestive juices, and we will lack them
tomorrow if we waste them today.
Cascarets alone cause the muscles
of the bowels to act the ^ame as some
foods will do. Carry them with you.
Take one when you need it. You will
then enjoy all the good effects of
^yeping the bowels clear. They are
*./.? by all druggists hut never in
bulk. The price is 10 cents per box.
WEATHER
Unsettled, with occasional showers tonight or Sunday.
CONDITION OF THE WATER.
Temperature and condition of water at 8 a.m.: Great Falls?
Temperature, 77: condition, iq. Dalecarlia reservoir?Temperature,
70: condition at north connection, 18: condition at south connection.
15. Georgetown distributing reservoir?Temperature, 78; condition
at influent gatehouse, 11; condition at effluent gatehouse, 17.
UP-RIVER WATER.
Special Dispatch t" The Ptnr.
HARPERS FERRY, \Y. Ya., June 24.?Shenandoah cloudy
and Potomac clear this morning.
TIDES TOMORROW.
Low?t2125 a.m. and 1:27 p.m.
High?6:36 a.m. and 7:10 p.m.
Mt i; CAT* II l*\ .JOHN \V. Ill KI.Kl AT WBVEKTO.\ I,AST SUNDAY.
B. M. Clinedinst and J. O. LaGorce
visited Pop Triplett at Overall, Page
county, Va., <>n the south fork of the
Shenandoah, Monday and Tuesday. The
heavy rain Saturday made the river
somewhat milky, hut it cleared rapidly
and Monday's total catch was twenty
four bass, running in size from a pound
to three and a half. The fish were not
very hungry, having consumed myriads
of seventeen-year locusts, but the insects
have about disappeared and the river is
now in favorable condition and full of
fish. Pop Triplett. who in the last twenty
years has entertained at his place many
of the prominent men In the country
seeking to forget their work in the joys
of good tishing, and ably seconded by his
grandson John Gatewood, still tells of j
that father of all bass so big that three
men had to sit on it to hold it down after
It had been landed and swears the mon
ster repeatedly raised its head two feet
off the ground and bellowed "just like a
calf."
*
* * ,
Discouraging reports from Harpers
Ferry last week about the condition of
the water kept scores of anglers from the
upper Potomac last Sunday. 1 ndaunted
by the receipt of the discouraging infor
mation. John \V. Hurley braved the un
favorable conditions and had a success
ful day's outing, capturing thirteen small
mouth bass.
Fifteen others would have been added
to his siring had he been fortunate
enough to ha\e made every strike count.
"Hut such is luck," remarked the phi
losophical angler. "If there were no
blanks, the game would not be so inter
esting. A fisherman would never have
the pleasure of thinking how big the
one was that got away.'*
I .ate Saturday night the ?'colonel'
learned of a change in the condition of
the water, and he boarded the first train
in the morning, going to Weverton to try
his luck. The river was in favorable con
dition. although several showers in the
morning made fishing a little disagree
able.
"Col." Hurley and his boaman were the
onlv anglers on the river that morning.
" And."' he remarked, "it was like being
master of the entire river."
The fish came after the mad toins and
made the lutle fish move rapidly through
the water. Those that were unable to
keep out of the way fell prey to the
sportsmen, and when the angler was able
to get quick enough action he hauled in
both bass and mad torn.
One of the biggest of the thirteen bass
that were landed?a three-pounder?made
a quick move near the boat and broke the
angler's-bamboo rod. He played handline
fishing, however, and managed to land
the bass.
"I found it is not well t<? fish with small
hooks," the angler stated, "and the mad
toms should not be too small."
*
* *
Mr. and Mr?. A. Julian Brylawski and
Mr. and Mrs. Harold L<evy have returned
from a two-day outir.g in the vicinity of
Norfolk ar.d Old Point.
"Talking about fishing," Mr. Brylawski
remarked, "there's nothing than can beat
the fishing dow n there. Sixty big trout in
a morning's fishing, and some of them
weighing more than three pounds. None
of them weighed less than one pound."
Hogflsh. croakers and flounders also fell
victims of the enticing crab bait, but they
wt re not counted in the catch. Many
Lowenberg. a Norfolk friend, who ac
companied them, caught a three-foot dog
fish.
Mr. Brvlawskl repeated a story he heard
in Norfolk of a remarkable catch of rock
fish made near Horseshoe shoals recently.
Pour angleri". he was told, landed .iiit) rock
fish on a tide, and they were all big fish.
While at Ocean View he taught some of
tie older rivermen how to catch crabs
without bait or light. He used a big
reflector at night, attracing the crabs so
fast that lie caught half a barrel of them
in a short while, surprising the natives.
*
? *
I.ouis Perron, sr., ar.d Louis Perron. Jr.,
ardent fishing companions, are leaders in
a contest that is being conducted by a
local firm. Prizes are offered for the
largest small-mouth bass, the largest big
mouth bass, the largest rockflsh, largest
tailor and largest white perch.
Louis Perron, sr., has produced the
largest small-mouth bass this season, the
fish weighing five and one-half pounds.
It was caught at Pennifield, Md., the day
the season opened. A thirteen-ounce
white perch caught by I^ouls Perron, sr.,
at Fletcher's, Is the largest fish of its
kind that has been registered thus far.
I)avid Aud turned in a rockfish weigh
ing five and one-half pounds. Larger
rockfish have been caught this season,
but the gucessful anglers did not have
them entered for the prize.
