Evening star. [volume], October 26, 1913, Page 8, Image 8

About Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972

Image provided by: Library of Congress, Washington, DC

                
FAIR IS GUAYAQUIL
BUT A DEADLY SPOT
Terror of Yellow Fever Even
Lurks in Beautiful Port of
Ecuador.
GREED OF MERCHANTS
BAR TO IMPROVEMENT
Bepnt&tion at a Peat Hole Seeps
Out Competition and They
Proiper.
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.
GUAYAQUIL. October 13, 1013.
Guayaquil is so fair to look upon that
on*- wonders whether it is not really the
paradise of the tropics. Coming up the
Guayas river, there is a perpetual pano
rama of green on either side. The hills
beyond Duran, where the railway starts
on its elinjb over the Andes to Quito, are
draped with emerald verdure. From the
deck of the steamship anchored in mid
stream. the city itself flashes with color.
Yet Guayaquil is one of the world's
plague spots, and for half a century has
had a reputation for unhealthiness that
has been unsurpassed by any port in
the orient. The indifference shown by
the rich community which controls its
destiny has added to its ill fame. Ma
larial fevers are merely incidents of liv
ing in this swampy region, and the na
tives themselves are not exempt. Small
pox may almost be said to be endemic,
although it prevails with the usual mild
ness of this disease in the tropics.
Yellow Fever the Terror.
Yellow fever is the malady which has
given Guayaquil Its terror- In former
days, when Panama and other west coast
ports were infected, Guayaquil always
could be counted on to make a worse
showing. though this was not admitted.
Guayaquil itself frequently presented a
defensive front against the other ports,
as it does now" occasionally, especially if
there happens to be acute political ques
tions at issue with neighboring countries.
The humor of these defensive measures is
not always apparent to travelers coming
from other ports on the west coast. Ten
or twelve years ago some of us who had
come from Panama and thought we were
going to get up into the interior to Quito
were made to feel the humor of being
turned back and not allowed to land be- j
cause we might bring the fever. There
were Just a do^en cases in Guayaquil
Hospital at that time.
Notwithstanding the high mortality
, rate for strangers there always has been
a foreign colony in Guayaquil, survivors
of those adventurous commercial pioneers
who wanted to share In the prize of its
rich commerce. The people of Guayaquil
may nevcir have quite deserved the repu
tation given them of cynical indifference
to the dangers to which the foreigners
were exposed, but they were philosophical
about it Though everybody who came
from beyond tlte equatorial region was
exposed to the Infection, the view (hat
the inhabitants took was that it was his
own affair if he chose to take these
chances. This may be one reason why
Guayaquil differs from the other west
coast ports in the extent to which its
commerce and financial interests have
been kept in native hands. Gradually
the foreigners have crept in and have got
their share of the cacao or chocolate
bean trade, and also of the coffee and
other tropical products. One-flfth of the
chocolate which the world consumes is
produced in Ecuador.
Large Foreign Colony.
The foreign colony is now quite numerl
ous. which is evidence that some of those
who came from a healthy world outside
have survived. One of these, an Ameri
can. has often thrown open his home to
his stricken fellow-countrymen, and he
does not care to say how often he has
had to notify friends or relatives in the
states of the outcome. Another foreigner,
a European, after forty years' residence
in Guayaquil, finds himself surrounded
by a patriarchal band, and declares that
it is not a bad place In which to rear
children and grandchildren. He had the
fever the first year he came, and, having
survived, became a philosopher. A fa
vorite bit of philosophy he takes from
Swinburne's "Garden of Proserpine":
From much Io*e <?f living.
Krvin Iioim- h ml fear set free.
This European has Seen how Guayaquil
can cure the newcomers of too much
love of living. "The Houseboats on the
Styx"' also enters Into his philosophy, al
though the Guayas river is hardly com
parable to the Styx. It is broad and deep
and has a swift current. .
Guayaquil's yellow-fever record con
tains the names of some notable victims.
When Thomas Xast, the cartoonist,
found his career ended and sought a po
sition in the consular service the only
place John Hay could find for him was
at Guayaquil. Nast came down to a
j<assing steamer one day to greet an
American minister going down to Chile.
