Evening star. [volume], November 21, 1939, Page A-5, Image 5

About Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972

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* 4
Neutral Nations Seen
Chief Victims of
Floating Mines
Years May Be Needed
To Clear Sea Lanes
After War Ends
By COL. FREDERICK PALMER,
Noted Military Expert.
It is diabolically simple, this latest
form of sea warfare. Toss a steel
ball containing 300 or 400 pounds
of TNT into the sea and it may
destroy a 20,000-ton vessel as suc
cessfully as a 500-ton ship.
In three days the German float
ing mine blitzkrieg has taken an
ominous toll. In what measure can
It be continued after the most is
made of its element of surprise?
How far can it affect the progress
of the war?
We know that, long ago, the
Hague Convention declared against
floating mines. One might bump
into a neutral ship on legitimate
business, or even into a ship carry
ing peace delegates after an armi
stice.
Anchored mines were allowable.
They were set in definite areas.
Belligerents could warn their own
and neutral merchant ships where
a mine field had been laid as a regu
lation act of war. But the mines
must be so made that they would
not explode an hour after detach
ment from their moorings. Hun
dreds of thousands of such anchored
mines were laid in the World War.
Germans Issue Denial.
The Germans deny they are
loosing any floating mines. They
say the British are the offenders.
Bearing ever in mind that a nation
at war is given to prevarication as
well as camouflage and dissimula
tion, it stands to reason that the
British, who command the surface
of the sea, would not endanger Brit
xaii dixies.
Obviously, if floating mines are
being laid. German submarines are
laying them. Any German surface
ship which undertook the venture
would be subject to fire from British
patrol ships, which might' set off all
the mines on board.
These floating mines have air
chambers to aid in their buoyancy
and are attached to floats. In lay
ing them, there is no bother with
any anchorage wires or parapher
nalia. It is only necessary to drop
them overboard.
In this case, the submarine does
I not have to sight its target, as it
must when it torpedoes a ship. It
may be able to distribute the mines
■ at night in the sea lanes, or at least
in a fog. the winter fogs of the
North Sea favoring the operation.
It does not have to hunt for prey
1 for its torpedoes. The prey comes
j to the mine.
Carried Beyond Sea Lanes.
A submarine may load with mines
instead of torpedoes, and once the
cargo is discharged, it returns for
more to port, which is relatively a
short distance when the vessel con
fines its orbit to the North Sea.
Or it may be that the Germans have
specially constructed submarines for
mine-carrying, or will find it worth
while to construct them.
Once the floating mine, always
alive until detonated, is set adrift,
the tides and currents may carry it
beyond the regular sea lanes. So
to depart from them is not to escape
danger. A submarine which could
get past the net protecting the Eng
lish Channel, as some succeeded in
doing in the World War, might lay
mines which would be struck by a
British troopship bound for Prance.
But that is only presenting the
offensive possibilities. What of the
defense? The only way known is
"sweeping” by fishing trawlers. Two
trawlers steam slowly on a cautious
lookout, dragging a wire between
them to pick up the mines, which
are then detonated by rifle fire.
When a trawler hits a mine, there is
another ghastly tragedy, of which
there were many in the World War.
Any Ship Fair Game.
But, after trawlers sweep one
plotted section of the sea clear a
submarine may lay a fresh lot before
another day passes. The sweepers
know the area where anchored
mines are laid, but the floating
mines are widespread. So more of
the gallant crews who face the win
try North Sea to bring home food to
Britain will have to do a sterner
kind of fishing.
CKnnU 4-V, „ /I-_ _<
-—— '-'viiiiau cuunmi iiica
carry their cargoes all the way to
the Atlantic approaches to Britain,
she would yet be able to keep secure
the passage to Prance as a route
for food and munitions from abroad.
But the present object would seem
to be to make a no man's sea of
the North Sea.
Any ship under any flag wi' be
fair game. The sinking of an ical
ian ship warns Mussolini that a
neutral partner of the Rome-Berlin
axis is no exception.
Neutrals Chief Victims.
While the floating mines may
make Britain a lot more trouble, it
is the little neutral countries, bor
dering on the North Sea, which will
be the principal sufTerers under this
new form of pressure to make them
subservient. Their very economic
life will be ruptured.
Norway, which is so dependent
upon her shipping, will be hard hit,
but not harder than the Nether
lands, which will be shut off from
their rich East Indian colonies. These
little neutral countries may well re
gret the period before the repeal of
our Embargo Act debarred the pro
tective association of our ships in
the war zone. There being no Amer
ican ships to sink, there need be
no discrimination.
It took Britain a year after the
World War to clear her mine fields
and Germany five years to clear
hers. Should Germany go In for
their wholesale distribution, how
long will it take to clear the seas
of floating mines after this war?
(Released by the North American
Newspaper Alliance. Inc.)
Hunter Ordered to Kill
3,000 Canadian Bison
WAINWRIGHT, Alberta, Nov. 21
(Canadian Press) —Sam Purshell,
caretaker at the Wainwright Na
tional Park, may become knowd as
the greatest buffalo hunter of all
time.
The Dominion government has
qjfdered Purshell to kill the 3,000
bison kept at the park.
Supt. A. G. Smith estimated
Purshell had shot about 18,000
buffalo in the 15 years he has been
employed to kill off surplus animals
in Wainwright and other parks.