*
* *
Anglerw irtvlng some th??gt<t
.u Uic <iue:$ion of where they
to spend their Fourth of July holiday, and
wmc are promising four-pound baps to
their friends.
"Somewhat like counting' chickens be
fore they are hatched," remarked one of
the anglers, "but if the water is good the
tish are sure to be caught."
It is expected that tlie number of Fourth
of July anglers will be so large that lo
cal dealers in bait will find it difficult to
have mad toms enough on hand for their
patrons. But they promise to be equal
to the occasion. Some of the anglers are
taking no chances and have alrradv en
gaged their bait.
It is highly probable that there will be
fishing at the nearby salt-water resorts
by the holiday season, good fishing al
ready being enjoyed in the vicinity of
Norfolk. Vp-river boatmen are being en
gaged by bass fishermen. There will be
fish( rmcn on almost every rock between
Kittle Falls and Harpers Ferry July 4 if
the water is in good condition," and many
others will find their way to more dis
tant places.
Among the places to which bass fisher*
men will be attracted are Little Falls,
Sycamore Island. Seven Locks, Great
Falls, Trammell's. Pennifield's. Seneca, I
Miscell INand. Edwards Ferry, Goose
(?reek, Monocacy, Dickerson. Washing- i
ton Junction. Catoctin. Brunswick, I
Knoxville, Weverton, Sandy Hook and
Harpers Ferry, on the Potomac; a num
ber of places on the Shenandoah river,
among them being Bri<k Mill, Riley
ville. Shannandale, Overall and Hiverton.
Angler* who own motor boats will be
very much in evidence on the lower Po
tomac. Big-mouth basg, perch, rockfish
and salt water fish will claim their at
tention, while some -of them will also
indulge in crabbing.
There will be ."till others who will be
satisfied to try their luck in the vicinity
of the city. Fish are being caught in
the river and Eastern branch, many big
i rockfish and Mississippi catfish being
landed by anglers. White ajid yellow
perch are also being caught In nearby
waters.
*
* *
Robert E. Volkmer is awaiting a fa
vorable opportunity to show his angling
friends what he tan do, but unless he
makes a good showing his friends will
not know of his efforts.
I "The best live bait," lie say8, "i3 the
little brown madtom, and when properly
baited it will certainly atjtract bass
Bright earth worms. New York blood
worms, leeches, creepers, grasshoppers,
frogs, butterflies, spiders, blowflies, min
nows and soft crabs are also good bait
for fish that are caught in the Potomac
i "When baiting with worms." he says,
"don't be stingy. "Use a good-sized bait.
"W orms are best if kept a few days in
nioss to scour."
\V orms are best used, he says. Just
after a rain. leeches are easily obtained
where watercress and other aquatic
plants grow, he says, and they furnish
good bait.
*
* *
Rudolph KaufTmann, P. C. Hawn and
two friends left this morning to spend a
week fishing on the south branch of the
Potomac.
*
* *
Powell Shekel! and Capt. George Cook
cannot understand why anglers want to
go so far away from the city to enjoy
a day's sport, when they can go to the
river along Water street and make good
catches.
"To get a lone string of fish along the
river front," said Shekel], "i? the easiest
thing in the world to do."
| The angler may be found almost any
time with a supply of fried beef in his
pocket. The meat is cut in small pieces
and used as hait for catfish.
"Why." said the angler, "you can al
most fish from a street car window, the
water is so near the street."
The two anglers usually go after cat
fish. although occasionally they land a
few rockfish. One afternoon last week
they fished from the Estella at the foot
of tuh street, and landed forty-seven big
fish.
I/ast Sunday E. W. Boyle, Bruc? Allen,
Bernard O'Eeary and Benjamin Groves
went to Chappawahsic to give the big
mouth bass a trial.
"We hoped we would make the bass
jump." salii Boyle, "but we were willing
to catch any old fish that came along.
We taught them all right, but they were
not numerous enough "
Boyle led the quartet with a four-pound
l?ass. O'Eeary caught the only crappie
that was landed by the party, while Allen
and Groves added pike to their list.
The fishermen had more than a dozen
fish to their credit when they started
homeward. So well satisfied were they
with their outing that they are going to
pay another visit to that popular place
soon.
August Herrler believes In repeating
efforts to win a record. His lost trip to
Great Falls netted him one bass, several
Mississippi catfish and a couple of perch.
The bass weighed nearly three pounds,
however, and there was something satis
fying about the s*ze of the fish.
Herrler is now going to make another
effort at establishing a record.
"The ??xt tlm?s" ne *ays, "I expect to
catch as many as Y did before, and I
a*a<f'. t
TEACHERS AS TYPES
Dr. Coffman Found Them by
an Extensive Canvass.
SALARIES ARE NOT HIGH
Average for Men Is $489 a Year; for
Women It Is $450.
STAKT MAINLY IN COUNTRY
Find Special Training Necessary to
Advancement in the Cities
and Large Towns.
BY WILLIAM E. CTRTIR.
Special Corr?i?pondenco of The Star and the
rhioago Record-Herald.
FREMONT, Ohio, June 22, 1011.
