Evening star. [volume], September 07, 1947, Page C-5, Image 50

About Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972

Image provided by: Library of Congress, Washington, DC

                
South America Ha* Space
For Migrating Europeans
Our Neighbor Continent Rick in Potential
Opportunities and Is Sparsely Settled
in Many of Its Livable Areas
ly Lothrop Stoddard
Whether or not Europe ls destined for virSjtf destruction In the
wownlng catastrophe of a third world war, certain It ls that, even at best, I
it faces a long and painful convalescence from Wo*|* War II. During that
Interim period Europe is obviously overpopulated. )ts present population
of around 400,000.000 ls due to the favorable deiglopmente of the 19th
century. That century of peace and prosperity, when Europe was the j
effective center of the worm, stimu-’
lated its inhabitants to multiply
by nearly 400 per cent.
But ever since World War I, Eu
rope has been losing its pre
eminence in wealth, power and op
portunity. So a population which
could have been supported in ease
and comfort during the gold age
before 1914 Is far in excess of
what can be nourished under the
harsh conditions of today.
One Major Outlet
Unless Europe's human excess Is
to perish miserably by famine, dis
ease and internecine warfare, the
only alternative is migration—and
migration on a scale far surpassing
even that of the 19th and early
20th centuries. That is what many
millions of Europeans today are
eager to do—leave their harassed
homeland continent for new and
more hopeful climes.
But whither? The United States,
the preferred goal of migrants in
earlier times, is now economically
mature and no longer welcomes
large-scale Immigration. Britain
possesses satisfactory outlets in its
dominions and colonies. But the
peoples on the European continent
have no such ready-made haven.
Overpopulated Asia is, of course,
out of the question, while Africa
can at present take care of rela
tively few European migrants. The
major outlet is obviously South
America.
This southern hair or our nemi
*ph«r* is a continent with an area
of roughly 6,500,000 square miles.
That is considerably more than
twice the size of our own United
8tates, yet its present population
ia only about 90,000.000—approxi
mately two-thirds of ours. This
would indicate room for a vast
population increase—an Indication
borne out by known facts. South
America's natural resources, which
in the aggregate are probably as
rich as ours, are as yet relatively
undeveloped. Potential opportuni
ties abound, of which Europeans
could take good advantage.
Mostly Undeveloped
Indeed, they have already done
so on a large scale in the southern
regions of the continent. Argen
tina and Uruguay, together, with
the southern provinces of Brazil,
owe their present prosperity chiefly
to the millions of European im
migrants who poured in there since
the middle of the lr h century and
transformed these $coh;os from al
most uninhabited wilderness to
centers’of wealth and progress.
However, all there regions, taken
together, represent only the south
eastern fringe.£f the continent. Most
of South America remains relatively
undeveloped and backward. The
question thus arises why a similar
European influx throughout the rest
of the continent could not produce
the same beneficent results there,
beside* easing Europe's overcrowd
ings.
Unfortunately, the answer Is sub- j
Ject to many qualifications. To be
gin with, Argentina, Uruguay and
Southern Brazil were striking rep
licas of our own West at the be
ginning of the 19th century.
They had temperate climates and
--I
, Brown
< Continued From Page C-l.l
In Asia. Stalin Joined Germany in
1939 principally because he knew
the formidable strength of the Nazi
military machine and the unbeliev
able weakness of the military forces
of the western nations. He hoped
to put into effect Russia's Im
perialistic policy in a portion of
Eastern Europe, the Middle East and
possibly India.
It is true that the late President
Roosevelt had some misgivings
shortly before his death as to the
actual intentions of Stalin. This is
being confirmed by some of his in
timate advisers who read in his ex
pressed desire to keep at least 1,
500,000 troops in Europe for an in
definite time an indication that
these troops and airplanes might be
used not only to police Germany but
also to help write what Mr. Roose
velt expected to be "fairly fair"
peace treaties.