He spent the day on board the steamer,
drew a funny picture of himself as con
sul at Guayaquil and presented it to the
minister. When the latter arrived at hfe
post he read in the newspapers of Nast's
death from yellow fever.
Maj. John A Harman. a retired officer
?f the Engineering Corps of the United
States Army, whose engineering genius
made the construction of that railway
possible, lived long enough to see his
studies verified and the rails carried over
the most difficult section of the Andes.
Then, one day when he was directing the
work out on the road he complained of ill
ness and in four days was buried, a vic
tim of th?' fev?-r. Scores of men. some
of them bright young Americans, who, in
humble capacity, helped build this call
way, met the same fate.
Mosquito's Deadly Bite.
Dr. Whitman, a capable officer of the
United States marine hospital service, or
the public health service, as It now is,
one day was ordered from' Callao to
Guayaquil. He has made a reputation
from his studies of the bubonic plague.
He remarked that his new field doubt
less would give him a chance to extend
his res? arches Into yellow fever. A few
months later he said one day that he
feared an infected mosquito had bitten
him. Within five days he was buried.
A year or more ago revolutionary
event* mad? the presence of the Ameri
can gunboat, the Yorktown, in Ecuado
rian waters necessary. The necessity for
its presence had Just passed and the
Yorktown was about to depart for other
waters when Commander Bartelotte was
stricken with the fever and died.
Instances of 'his kind tend to accen
tuate the suggestion that the sanitation
of Guayaquil may not be purely a domes
tic matter.
Bubonic plague did po; reach Guavaquil
till long after it ravaged Bombav and
other ports of the Orient, although such
a pesthole would be hospitable to its
early coming. It had been epidemic at
various points on tl.e west coast, from
Panama to Valparaiso before it found its
way up the Guayas river. Payta, in
northern Peru, almost at Guayaquil's
front door, had been devastated bv it and
the procession of victims being tiken to
the hospital while others were carried
out to burial, was a common sight from
the decks of the vessels which were In
that period anchored out in Payta bav
Some observers said that the bubonic
spared Guayaquil because it could not
fight Its way in against the other plagues
The municipality maintained that its
own excellent sanitary service and its
rigid quarantine kept out the bubonic
But one day the plague appeared, and
with virulence. Passengers on one of
the steamers coming up from Callao
heard that it was epidemic. Fairly *t
fective measures were adopted largely
through the activity of the government
at Quito. Dr. Lloyd, the American Ma
rine Hospital physician, then on duty
in Guayaquil, was employed by the muni
i
cipality with the sanction of the govern
ment and was given pretty broad powers.
A campaign of rat extermination was be
gun, and many of the wretched shacks
in which th? poor class lived were
burned. It looked for a time as if, in
consequence of the preventive measures
against-, bubonic, there might be a new
and sanitary Guayaquil. But as the epi
demic gradually exhausted itself and the
esses became sporadic, the zeal was les
sened. until the port again be.caxne nor
mal in its utihealthlness and with no
greater mortality from the bubonic cases
than at other west cQ&st' ports.
Better Things With Canal.
Viewed from the Guayaquil standpoint,
the sanitary situation is not bad at
the present time. There is no epidemic
and west coast steamers are in and out
uninterruptedly. The rigid quarantine
maintained at Panama by the American
canal officials sets a standard which can
not be ignored, but no harbor wo-ks and
other improvements have yet been under
taken and no sanitary measures adopted
which will enable Guayaquil to be placed
on a level with Havana, Panama and Rio
de Janeiro as ports where yellow fever
is under control. The opening of the
Panama canal to traffic will require-the
adoption of some pych measures. Ecua
dor might feel that she could isolate her
self from the world and retard her own
development, but it is not possible that
a plague port so near to the canal can
exist Indefinitely.
Plans for harbor improvements and
| sanitation h$ve been Under consideration
' for years. Some of them were little more
I than temporary schemes, while others
were scientific and comprehensive and
were the result of technical studies by
competent engineers. Two or three times
contracts have been made, but they have
come to nothing. The last one, a conces
sion held by a French company, lapsed
a year ago.
In some o f the plans evidences of thrift
were shown. One, for instance, provided
for a large quantity of drain pipes to
carry off the rainfall. Somebody was said
to have an option on a supply of pipe of
a certain size. The specification was
based on the undoubted fact that by di
viding the annual rainfall by twelve, the
average monthly rainfall would be ob
tained. It was pointed out that this sys
tem of averages would not work in this
case since the heavy rainfall is confined
I to a period of about four months, and the
pipe must be large enough for that period.