Dr. Lotus Delta Coffman of the Teach
ers College of Columbia University, New
} ork, has been making an Investigation
into what he calls "the social composition
of the teaching population of the United
States" and has brought out some inter
esting information. Hen sent circulars of
inquiry to all the public school teachers
whose names he could learn in twenty
two states, and received 5,215 answers, of
which 1,178, or 24.4 per cent, tame from
men and 4,037, or 75.0 per cent, from
women. The circulars were sent Rt
i andom, and the returns correspond very
nearly with the sex proportions of teach
ers in the United States, which is given
as 21.7 per cent men and 78.3 per cent
women, by the commissioner of educa
tion.
1 he first inquiry was concerning the
:<ge at which the persons addneesed be
Kan teaching, and a compilation of the
replies shows that roughly 58 per cent
of the men and (12 per cent of the wom
en began between the ages of eighteen
and twenty. The range is from fourteen
to forty-five years of age. The average
age for women is 10.38 years, exactly
six months younger than for men. Fifty
per cent of all the women began teach
ins: between the ages of 18.ti2 and 20.54
years. Of the men who answered the
circular six began teaching at fifteen,
twenty-nine began at sixteen, lOl began
at seventeen and 254 at eighteen, which
was the largest number for any age.
Of the women seventeen began at fif
teen, 110 at sixteen. 40? at seventeen and
1,133 at eighteen.
Start Young in Illinois.
Although it does not explain the forces
that have been determining the character
<>f the teaching population, still the
natural history of these 5,215 shows that
tiie selection of ap occupation has not
operated in the same way at alj places
at all times. In Illinois, for example, the
average age for beginning was in.8 years:
for Indiana, 10.78 years: for Maryland,
10.41; for New York. 10.50; for New Jer
sey, 10.55, and for Missouri, 10.58, in
Georgia, Iowa, Kansas. Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin. Texas and other states the
average was below eighteen years.
Dr. Coffman argues that maturity in
teaching does not count so much today
as it did half a century ago, when physi
cal strength as well as intellectual at
tainments was required fif a teacher. Pro
fessional training is also more common
now than formerly.
Of the men who answered the circulars,
48-1 per cent are at the present time
teaching in the country, but 83 per cent
of the whole number began there: 357
per cent are teaching in towns und vil
lages, but only 13 per cent started there:
10.2 per cent are in cities, but only 4
per cent of them started thpre. Of these.
08 per cent are women who starte i in the
country, but 41.0 have remained there: 18
per cent began in towns and villages, but
32.0 per cent are teaching there now, and
although 25.8 per cent of the replies came
from teachers in large cities, only 14 per
cent began their careers in cities, which
Khows that the city and town teachers
get their initial experience in the country
schools.
The average age of the men who reply
to the circulars is 20.O5 years and that
of the women. 24.1 years. The range of
a?e is from seventeen to seventy-one, the
latter being the age of a woman teacher
in Missouri. The men who reply have
been teaching an average of 00 years,
and the women, 4.21 years. Nearly 8 per
cent of the men are still between the
ages of sixteen and nineteen; 24.5 per
cent are between twenty and twenty-four,
and 20.2 per cent i^re between twenty-five
and twenty-nine, which gives 22.0 per
cent of the men and 73.8 per cent of
the women under thirty ye^rs of age.
Fifty-six per cent of all the teachers re
porting are twenty-five years of age or
under. The younger teachers are in the
country schools. The average age of
men in the city schools is 34.00 and of
women, 24 35 years.
Some of Long Experience.
About 5 men and 1.5 women in a hun
dred have had more than thirty years'
experience, which is proof that teaching
is not considered a profession, but only
an occupation, and tlie figures show that
teachers are more permanent in the city
than in the country. Practically all of
the woman teachers replying are engaged
in graded schools; practically all of the
men are principals or iu administrative
positions.
The bureau of eduction in 1004 under
took to determine the' leiiRth of service
of teachers in the United States, and
showed that the average city man teacher
had taught eleven years and the average
city woman teacher had taught nine
years. Dr. Ooffman's figures show twelve
years for the former and seven years for
the latter.
The length of preparation for teaching
varies from nothing to thirteen years.
Fifty per cent of the man teachers had
five years of education beyond the ele
mentary school, and 50 per cent of the
women four years. Of high school teach
ers the average age is seven years for men
and eight years for women. Of the men
21.3 per cent and of the women 12.0 per
cent had only one year or less prepara
tion, and .'{4.5 per cent of the men and
38 per cent of the women had five years
or more, which Indicates that the pres
sure for securing a gainful occupation has
been slightly greater upon the man than
upon the woman teachers. Women in
the rural schools have had, on the aver
age, one more year of training than the
men; in towns the average is about the
same, and in cities the inen have had
an average of one more year of training
than the women. This means that the
price of getting into teaching is higher
for women, but the training necessary
for advancement is greater for men.
Three-fifths of the men and two-fifths or
the women teaching in the rural schools
have had less training than that supplied
by the ordinary high school course.
It is probably true. Dr. Coffman argues,
that better man and better woman teach
ers are selected by towns and cities than
by rural districts. Teachers of sufficient
native ability to rise are attracted in
most cases to cities, but mere ability is
not sufficient to obtain a position in a
city school; training is necessary, and the
problem of securing well trained, skillful
teachers increases as we move away from
the centers of population to the agricul
tural communities.
Average of Salaries Low.
The average salary paid to the teach
ers reporting is $480 per year for men:
for women, $450. Only one-half of 1 per
cent of the women and 14.7 per cent of
the men receive $1,000 a year or more.