The late President had begun to
lose his illusions about Honest Joe
after Yalta but so far as it is known
he left his successor no political tes
tament outlining the conduct of the
American Government after the
Axis was defeated.
The problem before us today is
painful but simple: All the diplo
matic methods have been exhausted.
We are on the verge of another war
against a power predominantly
Asiatic which is in the hands of as
ruthless a dictatorship as the world
has ever seen since the days of
Genghis Khan. The only method
of preventing another clash of arms
in which we shall face that power
almost alone is an immediate recon
struction of our air and ground
forces. It will be a costly proposi
tion, costly particularly because it
may have to be continued for some
time.
But the expenditure and incon
veniences to our citizens is far less
than not being prepared for the
worst In our present state of mili
tary disintegration we risk some
thing incomparably worse than
Pearl Harbor. We were caught
napping on December 8, 1941, al
though the Government knew since
1937 what the Japs had in mind.
But we had time to wake up and
get to work. It is highly question
able whether we shall have time to
awake if we are caught napping
again. And there can be no excuse
for being asleep when the Govern
ment has in its hands so many
positive warnings of the Kremlin’s
rich soil, but almost no settled in
habitants exaept a lew Spanish or
Portuguese otttlements along the
coasts or tha main rivers. Inland.
of these wer# nomad Indian tribes,1
few in numbers and fiercely in
tractable to civilization. When,
therefore, tha development of the
steamship and the railroad made
possible the exploitation of these j
fertile plains and prairies for agri-j
culture and stock-raising for Euro
pean markets, immigrants could
pour in and settle the country
profitably after the Indian nomads
had been swept away. The story j
of our West thus repeated, except
that there was no homestead law
to insure a healthy division of the j
land, which tended to fall into the j
hands of big ranchmen and farm
proprietors, the bulk of the settlers
remaining tenants or laborers. That I
accounts for the economic and social
problems which beset Argentina,
especially, today. Nevertheless, the
process was basically a successful
one.
Climate a Drawback
The rest of South America, how
ever, offers no such favorable pros
pects for wholesale European im
migration. One drawback is climate,
the northern half of the continent
lying within the tropics. However,
even here there are large areas of
upland lying so high that they are
climatically “white man's country."
Yet, in both the tropic lowlands and
the mountainous highlands, there is
still a greater handicap in the shape
of low-standard native populations
with a depressing economic and
social heritage of slavery or serfdom.
Tropical Northern Brazil was de
veloped by Negro slavery, which was
not abolished until 1888. And the
economic and social standards of
the decendants of those slaves, who
form a majority of the laboring
classes, are still so low that they
automatically undercut those of
most European immigrants. The re
sult is that immigration has passed
Northern Brazil by, just as it did
our own South, and for the same
reasons.
In the Spanish-speaking parts of
tropical South America, even in the
highlands, a similar economic and
social depressant is found in the!
large Indian populations who have
been kept in a state of complete
semiserfdom. There, again, Euro- j
pean immigrants bn a large scale
would find it hard to establish
themselves under the wage and liv
ing standards that prevail. In ad
dition, there is in some of those
countries chronic political instabil
ity, oppressive and corrupt dictator
ships alternating with bloody revo-j
lutions in which neither life nor
property are secure. Those are not
the conditions which would attract
European settlers, especially when
accompanied by their families.
Chile Lacks Resources
For these reasons, it woud appear
likely that Argentina, Uruguay and
Southern Brazil will still be the
most attractive fields for European
immigrants, even though they have
passed through their pioneering:
phase when opportunities were mosti
abundant and rewards most lucra
tive. Immigration to tropical South
America will be more selective, de
pending on relative advantages in
economic opportunity, political sta
bility, climate and public health
and sanitation. The best opportuni
ties probably exist in Peru and
Colombia; after them, Venezuela
and Ecuador, with Bolivia and
Paraguay at the bottom of the list.
There is, to be sure, one other i
country in the temperate part of i
South America not yet mentioned.