The cardinal obstacle in all the efforts
to secure the proper sanitation for Guaya
quil such as would be a protection to the
west coast commerce, as well as to the
community itself, has not been the cen
tral government at Quito, but the city of
Guayaquil. In the existing circumstances,
the trade of the country is at the mercy
of a small group or clique of wealthy
men. The total commerce amounts to
$22,000,000, and approximately 90 per cent
of this passes through Guayaquil. The
minor ports have tried to get some of it,
but they make little headway.
Keeps Out Competition.
The group in control is satisfied, ap
parently. So are a few of the foreigners,
who regard the yellow fever as an asset
! in keeping out competition.
i Before the railway was built to Quito,
Guayaquil was practically a separate
commonwealth and was politically inde
pendent of the capital. The railway has
given the government at Quito a better
grasp of the situation, yet Guayaquil is
still a powerful political factor and. if not
always ready to openly defy the Quito
government, has various means of
thwarting it. Sanitary affairs have been
largely controlled by the local junta or
health board, which is backed by the mu
nicipality itself. The inability of the Quito
government to secure the co-operation of
the junta in carrying out its measures,
although the sanitation of Guayaquil is
recognized as national and not municipal,
usually has resulted in a deadlock.
During the last two years the influence
of the United States has been quietly ex
ercised to persuade the government of
Ecuador to solve the Guayaquil situation.
The Panama canal has been regarded as
a sufficient justification, and the experi
ence 1n cleaning up the isthmus and
keeping Colon and Panama free from
yellow fever was an object lesson. At
the request of the Ecuadorian govern
ment a commission of experts, headed
by Col. W. C. Gorgas, visited Guayaquil
and made a thorough study of the condi
tions. The report of Col. Gorgas is
elaborate and Supplements the technical
reports previously made by engineering
experts. It expresses no doubts as to
the ability to establish and maintain a
healthy port. Contracting firms have
had their representatives on the ground.
V\ ashington is reported to be exercising
persuasive pressure to have the work
done by Americans, but the point has not
yet been reached where a contract has
been awarded. The seneral plan for im
provements includes the extension of the
present water, sewerage, drainage and
paving systems, and possibly the widen
ing of the river wall, which extends the
whole length of the city. These im
provements ultimately are to cost *12,
."?00,000. Provision has been made for a
ten-million-dollar loan, vrtth the custom
revenues as security. The question
which blocks the contract is whether
Quito or Guayaquil shall handle the
funds.
Ecuador's Future at Stake.
The future of Ecuador, if it is to have
a future, depends largely on the sanita
tion of Guayaquil. Whether the city
shall remain for some years longer a
plague port, denying itself the benefits
of the canal, is not entirely a domestic
matter, but its present determination
rests with Ecuador. The country wants
railways built, and the administration of
President Plaza is exerting itself to
secure their construction. The congress
h^s authorized various railway loans
rather more than can be absorbed in the
immediate future. Yet some of the proj
ects are of commercial practicability and
would Justify the investment of foreign
capital. But this capital will not be ob
tained until it is shown that the traffic
w hich may be developed will not be ham
pered by Guayaquil's isolation from the
commercial currents of the world.
The west coast countries are now in
terested in the movement to open up a
water and rail highway from the head
waters of the Amazon to the Pacific
A large section of the interior of the
South American continent has a vast
economic future if these plans are car
ried out, and the country which opens
the first highway ty the Amazon head
waters will command the situation.
Ecuador has a historical short route
The naked painted Indians from the
Napo. who sometimes wander up the
passes of the cordilleras and into Quito
know the water courses and the nioun
^ trails which would opsn up com
inunication. Preliminary engineering
reconnoissances .also have been made
by explorers. The rubber of a large
rfcglon requires an outlet from these
Amazonian regions to the Pacific, but
it will not find its way out through
Guayaquil in the present circumstances
The Ecuadorian government hate had
some plans for immigration, though
rather vague, and a project has been
held of a movement of population-from
southern Europe. There Is no room for
immigrants on the table lands of the
Andes, up in the clouds, where barley
and other cereals of the temperate zone
are cultivated. These districts barely
afford subsistence enough for the native
Indian population The vallevs beyond
are carable of colonization, and are not
unhealthy for races from north of the
equatDr. N*o immigration movement can
be expected unless means of communica
tion are opened up from the coast and
Guayaquil is robbed of its terrors a* a
pest hole.
