Newspaper Page Text
THE EVENING STAR, Wltli lulir Xmla* UMm. WASHINGTON, | SUNDAY Hay 30. 1915 1 I THEODORE W. NOTES Editor Cka sranlnar Star jr?mpsp?T Oompmay. oar*. 11th St. anil Pfon?Tl?anla A"0?' Nfw York Ofllrf: Trlbana Biitldln*. Chicago Otttcr: rir?t National Bank BulMIn*. Cvrop?in Office: 8 Rtfent St.. London. iCnfiaoa. Tli. E?.nln? Ktar. with tfc' Snmlar mo?'"* sdltlon Is delivered by carrier* within the ?*ity st 45 cents per month: dally jnly. ,"er,* month. Sunday only. c??nts r?*r momb nniers may be sent by mall, or t?le;?aone Main Collection is made by carrier et tbe end of eacb month. Psvsb'e In advance?by mall, postage nr*pad. T>slly. Sundav included. on* month. '-0 rente. Dalle. Snndny **cet>f??d on?* month. 4i> rents. Saturday Star. $1 year. Sunday Star. $2.40 ye?r. Catered as secon<l clas? mall matter at tbe post office at Washington. U. C. gWin ordrr to avoid delays on account of personal absence, letters to THE STAR shonld not be addressed to any Individual connected with the office, but simply t--? THE STAR, or to tbe Editorial or Business Pepartment. according to tenor or purpose. The President and Congress. The talk of an extra session leads to the question: How strong an in fluence is the President likely to pos sess and exert with the Sixty-fourth Congress? At the start, and for a long time, the Sixty-third Congress confessed his influence in the frankest manner. It consulted hint about everything, and followed him without objection in many things. It referred disputed matters to him. and accepted his de cisions. It seemed largely to sur render to him its constitutional in itiative. A change followed the November elections, which were construed by the practical politicians of both parties as anti-administration in meaning. Some democrats who he fore had confined their criticism of the President to private conversa tions now expressed themselves openly. In the Senate some of his appointments to office were rejected, democrats leading the opposition. The ship purchase bill, to which he gave full support, failed because of a democratic defection. He found him self without the power he had been exercising only a few months earlier. On March 4, when that Congress ad journed, Mr. Wilson's prestige as party leader was at a low ebb, the lowest it had reached. Recently, the President has recov ered, so far as the general public is concerned, much of the lost ground. Sharp criticism has given way 10 praise, which comes from all sec tions and both parties. But this has not been produced by domestic questions. Business is still halted. The tariff is still under fire in the manufacturing states. The na tional defense is still glaringly inad equate. Several important promises made at Baltimore are as yet unre deemed. The new Congress must deal with these questions. It will be interro gated as to the revenues, as to the bosiness depression, as to the na tional defense, and in some form mast answer with legislation or otherwise. In the House an abnormal and un wieldy majority has given place to a small one, which will need handling with care. A new floor leader will be on deck. In the Senate the majority has been increased, but six of the seven democratic senators who broke away from the President on the ship purchase bill last winter will be in their seats next winter, ready if challenged to resume their inde pendence. In political circles there is much curiosity as to how all this will work out?as to whether the President can hold his new prestige, and cap italize it months hence, with a pres idential campaign rapidly taking shape. Charity for Mexico in its present destitution should go far toward breaking down the dislike for this country that has been taught as a na tional principle. The republican party may expe rience the same old difficulty in se lecting a candidate who will meet with Col. Roosevelt's emphatic ap proval. In spite of the imposing pictur esqueness of a great vessel, mer chantman or warrior, the submarine it now mistress of the seas. Decoration Say, and Preparedness. The most beautiful, impressive and significant of all our national cere monies takes place tomorrow, when the graves of men who fought, and the great majority of whom died, in the service of the country will be decorated by loving and grateful hands. No other day counts for more in our national life and feeling. The old graves of the civil war and the young graves of the Spanish war will alike show the remembrance of those who profited so much by the devotion and sacrifice those graves represent. We should not forget, however, that they are the more numerous by reason of. the fact that in both crises the country was unprepared for war. In 1861 our small navy was not only poorly equipped, hut scattered, and our army, then as now, negli gible in point of numbers. Mr. Lincoln, called upon to use force in defense of the Union, had no force to use. At the start he was all but helpless. The north responded to his appeals, but could not at once rem edy unpreparedness. Our institutions trembled for a time on the verge of destruction for the lack of trained powers of assertion. In 1898 our foe would not have then us i":at concern if we-?had 1 been in fighting condition. But we were not. Our army was still small and poorly supplied, and our navy in such condition the inhabitants of our Atlantic sea-coast cities were "seeing things." From Maine southward, vis ions of Spanish ships kept folks awake nights. In both wars the volunteers dis tinguished themselves, but the regu lars were the source of the real strength. The leading commanders on both sides in the civil war had been trained to arms. Grant, Sher man and Sheridan, Lee, Jackson and Johnston were all West Pointers. In Cuba, Shafter and Wheeler, in Porto Rico, Miles, and in the Philippines, Merritt and Lawton, all trained soldiers, gave an excellent account of themselves in our little brush with Spain. Volunteers would distinguish them selves again in a time of peril. It is impossible to imagine a day or an oc casion when American citizcns would fail their country. But if war should come we should again be cursed with unpreparedness. and again be forced to heavy sacrifices in blood and treasure until the proper preparation could be