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Special Inaugural Section Review of Past Pageants TRIUMPHAL PAGEANT OF PROGRESS RECORDED BY INAUGURATIONS « __ - - ' ' • AMERICA’S RISE TO WORLD LEADERSHIP IS PICTURED Each Ceremony Has Been Symbolic of Its Period—Gay in Peace, but Sad and Somber During War. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. FOR 128 years the pageant of in auguration ceremonies in Wash ington stretches back through the shadowy avenues of history. Thirty-three Presidents have come and gone since that Spring morn ing in 1801 when a company of Alex andria riflemen, veterans of the great war with England, assembled in front cf Thomas Jefferson's boarding house to escort the red-headed philosopher across a stump-filled clearing to a half-finished Capitol on which the carpenters had stopped work for the day. Each inauguration, viewed in retro spect, has been symbolic of its period. Brass bands and gold lace have attend ed periods of peace and plenty. Scant ceremonial, women in black silk, and drab uniforms have come with inaugu rations in time of war and reaction from war. Or. the whole it has been a trium phant. jubilant pageant marching through history as the United States hes advanced from a loosely knit fed eration of sparsely settled colonies along the Atlantic Coast, with their poverty stricken farmers casting envious eyes on the fieshpots of Europe, to a na tion of 120.000,000 people, the envy of all the world for its riches and power. Each inaugural has been a chord in a swelling diapason of God’s bounty. Yet running through it all there is a plaintive minor strain with its eternal Teiterance of the ancient sorrow gnaw-- ing at the heart of humanity—that flesh is dust and that the old orders are changing even in the midst of their mast triumphant expressions. Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, Grant, Cleveland, Wilson —on down the old Avenue sweeps the mighty pageant oi our historv under the majestic shadow of the Capitol dome. To what destina tion who knows? Who doubts that it will be one of a mightier glory than the world can envision? ** * * George Washington was short of cash for the long overland journey from Mount Vernon to New York to be Inaugurated as first President of the United States. , , . He borrowed $3,000 from a friend in Alexandria and started out by coach on April 16, 1789, allowing himself two weeks to reach his destination. It was a triumphal progress all the way. At Alexandria. Georgetown, Balti more. Wilmington, Philadelphia, Tren ton and Elizabeth he was dined and wined by the leading citizens. Houses were decked with wreaths and flags. Little girls in white dresses strewed flowers in his path. Veterans of Prince ton and Brandywine pressed through the crowds to shake his land. For two weeks people had been pour ing into New York. Every tavern and boarding house was filled. morn ing of April 30 was vibrant with artil lery salvos and pealing church beUs. Washington was escorted from his lodgings on Cherry street to the Federal Building by two militia companies, one made up of the tallest young men to the city and another of German veterans. He took the oath of office over a Bible borrowed from a nearby Masonic lodgeroom, for Chancellor Livingstone, *ho had charge of the ceremonies, had forgotten to provide one. The multitude which blackened the streets and housetops cheered ui he appeared on a balcony over Broad street, put his hand on his heart and bowed low several times. He wys dressed in a suit of dark brown cloth with metal buttons on which eagles were embossed. He wore a sword at his side. His hair was dressed and powderea. There were silver buckles on his shoes. Washington read his inaugural ad dress in the Senate chamber. Says a commentator of the day: “The Presi dent was extremely nervous. He trembled continuously. He attempted a couple of gestures, but they were awx ' That night Washington watched a fireworks display, provided by private subscription, from the windows of Chancellor Livingstone’s house on lower Broadway. He returned to Cherry street orr foot because the crowds in the streets were so dense a carriage could not have made its way through them. ** * * At his second inauguration to Phila delphia Washington rode to the Federal Buildidng to a coach bearing the designs of the four seasons and drawn by six white horses. He was dressed in black velvet with diamond knee buckles. Two men with long white want* cleared a passage for the coach through the Thom as Jefferson attended the cere mony in a blue coat and crimson vest. ** * * The House of Representatives to Philadelphia was filled to its capacity for the inauguration of John Adams. This was the occasion of Washing ton's farewell address. In weeping for Washington the spectators forgot to cheer for Adams. The second President was hurt by the neglect Many of those who witnessed his in auguration were suspicious of him. Stanch Republicans tought he was favorable to monarchy. He was a Lni tarian, and the good Philadelphia dea cons of the day thought that nuant he was an atheist. . , ,„ - “A solemn scene it was indeed, he wrote to his wife Abigail that evening, ‘and was made more affecting to me bv the presence of the general, whose countenance was as ser^ p a™ un ‘ clouded as the day Methought I heard him say: ‘Aye, I am fa.rly out and you are fairly in. See which one of us' will be the happiest. All agreed that, taken altogether% itwas the sub limest thing ever exhibited m America. ** * * On March 4. 