This is Chile, which would rank
with Argentina and Uruguay in
civilized standards but which does
not have the natural resources to1
make it a major goal for European
immigration.
uespne me quanncations oi mis
balanced picture, there can be no
reasonable doubt that South Amer
ica is in a position to absorb rapidly
several millions of European immi
grants. The desirability of such an
influx is generally accepted by most
South American governments, espe
cially by Argentina, which is making
vigorous efforts to step up immigra
tion, albeit with selective standards
to correspond with what are deemed
the best Interests of the Argentine
nation and its future.
Transportation Problems
The chief immediate hindrance to
large-scale migration from Europe
to South America is lack of shipping.
Otherwise, Italy especailly would be
pouring a big immigrant stream
across the ocean. Millions of Ger- j
mans who would like to emigrate'
are prevented by their present po- I
litical status, Germany being no!
longer a sovereign state and the I
occupying powers seeking to keep
able-bodied Germans at home to!
rebuild the country and pay repara-1
tions. Similar restrictions today are
Imposed by most of the Com
munist-dominated regimes behind!
Soviet Russia’s “iron curtain."
Their idea is that all valuable so
cial elements should be kept at
home while political enemies should j
not be allowed to escape but be put
to forced labor.
That sharply restricts the parts
of Europe from which large-scale
emigration is today possible. Yet.
even so, millions of Italians are
waiting their chance, together with
great numbers of Frenchmen and,
in lesser degree, of Belgians, Nether
landers and Scandinavians. Spain
and Portugal, today as always, are
dependable sources of migration to
South America. But there, the
situation is not critical. It is rather
a normal outflow that has been
•stag on tor fenenttfans. I
U. S. Dickers for New Oil Rights
Persian Gulf Neutral
Zone May Be of
Great Value
By John C. Henry
American oil Interest* are about
to make a determined effort to ac
quire production rights in what may
be the last great free and concen
trated oil reserve in the oil-wealthy
Middle East.
The area under consideration is a
relatively small comer of the
Arabian Peninsula—a so-called
neutral zone sandwiched in' at the
head of the Persian Gulf between
the sheikhdom of Kuwait and the
kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In land
area it comprises about 2,700 square
miles and is under the Joint political j
influence of Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia.
Actually, only half of this small
territory is at stake in present con
sideration since the southern por
tion under jurisdiction of the Saudi
Arabian government already has
been blanketed into the great 440,
000-square-mile concession of the
Arabian-American Oil Co.
May Be Prize Package
Strict geographical comparisons
are misleading, however, and the
tiny area in question—only slightly
larger than the State of Rhode
Island—may be of great value. Two
elements lead to this conclusion
with sufficient force to prompt both
American and British interests to
enter into either tentative or full-1
fledged negotiations over the con
cession.
nrsi oi uiese iaeiors is me id
eation of the territory between the
proven oil areas of Kuwait on the
north and Saudi Arabia on the west
and south. Already operating in
Kuwait is the Kuwait Oil Co., Ltd.,
50 per cent owned by the Anglo
Iranian Oil Co. (British) and 50
per cent owned by the Gulf Oil Co.
(United States). The Kuwait con
cession is centered in the Burgan
Reid, pronounced by oil experts as
‘probably the largest single oil field
yet discovered in the world.” The
potentialities of the Saudi Arabian
concession are beyond question and
four richly productive fields already
are in operation by the wholly
American-owned company. No ge
ological testing has yet taken place
in the neutral zone but the circum
stantial evidence is considered con
clusive.
The second factor in estimating
the ultimate value of this open con
cession is the potentiality of the
tidal waters bordering the area. As
it happens the Persian Gulf at this
point is relatively shallow and since
it has already been established that
there is underwater oil in other
portions of the gulf there is little
reason to believe the neutral zone
waters are barren. Underwater
drilling has been proven feasible.