made. Why delay? Why not take the stitch in time? Who really believes that in either a larger army or navy there would be any thing menacing, or in contravention of the spirit of our government? Exercise and Health. After forty years of age. warns the public health service in a bulletin, the expectation of life is at present less than it was thirty years ago, as a re sult of the conditions of modern liv ing. So the service urges people of sedentary habits to take more exer cise. to combat the increasing tend ency toward degenerative diseases. Daily use of muscles not employed in the course of the working routine is essential, more walking is desirable, games in the open air are beneficial, even gymnasium work is useful, al though the open field is preferable. This is sound advice. Every mod ern condition tends to make men and women use their bodies less. Street cars and automobiles carry them on their errands without exertion. Ma chinery works for them. The tele phone "saves them steps." The par cel post carries their bundles. This very perfection of organization mili tates against their use of muscles that were once their faithful, necessary servants. Digestion is weakened in consequence, and' they suffer little ills that are merely symptoms of physical degeneration. A familiar excuse for not walking to and from work is the lack of time. That is a subterfuge. There is al ways time for such exercise if the day's schedule is properly adjusted. Rise earlier in the morning. Have breakfast half an hour earlier, and to get the right amount of sleep go to bed half an hour earlier. If the dis tance to the place of business is too great to be covered afoot, walk part way. Walk after dinner, if not be fore dinner. Walk twice around the block at the lunch hour. Make time and take time for exercise, and the result will surely be beneficial. The public health service has con ferred a boon upon humanity by giv ing this emphatic warning. It be hooves every person who is leading a placid, artificially aided life to strike out promptly on a line of exercise, not too vigorously at first, but sanely and with a view to making effective use of a system of muscles that is more wonderful than the most com plex and efficient of the machines that now serve mankind so treach* erously. If the dance craze increases, cities may have to take positive steps to make a large element of the popula tion take sufficient time for eating and sleeping. China is subject to a great deal of disapproving comment, but with all the disadvantages of her position she is better off than some of the nations of Europe. Dr. Cook says that he will climb Mount Everest, but offers no guar antee that he will prove to the satis faction of geographic experts that he did so. The gentlemen to whom 1916 looks good will now become more numer ous from month to month, and will not be limited to any one party. Switzerland is naturally a little anxious as to whether her territory is going to be made to do service as a thoroughfare. Both Col. Roosevelt and William Barnes, jr., are doubtless standing pat on their old opinions of one an other. The 17th Street Extension. The public utilities commission now has before it the difficult problem of deciding on the proposed Capital Traction extension along 17th street from U street south, for which vari ous routes are suggested, designed to give north and south communica tion in the area between the 14th street and Connecticut avenue lines. Property owners have entered pro test against this additional trackage, while other citizens have urged the extension. At yesterday's hearing on the subject arguments were present ed by both sides, and a strong show ing was made by each, so that the commissioners are confronted with a difficult task in ruling on the ap plication of the company. Perhaps the most interesting point raised against the proposed new trackage was that action should be delayed until it could be determined whether the jitney bus service now being in stalled in Washington wilt furnish the facilities needed for transport in the section proposed to be covered. Y Of course, this test cannot be applied unless a specific jitney service is in stalled along the route projected by the car company. It may be assumed that the promoters of the jitney serv ice are seeking the most profitable fields of operation, and that thcv will experiment with different routes un til they find those that yield a profit able patronage. This process, how ever, involves considerable delay in covering the whole city with these test lines successively, and it is now for the utilities commission to deter mine first whether there is a real need of traction service in the sec tion sought to be covered by the pro jected new car line, and second whether there is any prospect that that need may be met by jitneys run ning on schedule and definitely as signed to that route. Naturallj', many of the residents along the streets named for the extension op pose the laying of tracks in front of their properties, and so far as the public interests warrant their oppo sition should be taken into account as a factor of weight. The Study of Spanish. At a meeting of the Spanish-Amer ican Atheneum in this city the other night a speaker gave statistics re cently compiled showing that of the 100,000,000 people in the United States only about 40.000 are at present studying Spanish. This is a trifling percentage when the proximity of a vast Spanish population to this coun try is considered. The pan-American financial congress just closed here has developed the urgent need of closer relations between the people of the two continents, not merely for purposes of trade expansion but for the cultivation of a more genuine and lasting friendship. ft is not sufficient to rely upon the enterprise of the South and Central Americans in acquiring English. We of the United States should do our part toward getting on a basis of mu tual understanding. In practical lines a knowledge of Spanish is of unmis takable value to a young man. It opens to him a door of opportunity that is closed to those who have no knowledge of the common tongue of the millions with whom we are des tined in the years to come to have close intercourse. The public schools should