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Cairo Terms Aimed at Jap Psychology By DAVID LAWRENCE. Although there Is virtually unani mous approval here of the terms laid down in the Cairo pronounce ment, the drastic nature of the agreement has occasioned con siderable com ment. One point of view inquires whether it would not have been wiser simply to de mand the un conditional sur render of Japan and after that goal had been achieved fix the David uwm«(. punishment such as has just been formulated by the heads of the governments of China, Britain and the United States. The answer, of course, is that it was desired to stimulate the Chi nese people to make a supreme effort to defeat Japan. Without Chinas effective aid there must be a prolonged war. The Cairo agree ment gives the Chinese a positive assurance that lost territories will be restored to them. It also arouses the Koreans, who are promised Independence. Blow at Jap Psychology. But there was doubtless another reason for the drastic terms. The reason goes directly to Japanese psychology and differs from the viewpoint that might be used as against Europeans. The Japanese ; war lords have told their people that the Americans and British are soft and that after a few months of difficult warfare they will tire of the struggle and that a stale mate, if not victory, will be attain able. The whole Japanese strategy has been built on the theory that If the Japanese entrench them selves firmly the United States and Britain will not really work to dislodge them, but will be satisfied with a compromise peace. Hence terror has been used to try to frigten us. The shocking treatment of the American flyers who raided Tokio and fell into Japanese hands and the beheading of an Australian flyer were deliberately intended to strikfc terror in the Allied ranks. The Japanese have completely mis understood the English-speaking peoples and have rather imagined that we would be affected by the; same kind of brute foice as might influence their own behavior If the situation were reversed. So it may be presumed that President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill and General issimo Chiang Kai-shek decided that there was no advantage in leaving the peace terms indefinite and that the most effective way to break up Japan was to announce now that her stolen territories would be taken from her and re stored to China or to the United Nations, as, for instance, the man- , dated islands. This new's will unquestionably 1 show the Japanese that the United Nations seriously mean to carry the war on to the bitter end, that there will be no compromises or retreats, and that China is to become the big power of the Far East along with Russia in the Asia of the future. Internal Revolt Is Aim. It is important that the American and British response to the Cairo pronouncement, which gives every evidence of being widely approved shall be conveyed to Japan. Once the Japanese recognize that the United Nations mean to fight the war in the Far East to a complete victory, their desperation may lead to internal revolt. For there are economic interests in Japan which will not wish to let the war go to the point of actual destruction of Japanese cities and towns. The time when the bombing of Japan may be expected is perhaps a year or so away and, before such an event can occur, some bloody battles for valuable island bases in the Pacific will have been fought. When the American Navy, assisted by the Marines and the Army, ad vances closer to Japan, when there are air bases inside China which can be adequately aupplied for constant bombing of Japan, when the Chinese armies have been equipped and mobilized in ever-increasing num bers. then the climax of the war against Japan may be expected. It does appear, however, that the war in the Far East will be a long one and will absorb a good deal of our military and naval strength j even when Germany has been con quered and all armed services can I be concentrated on the Pacific war.! The theory that America will be out of a state of war in 1944 or 1945! would seem to be too optimistic at i the moment. The defeat of Japan! Is a much harder job than most Americans visualize, but that means the time has come when all avail able resources must be concentrated on accomplishing it just the same. 