Thirteen per cent receive as low as $350;
11 per cent receive $40Q| io per cent re
ceive $500. Only 2 per cent receive $900
a year. Of the women teachers 13 per
cent receive $500; 14 per cent receive $450;
12 per cent receive $400, and 10 per cent re
ceive $250. One woman in Georgia re
ceives *1,800 and one In Tennessee re
ceives $1,500. Men in towns receive on
the average 50 per cent more than in the
country, and men in the city 50 per
cent more than men in towns. The same
ratio prevails with women.
The average man receives $24 a year
mor" than the average woman in the
softools; $121 nipre in the town
schools: and *32S m?re ,n the clty!
The average salary of men with no
f*^r^ence a J"ear- with one year's
experience, $3?0; with two yenrs* exDeri
An^' smoo' wi,h ten years" ?*peri
ence, JftK'2 and upward.
The average salary of women with no
experience is *345; with one year s ex
perience is $371!; with two years' exuerl
% 'Sand *"h?? "*?? ???
There is no uniform tendencv or re
ation existing between salary and train
ing. Teachers with four years of train
ing are mostly high school graduates,
those with six years' training are normal
school graduates, and those with eight
years' training college graduates. Dr.
< oilman says that two important facts
are revealed by this relationship: (1)
The first four years of training bevonil
the elementary schools have little or no
effect upon salary; (2) corelation be
tween salary and education becomes in
creasingly marked with each succeeding
year after the fourth year. A premium
is thus placed upon academic and pro
fessional training. The cry for the high
er professional training of teachers comes
more from educational leaders, he says,
than from the public.
Need of Money Motive.
In most cases the motive that starts
teachers Is the need of a gainful occupa
tion. The professional motive comes
later, and is due part to experience and
part to training. Tho vast majority of
beginners have had no training. Teach
ing as a profession would be more gen
eral if the economic motive did not ap
pear so strongly. The lower the class
from which the teachers come in social
position the less frequent is the profes
sional motive and the more inadequate
their insight for determining the value
of the technique of education.
Dr. Coffman's statistics regarding the
social and pecuniary position of the
teachers in our public schools are exceed
ingly interesting. Of the man teachers
l'l.3 per cent are native born, with na
tive-born parents; 7.3 per cent are native
born, with one or both parents foreign
born, and 1 per cent are foreign born
with foreign-born parents. Of the wom
en, 83.N per cent are native born, with
native-born parents; 14.0 per cent are na
tive born, with one or both parents for
eign horn, and 1.1 per cent are foreign
with foreign-born parents.
The percentage of male teachers, both
of whose parents speak the German lan
guage, is 11.3; of female teachers, 1) per
cent; of the male teachers whose parents
speak the Norwegian or Scandinavian
languages, 7; of the female teachers, 6.1.
Scattering and almost neglible per cents
were found for the French, Swiss, Po
lish, Hohemian, Jewish, Russian and
Danish languages.
Man teachers whose parents had an In
come of $2r?0 or less received on the aver
age less than three years' training, while
those with an income above $500 received
tan average of four years* training. Wom
en whose parents had an income of $250
or less received less than two years'
training^ while those with an income
above $.V)0 received four years' training,
which shows that as a rule the boys in
poor families are allowed to go to school
quite as long as the girls. The average
Income of the parents of man teachers Is
f?531). the average of woman teachers is
f*13. This is little more than a bare liv
ing. yet these same families are giving
their children the advantage of four
years beyond elementary school.
Come From Large Families.
One man out of every five, and one
woman out of every four, who enters
teaching has one or both parents dead
at the time lie or she begins work. Al
though the differences between the sexes
ai e not great, still they are significant.
Fewer women have both parents living
than men when they beRln teaching; more
women have their fathers dead, more
men than mothers; and twice as many
women as men have both parents dead
rhe statistics show also that our teach
ing force in the I'nlted States is recruited
from large families, and from the farm
ing population. Sixty-nine per cent of
the man and forty-five per cent of the
woman teachers are children of farmers,
while only seven per cent are children
of men in professional life. Six per cent
of the man and fifteen per cent of the
woman teachers are children of business
men, eight per cent of the men and six
teen per cent of the women are children
of artisans; seven per cent of the men
and eleven per cent of the women are
eniMren of laborers.
in reviewing his statistic Dr. CofTman
says that the typical man public school
teacher in the United States is twenty
nine year of age, having begun teaching
\vlien lie was almost twenty years of age
after three or four years of training be
yond elementary schools. He has had
seven years of experience, his salary is
Jtsit a year, both of his parents were
living when he began to teach, both spoke
the English language and thev had an
annual income of f7(M from their farm to
support themselves and four or five chil
dren. His first experience was In a rural
school, where he taught for two vears
at a salary of *3tto per year. He found it
customary for rural teachers to have onlv
three years of training, but in order for
him to advance to a town school he hai
to get an additional year of training, and
in cago he wished to become a city school
teacher two years more of training were
needed. His salary increased regularly
during the first six years of his experi
ence or until he was about twentv-six
years of age. After that he found "that
ag?> and experience played a rather in
significant part in determining his salary
but that training still afforded him a
powerful leverage.
Typical Woman Teacher.