A
vi
Stories of Magnetic Mines
Doubted by Navy Experts Here
jy»Ag< ■. . ■ ■ > . ■ '-. . ■ ■
Mine planting is illustrated by this diagram. At left, mine
and its anchor roll over side of ship. In figure 2 they strike the
water and (figure 3) roll over to upright position. Figures 4 and
5 show depth-regulating plummet and then anchor dropping to
the bottom. When the plummet reaches bottom (figure 6) it
operates tripper, preventing paying out of more anchorage cable.
In final figure anchor has reached bottom and plilled mine to
required depth.
Naval authorities here take “with
a grain of salt” stories from Europe
of magnetic mines which may be
attracted to the side of an iron
hulled vessel passing in the vicinity
by means of a large magnet built
into the mine.
The possibility of using such a
mine on a practicable scale was
thoroughly examined and discarded
as unworkable before the close of
the World War and has not shown
promise of further development
since that time, it was reported un
officially.
Naval officers here are inclined to
believe that reports of "magnetic”
mines may be confused by lay ob
servers with electrically operated
mines, which function on a differ
ent principle and which are in com
mon and successful use.
During the World War a Naval
Consulting Board, of which Thomas
A. Edison, the inventor and father
of the present Acting Secretary of
the Navy, was a member, made a
thorough study of various types of
mines. This board reported that
the magnetic mine was impracti
cable, because magnetic effects are
very materially lessened under
water.
Sea Has Weakening Effect.
To overcome the weakening effect
of sea water the magnetic field re
quired to make a magnetic mine ef
fective even at close ranges would
have to be so powerful that the
device could not be used for practi
cal purposes, the board reported.
“The United States Navy never
has published anything on the
magnetic mine »or on the elec
trically operated mine, which Is a
very effective weapon and which
was used extensively in the North
Sea during the World War and
which is unquestionably being wide
ly used in European waters today."
a Navy officer explained unoffi
cially. "Most scientists will tell you
that the magnetic mine is prac
tically an impossibilitiy under war
conditions."
One of the most effective of the
World War mines was one with an
electrically sensitive "antenna,"
which floated above and around it,
greatly increasing its field of effec
tiveness. Thousands of these mines
were planted by the United States
Navy in the North Sea during the
World War.
U. S. Navy Removed Mines.
Contact of a metal hull with any
part of the antenna was sufficient
to explode the mine. The exact
method of operation of this mine
still is a carefully guarded military
secret, and it is probable that varia
tions of the same principle are be
ing used in Europe today.
At the close of the war the Amer
ican Navy was given the responsibil
ity of removing the mines it had
laid. The operation was one of the
greatest difficulty and danger. It
was found that wooden vessels could
contact the antennae of the mines
without causing an explosion—but
only so long as there was no exposed
metal which could make contact
with the antennae. Even the head
of a nail was sufficient to explode a
mine, it was found.
Removal of the mine fields was
not completed until late fall of
1919, a year after the close of the
war, and several American mine
sweepers were destroyed or badly
damaged In the process. Removal
of the North Sea field is regarded as
one of the major American opera
tions of the past war and the re
turn of the mine-sweeper fleet to
New York in December of 1919 oc
casioned one of the large post-war
celebrations.
F. A. Alexander Dies;
Power Executive
B1 the Associated Press.
PHILADELPHIA, Nov. 21.—Prank
A. Alexander, president of the
Southern Pennsylvania Power Co.
and general manager of the Cono
wingo Power Co., died today after
a year’s illness. He was 48.
Mr. Alexander, who lived in Ox
ford, Pa., was president of the Mary
land Utilities Association, president
of the Elkton Rotary Club, past
president of the Elkton Chamber
of Commerce and director of the
People’s Bank of Elkton.
He is survived by his widow and
four daughters.
Russia's Baltic Fleet
Holds Large-Scale
Maneuvers
Admiral Warns Finns
Soviet Will Establish
'Strong Peace'
By the Associated Press.
MOSCOW, Nov. 21.—Soviet Russia
disclosed today that her Baltic fleet
is holding large-scale maneuvers
from newly won bases in that area.
At the same time she warned Fin
land that nothing ‘‘will ever break
our decision to establish a strong
peace all over the Finnish Gulf ’
The warning was voiced by Ad
miral V. Tributz, commander of the
Baltic fleet, in an article in the news
paper Konsomolskaya Pravda, or
gan of the Communist Youth League.
Tributz declared that the Soviet
fleet now was in command of the
Baltic with the acquisition of bases
from Estonia and Latvia. He said
the Baltic fleet, previously land
locked in the Gulf of Finland by
winter ice, now could navigate
throughout the year.
Negotiations between Finland and
Russia over Soviet territorial de
mands were halted last week when
a Finnish delegation refused Rus
sia’s demands and left Moscow.
Russia asked a naval base on the
north coast of the Gulf of Finland, a
strip of territory north of Lenin
grad and concessions in the Finnish
Arctic. In return Russia offered
Finland a larger section of Soviet
Karelia.
Admiral Tributz said Soviet ships
now were making cruises from their
new Baltic bases into the open sea
for gunnery and target practice
The Russian admiral expressed
"the regret of Soviet Baltic sailors”
that Finland refused the Russian of
fer.
He added:
“In Finland we hear but the rat
tling of arms and the call to war
with the U. S. S. R. * • • The dark
game of Finnish ruling circles favors
incendiaries of war who aim to use
Finland as a base for hostile plots.
“No obstacle will ever break our
decision to establish a strong peace
over the Finnish Gulf to safeguard
Soviet borders, the great city of
Leningrad and friendly Baltic coun
tries. The red-bannered Baltic fleet
is ready at any minute.”
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