'Reproduction Rithts Reserved ) On The Record— By DOROTHY THOMPSON. In the first series of revelation* to coma out of the conferences which have taken place between Mr. Roosevelt, Mr. Chuchill, Gen e r a 1 i s * imo Chiang- Kai * h e k and, pres umably by now. Mar shal Stalin, the term ‘‘u ncondi tional sur render” is be ginning to be defined. From now on, Ja pan knows what she can expect, if she Dorothy Thompson, chooses to end the war without waiting to have her cities blasted off her islands. Japan will remain a sovereign and independent state. She will retain her own indisputably Japanese territories. But for the first time ‘■Japan,” as she will exist after the war, has been de fined. The Japan that will re main, is the Japan that existed half a century ago, before she began to expand by conquest. The first step of Japanese im perialism was her war with China of 1894 and 1895. At that time Japan having, for two de cades previously, "peacefully pen etrated” into Formosa, then part of China, and into independent Korea, intervened in Korean af fairs by armed force. China, alarmed, Intervened on the op posite side, and Japan had a com plete victory. In the peace treaty Japan annexed Formosa and the Pescadores Islands, but guaran teed the independence of Korea. But step by step Japan extended her privileges in Korea until, in 1905. she took over tiie direction of Korean foreign policy, and five years later annexed her. The proposed peace with Japan will restore the China Formosa and the Pescadores and restore Independence to the Koreans. Korea Is Stepping Stone. Korea was a stepping stone to Manchuria. It was over the Korean-Manchurian t e r r 11 ory that the Russo-Japanese war was fought in 1904 and 1905. In that war two expansionist tendencies met each other — the expansion ism of Tsarist Russia and of Japan. Tsarist Russia wanted to enlarge her Far Eastern prov inces and gain an open warm water port: Port Arthur. The clash brought another Japanese triumph. The logical consequence was that a quarter century later Japan invaded Manchuria. In that area there was a per manent contest between Russia and Japan. The proposed solu tion, in the North African con ference, is to restore Chinese sovereignty over Manchuria and rob Japan of her stepping stone. This solution must have been arrived at with the consent of Russia, although Stalin was not present at this meeting. But when the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Japan. Sdrs. Edith H. Hunter 3uits Recreation Post Mrs. Edith H. Hunter, for 25 years i worker at the Central High School Community Center, has retired, the District Recreation Department an nounced yesterday. Mrs. Hunter began service at Central while the Community Cen ter and Playground Department was in charge of public recreation units. She continued at Central after the the organization of the District Recreation Department a year and a half ago. Milo F. Christiansen, recreation superintendent, praised Mrs. Hunt er's long service. Her colleagues have presented her with a silver plate and an umbrella. \ ^/e rl~ ^ /^\ GROUND GRIPPER V-\ \ »hom roa min » Hatlt or Irown ABERDEEN $1095 Add $1.00 Above 12 A MAN’S SHOE IS HIS Wear Flexible Ground Gripper Shoes with famous built-in fea tures that give support where needed, cushion the sole of vour feet, and give sturdv wear. (ffieam' 521 11th St. Below F MAIL ORDERS—Enclose Ration Coupon V-J I ■■■■«■■■■■■■■■ Sou.', more than ever, Johneon 6 Murphy Shoet are true economy |!|1| C f) u fe fe a 1 I Because this two eyelet, plain toe, H high-cut exford is so mannish end B sturdy, it is most papular with men B both in and out of the lervice. B i&5° SnydefjRLitite I fin* Footwear Since 1SSS (■£ 1229 G St. N.W. II OPEN THURSDAYS 12:30 'TIL 9 P.M. all Russian claims on Manchuria were abandoned in exchange for Japanese acknowledgement of a Russian sphere of influence in Outer Mongolia. If Russia made no claims on a Japanese-ruled Manchuria, she would hardly make them on a Manchuria restored to China. IJaps to Lose Islands. Japan will lose the Pacific Islands won since 1914. She ac quired these islands from Ger many in the peace settlement f after the last war. These islands l were not given to Japan, but “mandated” to her by the League of Nations. When Japan withdrew from the League in protest against its condemna tion of the Manchurian adven ture, no power was ready to risk war to recover them. Japan an nexed them, and against the provisions of the mandate, forti fied them. Experience has taught that these islands were not used by Japan to protect her own se curity, but for aggressive pur poses. From these islands the attack on Pearl Harbor must have been organized. These islands made It impossible for us to retain Guam and Wake, and were obstacles in our communi cation with the Philippines. As “territories.” for “expansion," they are worthless. As strategic positioas they have high value. It is obvious that no American Government could suggest they remain in Japanese hands, or in any hands except our own until such time as we may have a genuine system of collective se curity with teeth in it. They are not only of high im portance as naval ports, but in a time of growing air power are the bridge from the western hemisphere to Australia, the Philippines and Southern Asia. Whoever controls them controls the South and Central Pacific. China's Outlook Improves. The