Reputation Widely Known.
Its reputation is known in southern
Europe, and immigrants .anqot he in
duced to pa^s through it. There are
other reasons why the sanitation of
Guayaquil is a rather crucial question
for Ecuador at the present time, but
they are not necessary to enumerate.
It has been claimed that the interest
of the I'nlted States in cleaning up the
plague port is a detriment, because of
the anti-American feeling prevalent in
Ecuador. Even if this were trje it
would not be a sufficient reason for the
administration at Washington neglectinir
a duty which the Panama canal has
mad* imperative. But the prospect of
sanitation is not the cause of anti
American feeling, possibly because a
large section of the Ecuadorian republic
does not take it very seriously.
A disturbing factor in the present
situation is the controversy growing
out of the Guayaquil and Quito rail
way. Engineering construction of the
road was the achievement of the late
MaJ. Harman. but the financial genius
who got It through was his brother
Archer Harman.' who was thrown from
his horse j^jid killed in Virginia two
A Charge Account
Is
Your Privilege
10% Discount on Accounts Closed in 30 Days
Good Goods
At
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This
Buffets
This Large Quartered
Oak Buffet,
$36.75
Large Quartered Oak Buffet like the
illustration to the right; it has four large
drawers and two cupboards. One of the
drawers is lined with felt to form a sliver
drawer; it has two other small drawers
and one large one which may be used
for storing of table linen. It Is a very
pleasing claw-foot design and has a
large French plate glass mirror surmount
ed by a carved ornament that gives a
very rich effect. It is highly polished
throughout.
409 TO 417 SeJvekhi St. KW Phone Main 2826
Motion Bed
including Thick
Felt Mattress .
The illustration to the left shows our One-motion Davenport that is transformed from
a handsome Davenport by day to a comfortable bed at night by a single silent motion. Upon
opening it a pure cotton felt mattress is disclosed, which rests upon a separate spring from
that which supports the upholstery, so that you do not sleep on and wear out the upholstery
or its supporting springs. When opened it makes a bed 6 feet long and 47 inches wide that
is unrivaled for convenience and comfort.
This Two-Motion Bed
Davenport,4C|A 7C
With Wardrobe Box,
Genuine Boston Leather Bed Davenport, like the illustration
to the right. It has a large wardrobe box under the seat which
may be used for the storing of bed clothing during the day.
This davenport is converted from a handsome davenport to a
comfortable bed simply by lifting the seat. This allows the back to
fall, leaving a full-sized bed that is comfortable, as well as attrac
tive.
Dining Chairs
This Slip Seat Oak Chair,
$2.49
- The Solid Oak Dining Chair shown in the
illustration to the left is made of solid oak, well
polished, and with imitation leather slip seat.
It Is of box-seat construction, and is well glued,
making it a very substantial chair. The heavy
cross stretchers which join the legs add much
to the beauty and strength of the chair.
? Chiffoniers
This Golden Oak Chiffonier,
$4.98
Solid Golden Oak Chiffonier, like the illustra
tion to the right. It has tive large, roomy draw
ers that are dovetailed and glued to make them
substantial, and paneled ends that assure rigid
ity of construction. It is nicely polished, has
wood pulls 011 all drawers, and Is nicely finished
at the top with a neat carving. A wonderfully
substantial chiffonier, and a bargain at the
price.
Reed Rockers
This Large Reed Rocker,
$1.98
Full Roll Reed Rocker, like the Illustra
tion to the left. It is nicely shellac .finished
in the natural reed color, and is made very
substantial by the extension of the large roll
from the back of the rocker to the bottom of
each leg. This insures rigidity of construc
tion, which Is helped much by the cross
stretchers, which hold the legs in place.
$27.50
For This Wonderful
"McDougall" Kitchen
Cabinet.