1801, Thomas Jes-1 ferson walked across a muddy field full of tree stumps from his boarding house , near the present site of the Congres- . sional Library to the half finished Cap- j itol to take the oath of office. j He was escorted by a company of ; riflemen from Alexandria in buff; breeches and sky-blue claw-hammer j coats with yellow facings and brass buttons. . , . A few days before he had given his son-in-law. Jack Eppes, SI,OOO and sent him to Charlottesville to buy a span of horses and a great yellow chariot. Eppes got stuck in the mud on his way back to Washington. The philos opher-President made the best of the situation. Probably, he welcomed it. He had sneered at the ceremonial which attended the inaugurations of Washington and Adams. They smelled of royalty to the man to whom kings were lice in the hair of nations. Jefferson was not without personal vanity. He liked to show an imposing, figure in red and green silks with Jew- • tied slics buckles. But tradition has it that on the day of this first inaugu ration in Washington he wore inten tionally his old clothes —a blue coat with brass buttons, blue pants and coarse shoes tied with leather shoe strings. He didn’t want anybody to get him mixed up with Louis XVI or George IV. There seems, however, to be no basis to the old tradition that he rode horse back to the Capitol and tied his mount with his own hands to a picket fence. He didn’t have a horse, and if he had had one there was no fence to tie it to. ** * * Chief Justice Marshall that day ad ministered the oath to Jefferson as President and Aaron Burr as Vice President. The three men hated each other. ’Marshall,” said Jefferson, "had a mind of gloomy malignity which could njver forego the opportunity of satiat ing iflfelf on a victim.” Marshall liked to call attention to Jefferson’s reputed atheism, and he had insinuated that his personal morals, were not at all what they should be. The Chief Justice's only satisfaction in administering the presidential oath to Jefferson was that otherwise he would have had to administer It to Burr, whom he considered even worse. Jefferson thought so, too. The new President said something worth quoting in his Inaugural address that day. The words probably were directed at both Burr and Marshall. He said: “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists, if there be any among us who wish to dissolve the Union, or to change its Republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments to the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated when reason is left free to combat it.” He held open house at the White House that afternoon. Foster, the British Minister, wrote to a friend in London: "When he received, all who chose attended and toward the close blacks and dirty boys drank his wine and lolled upon his couches before us all.” When Jefferson took the oath of office in 1801 the White House stood in the center of a recent clearing in a half drained marsh covered with alder bushes. There were a few scattered farm houses among tree stumps between the Executive Mansion and the Capitol. Eight years later Washington has be come a small city. The plan of the French engineer, L’Enfant, was taking shape and axmen were chopping broad avenues through the surrounding tor rests. James Madison was accompanied by a military escort from ‘ fata home, the present site of the Cosmos Club, to the Capitol. Ten thousand people tried to force their way. Into the chamber of the House of Representatives. There were charges of graft in the distribu tion of tickets. • - • i •■■■■ ia< i. 1,, ui , —k .dpß Rw!m!!%RklHE' i?® Mpßwßll *MMMr ■K BHWr Hgg^ ' Hv Tjk -< *|R* 3 oBRSHI *** jk Ml *•L •. .11 v sSitSßty * * s' * • ■ •>.'«»~«, :x^_i^ M> / 1 The first President. 2. The crush at the White House after “Old Hickory” Jackson's inauguration. 3. Grant's second inaugural. 4. A scene on the Avenue during Lincoln s second inauguration, showing the unfinished dome of the Capitol. 5. President Arthur taking the oath in his private residence. 6 Andrew Jackson taking the oath in the private parlor of the Kirkwood House. <• The Buchanan inaugural parade passing up the Avenue. 8. Garfield’s inaugural. 9. Harrison’s inaugural. 10. McKinley taking the oath. 11. Roosevelt on his way from the Capitol. 