be helpful in spreading this knowledge. Colleges should put Spanish upon the list of preferred modern languages. The 40,000 now engaged in this study should in an other year be increased to half a mil lion, at lea^t, if the United States is to make a definite advance toward real acquaintance with the Latin American people. The Sultan of Turkey shows some fortitude in holding his present posi tion without venturing any an nouncement that he is going to the front in person. Predictions that this country will be involved in war are possibly based on a magnified regard for the maxim, "It is always th? unexpected that 1 happens." London is complaining of the high cost of meat, but is finding less diffi culty than America in seeing a good reason for the constant upward tend ency. The airship raid which kills a few women and children makes "the con quest of the air" so often mentioned seem a rather pathetic boast. SHOOTING STABS. BT PHILANDER JOHNSON. In Disagreement. "Can you remember when you were a happy, barefoot boy?" "No. And my idea of a happy boy is one who wears shoes and doesn't get stone-bruises." Murmur of a Misanthrope. "Can't you get the telephone to an swer?" "No," replied Mr. Growcher. "The operator is one woman I'd like to meet. She doesn't show the slightest disposition to talk back." Modes of Travel. Though a motor may sometimes play curious pranks That fill you with fear through and through, If it lands you all dry and intact, just give thanks That it wasn't a summer canoe. Aggrieved. "Did you say that my production is a thoughtful, educational and moral entertainment which couldn't offend the most refined sensibilities?" asked the manager. "Yes," replied the playgoer, "isn't it true?" "Maybe it is. But I don't see why you should want to knock business by talking about it." "Dere's a few grown folks," said Uncle Eben, "dat knows how to man age chillun; but dar's a heap mo' chillun dat knows how' to manage grown folks." Civilization. Civilization I Mighty word, Which with all reverence is heard 1 You teach the world to read and write And into day transform the night. And yet 'tis ever in your name That armies march to fearful fame. As we your blessings great compute. We ask one favor more: Don't shoot 1 As pictures fair entrance our eyes, And splendid buildings swiftly rise, Some of your skill you set apart For guns to shatter works of art. As Science seeks our lives to save She digs anew the soldier's grave. As you are wise and resolute, We pray, be generous, Don't shoot! What officials of the labor depart ment and other branches of the fed eral government Men Will Be Needed consider one of , . n the most inter to Harvest Crops. esting pieceg of work ever undertaken by the general government is Just being started in the west, where the attempt is being made to solve the annual problem of harvesting the nation's mammoth grain crop without loss of grain?as Assist ant Secretary of Labor Post phrased it the other day, "without human waste." Every year the farmers of the west need hundreds of thousands of work ers to harvest their grain, and every year hundreds of thousands of workers scattered over the country are in need of jobs. The men and the Jobs have never been well matched, however. In some places there has been a surfeit of workers and suffering, and in others, a dearth of men and loss of grain. Recognizing the need for re lief, Uncle Sam, with his two-month old employment bureau, is trying to bring order out of chaos by guiding the workers to the places where they are needed. Since last harvest season, when little more could be done than to obser\e conditions in the west, the Department of Labor has been steadily feeling its wav toward the formation of an em plo'vment service, and Just two months ago actually organized such an a.genc>. The country was then divided into eigh teen districts. about fifty <llhtr''' headquarters and suhheadquarters were established, and the business of putting men and jobs into touch was ' During thTtwo months of active oper ations many of the activities have been turned toward preparation 0' the new machinery for the (feat test which is just now coming with the ripening of the grain in the southw?"l_ ai special field acent for the west has opened offices in Kansas City, and from (here will actively conduct the work of labor distribution. Throutrh co-oper ation of the Post Office Department everv post office and rural carrier help'in the work by gathering and <!.? tributing' information, and through co operation of the Agricultural Depart ment hundreds of agricultural agents will report to the employment bureau to crop conditions. . One of the principal problems is get ting the great army of fl<JnVnJ}t^?the ers out of the grain country after the "op? are gathered, for the farmers great need for assistance in a given locality is confined to a few weeks. They can take care of practlcaUy none of the workers after October. Fields of grain are ripening steadily farther to.the north, however and tjie govern ment labor bureau will guide some of the workers to these. Most ofthe fed eral activities will be of an interstate character, the work wholly Inside state lines being done largely through co operation with state labor officials^ One of the most interesting phases of the bureau's work will be its opera tion of personally conducted trains for "vacation workers." The plan will be tried only on an experimental scale this season, but is looked upon by the department officials as most Promis ing. At first the plan will be tried only with workers accustomed to high de grees of heat?probably steel and glass workers. Plans will be made for a trainload of such workers to take va cations at one time, and an agent or the government will take charge of the party and conduct it to the harvest fields The radical change of employ ment. It is believed, will serve as an outing and recreation, and the workers will at the same time, be reinforcing their pocketbooks. After several weeks the members of the party will be taken back to their regular jobs without economic waste. This plan is in sat isfactory use by agreement between agriculturists and operators of indus tries In some communities. Tt is the belief of Labor Department officials