New Company Interested
Expected to be most aggressive
among American companies in their
interest in this neutral zone con- j
cession is the new American Inde
pendent Oil Co., a $100,000,000 cor- j
poration created in mid-August fo^
the announced purpose of engaging
In foreign petroleum operations,
‘particularly in the Middle East.”
Incorporator* are a group of 11
independent companies already
established in the domestic field,
with Phillips Petroleum probably
the leading unit. Assets are esti
mated in excee* of a billion dollar*
and Ralph K. Davies, wartime dep
uty petroleum administrator and
former vice president of Standard
Oil Co. of California, is head of the
new concern.
LEGEND
A ' OIL FIELDS
□ GAS FIELDS
PIPE LINES
★ REFINERIES
- ROADS
"'»»»*» RAILROADS
• TOWNS
SCALE
0 50 100 200MILES
American oil companies are interested in acquiring production rights in'the encircled neutral
area shown above. Comprising about 2,700 square miles, roughly the size of Rhode Island, the
area is under the joint political influence of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait and the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia.
The expressed intent of the new
company marks the first substantial
venture of the so-called American
independents into the foreign field.
Heretofore most of our venture op
erations have been conducted by
affiliates of the Standard, Gulf or
Shell groups with Sinclair recently
transferring part of its attention
from South and Central America
into development of the Ethiopian
concession.
"Every one recognizes,” Mr. Davies
declared in revealing his company’s
purpose, "that the security and well
being of the United States depend
upon ample and continuing supplies
of petroleum products. There can
be no assurance that all of these
necessary supplies can be derived
wholly from domestic sources. It is
therefore obviously in the national
Interest that we have access to oil
resources beyond our shores. To
this task, the American Independent
Oil Co. proposes to devote its effort.”
That the new group does not
anticipate complete and cordial wel
come from competitive major Amer
ican concerns is Implied in his
added remark.
Gulf on the Scene
"We believe.” he said, "that the
major concession holders will,
themselves, benefit, particularly
from the standpoint of their rela
tionships with the public and the
Government, ]py the introduction of
wholesome rivalry into areas where
control is now concentrated.”
One of these major concession'[
holders—Gulf, half owner of the
Kuwait concession—already is on
the spot for bargaining its way into
the neutral zone. Arabian-Amer
ican, jointly owned by Standard of
California and the Texas Co., is
not believed actively, interested In
the additional concession in view
of the magnitude of its Investment
in Saudi Arabia. It Is, in fact,
in the process of spreading its in
vestment by selling a minority in
terest In its operation to Standard
Oil of New Jersey and Socony-Vac
uum.
—
Two other concerns of substantial
non-American backing already are
in the open in their interest in the
neutral zone.
First of these is the Iraq Pe
troleum Co., a composite group in
which British interests amount to
52% per cent. This percentage is
broken down between Anglo-Iran
ian (23%), Shell (23%) and a Mr.
C. S. Culbenkian (5 per cent).
French interests, represented by
Compagnie Francaise des Petroles,
have 23% per cent Interest in I.
P. C. and the remaining 23% per
cent is owned jointly by the Amer
ican firms, Standard of New Jer
sey and Socony-Vacuum.
The Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., Brit
ish owned, is the second non-Amer
ican concern already in the bid
ding.
Hears All Bidders
Up to this point the Sheikh of
Kuwait has maintained only a
ready willingness to listen to all
bidders and has indicated no haste
in making his decision. He has
had opportunity since development
of the Burgan field in 1938 to ap
preciate the financial advantages
of sovereignty over an oil-rich des
ert and he probably realizes full
well that a competitive market will
send the offers higher before they
go lower.
On surface it would appear that
British interests have an inside
track on the deal because of a
treaty relationship which gives
them substantive control over the
foreign relations of the otherwise
politically independent sheikhdom
of Kuwait. It has been demon
strated in the past, however, that
Middle East oil participation is
not entirely a one-way proposition
and that for reasons of their own
the British are not completely
averse to welcoming American ac
tivity.