outlook for China is, therefore, that as a result of her long and heroic defense she will be consolidated as a great Asi atic nation, regaining as a mod ern state what she has lost dur ing the revolutionary times of the last half century. For America, the control of the Southern and Central Pacific against all possible future ag gressions will be assured. The question of how British and Dutch interests In the same area will be assured is not so clear. Japan must renounce all illu sions of grandeur. She will have to start again in the area where her interests were uncontested for centuries and are uncontest ed at this moment. Whatever other terms a de feated Japan will have to accept we do not know, but territorially the terms fulfill the basic condi tions of the Atlantic Charter. And for a Japan that is facing certain defeat after inflicting unheard of humiliation and suf fering upon the world, no better terms can be conceived of. 'Released by the Bell Syndicate. Inc ) War Relief Yule Bazaar Continues at Statler The United War Relief Christmas bazaar, offering Christmas cards, dolls and other articles from all the United Nations, will continue at the Statler Hotel from 11 a.m. to 10 pm today. The bazaar, opened Wednesday | was visited by Mrs. Eleanor Roose velt and the wives of Allied Ambas sadors. Proceeds from all sales will go for foreign war relief. Col. Julius I. Peyser is honorary i chairman of the event. Some of the articles on display are foreign cook books, costume Jewelry, Chinese tea Russian caviar, Belgian laces anc French hand-worked linens. THE opinions of the writers on this page are their own, not necessarily The Star’s. Such opinions are presented in The Star's effort to give all sides of questions of interest to its readers, although such opinions may be contradictory among themselves and directly opposed to The Star’s. The Great Game of Politics— By FRANK R. KENT. Willingness to toss the Constitu tion of the country into the discard whenever it stands in the way of its political plans or experimental policies has been an outstanding characteristic of the R o o s evelt a d m inistration from the start. It still is. In the Presi dent's first term, though advised i n advance o f their unconsti tutionality, h e f o reed through the N R A and the AAA, only to have them knocked out by a Supreme Court not then packed with New Dealers. Resentment at this inspired Mr. Roosevelt's attack upon the court, and, after its failure, led him to place on it a majority of men who could be depended upon to take his view, and with whom he could ‘talk things over”—a situa tion which certainly has added neither to the dignity nor the pres tige of the court. Then, there was the notable in stance of the Guffey coal bill, in which the President publicly urged its passage by Congress, ‘ irrespec tive of any doubts you may have as to its constitutionality.” With a record such as this, it is not sur- j prising to find the full administra tion weight behind two {rending bills, both of which conflict with a j basic principle of the Constitution —to wit, the right of the States to ! determine the qualifications of its voters, so long as they do not dis- j criminate because of “race, creed or color.” One of these bills repeals j the poll tax, which exists in eight i Southern States. The other is the | bill to allow all servicemen to vote in the 1944 election. ron-lax Arguments. So far as the poll tax is concerned, the arguments against it are as well known as the forces behind it. The latter are composed of the Negro leaders, the radical and com munistic press and the CIO lobby ists. Upon these forces the Roose velt fourth-term movement de pends heavily for its strength. Ex j cept for pressure from them the I administration would have little in terest in the repeal proposal—and j everybody knows it. The conten tion of the opposition is that the poll tax does not discriminate j against the Negro in that it ap ' plies to whites as well as blacks and | that its repeal In the eight States will not enfranchise any more Negroes than vole today. The fact Is that some of the leading Senators who oppose the re peal do not favor the poll tax at all. Rather, they would welcome its abolition but they insist that this be achieved by constitutional means— j either by action of the States or by a constitutional amendment. And they justifiably assert that the is isue is of concern to every State and 1 every "itizen; that if the Federal Government can take away this right to prescribe the qualifications of their voters, vested solely in the States by the Constitution, it car. take away any and all other rights. Surrender this right and the States will have completely lost their in dependence and function only in directions permitted by the Federal authority. Actually, the fight against this bill Is of the very great est concern to every person who wishes to preserve ihe American 'form of Government. 