that, with the experience gained this season, the harvest em ployment service can be greatly strengthened. With the co-operation | of state and municipal labor and em ployment agencies, they believe it can be brought in a few years to a high degree of efficiency. * * * _ For the use of his forest rangers? those of his agents who are perhaps most effectually separated A Forest from the civilization of __ . cities?Uncle Sam has Manual. adopted one of the most modern devices of urban office practice. He has Just issued to all the forest of ficers copies of a new edition of the National Forest Manual In loose-leaf form. This book, containing regulations and Instructions concerning the use, devel opment and protection of the national forests. Is the forest worker's final au thority and has come to be known In the forest service as "the ranger's Bi ble." The regulation and Instructions must necessarily often be changed and amended. Keeping the manual up to date is a matter of great Importance, for Congress in authorizing the Secre tary of Agriculture to establish rules and regulations provided that a viola tion of any of them should be punish able as a criminal act. In the past in terlineation and pasting have been re sorted to, but have been unsatisfactory, so that the loose-leaf plan has been adopted. Now when an amendment is Issued a new page Is printed at slight expense for insertion at the proper place and is distributed to the forest officers. The regulations and Instructions In the manual are under the headings^ "Administration and Protection," "Trespass," "Grazing Lands," "Forest Products" and "Silviculture," which lat ter term includes timber sales, free use, forest extensions, forest tnvesti gations and working plans. The Im portance of theBe regulations, on many of which financial transactions are based, can be estimated from the fact that though the forests are not admin istered primarily to secure revenue, and though national forest work In America is in Its early stage*, the an nual forest receipts are already ap proximately 12,500,000. ? * * Following the example of the best or ganized and most efficient industrial concerns of the coun Aericultural try, the Department n of Agriculture has House Organ. just established a "house organ," a publication for cir culation among workers of the depart ment only. Its aim is to give each of fice and each individual a better per spective us to the relation of his spe cialized task to the work of the whole department. The Agricultural Department has had a growth in recent years that has been perhaps greater and more rapid than the extension of any other of the tre.it governmental departments, and a- ? natural result many of Its large_arn of employes have hut a ? the work of some of their fellow -em ployes with whom they do not come Into direct contact. An understanding of the problems of "the other:Tell and how he meets them woul^ den in distinct value, officials of the depart ment believed. and they hit upon u house organ, to be known as: the De partment Circular, "/he best <1device through which to furnish the necessary information. , In addition to /-stablish.nB a new pu?> liration for its own use, the Dep.nt ment of Agriculture has recently made some striking changes in publications which come into con'a most widely with the general publii Us WeeklvNews Letter to crop cor respondents. which sln-e its estab lishment in July, 11*13. has been .1 small four-page folder, has beer. in creased to quarto sue and to eight pages and has been made into what Ps practically a government newspa per, a wealth of additional timely ma terial of interest to farmers and others hiving been included. In recognition of newspaper methods and newspape psychology the Weekly I.etter has been set in regulation newspaper columns. each story being given ?eve?' of familiar newspaper headlines Stories of special importance as in the dallv press, are given headlines that extend over more than one column. At the same time the department, for the sake of more rapid pub"? - tion. has discontinued Ilu,,'sh'nK, ' monthlv statistical journal, the Agri cultural" Outlook, in pamphlet form, and is issuing the material in a qu ckly printed double folder, under the title Monthlv Crop Report. Because of this all interested parties receive the sta tistics many (lays earlier than in the past. I * * * The steady advance in the adoption of progressive methods by the schools of the United States Educational Shown by informa tion recently gath Development. ere(j j,y the bureau of education, much of which tends to in dicate that the progress is most marked in some of the smaller cities and towns. In Hays City, Kan., it was found, the state and municipality have gone into partnership, the entire city school system having been turned over to the Fort Hays Kansas State Normal School for use as a "pedagogical laboratory. The city schools now have a free dental clinic, free medical inspection, super vised playgrounds, organized athletics, a social center a nd com mun 11 y music. In the far west the wave of progress has caught hold of the country- schools throughout the state of Wash1"^*""' which are specializing in warm lunche.. The teachers are trained In household inn and while they are providing tne 'lunches to better the physi^l condition of the pupils they are m^ 'Ahc food the preparation and serving of the food to teach domestic science. _rnm. One of the towns that Is most Prom inent In making supplemental use: of motion pictures, according tore<P?"a to the bureau of education, is t>anta Rosa Cal where the school authorities provide a Tree motion picture show every night in the high school build ing. In Milwaukee the recreational fa cilities of the public schools have re cently been enlarged by the instaHa tlon of twenty-flve of the best type pool and billiard tables .vt,niiion , One of the most unique extension campaigns that has come to the not*c? of the bureau was recently carried ou 1 _ Tdnnpisee. To arouse interest 1' his institution Prof. D. R? Harworth o the East Tennessee State Normal School, accompanied by a Party of edu cational campaigners, made a 4,6-mile trin bv wagon through the mountain districts, sleeping often in barns. The party Included a male quartet