One of these reasons, perhaps, is
the fact that an American invest
ment stake already estimated to
reach $4,000,000,000 in the next few
years is bound to be something of
a factor in our foreign policy toward
the strategic and potentially explo
sive Middle East. Obviously a stake
of this proportion in a commodity
vital to both civilian and military
economies is one which implies deep
responsibility on the part of this
Government and on the American
people. Any threat to its security
is likewise a threat not only to the
investors in the participating com
panies, but likewise to the Nation’s
! essential supply of oil.
Clash Unlikely
To some degree, even if slight,
British reaction to American oil in
terest in the Middle East may also
be tempered by the considerate con
duct of this Government and Amer
ican companies toward substantial
British participation in Latin Amer
ican oil development. In accord
with our over-all good-neighbor pol
icy we have made no effort to secure
preferential oil rights in Latin
i American countries, although dis
! crimination toward non-American
participation might have been en
couraged if we had been engaged in
an uncompromising world oil strug
gle with Britain.
The neutral zone here discussed,
incidentally, is not to be confused
with a second similarly “gray" ter
ritory due west of Kuwait and on
the Iraq-Saudi Arabian border. Oil
rights in this area—roughly dia
1 mond shaped and about the same
! size as the territory discussed above
'—are divided between Arablan
American and the Iraq Petrole
um Co.
As far as the Middle East as a
whole is concerned the great proven
oil areas—Iran, Iraq, Bahrein and
Saudi Arabia—are now all in pro
duction. Promising fringe areas of
the Arabian Peninsula are mostly
und.gr concession except independ
ent Yemen, where there Is a possi
bility but not a certainty of further
oil deposits. Turkey, Syria, Pales
tine and Transjordan have not yet
shown great promise of oil, and
production thus far in Egypt has
not developed exciting possibilities.
Most of Europe Has Something to Contribute
Economists Look Upon
Germany as Key to
Marshall Plan
By Sherry Bowen
Discussion of the Marshall plan to
date has stressed the need of Euro
pean nations for help In rehabili
tating their economics. But the ob
jective of the program Is to stimu
late European production so that it
can be self-sustaining.
Fifteen European nations are par
ticipating in preliminary talks.
Most of them can contribute mate
rially to European reconstruction If
means can be found to restore effi
:lent operations.
Austria Has Steel
Many economists consider Ger
many as the key to the program.
Her economy is hampered by war
time destruction and political hob
bles resulting from four-way parti
tion of her territory by the Allies
Although the Russian some cannot
participate in the proposed pro
gram, German coal mines can con
tribute one of the mainsprings for
revival if mine efficiency can be in
creased. Behind the coal is great
industrial power which can become
important, particularly In steel
products if present political stymies
for industrial revival are overcome.
Austria Is also war-wrecked and
divided, but her steel and electric
power industries could provide sub
stantial exports and if the Russian
strangle-hold on Austrian oil could
be broken she could contribute even
more.
France has a wide variety of
manufacturing facilities, but the
country Is floundering in the eco
nomic doldrums. Her coal, iron
and aluminum ore are Important.
Among manufactures, steel, textiles,
chemicals, perfumes and iron prod
ducts are outstanding.
England’s Role
English technical skills are well
known. England’s ability to con
tribute an almost endless variety
of manufactured products to the
European economy Is unquestioned.
Economists believe that once she
balances her war-twisted economy,
she can again be a strong point
in European well-being.
countries of postwar Europe, eco- j
nomically speaking, is severely
handicapped by the troubles of the
countries around her. She has not
asked for aid from the United
States, but is keenly interested in
rehabilitation of her neighbors. To
that rehabilitation she can con
tribute millions of dollars’ worth of
machinery, notably farm machines
desperately needed by other coun
tries of Europe.