1 With regard to the soldiers vote Handsome Gift Robes FOR ARMY & NAVAL OFFICERS A most practical Christmas gift for any man in the Service . . . and especially so for Officers who travel a lot. Lightweight, yet warm . . . 80% wool, 20%' cotton according to government regulations . . . with correct Insignia on each pocket. Small, medium and | 11^ large sizes ... in Navy Blue or Army Khaki. i | $16.50 All-Wool Botany Robes, S29J0 l LEWIS & THOS. SALTZ 1 l 1409 G STREET N. W. 3 I Executive 3822 f v? N«T,.CINNItm *ITN IUT.I » I O I INC* « bill, the same principle of the Con stitution is attacked by its New Deal sponsors. What they originally sought was to sweep aside all State legislation laws and simply accept the word of every soldier without any checkup as to where he lived or his qualification to vote in that place. Under this bill, as at first presented, any man in uniform, here or abroad, over 21 years old, would be handed a ballot and his vote counted in the State where he said he lived. Tills would enfranchise a great many thousands of individuals who never voted before, who never contempalted voting, who never registered and could not meet the voting qualifications of the State in which they lived. But, if the State officials refuse to count the votes of such persons, the whole vote of the State could be thrown out by Con gress. Could Determine Election. There are Republican as well as Democratic Senators who regard these provisions as not only uncon stitutional but bad. It may be that by the time this piece is printed they will have succeeded in correct ing some of the bill's most obnoxious features. There is general recogni tion that the 10.000,000 voters af fected may determine the election. There is also recognition tljat as originally drawn it gave advantages to the administration candidate, ex pected to be Mr .Roosevelt, which he should not have. Yet those who strove to amend the bill are sub jected to the unfair charge that {they do not want the soldiers to I vote. Under these conditions, it takes reral courage to speak out against this bill—particularly from Senators who come up for election next year ! I Tire fact is that the pur-pose of j ,each of these bills is thoroughly; .sound. Their avowed objective is one upon which almost unamiousj agreement could be had. But the! ; methods by which it is proposed to i reach their goals cannot be recon ciled with a sense of fairness and dangerously disregard the principles of American Government. There is no expeettaion that the poll tax bill will pass at this session, but the soldier vote bill will, which makes it all the more important it should be amended so that partisan advantage be eliminated, fair ad-1 ministration assured and the funda-' mental rights of the States protect-; ed. None of these things is pro vided in the bill as it now stands Colombia to Sign Pact Of United Nations By the Associated Press. NEW YORK, Dec. 3.-President Alfortso Lopez of Colombia, here on a 60-day leave of absence, said last night he had sent a message to Acting President Dario Echandia , and the Colombian Foreign Minis ter accepting their request that he sign the United Nations pact on behalf of his country. Colombia, to beoome the 34th na tion to sign the past, last week de clared a "state of belligerency” ex ists between Colombia and Germany following the sinking of the schooner Ruby by a German submarine. This Changing World— By t/UNSIANllNE BROWN. The statement made by Premier Stalin soon after the American and British political missions left Moscow that another front might be opened soon appears about to be con firmed, d i s patches from Cairo indi cated. Besides de ciding on the complete de struction o f the Japanese empire. Pres ident Roose V e 1 t and Constantine Brown. Prime Minister Churchill had plenty of time to discuss the sit uation in the European theater. The presence of Gen. Dwight Eisenhower and the role he is reported to have played at staff meetings held under the chair manship of Messrs. Roosevelt and Churchill lends color to the reports that an American-British offensive is near in another sec tor of the European front—prob ably the Balkans. The all-out campaign against the Japanese, decided on by the powers principally interested in the Far East, necessarily will be delayed until the war in Europe has ended. It is pointed out by observers that had a major Pacific cam paign been discussed at Cairo. Gen. Douglas MacArthur would have attended. British Favor Balkan Push. So far as is known to the pub lic, Admiral Lord Louis Mount batten commands only the forces in Asia. Attacks against Japa nese-held Islands, such as the Netherlands Indies and the Phil ippines, must be made with the forces under Gen. MacArthur's command. It stands to reason that w’hen the