and a string band, and carried three Pieces of demonstration apparatus?a milk test er, a farm gate and a model of a heat lng and ventilation system. * * * Old Glory, to which the patriotic American doffs his hat as typifying the spirit of America, is Flae Materials l" about nine cases out of ten not a do Imported. raestlc article. For aver since Betsy Ross made her first American flag, the official emblem of the country and all its auxillary_ ners that fly from thousands of public buildings, army posts and ships have been made of woolen bunting? practically all of it imported. In the future, however, a large pro portion of the government's flags will be "made In America" from the plant ing of the fiber to the sewing of last stitch In the completed banner_ This la assured by the recent action of th? general supply committee of trie government In "sting specifications for cotton flags side by?side with.those for woolen bunting which has heretoto amPePnT;fthal?^rUasnu%b&e^n=nfne of the heaviest users of tha^e 11^will" l^the^future^uae ctDttori fla4%akct0loneo?1theVes1J[pply committee is not one of patriotism alone When the European war put a stop to the ex nnrtntioii of cotton and there was agitation for putting the south s taple crop to new uses at home the commit tee became Interested in the possibili ties of cotton flags, but determined on rigid tests before any action should be taken. Cotton flags were therefore made up and placed on several of the revenue cutters, and Hamplesofcot ton flae goods were sent to the I "'teo States bureau of Btanciards for testB. Both kinds of tests were highly favor able for cotton. The flags stood tne strain of constant use in all kinds of weather as well as flags of wool, the report from the revenue cutter, ""'vice said The bureau of standards report showed that In the variety of tests for strength and quality the cotton Roods did not fall below the standard bunt intr on a single count, but made better showings on several. The cotton flags are also materially cheaper than those made of wool. ,, Investigation Into the government s flag consumption has shown that in some services and In some localities flags are used up much more quickly than in others. One of the greatest con sumers of flags is the coast guard, which contains the old revenue cutter service and the life-saving service. The cutters fly their flags in the roughest weather, and the flags of many of the life-savine stations are almost con stantly drenched In spray. Flags are worn out quickly also on public build ings in windy plateau and mountain regions of the west, and some flags in Industrial centers are rotted by smoke and chemical fumes. The behavior of cotton flags under some of these spe cial conditions has not yet been deter mined and further experiments will be carried out. In the meantime, from at least 1,000 public buildings, 250 life-savlnp sta tions, 75 coast guard cutters and 50 sta tions of th? public health service?all under control of the Treasury Depart ment Old Glory will show its colors on a "made-in-Amerlca" fabric of cotton. ITALY IN THE WAR. From tin* New Orleans 1'icajune. Next in order after its "showdown" will corae an exhibition of the sort of "punch" that fine Italian hand can de liver. From the Pittsburgh Gazette-Times. Italy's entrance into the war, intro ducing:^, fresh lot of geographical jaw breakers, emphasizes the need of a so ciety for the prevention of cruelty to proofreaders. From the Milwaukee Sentinel. When Kitchener said the war would begin in May he must have had Italy's declaration in mind. From the Toronto Mail and Empire. Italy caught the last car going to the front. Greece and Rumania will have to follow In jitneys. From the Philadelphia North American. Judging from the Italians' sweep into Austria and their brushes with the en emy, they must be celebrating clean up week. From the Knoxrllle Sentinel. Italy's entrance into the martial arena will not reduce the war's crop of unpronounceable names. From the Spartanburg Herald. Where the headline artists of the country got the idea that Italy "plunged" into war is beyond us. If there ever was a country that oozed into war, that country is Italy. From the Harrisburg Patriot. Italy's entrance into the war could have been worse. After Peremysl and Suczawa, why Cervignano and Terzo are mere child's play. From the Birmingham Age-Herald. Italy felt that she was compelled to go to war. A nation voluntarily goin^r to war In these days of cryptic di plomacy would be a novelty. From the St. Louts Globe-Democrat. So many new war devices have been tried that Italy may throw Vesuvius at the Austrians. FIFTY YEARS AGO IN THE STAR The grand review of the armies of the Potomac, Tennessee and Georgia took place in Wash Grand Review ington Tuesday and i rf. rr ' i Wednesday. May 23 stops lnal. and 24. 1S65. So keen | was the public interest in this great parade of the victorious Union troops [ that the trial of the conspirators was virtually forgotten. Indeed, according to The Star of May 23. it was found im possible to proceed with the "case, be cause witnesses summoned for that day were unable to reach the court 1 room at the Washington barracks, ow j ing to the closing of Pennsylvania ave nue for the review. Consequently. | after a discussion of the matter, the j court agreed to adjourn for two da\s, in order that the proceedings might not I suffer from the interruptions incident | j to the military demonstration uptown.) I From time to time during the brief session of the court strains of martial j music were wafted through the open windows and caused even some of the prisoners instinctively to rise to look out. Upon adjournment the prisoners were removed to their cells, with the exception of Herold. who was permit ted to remain in the courtroom to write a letter, his handcuffs being tem porarily removed for this purpose. * * # The review brought great numbers of people to Washington in addition to the troops themselves, so Washington that the capital was un it j j comfortably crowded. Crowded. The star of May 23, 1S65, thus describes the congestion due to the great event: "For the last week the current of travel to Washington has been stead ily increasing in volume, and the ex tra trains coming