Italy Has Export Hopes
Denmark and Eire are both nor
mally food-exporting countries,
rood is one of the keys to re
habilitation in hungry Europe. But
the farms in both Ireland and Den
mark are handicapped by lack of
fertilizers, fodder, machinery and
other things which these countries
normally import. Ireland has dis
covered she is caught in the same
doilar-famine squeeze that
Italy hopes she can export steel
and electric power, both desperate
ly needed by her neighbors. She
is also plagued by surplus man
power, which is critically short in
other European nations, notably
France and Sweden.
The Netherlands plans to export
such necessities as textiles and
chemicals, although war - induced
economic disruptions have been
unusually severe.
Portugal, now a creditor nation,
needs no financing, but she needs
the goods she might buy with her
money. She hopes to export such
things as fish, wine, fruit, timber,
cork, resin and olive oil.
Swedish steel has the reputation
of being among the best in the
woild. Sweden has many important
manufacturing industries to use
that steel. Her paper is desperately
needed in many countries if she can
import coal, stop using wood for
fuel and re-establish her sp&per
ptaa*. ri
Norway also has paper to offer
and her fishing Industry can provide
vital food exports.
Swiss manufacturers are world
famous, notably her watches, but
her exports have been curtailed be
cause she has been unable to import
enough raw materials, notably coal.
Turkey, on the other hand, has
coal that, she might export and her
tobacco could help fill a notorious
vacancy in European consumption.
Little Greece faces one of the
most difficult problems in Europe,
Special assistance from the United
States already has been extended.
Her country depends largely on
farming, but only one-fifth of her
area is arable. What her pinched
economy can contribute to rehabili
tation is somewhat uncertain. Per
haps tobacco and fruit will be im
portant, Her merchant fleet may
also be restored to pre-war promi
nence. •.
(WtiBjutut tor Wi« Aggnrt„«wl Frew.t
'Every Third Congressman
Will Make a Trip Abroad
Hundred and Twenty-Two House Members
and Forty-Seven Senators Are Listed
for Official Foreign Travel
By Garnett D. Horner
Nearly one-third of thp Nation's lawmakers are traveling to various
parts of the world on official business between sessions of Congress.
Some of their trips involve grim business, indeed, and some might be
described by the critically minded as junkets at Government expense.
In any event, the country should benefit from the broader under
standing of world problems the traveling Senators and Representatives
are certain to gain from direct ex-*
posure to conditions abroad.
An unofficial tabulation, compiled
with no assurance that it is com
plete, shows some 169 members of
Congress—122 from the House and
47 from the Senate—listed for visits
abroad this fall, all the way from
Berlin to Tokyo. They will be ac
companied by congressional commit
tee employes numbering around 38
And in some cases the wives of the
lawmakers are going along.
Worth the Trouble
For some of the trips, like one to
Hawaii, and a couple to Alaska, the
Senators and Representatives m
■ volved have no one to blame but
j themselves.
Some others were arranged at in
vitation of the State and War De
■ partments, deeply concerned that [
• Capitol Hill should have a first
| hand picture of some of the prob
i lems they are up against all over the
world.
At na.> uccu uic cApcnciitc ui me
executive departments involved in
iworld affairs that it is difficult to:
| put over a full understanding of
some complex aspects of foreign
policy, especially in the economic
field, to members of Congress who
j never have been abroad. On the
I other hand, those who have seen
’ conditions in other parts of the
world for themselves generally have
a better basis for a realistic grasp
of international problems as they
arise. It doesn't always work, but
it does in enough cases for the State,
War and Navy Departments to be
glad to go to the trouble of helping
arrange foreign travel for members
of Congress.
Probably the most important
single Congressional mission abroad
this year is that of the so-called
Herter Committee. This is a spe
cial committee of 18 House mem
bers, headed by Representative (
Herter, Republican, of Massachu
setts, now in Europe to study the
actual and prospective needs of
European peoples for American eco
nomic assistance. Its report un-J
doubtedly will have a lot to do with1
congressional action on the so
called Marshall plan for compre
hensive assistance to those Euro
pean nations which loin together to;
help themselves to the fullest extent
: possible.