The typical American woman teacher is
twenty-four years of age, having entered
teaching in the early part of her nine
teenth year, when she had received but
four years of training beyond the ele
mentary schools. Her salary is $4ST> a
year. She is native born of native-born
parents, both of whom speak the Eng
lish language. When she entered teach
ing both of her parents were living, and
had an annual income of approximately
which they were compelled to use
to support themselves and their four or
five children. The young woman early
found the pressure to earn her own living
very heavy. As teaching was regarded as
a highly respectable calling and the
transfer from the school room as a stu
dent to teacher was but a step, she de
cided upon teaching.
Her first experience was gotten in a
rural school, where she remained but two
years. If she went from there to a town
school her promotion was based almost
solely upon her experience, as no addi
tional training was required by the school
board of the town. If she desired to teach
In a city school she was compelled to
secure at least one more year of train
ing. and each year of training she found
increased her salary.
So far she has profited each year of her
brief experience by having her salary in
creased and this will probably continue
for the next two years, should she find
It necessary to remain in teaching that
long.
CLEANING THE MAINE RUINS.
? ?
Reports of the Work Published in
the Madrid Papers.
HAVANA. June 24.?A small pump
maintains the water about the sunken
battleship Maine at the level of twelve
feet below the water outside the coffer
dam, while the work of calking, piling
and balancing the cofferdam continues.
At the same time the exposed part of
the ship is being cleaned.
A six-pounder has been found amidships,
with sundry- swords and other articles.
No new- developments are expected for
several days.
MADRID, June 24.?Today's papers
publish the latest reports from Havana
regarding the raising of the wreck.of the
American battleship Maine, but without
editorial comment.
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always give old as well as
new address.
"Humanity to Animals" Sub
ject cf Pupils' Contest.
GIVEN BY HUMANE SOCIETY
Susie C. Whelan Rrst and Giles
Russell Taggart Second.
Other Winners.
"Humanity to animals" was the theme
that Inspired essays written by several
hundred pupils of the white and colored
public schools who competed In the re
cent contest for $OT> in prize money of
fered by the Humane Society of Wash
ington.
The prizes were distributed Wednesday
of last week. The awards were made by
a special committee, nominated by the
Humane Society, which found such great
merit in the literary efforts of the con
testants that the decision was made with
considerable difficulty.
The contest was open to white pupils of
the seventh and eighth grades and to
colored pupils of the seventh and eighth
grades and of the first year at high
Bchool. Successful contestant were:
A prize of to Susie C. Whelan,
Bradley School.
A prize of $10 to Giles Russell Taggart,
Jr., Force School.
A prize of $."? to Virginia W. Sargent.
Carherry School.
A prize of Jo to Dorothy Hoyle, Harri
son School.
Honorable mention was also accorded
to the essays of Hester I^uvila Carter,
Ecklngton 8chool; Mildred I>e Hart,
Thomson School; Els worth Nash. L<ang
don School, and Josephine Mitchell, L>anK
don School.
In the colored school#:
A prize of $,"> to Irving Nutt, M Street
High School.
A prize of $5 to Virginia Scott, M.
Street High School.
A prize of $."> to T. M. Raymond, M
street High School.
A prize of $."> to Horace M. Gambrell,
Slater School.
The prize-winning essay, written by
Susie C. Whelan, is as follows:
Humanity to Animals.
Cruelty is an inherent characteristic
of barbaric nations, while humane im
pulses are inseparable from a people
advancing to higher ideals of civilization.
The recital of the bloody combats that
took place between man and beast in
ancient times, when people in all walk*
of life were exposed to ferocious beasts,
would easily enable us to measure the
vast gulf that intervenes between mod
ern and ancient codes of humanity.
?The laws of humanity and the penalty
for their violation are indelibly stamped
on every human heart. They who begin
by experiencing pleasure rather than
pain at the sight of an animal suffering
frequently end by becoming indifferent
to or participators in administering hu
man suffering. Cruelty in any shape 01
form is degrading and contagious as well
To turn a deaf ear to the appeals of ar
inferior creature, or to steel the con
science against its cries of distress. w?
must sacrifice one of the greatest virtues
of human nature?the virtue of mercy.
It is said that Robert I^ouis Stevensor
could not hear the melodious notes of the
feathered forest inhabitants withoul
shedding tears. What a contrast betweer
this humane man and he who steals
upon them and relentlessly slaughters
in the name of "sport" or to obtain their
plumage for the adornment of ladles'
hats, or the thoughtless person who will
mistreat a poor harmless cat if he steals
a pigeon, chicken or bird in order to
appease his hunger, and sometimes with
out any cause.
Example of a Faithful Dog.
When Ouida, the noted authoress, died
they found her penniless and in the mosl
abject poverty. But there was alst
found, half starved and disconsolate with
grief, but steadfast to the last, her faith
ful dog, keeping a lone vigil over its
lifeless friend. Greater devotion thar
this is rarely shown. The courage of the
dog Is markedly shown in times of peril
Xo foe Is too powerful nor danger toe
great to daunt him when one who has
dbefriended him ever so little lies In dan
ger. There can be no doubt as to the re
sponsibility of humanity to inferior crea
tures. Natural intelligence should com
pel us to show them the utmost compas
sion
The tribes that roam across the Ara
bian desert esteem their horses so highly
that they record their direct descent
upon tabiets of ivory. No greater instill
could be extended to an Arab than tc
act unkindly toward his hors*e. We arc
justly proud of the superior standards es
tablished by western civilization, yet we
do not compare with the simple Arat
In our treatment of the horse.