time is ripe for a major operation which will lead to the destruction of the Japa nese empire, in accordance with the joint statement issued at Cairo Wednesday, another im portant conference will be held at which Gen. MacArthur will be asked to participate. American, British and Russian strategists, who are supposed to be meeting now in Iran, must devise means of putting an end to German resistance as quickly as possible. The British general staff has favored for sometime a campaign in the Balkans into which Turkey could be drawn as an active as sociate. The British have two armies in the Near East, marking time. In addition, there are about 80,000 Polish troops in Palestine. This force is fully equipped and eager to fight. The Russians, who in the past could not .see much use in opening any other front except one across the Channel, are said to favor a Balkan operation. American strategists are be- I lieved to favor an attack against Western Europe. They are con vinced that once a heavy price has been paid to obtain the necessary beachheads, a cam paign through Prance would bring the Allied forces to the Rhine more quickly than an at tack from any other quarter. They reluctantly agreed to the campaign in central Italy princi pally because they could see no immediate result. They are re ported lukewarm to a major cam paign in the Balkans also because of terrain difficulties. Terrain Again Difficulty. Landings along the Adriatic coast and at Pyraeus and Salon ika are not impossible. We have a sufficient air superiority in the Mediterranean to soften fortifi cations in those areas. Yet once we land In the few ports avail able for large-scale movements, our forces will be confronted with the task of crossing high j mountains. Moreover, lines of communications in the Balkans are very poor and modern armies need adequate railroads and highways, practically nonexistent in the Balkans. To top everything, .,upplies for the fighting forces must come from this Country and fighting in the Balkans means extending our lines of communications by another 1,000 miles. These difficulties naturally have been discussed at Cairo. It is possible, however, that the British have assumed the mdjor burden of responsibility for such a campiagn and agreed that the opening of a Balkan front would not detract any Allied effort from ! the British Isles, which will be the jumping-off point for an offensive next spring. In such event, American strat egists could see no objection to the establishment of another front which is likely to further disintegrate Germany's military power. Tomorrow Is Final Day For Ballou Dinner Tickets Tomorrow is the last day to make reservations for the Frank W. Bal lou testimonial dinner, sponsored bv the Board of Trade, at 7 pm. I Wednesday at the Mayflower Hotel School children will join civic leaders and educators in honoring Dr. Ballou, who retired last month after 23 years as superintendent ol District public schools. An ensem ble from Eastern High School will plav and a double male quartet from McKinley High School will sing. The schools will be represented in ad dition by name placards on tables and on the walls. More than 100 letters paying trib ute to Dr. Ballou will be included ■ in a testimonial volume to be pre sented to him. it has been an nounced yesterday by the dinner committee. Speakers at the dinner will be Representative Mahon, Democrat, of Texas: Commissioner Guy Mason. Mrs. Henry Grattan Doyle, presi dent of the Board of Education; Robert L. Haycock. Dr. Ballou's suc cessor as superintendent of schools: . Dr John W. Stude’oaker. United States commissioner of education; Mrs. P. C. Ellett. president of the Congress of Parents and Teachers: Howard S. LeRoy. vice president of the Rotary Club, and Sherwood D. Shnakland. executive director of the American Association of School Ad ministrators. Blood plasma saves those fighting to save you. Brother, can you spare a pint? Call Blood Donors. District 3300. for an engagement to give your blood. Water-Repellent Sports Coat Bad weather won't interfere with your outings if you're armed with this greatcoat of twiil with a thick lining and collar of wool and • mohair. The material content is carefully described on the label. Useful ond smart looking . . . rain or shine. Sizes 34 to 40, $25.00. Shop for Boys and Young Men. Second Floor . 