in, although nearly double the capacity of the usual trains, have proved entirely inadequate to ac commodate the public. It is estimated that each train since yesterday morning has brought in over one thousand pas sengers. Three hundred is the average number on ordinary occasions. Not only have the people poured in over this route, but the steamers from Alexan dria have been loaded down and the roads leading to the city thronged by country people from far and near. Such a concourse never assembled before in Washington. "Thousands were turned away from the hotels and hundreds spent the night in the open air, and at sunrise this morning occupied points along the Avenue, commanding favorable views of the column, where they patiently waited till 9 o'clock. The Avenue, hav ing been cleaned during the night, at daybreak was well watered by the fire department, and about 8 o'clock cav alry patrols were posted at its intersec tion with streets, to prevent teams from crossing and pedestrians from collecting on the flag crossings. * * * "The pupils of the public schools as sembled at an early hour, and each district, accompanied School Pupils by the trustees, teach , p j ers and headed by a at tapitOl. band of music, march ed to the Capitol, the girls taking a po sition on the steps of the northern por tico and the boys on the hillside, where, as the procession passed, under the direction of Prof. Daniel, they sang a number of appropriate pieces, includ ing The Battle Cry of Freedom/ "When Johnny Comes Marching Home,' 'Vic tory at Last.' The girls, dressed in white, and the boys, in white pants and black jackets and displaying min iature wreaths and bouquets, formed a most picturesque assemblage, attract ing great attention from the passing troops. "The movement in connection with the review commenced yesterday after noon, the 9th Corps, Alaj. Gen. Parke, marching across the Long bridge to. the vacant ground east of the Capitol, where it bivouacked for the night, and this morning formed on East Capitol street, the head of the column resting on 1st street east. The Engineer Bri gade and the Provost Marshal's Bri gade bivouacked for the night on the Virginia shore near the Long bridge and crossed at 3 o'clock this morn ing, taking a position on A street north. The 5th Corps, Maj. Gen. Grif fin, crossed the Long bridge immediate ly after and moved eastwardly suffi ciently far to countermarch, forming on Pennsylvania avenue, with the head of the column also on 1st street east. The 2d Corps, Maj. Gen. Humphries, moved at 7 a.m., after the 5th Corps, across the river and formed in a col umn on the streets of the fifth ward south of Pennsylvania avenue. The Cavalry Corps, Maj. Gen. Merritt, form ! ed on Maryland avenue, with the head I of the column abreast of the northern entrance to the Capitol, prepared to | move at 9 o'clock. * * * "Cheers and waving of flags greeted | the commanding general (Meade) as he moved along with his troops, the | bands' filling the wide Passing the Avenue and Intersecting _ ., streets with melody, and President. arms gleamed in the sun like a river, while the tattered ban ners waved gloriously in the morning wind. The head of the column reached the stand before the arrival of the President and Gen. Grant. The guard presented arms, the vast assemblage cheered and the gorgeous cavalcade passed on. Gen. Meade returning to a seat in the stand and his staff forming in the adjacent streets." ? * * After the grand review the conspir acy trial was resumed on May 25, 1865, i and interest shifted back to the grim j In^ctments bulMlng at the wash for Treason. ington barracks. An Interlude was afforded by the indict ment of Jeff Davis and John C. Breck enridge by the District grand jury for high treason. The news is.contained in The Star of May 6, 1865, In a brief paragraph, as follows: "The grand jury of the District to day found a bill of indictment against Jeff Davis and John C. Breckenridge for high treason. Davis and Breck enridge were indicted separately. " he overt act was the raid in July last within the District of Columbia and the jurisdiction of this court, killing citizens and destroying property. Breckenridge being present and Davis ! constructively so. District Attorney Carrlngton announced the fact In the i court and asked for a bench warrant In the case of Breckenridge. who is I still at large. He also asked that such steps be taken as will bring Davis be fore the court for trial. The announce ment produced no excitement in the courtroom, the Indictment having been expected for some time." The Star of the next day printed the text of the indictment and noted that the following witnesses appeared be fore the grand Jury: Francis P. Blair, Sr.; John B. Clagett, Gen. M. D. Hardin, Thomas F. Maury, M. D.; George i.. Kirk and John H. McChesney. i Reporting the Wedding. The bells ring out, The knot is tied. Excited throng* Behold the BR1DK. Because be owns The needful scad A few keen eyes Observe bar DAD. But od tbe day That seals bis doom I The smallest type Reports the croom. I M<-Laii<il?urgh Wilson, iu the New York Suu. INDEPENDENT ' The war will bring knowledge of | many obscure corners of places within i the zones of conflict. Strong Natural and among these is Transylvania, which Fortification. ln 1526 formed an independent principality. In 1867 Transylvania was forcibly seized by Austria and united to the crown. This little known principality is sit uated south of the Carpathians, with the Transylvanian Alps on the south and east and Hungary on th? west. Transylvania is a natural fortification formed by a plateau having Its back against the Carpathians with its west ern sides falling: in a gentle slope to the plains. Its eastern and southern sides are steep and difficult of access. The origin of the people of Transyl vania, modified by infiltrations of Slavs, is distinctly Pacta-Trajan. or Rumanian. To the Rumanians there should be added Magyars and Saxons, thus forming the three nations reco? nized in the constitution of Transyl vania excluding the Valachs and Slavs. T'nder the protectorate of Soliman II the Great and after the battle of Mo hacz. Transylvania became an inde pendent principality under Jean Slgis mond. The emperor. Rodolph II of Austria, ceded Transylvania to Etienne Bocskay in 1606 and the independence of the country was recognized by the treaty of Nikolsbourg in 1621. Rlglsmond Rakoczv was the first of his name to exercise power in 1607. George I and II followed. George I eoncluded the peace of T^in*, 1648; George II died in T?60. By the treaty of Presbourg (16S7) Transylvania recognized the enthrone ment of Archduke Joseph and re nounced her elective rights. The treaty of Carlowitz H699) consummated these concessions and determined Aus tria to acquire Transylvania by force. June 7. 