12. Taft en route to the Capitol. 13. Wilson making hi*' first inaugural address. 14. Coolidge taking his second oath. 15. Harding and Wilson eight years ago. .*« A recomputed recomputed B B jB flj - ■ ■■ ■ ■ ———————— mmmm ———, _ H'Slr" mr " ■ ' - 1 '- ' I- . . " ~"’’ " IWM WASHINGTON’, D. C„ MONDAY, MARCH 4, 1920 KoKf \ * * vß>jt%. « I'AIM { jgf . 1 :.’, *;\ '* ' .iii 11 v ,'- ‘V' : .’ HN RhH KHI £3M P^dSl H mTSu < ! IBBTi wHHIi* *WKBj!w **MKm 'vHHr.Stelß mMFjm®£&BmM--m j gffllHl JWTOBBH ffirtfnt rA' N : SCiju*ji ®i!***~~ ■ ■*»£ « < . $B * i' j~ p f. ' ••- > ~ I j^JbSL" Im • ! i|H /A ■ <*ff.R< ' TTIFrT i ff jß^m)Sm df- ? mi*/M ‘ % ' fffi I yfg ; r /isH Pb h - v 'm s ' - ■ o* jjo]j | |«| I Kin Sidelights and Sketches on Personalities and Events , . « * * !^^!HjShl\ l 4 £fS9lir\ X< /l> mtfLW' Jsr / SSK^^I \” ' vy&SySaft w ' "v^fe - IHBMiWBBL.%v. ~~ / * PL.. ! \ aA, J|m # / \ „ .... - •yx I Wp*"” |Mj> / J* © LINCOLN REACHED CITY PARTIALLY DISGUISED Dangerous Trend of Feeling Over Slavery Question Caused Many Precautions to Be Taken. After he had read his inaugural ad j dress, wearing a black suit made from the wool of American sheep as an encouragement to home industry, nine militia companies passed in review be fore him. The first inaugural ball was held that night at Davis’ Hotel. Thomas Jeffer son and the uniformed foreign ministers danced with the charming Dolly Madi son. ** * * A large cavalcade of citizens on horse back escorted James Monroe from the Octagon House, his private residence, to i the Capitol on March 4, 1817. He was I received with military honors by the Georgetown Rifles and two companies of riflemen from Alexandria. He took the oath of office on a plat form on the east portico. The outdoor ceremony, which has continued ever since, was a compromise between the House and Senate over the apportion ment of seats, which had caused so much scandal at Madison's inaugura tion. The White House, burned by the British, had not been completely re stored. Monroe had to commute for a time between his Government job in Wash ington and his home, Oak Hall, in Lou doun County, Va. He used to quit early on Saturday and ride out on horseback, returning early Monday. His inauguration marked the dawn of a time of peace, prosperity and progress. Revolution, the red-headed firebrand that had created the Republic and its institutions, had come to a gray twilight of plenty. All over the world the children she had nursed at her breast with the milk of philosophy and idealism were dying. The eagle of Austerlitz was dead of cancer of the stomach in its rocky island cage of St. Helena in the year of James Monroe’s second inauguration. A few months later a decomposed body was burned in a driftwood bonfire on a Mediterranean beach and the ashes of Shelley buried in the Protestant ceme tery at Rome at the foot of the column of Caius Cestus. The tempest that was Byron died away in the night at Misso longhi. Jefferson was dying in the clutches of his creditors in the blue haze that gathered around the moun tain top. at Monticello. In the Autumn sunset of James Monroe's administration conservatism waxed fat amid her increasing riches. , And the night winds were the sobs | of revolution for her stricken children. The day John Quincy Adams was inaugurated, a secretary of the British legation appeared on Pennsylvania Avenue riding a velocipede which had been sent him from London. That same day a man in the crowd watching the procession up the Avenue dipped a splinter of wood tipped with brimstone into a chemical preparation which he carried in a little metal box. The splinter sprang into flame and the man lit his jnpe with it. What was the world coming to? the old folks asked, as they watched the President-elect ride by escorted by a cavalcade of District citizens led by Daniel Carroll of Duddington. The world was moving too fast for them. The iron age was a new-born infant that inauguration day. John Quincy Adams saddled his horse early on the morning of March 4, 1329, and started on a long ride up the Potomac. He had moved out of the White House the day before. He was afraid of a scene if he came face to face with the man who was to succeed him as President that day. It had been a “whispering campaign.” Supporters of Adams had spread scan dalous reports of the private life of Andrew Jackson and his wife. Their marriage had been somewhat irregular, but for years they had been a devoted couple. . ' The slanders reached the ears of “Aunt Rachel” and they cut her to the heart. She had ben reared on a rude frontier. She had no culture or breed ing. She liked to sit by the fireplace, so they say, and smoke her pipe. Now they were declaring that she was no fit person to preside over the White House. They w r ere urging her husband’s defeat on her account. The people rallied to Old Hickory. When she heard that he had been