Economy Studied
j Arriving in London last week, the'
Herter Committee went on to Ger
: many and then split into six groups
for a concentrated study of eco
nomic problems throughout West
ern Europe. One group or another
i will visit through the American and
British occupation zones in Ger-1
many, Vienna, Prague, Paris, Brus
sels, The Hague, Luxembourg,
Rome, Milan, ' Trieste, Athens,:
| Geneva and Warsaw as well as Lon
jdon again before the committee re
i turns to the United States next
month.
Closely tied in with the work of
the Herter Committee is that of a|
House agriculture subcommittee on
food shortages, headed by Repre
sentatives Andresen, Republican, of
Minnesota. This erouD of seven
House members includes three who
also are members of the Herter
j Committee. Its aim is to investi
gate food and agricultural problems
affecting the occupied zones in
Europe. This investigation will take
members of the group through the
western zones of Germany and
Austria, and to Copenhagen, Stock
holm, The Hague, Brussels, Paris,
Rome and Geneva.
The subject getting the widest
congressional interest, if the num- 1
ber of investigating groups is any
criterion, is the status of American 1
military establishments and occu
pational problems generally In the 1
occupied areas.
The House Armed Services and :
Appropriations Committees have
joined forces to send one investigat- :
ing group to Europe and another to 1
Pacific areas to look Into the situa
tion In the occupied zones. The !
Senate Armed Services and Appro- 1
priations Committees have sched- 1
uled similar but separate Investiga
tions in Europe, and the Senate
Armed Services Committee is send- 1
ing another group to the Pacific.
Pacific Itinerary
Eighteen House members are i
tentatively lined up for the House
Armed Services - Appropriations in- i
vestigation in Europe and around
the Mediterranean. They are
scheduled to visit Germany, Austria,
Trieste, Greece, Turkey, Iran, Egypt,
Tripoli, Tunis, Rome, Geneva. Paris
and London during the next six
weeks, traveling by Army Air Trans
port Command plane.
Eight other members of the two
committees plan to take off Sep
tember 18 for Honolulu, Kwajalein,
Guam, Tokyo, Korea, Peiping, Tslng
Tao, Shanghai, Okinawa and
Manila, traveling in Navy and
Army planes.
Much the same ground will be
covered by the Senate Armed
Services and Appropriations Com
mittees. A 12-man Senate Armed
Services Subcommittee, headed by
Senator Robertson, Republican, of
Wyoming, some of them accom
panied by their wives, is scheduled
to leave for the European-Mediter
ranean tour the latter part of this
month, some sailing on the Queen
Mary September 26 and some flying
in an Army plane September 30
Another group or seven, headed by
Chairman Gurney, plans to leave i
by air October 21 for the Pacific
area. Chairman Bridges heads J
a 15-man Senate Appropriations
Committee group planning to go
to Europe next month. Some of
the Appropriations ^Committee I
members plan to take their wives
with them.
Four members of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee,
headed by Senator Smith, Repub
lican, of New Jersey, and live mem
bers of the House Foreign Affaire
Committee, headed by Representa
tive Mundt, Republican, of South
Dakota plan a comprehensive tour
of Europe to study operation of the
State Department's information
program as well as economic recon
struction problems. Mast of this
loint group plan to leave by air
this week on the trip that will in
clude visits to London, Paris,
Geneva, Luxembourg, Brussels, The
Hague, Copenhagen, Oslo, Stock
holm, Helsinki, Warsaw, Berlin.
Vienna, Budapest. Bucharest, Sofia,
Athens, Istanbul, Rome, Madrid and
Lisbon.
And the Mediterranean
Another House Foreign Affairs
subcommittee of six members, he&d
?d by Representative Bolton, Re
publican of Ohio, plans to sail
iboard the Queen Elizabeth. Sep
tember 18 for a more extensivs
Tip around Europe and the Medi
terranean area to study questions
pertaining to displaced persons as
well as the information program
md economic conditions. Splitting
jp into small groups for part of the
time so as to cover more ground.