Whether amid scenes of pleasure, toll
or danger, the horse has been the insepa
rable companion of man. Yet we are
not fully conscious of our neglect and
unkind treatment of this faithful friend
of ours. If not from humane considera
tion, the knowledge of the assistance
rendered us by him in our daily labor
should lead us to study the feelings ot
the horse. He who overtaxes his strength
by heavy hauls, feeds him scantily,
drives him when sick or tired and readily
applies the whip to his back is both In
human and cowardly. It is the duty ol
the many societies now being estab
lished for the prevention of cruelty to
animals to enact and enforce severe pen
alties against such cruelties.
Essay Wins Second Prize.
The essay of Master Giles Russell Tag
gert, jr., which won for him the second
prize, follows:
"I would not number among my list ol
friends, though gifted with fine manners
and good sense, a man who had needlessly
set foot upon a worm."?Cowper.
On a hot afternoon in June, a skinny
horse, with glassy eyes and tongue hang
ing out. was wearily pulling a heavily
loaded cart past the Force School.
The wheels of the cart \robbled and
creaked, and the poor horse could hardly
move the load. The negro driver, how
ever, swore at the hor?e to go faster, and
then when the horse didn't mind, pulled
an iron bar out of the load on his wagon,
and. walking out on the shafts, struck
the horse over the head and eyes with it.
A boy in the seventh grade, chancing tc
look out the window just then, and see
ing the cruel deed, rushed down the steps
three at a time, shouting to the negTO,
"Stop!" The negro paid no heed to the
boy, however, and struck the now stag
gering horse another more vicious blow,
so that the horse went down on its knees.
The boy belonged to the Band of
Mercy, organized among the school chil
dren of Washington to prevent and pun
ish cruelty to animals, and he knew what
to do. He ran as fast as he could to a
policeman, who was about a square away.
The result was that the negro driver was
arrested and sent to the workhouse foj
three months. The horse was beyond
cure and was taken to the pound and
mercifully killed.
Cruel indeed it was to club a horse over
the head and eyes with an iron bar, and
yet every day sees even worse treatment
of animals. Notice a few of the worst
cases that actually happened in Wash
ington in 190l> and 1010:
Cruelty Cases on Record.
A negro, not being paid for the keep of
a mule, left the mule tied in a lot with
out food and water for days until it
died! 3 ,
A cord was tied tightly around a horse s
tongue, and the horse, drawing back vio
lently. pulled Its own tongue out by the
roots! . . .,
A cat was tied up in a bag and then
put at the mercy of a ferocious bulldog.
He mauled it into a mass of bruises.
Then the cat was taken out of the bag
and the dog tore It to pieces!
The worst case of all, though, was th?
act of a nearly grown boy. Enraged at
his pet dog. he took a red-hot poker and
burned out the dog's eyes, and when the
dog cried out In terrible anguish, the
fiend thrust the red-hot poker several
times down the poor animal's throat The
bov then kicked the dog out in an alley
and left him to die.
Even If the animals that we have deal
ings with every day were all wild, beasts
NICARAGUA.
I?THE PRESENT SITUATION.
By Frederic J. Haskin.
With its people pitiably poor, its terri
tory still bleeding from the unhealed
wounds of war. and its finances still
showing the bllnht of Zelayalsm and rex -
olution. the politicians of Nicaragua, but
lately agreed that peace must be main
tained at all haz-ard*. are now acain play
ing that peculiar game of Latin-American
politics whose usual end Is war.
While they are doing this the Ameri
can government Is striving to prevent
them from flying at each other s throats
again. Through the State Department
and Minister Northcott the United States
lis urging upon the politicians In Nij *
ragua the absolute necessity of sinking
their personal ambitions for the welfare
of their country, and Is striving to secure
the ratification of a treaty that will enab e
American bankers to secure themselves
in furnishing funds for the payment of
the republic's foreign loans, for the re
habilitation of Its finances, the construc
tion of Internal improvements and
the development of Its resources.
The provisional president. Juan Estrada,
appointed last winter, and at the time
acceptable to all sides, has been forced
out of office and has gone to New Orleans,
presumably for the purpose^ of
another revolution. It is definitely known
that an offer has been made to one of the
big foreign interests in Nicaragua to gUe
it certain valuable conce?dons if it will
furnish the funds for the prosecution of
the war. Meanwhile, there are two
other rivals for the presidency, two who
were allies until their ambitions^ con
flicted, since which time th?y ha\e been
bitter enemies, and no one knows h
soon their differences may precipitate an
other outbreak.
*
* *
While all of this has been happening
the American consul at Managua lias
been retired
American Coiuul ?
Retired From Service, d 1 s a g rees
with the American minister over the pol
icy of tho United States toward Nicara
gua. He was the close personal friend
of Juan Estrada, the provisional presi
dent and asserts that the United States
ought to support Estrada, even after he
had apparently bmken his promise to
Minister Dawson that he would not be a
candidate for re-election to the presi
dency.
In its multiplicity of plots and ft""***:
plots, of Intrigues and double dealings, of
broken agreements and the ?ubordtnatln
of the general warfare to personal ambi
tion the story of Nicaragua represents a
climax in I^atin-American polltl'cs- Vnlu
medlately after the close of 1the revo'u
tion in which Estrada was .x,ctf'V "1ie
State Department dispatched the Ameri
can minister to Panama, Thomas t
Dawson. to Nicaragua, with ?nrdew? to
patch up some sort of agreement
> I would make possible a last'ng pea e.