elected she bought herself a white satin dress to wear at his inauguration. They buried her in the same dress a few' weeks later. She had caught the measles and her resistance had been so lowered by worry over the “whisper ings” that she could not throw off the infection. , .. . Andrew Jackson came to Washington holding Adams largely responsible for the death of his wife. He was in the 1 frame of mind to cane his predecessor, i So John Quincy moved out to the se clusion of the estate of his friend, i Comdr. Porter, on Kalorama Heights. ** * * The city was crowded with admirers of Jackson, carrying hickory canes and | wearing hickory leaves in their button holes. But there were no arrangements , for an inaugural parade. ; The single military organization in ; Washington, a light infantry company, commanded by Col. Seaton of the Na . tional Intelligencer, was Whig in sym ’ pathy and refused to march. A little group of Revolutionary War : officers organized themselves into an ’ escort for their old comrade and walked : beside his open carriage under the ’ double row' of pcplars Thomas Jeffer -1 son had planted on Pennsylvania ; avenue. 1 “I never saw such a crowd." wrote , Daniel Webster. “Persons have come 1 500 miles to see Gen. Jackson and they : really seem to think the country has 1 been rescued from some dreadfu' 1 danger.” • i Jackson wore two pairs of steel i rimmed spectacles—one for reading and I the other for ordinary vision. The first pair were over his forehead. The glass glittered when the sun struck it. Persons in the crowd whispered that the glasses were silver plates placet where his skull had been pierced b. British bullets at New Orleans. ** * * Jackson held open house for every body after his return to the White House. There were tubs full of orange punch in the east room. No guards were sta tioned at the door. They pushed their way in. black and white. Old Hickory tried to shake hands with them all. He was shoved into a corner by the half drunken mob. Tubs of punch were overturned on the floor. Glasses were smashed. Men stood with muddy boots on the plush-covered chairs and divans. Hours later, when the crowd was cleared out, Jackson and John C. Cal houn had dinner in the White Houri together on the beef of a prize ox. ** * * Eight years later Old Hickory stiil was the center of attention at the inauguration. The dapper little widow'er, Martin Van Buren, was a secondary figure at his own elevation to the presidency. Jackson arose from a sick bed to ride up the Avenue with him and take the cheers of the crowd. It was all his doings, after all. The election of Van Buren was his revenge for the death of Aunt Rachel. The little Dutchman had become Presi dent by championing the cause of Peggy O’Neil, to whom Jackson had transferred his chivalry. ** * * The gallant old soldier was deep in Greek. Tecumseh’s plumed warriors, with their battle cries and tomahawks, now were only shadows out of a distant past, their memories moving like phan tom clouds through William Henry Harrison's sunset reveries. Around his house at North Bend, Ind., stretched ploughed fields. There were villages and school houses along the trails where Tecumseh’s camp fires had burned. Fallen Timbers, Tippe canoe. the Thames—the conqueror of the wilderness empire had passed over these bridges of fire into a promised land of roast wild turkey, hard cider and Homer. He was 68 in the Fall of 1840. when he was elected President. Politicians in search of a picturesque figure had dragged him from his reveries. The old man was a bit dazed by the fortune that had befallen him. It was a hard Winter in Indiana. While the Northwest winds piled snowdrifts around his study windows he composed laboriously an 8,000-word inaugural ad dress full of Greek and Latin quota tions. The politicians edited it before it was delivered and removed most of the classical references. In the dead of Winter, a few days after the electoral vote was announced, old Tippecanoe started for Washing ton. Snow drifts all along the road ! impeded the progress of the stage. The ' boat wound its way slowly through ! broken ice on the Ohio River. He received a great ovation Jn Baltimore. It was a rainy day when he arrived in the Capital. He was received at City Hall by Mayor Seaton and the municipal officials. A crowd gathered outside to welcome him. The old man stood bareheaded in the rain, his hat in his hand, to shake hands with them. i There still were several weeks before the inauguration. Harrison made a pilgrimage back to his old home in Charles County, Va. He had left the Old Dominion during the Revolution to fight with St. Clair at Fallen Tim bers and the rest of his life had been passed on the frontier. * March 4, 1841 was a gala day in » Washington in spite of a heavy rain. , William Henry Harrison appealed to - the public imagination. The greateat (Continued on Page 7, Column ' ,T