The McDougall Kitchen Cabinet shown in the ilfustration above has a
full sliding nickel-plated top, which doubles the working space .if de
sired. It has removable flour bin. as well as sugar bin. It Is raised on
sanitary legs, which allows you to sweep under the cabinet. In the base
there is a large cupboard for kitchen utensils, as well as bread, cake and
cutiery drawers. It Is constructed of solid oak throughout, and has a
seven-piece set of glass cereal and spice jars. On the door of the base
there is a tow*l and utensil rack, with a space for a breadboard.
44
New Dandy" Ranges
Our "New Dandy" Ranges are known as be
ing famous for their baking. They are well
made, and can be had with or without the
mantel sh?lf. They can be arranged to burn
either wood or coal, and are very economical.
Large No. 8 "New Dandy,"
With Mantel Shelf,
$27.75
Large "New Dandy" Range, like
the illustration to the left. It has
six eight-inch lids and a shelf on
the end. The mantel shown in the
illustration Is Included at the above
price. The oven is very large and
is a good baker. The firebox is
brick lined, and the stove will prove
to be very economical in the use of
fuel.
Heating Stoves
This Is the time of year when heating stoves
are needed to take the chill off the room these
cool mornings. You will find that we are amply
prepared to take care of you in this respect.
Our line is wonderfully complete, showing all '
kinds of heating stoves, from the largest down
to the smallest. It will pay you to take a look.
This Excellent Oak Heater,
Four Feet High,
$ 10.98
Large Oak Heater, like the illustration to the
right. It stands four feet high, and has an iron
firepot large enough to hold fire to heat several
rooms. The body of the stove itself is of plan
ished steel, nickel trimmed, and finished ofT with
a neat ornament at the top. It has a large ash
pan, and the drafts allow the fire to be turned
either up or down without danger of going out.
Dressers
A Regular $22.50
Mahogany-Finish Dresser,
$18.75
A beautiful pattern in a mahogany-finish
dresser Is shown in the Illustration to the
left. It lias two swell top drawers and two
other large drawers, and is fitted throughout
with wood drawer pulls. The heavy French
plate mirror is in round shape and is sup-,
ported by two gracefully turned standards.
Kitchen Cabinet Table
This Large Kitchen Cabinet Table,
$6.98
* *> *
?The Large Kitchen TaMe-Cabinet
shown in the illustration to the
right has a large, wooden table
top. Below It are two large draw
ers. and two large bins which may
be used for either flour or meal.
The table' rests on four sanitary
legs, which raise it from the floor
and allow It to be swept under.
It Is substantially constructed and
finished in natural color.
Brass Beds
This Two-Inch Continuous
Post Brass Bed,
$15.75
A pleasing design in a two-Inch
Continuous-post Btass Bed, as
shown in the illustration to the
left. It is full sized, and has flve
fillers In both head and foot. The
lacquer is guaranteed absolutely
against tarnishing and will always
remain bright.
$22.75
This Claw-Foot Table
and 4 Slip Seat Chairs
The Solid Oak, Claw-foot Table shown in the Illustration above is a
pleasing design with a large barrel pedestal ami claw feet. Th? labie has
three leaves, which allow it to be extended to six feet when needed The
chair shown above is in imitation leather slip seat, with a well turned
panel in ?he back. It is constructed of solid oak throughout and the box
seat construction makes it very substantial. The four chairs and table
are included in the above price. ' , ?
Mayer & Co.,409 to 417 Seventh St.;
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how much time and labor a "Ther
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gas, butcher and grocery bills, for
the tough cuts of meat can be
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"Thermatic" Cookers will roast,
bake and stew and will do much
to help you solve the high cost of
living.
$39.00 $35.00
In Genuine Mahogany
The two beautifully matched pieces shown in the illustration above are
In genuine mahogany, very highly polished, and are In a very pleasing
serpentine front design. The dresser has two small top drawers and two
large drawers, while the chiffonier has two small top drawers and four
other large drawers. Both are surmounted by a large French plate glass
mlror in oval shape, supported on graceful standards.
years ago. Archer Harman was a re
markable man. He coaxed money from
conservative Scotch and English finan
ciers and from shrewd French finan
ciers. He alternately cajoled and threat
ened President Elay Allaro, Under
whose administration the road was
completed His methods aroused savage
resentment and. at the time of his
death, it was felt that this was perhaps
fortunate for the future of the enter
prise.