7 // / F Street at Fourteenth De Seversky Gilberts Occupation Given High Praise By MAJ. ALEXANDER 1*. DE SEVERSKY. The successful occupation of the Gilbert group of Islands In the Cen tral Pacific represents a tactical action of which Americans have every right to be proud. Aware of the heavy cost of amphibious warfare, the American com mand showed high w'isdom in amassing a ter rific preponder ance of force. Land, sea and air units co-op erated with fine efficiency. Above Major D* ScTenkr. all, our men showed magnificent courage and de termination—and it was that which. In the final checkup, brought us victory. The taking of the Gilberts, hov ?ver, must also be considered in the arger strategic picture. It is an other step in the island-by-island approach to the main citadel of enemy power. Japan itself. And the first thing that needs to be noted s that amphibious undertakings—a ■erics of land invasions from the sea—are the most extravagant of ill military actions, particularly in the investment of human lives. Because the Gilberts are too small o permit the concentration of strong airpower. losses among our lava! forces were small. Had the »reas been suitable for substantial air strength, the destruction of our -hips would have been as great as the loss of lives among our marines. We were able to neutralize airpower an the Marshalls, a few hundred miles away, so that the Japanese in the Gilberts were virtually deprived if air support. Big Force Ftilized. The main lesiytance was encoun .ered on the small island of Betio, which is only about 2 miles long tnd a thousand or so yards wide. \e; inst this tiny strip we brought -o bear a gigantic naval force of Jati.ic5.hip3. cruisers, destroyers and .ransports, tens of thousands of per sonnel manning this force, and at east 1 000 airplanes. Such overwhelming power of men *nd machines was needed to con iuer a two-by-four island, defended mly by 4,000 Japanese, at a cost of » great many American lives. And ?ven at that, we were taking a ter rific gamble. As a British war cor respondent, Henry Keys, wrote: Rear Admiral Harry Hill, who com panded the operation, told me that nad the enemy been able to sink aut one of our transports we might well have suffered the most humil iating and galling defeat." This gives us a hint of what the island by-isiand strategy wilt be like. Hun dreds of islands must be overcome m the amphibious advance before we are within reach of Tokio. In attack.ng the Gilberts we marie contact only with the outermost fringe of the Japanese sphere of control, on the extreme end of en emy supply lines. We must face the fact that as we move into the nterior of this Japanese sphere, where Japanese supply lines are •honor, resistance will be constantly .r.creased—roughly in inverse pro portion to the distance. In other words when we reach haifway be v.een the Gilberts and Japan itself, >ve are likely to run into fortified slands of much grea.er defensive xiwer, so that both the resistance md our losses will be doubled. Defends Were tsmall. Moreover, in the ca^e of Betio and the other Gilberts we brought im mense forep against very small islands, incapable of containing enough defensive power. When we strike at bigger islands with greater defenses, the cost to us will be pro portionately higher. Thus, as we approach Japan, our losses will mount and mount, until the cost becomes prohibitive and the forward movement must stop. That will happen when we reach enemy positions under the shield of Japanese land-based auation. At those points the naval offensive must come to a standshill, because our tactical aviation based on car riers and on small land bases will be unable to cope with enemy air power based on Japan and on large land areas like the Philippines! Sumatra. Java, Indo-China. Malaya. We will be stymied until we can smash the Industrial might of Japan proper, weakening it sufficiently to undermine its land-based air power. The writer is convinced that those planning the naval offensive against Japan—in which the Gilbert battle is an initial step—are likely to un dergo the same experience as cer tain military men who urged an invasion of Europe from the very outset. Through bitter disappoint ments and heavy losses, these mili tary men finally realized that in vasion .could not be accomplished until Germany itself, as the source of Nazi power, was sufficiently sof tened from the skies and sheared of • its Luftwaffe strength. British and I American air power is now on the way to achieving this purpose, to the point where invasion may be come practical. The naval minds will have to go through the same cycle. They still feel that with great preponderance I of force they can put over a direct amphibious strategy. But in the end they will recognize that they must anchor and wait until air power destroys—not every island in tho Pacific—but the enemy's war-mak ing machine inside Japan. Only then, when Japan is denuded of Its land-based air power and we attain dominance in the skies over the whole area of conflict, will the Navy be able to enter Japanese waters. Those waters are forbidden to us as long as they are covered by hostile land-based aviation. • Distributed by McNaught Syndicate, Inc.) If you are a red-blooded American ritisen you can prove It by railing Blood Donor Center. District 3300. They will make an appointment at your convenience