;ome members of the subcommittee
are scheduled to visit London. Cairo,
liddah, Dahran, Teheran, Tabriz.
Baghdad, Damascus, Aleppo, Beirut.
Jerusalem, Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers
Casablanca, Rabaut, Tangier, Mar
rakesh, Paris, Rome. Athens, Bel
grade, Sofia, Istanbul, Brussels, The
Hague, EYankfurt. Munich, Berlin,
Prague and Vienna.
The problems of displaced persons
tome In for special study In Europe,
ilong with the International Refu
se Organization and the Interna
ional Trade Organization, by a
hree-man special House group
leaded by Representative Fulton,
Republican, of Pennsylvania.
Chairman Taber of the House Ap
propriations Committee and Repre
.entative Wigglesworth, Republican,
if Massachussets are slated to leavs
or Europe this week to look into
State Department offices in Austria,
Sermany, Great Britain, F*rance,
Belgium, ’ Holland, Greece, Turkey
ind Italy.
Representative Hall. Republican,
)f New York heads a group of 11
nembers of the House Interstate
ind Foreign Commerce Committee
jlanning to leave this week for a
sour of the Pacific area to study the
ransfer of aviation facilities and
iperating rights from the armed
services to the Civil Aeronautics
Administration.
Nineteen members of the House
Public Works Committee are sched
uled to leave later this month to
nspect harbors on the West Coast
ind in Hawaii
Stokes
(Continued From Page C-l.l
most patriotic and best equipped
men whom we In this country have
ever had In public life.”
His career would make Horatio
Mger gasp with envy. He was born
February 7, 1880. on a cotton farm
tear Tupelo, Miss. When he was
1 years old the family removed to
Jackson, Tenn. The depression of
1893 blasted him out of school and
nto a job at the age of 13. His
lights were devoted to shorthand,
ifter two years he won a prize as
he fastest fashioner of pothooks
n the South. Having become a
:ourt reporter, he did secretarial
vork on the side. Among his cus
omers were William Jennings
3ryan, who tossed back a speech
or retyping because the margins
vere too narrow, and Jerome Hill of
5t. Louis, head of a cotton company
>earing his name.
It was Mr. Hill who gave the boy
lls first leg up and determined th^
:ourse of his life. He took yowflr
Jlayton to St. Louis as his secretary
n 1895, and a year later to New
fork, where he lived in a French
>oarding house In order to learn
he tongue of Paris. At 17 he was
irivate secretary to John E. Seares,
iresident of the American Cotton
3o. At the age of 21 he was treas
irer of the Arm, and at 22 its
assistant general manager.
Barkley Was a Rival
The sudden failure of the Amer
can Cotton Co. In 1903 and an
ittack of pneumonia sent him back
o Tennessee, where he met and fell
n love with a Kentucky girl. Susan
Vaughan. One of his rivals was
tn ambitious young politician, also
'rom Kentucky, named Alben W.
3arkley. Miss Vaughan announced
hat she would marry only a future
Billionaire or a future President of
he United States. The keen-eyed
jelle lost little time In choosing
Hr. Clayton, who at the moment
vas Jobless and convalescent. Her
lusband became a millionaire many
Imes over.
Mr. Clayton won eminence as th#
most brilliant cotton operator In.
listory. Before he entered the field
America was content merely to grow
;otton. Merchandising of the staple
vas In the hands of European fac
ors. Mr Clayton revolutionized the
justness by deposing foreign control
md bringing it to the United States.
3e started by selling American cot
on to any country that wanted it
fie ended by selling cotton grown all
>ver the earth—Brazil, India and
Sgypt, for example—in every avall
vble market,. He acquired the nlck
lame of “Cotton Colossus.”
>9r Special Arransrme^ With the
St Tonti PrvO-Dl-fctch.J