Although foreign capital originally
built the railway, it passed Into Ameri
can hands, and is known as the Amerl
can railway. There have been numerous
disputes and controversies with the
government. These were to be submit
ted to arbitration. The Ecuadorian gov
ernment named its arbitrator, and one
was named by the State Department
who was satisfactory to the railway
company. When the American arbitra
tor got on the ground he found that
the Ecuadorian government proposed
to have the findings of the arbitrators
reviewed by the local courts. Then Mr.
Bryan became Secretary of State, and
he removed the arbitrator on the
ground that the railroad had had too
much to do with his selection.
Place Becomes Patronage.
Incidentally a place was provided for
the constituent of an influential admin
istration senator who was named as
the new arbitrator and, since then, not
much progress has been noted with the
arbitration. The Ecuadorian govern
ment has no reason to be dissatisfied
with the situation. The railway is not
in so comfortable a position. After a
time, possibly, the controversy will
be settled, and an equitable adjust
ment will be made of the amount
claimed to be due from the government
and of the set-offs presented by
Ecuador.
The Galapagos Islands, is another of
the matters which Is said to be re
sponsible for anti-American sentiment.
I This subject is an old one, but in re
cent years there has been no serious
i movement to secure the Galapagos as
j a naval station for the United States,
j Yet when an Ecuadorian politician
. wants to get most in public view he
goes out and declares that he will
never consent to Ecuador alienating
her precious heritage of the Galapagos.
It is no secret that the United States
navy, since the construction of the
canal, does not think it important that
there should be even a coaling station
on the Galapagos. It commands the
situation from Panama bay. The only
question that could arise would be If
Ecuador should seek to lease the
islands to some foreign power, Asia
tic, European, or even South American.
That question is not likely to arise
soon.
Former Representative Charles S.
Hartman of Montana recently has gone
up to Quito and presented his creden
tials as minister. When he was a rep
resentative and left his party to follow
Mr. Bryan's free silver banner Mr.
Hartman was a forceful individual.
Notwithstanding his lack of diplomatic
experience, he has the qualities that
are needed by an American minister
to Quito. There is no doubt that he
nas ahead of him some verv interesting
experiences in equatorial diplomacy.
Child Dies of Injuries.
Francis Sauter, the three-year old boy
who fell from the third story porch at
the B and O apartment house, 2827 M
street northwest, yesterday afternoon,
died at the Georgetown University Hos
pital about 6:30 o'clock last evening.
Coroner Nevitt gave a certificate of ac
cidental death.
Incessant rain Friday marred the In
tended demonstration at Westminster,
Md.. in the Interest of the public schools.
The parade of children was not held.
A
NAVIGATION AIDS CABED FOE.
Vessels of Lighthouse Service Are
Now Busily Engaged.
The vessels of the lighthouse service
are busily engaged in looking after
buoys and lights on Chesapeake bay and
other waters of the local district, keep
ing them In proper order to guide ves
sels past dangerous shoals.
The tender Juniper, the gas tank ves
sel of the service, is engaged In re
-charging tanks of the light buoys on
the James river, and in delivering sup
plies to lighthouses from the Ports
mouth station. Before going to Balti
more for repairs, it is stated, she wiU
visit other parts of the district on a gas
tank buoy charging expedition.
After having supplied the Diamond
shoal lightship with fuel and stores the
tender Orchid has gone to lightship Now
80. on the Cape Lookout station, Nortli
Carolina, and to the lights in the lower
part of the district. The tender Mapls
has been engaged In buoy repair wor||
in the vicinity of Baltimore.
Diamond shoal lightship, whieh was
dragged from its proper position In a
big storm Tuesday last, returned to ltd
station next day. A notice to mariner*
regarding aids to navigation in Chess*
peake bay has been issued, as follows:
Maryland?Chesapeake bay, Baltimore
harbor approach, main channel?Craig*
hill channel buoy, No. 12. spar, was re*
ported broken off October 21; will be re*
lieved as soon as practicable.
Cutoff entrance gas buoy, 11^, and
Brewerton channel gas buoy. IB. wers
reported extinguished October 14; will
be relighted as soon as practicable.
The Woodlgwn Campmeetlag
tlon of Havre de Grace. Md., has elected
trustees and managers for 1914. The neat
annual camp will open August & 1914.