17^3. an insurrection broke out. Insurrection led by Francois^ IT Rakoczv, who, aided by I^ouis XIV, was enabled to wage serious war aerainst Austria during eight years. The importance of the war may be understood from the fact that the diet of Onok felt itself sufficiently strong to declare the dethronement of the house of Hapshurg ln 1707. Austria, however, was enabled to surmount her defeats and Rakoczy was obliged to ojiit Hungary for Paris, where I^ouls XIV accorded him a pension for the remainder of his life. The peace of Szatmar (1711) closed the career of the princes of Rakoczy. * * * It does not appear that the treaty of Szatmar altered materially the rela tions of Tran Growth Of national sylvania to the _ . crown. By the Consciousness. constitution of 1690 Transylvania continue*! to be at tached to the chancellor's office at Vienna, whose authority was exercised by a council styled "gubemlum." at Klausenbourg, the capital of Transyl vania. The diet of Pesth voted (1848) the incorporation of Transylvania under the reserve of ratification by the diet of Transylvania. The latter appealed to the emperor, backed up by 40,000 Rumanians, who gathered in Blasen dorf Mav 15, 1848. Since the eighteenth <v>ntury the consciousness of nationality had Rrown apace among the Transyl vanlans. ( The assemblv at Blasendorf adopted a veritable petition of rights, expressed as follows: Proportional representa tion in the diet and personal adminis tration; in the Judiciary and military the use of the Rumanian language; an annual national assembly: a permanent national committee: substitution of their legal name of Rumanians for that of Valachs, which had been imposed upon them and which recalled their an cient servitude: independence of church without distinction of confessions, re establishment of the metropole and an nual svnods; abolition of corvees and other trammels to agriculture: liberty of industrv and commerce: liberty of speech and writing: individual rights; liberty of assemblage and association: public proceedings ln courts in crimi nal actions: universal military service and national guard: secondary and su perior schools with subsidies as those of other races; dotation of the clergy: equal distribution of taxes; elabora tion of a constitution and new legisla tion on the basis of liberty, equality and fraternity: exclusive reserve of the question concerning union with Ku mania. . . Following this declaration the assem blv sent a delegation to Innsbruck with a petition, but the delegation on its arrival learned that the diet of Transylvania had voted for union with the Insurrectionists at Pesth: September IB a second assembly con vened at Blasendorf. The Rumanians refused to recognize the insurrectionist government at Pesth and to furnish the conscripts demanded. Race conflicts commenced. Magyars and Szecklers on the one side, Rumanians and Saxons on the other. The situation, previously favorable to the imperialists, turned in favor of the insurrectionists. Gen. Bern, a Pole, commanded the latter's forces in Transylvania and restrained with diffi culty the sanguinary fury of his troops In .this emergency Austria ap pealed to Russia, which sent Ren. Lu ders with a Russian army into Transyl vania and Gen. Paschkewltch into Hun garv Tlies.-. with the Magyar general, Gorgev. dominated the situation, and finally signed the capitulation of Villa ges, August. 1849. Transylvania was henceforth recognized as a country at tached to the crown, and Independent of Hungary, according to the text of the constitution of March 4, 1S49. ? * * The war of the Crimea (1854-1855). the congrcss of Paris (1856) and the union of the united prov Chaneed Inches rendered Imminent what was termed the by wars. .?Itanan peril." The war of 1859 and the loss of Lombardv and Venltla brought about a change of pol icy at Vienna with reference to her principalities. Austria's defeat at Padowa. 1866. obliged her to surrender her place as chief of the Germanic con federation to Prussia. Austria there upon adorted a dualist constitution, that Is to say, she divided her power with Hungary, thus sacrificing her Slav populations, including the Transylva nians. The treaty of VUlafranca and the constitution of the Italian kingdom obliged Austria to relinquish her su premacy ln the peninsula. The peace of Prague (18fi6), which cost Austria the loss of Venice, ex cluded her from the sphere in which she had heretofore conquered her pres tige and power. Henceforth Austria adopted the policy of conciliating ttie unity of the empire with the recognl tion of the legitimate aspirations of the several nationalities of which she was composed. ln announcing the compromise the em peror expressed the hope that the Hun garian parliament would take into con sld<'ration "the legitimate claims of the countv of Saint Etienne." In sanction In* the union, which was the re* lit of the return of the la*s of 1*4*. h. HvtiiJ understood "that It called"for revision of a nature which would sat . .i Rumanians." But these Kt?d t tentlons were not resided. Amlress represented to the emperor tha" In , time of excitement a change In ??. ?? J principles of natto-.attfle* r.rlta,C,vK P""" for ,h<> rove. ?em, particular!* b\ any special reco*rn1tio wi?hea of the Rumanians Transylvania. \ * - * * [ The Rumanian and Saxon ^-putu protested asalnst the adoption. *rlthou. _ discussion, of tl?? Ko Protest Of suthlan laws ^ ba<i Deputies h"*n *1*n"?>de<!; The I r "? requested that; there should he adopted as a substitute i, the nddress the words ~Hunfra?Un n? tlon,"and adding In explanation. "Their are In Hunrary several nations. Fin a ly the deputies, convinced t*\t the could do nothlnp more to stayihe tld* voted the project of communl' r of st fairs and accepted to take paV In tlv coronation of June, 1867. * The law with reference to schools lit posed upon the people of TrnSsvlvan: that Instruction should he eAMuslTd Hun*?rlan hinsruaire Vree It i?