, Dawson had proved his abilitj in>
direction elsewhere. W hen he^arrived in
Managua he called all the leaders of the
revolution together, and in a co"j?r5"f*
t I with them it was decided that Estrada
, should be made the provisional president
1 of the republic for a term of two_ > ears
upon the definite understanding that he
should not be a candidate for re-election.
It also was agreed that a caress should
be elected, and that it should constitute a
, i convention for the adoption of a consti
, tutlon. which should be subject to the
approval of the provisional President Es
trada was a liberal, but in his revolution
was allied with the conservat ves. In
the election of congressmen, which was
not bv popular vote, as Americana know
I It. a practically unanimous conservative
t congress was elected.
? ?
i * *
When the constitution was completed
it contained a clause providing for the
reunion ol
Reunion of Church - c n u r c h a n <j
... state?a propo
and State Provided. ^ j0n wholly
unsatisfactory to the liberals and also tc
President Estrada. Another clause lim
ited the electorate and practically insured
the election of Gen Chamorro as presl
dent at the first regular election. Witfc
these clauses in it, Estrada refused tc
approve the constitution and sent con
gress home. Another congress then waf
' j chosen, and this also was of a conserva
tive complexion, but as friendly to the
political aspirations of Gen. Mena as the
other one had been to those of Gen
Chamorro. This congress brought In a
constitution which, should It go into ef
fect. would give Gen. Mena every ad
vantage in the presidential race that the
i I former one had given to Chamorro^ In
the meantime, it is asserted. de
veloped?or resuscitated?an ambition to
succeed himself, and was forgetful of hie
promise to the United States in that re
'^Declding to thwart the political ambi
tions of Gen. Mena who wa* then min
ister of war. Estrada removed all or trie
officers of the army who had been ap
pointed by Mena. and, as commander-in
chief, appointed a new set of ?*?ers
who were friendly to him. He there
after ordered the arrest of Mena. but the
soldiers were loyal to the officers ap
pointed by Mena and refused to take or^
ders from those appointed by Bstraia.
M
I and were our deadly enemies, there would
be no excuse for such cruel treatment.
And when we remember that they are. as
a rule, our friends and helpers, how
monstrous seems cruelty toward them.
The birds, for instance, eat the insects
destructive of farm produce at the rate
of four a day for each bird; our cats rid
us of mice and rats: our dogs watch over
us and often save our lives, and our
: horses bring us pleasure and profit, ask
ing in return only a little fodder and
I water and necessary rest.
! Reasons like these have caused great
J characters like the noble Henry Bergh to
; give their whole lives to the cause of
humanity to animals. The public-spirited
men and women in Washington who are
I carrying on such work form what Is
'called the Washington Humane Society.
The Washington Humane Society Is one
i of the oldest institutions of this kind in
I the United States. It was started, under
a different name, in 1870. and reorganized
' in 188.?. All in the society serve without
i pay. except, of course, the secretary and
j certain agents under him, who give their
whole time to the work.
The society has only nine salaried
i agents enforcing the anti-cruelty laws of
the District. There should be twenty
five of such men, but there is no money
to pay them. The money for the work
comes from fines and from membership
dues and donations.
The office of the society is not fit for
the work. It consists of small rooms In
a large office building on the corner of
Uth and F streets northwest?the Warder
building. In its annual report for the
year ending December 31, 1010, the so
I ciety says:
Need Larger Building.
'The society needs a suitable building
in the center of the city for its offices.
This can only be realized from the gifts
of the benevolent. Who in his own
name, or in the name ol another, will
erect a building whose doors shall stand
open all day that the woes of the dumb
and helpless may be made known and
their wrongs righted, and thus for all
time connect that name with a charity
which must endure?"
There is not much Interest in the work
of the society. Out of 200,000 white per
sons In Washington that could join, there
are only 2?5 grown-up members, at |2 a
year apiece, and only four children at $1!
The nine agents of the society travel
over the city, warning, arresting and
prosecuting cruel persons. In 1910, In
addition to this work done by the agents,
over twelve hundred complaints were
prosecuted, nearly all the offenders being
convicted. The record of the society for
m
With the army loyal to Men*. and with
no immediate chance of recruiting an
other army friendly to hint. t.<?-re w a a
little left for Kvtrada to do but a*'C? i>t
the inevitable at;.! resign.
?
* *
From that time on things have been
In a very chaotic condition. Minister
Northcott h <i
State of Chaos been keeping
__ _ __ ... Itit State
Has Been Prevailing I>epiirtttM>nl
carefully advised as to the movement*
of all the different interest?, and it i*
confessed I hat the outlook for peace ih
none too hrluht. It is conceded on ail
sides that but for the restraining hand
of the I'ntted States there would te a
revolution in a few weeks at most, and
there ate many who believe It will coin*
In spite of the tffoits of the State De
partment t<? preserve peace. No one la
fable to forecast the developments of tho
liext six months.
What effect all of these confth tirg am
bltionts may have u|?ou the welfare of the
ai
1 would tlnd itself in a worse state thai!
| ever before Its foreign loans are heav y
| and Its creditors insistent, and the Slam
Department is fearful tliai unless the
treaty goes through tliere may be omi
j plications with other government* should
they decide to enforce the immediate
payment of these debts.