^ lnui.WLa" aln""t prohlt(ted. of ^L? Tt.\b,,"hTn'nt" ,n Transy>?anlaan R^nlS"^ *''re "'X ?n'y lh,,-h ?h Rumanian lanituaRe was permitted t school In Rlacke Incurred fie male Hon06. Hungarian ajmlnlstrs tion, and was threatened "jl'lth sun predion |f certain conditions* were no J4<M>00 Chlefly- nr.f In order to guard against |he threa serine on Z"" r.Rl!""' by "?t>">nal sul st rlptlon despite the fact -that r prevenntedb?r0n'1 Car'mt!;ians we-.. Pi^i.. 1. 'rom contributing, becan ? their participation would Imjly a d*t. < rumanian understanding. ' V The superior Instruction III Transv oflumsnl.^'M .'? tWO Pr4<-ssor?hiP thi- i ? n. h,8tnry and literature and through The V*1"1 to >" d iP the medium of the Mae'va 879"and imC<Jh<i,nB V ,aw"' "r a.nJ 1883 the professors are ro f?"* fr?m the Magyar rjtce The^ jn :reneraV are ^ec^d To an^HoniT observance o?the law" '? tb' pelted ^7 nations to the nR"1,aKe In his expla instructlon wotl^^co^Sr.lhVe" * * abT8orhRhlmah r"'"tS a" a"?npts to absorb him by a resort to means which t_ j , . have Proved their Independent emcacy. He opposes Rumanians his nrt'?'r''ary,s at tacks fl+st by his su perior numbers and seeded by his un shaken fidelity to his lai^cuaee and his tenacity. According to the official sta tlatics of l?in Transylvania, exclusive of Banat. Crishana an.l Maramureth consists of 1,540.088 Rrmanlans: that Is to say. r.7.5 per cent cf the total pop ulation. n^tWi.thSt?PdJnK the Emigrations to tiumania which are ver* great the rtr Transylvang, are Constant Ij increasing ,n nnmh*s. The Rum;, " " refractory to thjf penetration or ?efnlL??? * raVeS wh,W la"rua(?e he refuses to acquire, hut If thev come In count tT ^ hlm by rpM'dence in his sorbin V*e,Invader is certain to he ah ercilfe .L a?-know|c.dKert that he ex ercises this capacity .f absorption bv ! vivacity or spirit and per t he l - 5" Althou.-h he submits to the liturgy and lanruawe of the ir hi 1 Inflltrb' ions of the Slav cl..V n "f'KlniHt; secures him su. ' the Magyar3 b0t" ,h" GFTma" an'' The conscience thai thev possess ct hfifn n?,b*rs ,n RumJJ!lla' In the Danu bian provinces and Jeyond the farpa hone of h ?i 'franslyvanlan the ss?r vssgx perraullarVhrstaory'n,>0r'ant ,n hl" What, may it not; be asked at this hour, are the territories in Austria Hiintrary to which FVumaninns ma v hojie to realize. Indisput ibly. the whole of Transylvania, the 'touthern part of Maramuresh as far hs the River Theise or Tissa, the eastern part of Crfskann. limited by a line running north of Thelss and passing west of Oradi.. Mare and Arad; th- eastern portion of Banat. the portion west comprised be tween the Temes .'-id the Thelss. ha v in*? a majority SerJ-; the course of the Temes affluent ofJthe Danube marks exactly the two flrrltorles. the south and west of Bu"<Bvlna; the north of that province, Ru.ft.nian a century apo, has heen systemtJically Ruthenianiz^d by the Austrian ?administration with the object of eliminating the Ruman ian element. Bukovina, it should re called, was until the eighteenth cen tury the heart of Moldavia. uMI Suceava was foi a lonsr time tlif capi tal. e * * * Since the comnirncement of the actual war public sentiment in Rumania ha* not ceased to urge Sentiment for ? with increasing entire r fl InterventioJ ' manian army <Jr the deliverance of I their brothers of the other side of th* mountains. If the union of the Rumanian prov inces of AuatriM-Hungary has not yet been effected w'th the kingdom of Ru mania In realijJ.% it has been effected politically alrealy by a reciprocal con sent. Since a 3>ng time Rumania pos sesses official organs devoted to that object. These Jrgans are the Ruman ian Academy, Jthe IJga Culturala or League for tha culture of all Ruman ians. The RurSmian Academy, founded in 1866, comifises amonjr its active members the ijpresentatives of all th?* Rumanian cc-ft tries of Austrla-Hun gary. f The Liga C|lturala was founded in 1891; it has a character less arademlr and more con >ative, and proposed a*" object to mainaiin the cultural unity of all Rumanian.* it was still difficult at that period tolspeak of political unity It addressed ajmemoir in 1892 to differ ent foreign countries which exposed fhe situation of Rf.nanians of Austria-Hun gary and madti an appeal to the unlver - sal conscience. , The manifes o launched by the Lip. on the occasi n of the election of !t? president, witj. other things said: storm has burst over v world is born of the n which nearly all na find again hoi time accompli civilization In "A frightfu Europe. A r gigantic war, tions are dra#vn. Transylvania will unity and at the same h her mission of Latin oriental Europe." CH. CHAILLE-LONC THE BRITISH CABINET CHAlJGES. | From the Brooklyn Eagle. I iJoy.i George as a buyer of munitions ough* be in a position to learn from Mrs. I'ankhurst where the best bombs can be bought. From the <'l?'veland Leader. It may be assumed that the Dar danelles are not within the jurisdic tion ??f the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. From the Rochester Poet-Express. In that coalition British cabinet, rep resentative of all the political parties, wlware is Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst's seat? The original militant should be near the head of the council table. From the Syracuse Post-Standard. It will be easily remembered that the Union swapped horses repeatedly In trying to cross the stream of 1861- 65. I From th* Knoxvlll Winston Chu| From the Chattaixf? Balfour now From th?? Buffalo <jhmmerclal. From first Id Journal and Tribune. '?hil! may be transferred from the talkiig to the firing line. ira Times. hatting for Churchill. rd of the admiralty chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is some coniedf From the Atlanta journal. Lord Kitchertfr wasn't ousted as ef fectually as soffie of the London news papers expectel. From the Pittsburg Dispatch. It was an English submarine that hit Winston Churchill. From the Philadelphia Raeerd. Kitchener had a three-year eontract. and he stays.