The condition of Nharagua today i*
such as to awaken the utmost pity for
? the masses of its people. After seven
J teen years of Zelayaism, which was oi. y
I worse than conditions which weut ).c
i fore, all but the favored few became tv
; poor that they might well envy even the
i proverbial church mouse. To end the
i regime of Zelaya another revolution was
i necessary, and this has accentuated the
j poverty-stricken conditions of the peo
| pie. until today, with undeveloped wealth
i all about them, they are all but starving.
*
* *
What adds to ttte pathos of all this is
the evidence one sees one every hand of
the ^ood nature
Bear Afflictions with which the
With Good Nature.
After centuries of tyranny under which
they could call nothing their own and
j might be shot even for crooking a finger,
| one would expect them to he a gloomy,
| morose, and an embittered lot on the
j contrary, 0110 seldom sees a more gerual
j and good-natured people than he meets
| in Nicaragua. They seem to have L? -
i come reconciled to poverty and dirt and
i go about with smiling laces 111 spite of it
, all.
j Nicaragua is perhaps the richest in
. natural resources of any of the Central
I American republics, and It is also the
i iargest. But in spite of all this it la the
I poorest in available assets. The <.ause is
I not far to seek. There never haa been
i a time in many long y>ars that the peo
ple have not been the foot ball in the
game played by the politicians. Revolu
tions have succeeded one another to
rapidly that the ordinary individual has
not cared much in wluch army lie was
righting. A rcmarkaole illustration of
this is a story of the last revolution. .V
lot of troops were guarding some prison
ers near Managua. They got tired of do
ing guard duty and deserted. Th*
prisoners, preferring to be such, rather
than to be in the Held, did not try to
escape. The government requested them
to go and search out and bring back the
deserters, which they did.
*
* *
The Nleara^uan government has 1*14
ambitious plans for the expenditure of the
ten or fit
Has Laid Flans teen rnil
_ ,. lion dollars
for Spending Millions. w h {u h jt
hopes to net through the good offices of
the United Stages government. It Is ex
pected to utilize a part of It to build a
j railroad from the capital to the ea.-t coast
or at least from Lake Nicaragua to the
Atlantic. Some contend that it ought to
go to a point called Kama, while others
Kav that it must he built to Monkey
Po.nt. Built to the latter plhre it would
open up an entirely new banana region.
Today the entire country east of I.a\e
Nicaragua, with the exception of a nar
row strip alone the Atlantic. is praet'CMl
ly a primeval forest, filled with the finest
hardwoods in the world. There, mahog
any Is much cheaper than ?edar In ad
dition to the forests there are mineral
deposits of creat ranee and value.
Another portion of t e loan will he
devoted to the improvement of the capital
city, and still another part of it will be
! used for the rehabilitation of the railroad
i from Corinto to Granada. It Is a-*-?*rt?.d
' hy some that the majority of the people
! of Nicaragua, acquainted with the teiiden
I cy of the men who constitute the govern
I ment to use everything possible for their
own. are opposed to the loan. ' >n the
other hand, the I'niterl States Department
' of State declares that it will see to it th:<t
I no portion of the fund* received through
the loan Is diverted from l's proper chart
I nels.
thirty years shows nearly eighteen thou
sand arrests for cruelty, with convictions
! In all except about eight hundred.
These prosecutions ure e>nlv for warn
ings. The real object of the society ia
to prevent cruelty altogether
One of the ways to stop cruelty to
hordes is to make It easier for drivers to
water them. So the soc.ety has been
putting drinking fountains all over Wash
ington. Before the socle'.y was started
there wasn't one of these fountains. Now*
there are 1H.Y Two havs recently been
put near the 1'nlon stari >n.
The work e>f the- soc.ety Is difficult be
cause there are so many poor, ignorant
colored people in Washington. That is
w~hy there have been so many worn-out
horses on the streets. In iiMO 2.10 of
these broken-down animals were merci
fully put to death.
Another good way to p.-event cruelty to
animals Is to educate people not to be
cruel. So the society has caused the
school children, including, of course, the
colored school children, to be taught that
it is Just as wrong to be cruel as It is to
be dishonest
Bands of Mercy in Schools.
Bands of Mercy have been started In
j all the schools, and .'14.000 school children
have been enrolled In them The chil
dren pledge themselves to be kind to ar,l
msla and to try to protect them. Each
member gets a certificate and a badge,
and until these badges are lost they ser\ e
as reminders of the promise.
A schoolboy can do more than Just say,
"Isn't that a shame!" w hen he sees an act
of cruelty. He can become a real part
of the Washington Humane Society. He
can join one of the many Bands of Mercy
without paying anything, and he can be
come a member of the society by paving
only a dollar a year. He might then
consider himself a sort of special ager.t
of the society. Here are some of the di
rections that every schoolboy and girl
could follow:
(1) Notice carefully In Washington howr
animals are treated Notice, for Instance,
how the man who delivers things at your
house treats hla horses, and whether they
are in good condition. Watch the cruel
check reins on horses: they must not be
too high. See that the horses are rot
compelled to pull too heavy yoada. Don't
allow a huckster to carry chickens heads
down or too crowded In coops.
(2) If unkind treatment comes from Ig
norance, try to get an Improvement by
explaining and suggesting.
(3) When you make a complaint to the
Humane Society, give full Information, in
cluding full names and addresses and time
and place of cruel act.