Evening star. [volume], August 04, 1948, Page A-4, Image 4

About Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972

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4 Major Weaknesses
Hinder America's Spy
Defense, Experts Hold
By Wallace R. Deuel
Chicago Daily New* Correspondent
American defense against foreign
spies suffer from four major weak
nesses, experienced intelligence and
counterintelligence officials agreed
here today.
The weaknesses are:
1. A shortage of trained, skilled
counterintelligence agents and other
kinds of investigators.
2. A lack of understanding among
the public of the nature and impor
tance of intelligence and counter
intelligence. This often causes citi
zens to fail to co-operate effectively
with investigators.
3. Ignorance among Civilian of
ficials and members of the armed
services of the difficult art of how
' to keep a secret.
4. Failure of security officials and
agencies to co-operate with each
■ other.
_l___r-_i w- .
These weaknesses are coming more
and more to the fore in discussions
among intelligence and counter-in
telligence officials which have been
inspired by stores of wartime es
pionage now being told by self
styled former Communist agents.
The shortage of good investigat
ors was particularly acute during
the war.
The need for investigations grew
by leaps and bounds after Pearl
Harbor as the number of people
handling secret information mush
roomed and as it became more and
more important to protect secrets.
At the same time, it became harder
and harder to find good agents.
America had never had very many,
and now there were imperative
needs for all men in other parts of
the war effort..
rtld Agencies Handicapped.
As a result, even old, established
agencies like the FBI had to use
agents lacking in expert knowledge
of the enemy and his methods, and
trained only in criminal police work,
which is a very different sort of
art. indeed. New agencies had an
even harder time recruiting good
men. Credit inquiry agencies were
sometimes called in to conduct
counter - intelligence investigations
of a sort of which they had no
previous knowledge or experience.
The shortcomings of investigators
did nothing to inspire public; under
standing, confidence or co-opera
tion.
Official inquiries in the “private"
affairs and political attitudes of ap
parently respectable citizens were a
novelty in the United States, and a
good many people found them re
pugnant.
Citizens Failed to Co-operate.
Such investigations seemed to
some citizens to constitute an un
warranted violation of legitimate
personal privacy, and the citizens
failed to co-operate w-ith agents.
These activities smacked of secret
political police methods, some felt,
and they didn't like it and wouldn't
help.
Other members of the public
couldn't or wouldn't understand
what sort of information was need
ed. and therefore didn't provide it.
Still others, tried to vent grudges
against personal enemies and poured
out tales of spite and malice.
A certain number used security
Investigations to play practical jokes
on their friends—and on the agents
making inquiries—by dreaming up
wild and purely imaginary scandals
about persons being investigated,
and telling these to agents as gospei
truth.
Precautions Gave Away Secrets.
Sometimes officials handling se
cret information also failed to lake
anything like adequate precautions
to protect the data. A good many
officials seemed to think all they
had to do to protect secret, papers
and installations was to keep their
mouths shut and post, a lot of guards
with tommyguns. Sometimes pre
cautions like these gave away se
crets, instead of preserving them.
Keeping your mouth shut at the
wrong time, and posting guards,
may prove that you have a particu
lar secret to preserve, and this in
Itself may constitute valuable in
formation to a spy
The art of keeping secrets is a
high and difficult one. The most
important part of it is not just sup
pressing true facts, but making the
enemy believe false “facts Instead.
This is the technique of “deception."
Few Americans have ever mas
tered it.
(apt. Butcher Kerornea rtecreis.
Even the highest-ranking Army
officers committed startling breaches
of security during the war.
Gen. Eisenhower authorized his
naval aide. Cap:- Harry Butcher.
U. S. N. R . to keep a diary in which
Capt. Butcher wrote, day by day,
some of the hottest secrets of the
war.
A page of this diary, telling some
of the most important details of
advancp plans for the landings m
North America, got lost, according
to Capt. Butcher, and never was
recovered.
But even when each official and
agency and officer did the best
job possible, they often didn’t get
together and compare notes and
share information.
The case of Carl Aldo Marzani
Is a perfect example of this weak
ness in American security. Mar
zani served in OSS and handled
some of the most important se
crets of the war.
Marzani Inquiry Cited.
OSS security officers began to
have misgivings about Marz.ani early
in his service with the agency.
However, they couldn’t get solid
evidence against him. and he was.
therefore, retained pending further
investigations. Marzani got wind
of the suspicion of him. demanded
a Civil Service hearing, was granted
one—and was given a clean bill of
health.
Later, he was inducted into the
Armv and here. too. he was assigned
to highlv secret work, this time for
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Amer
ican high command of the Army.
Navy and Air Force.
Police Had Record Before War.
Thus, six different security agen
cies had a vital interest in making
sure that Marzani was suitable for
secret work—the FBI. the Civil
Service. OSS and Army. Navy and
Air Intelligence—but not one ol
them found real evidence against
him.
Alter ms war lyitu^aiu went nu^
the State Department. Tnere his
past finally caught up with him.
The State Department's Security
Office couldn't get anything on
Marzani either, but one official
finally had the bright idea of get
ting in touch with the New' York
police—and learned that they had a
whole file of evidence showing that
Marzani ha^been an active Com
'munist Party organizer in New York
before Pearl Harbor.
The evidence had been there dur
ing Marzani's whole period of serv
ice during the war, but the New
York police didn't know what Mar
zani was doing and nobody in
Washington thought of asking New
York if they had any such material.
Communists
(Continued Prom First Page.)
I ’’
Russian language translator of
meteriological texts.
Other developments resulting
from yesterday's marathon of words
poured into the Ferguson Committee
i record included:
1 A letter showing that Secretary
of the Treasury Snyder was instru
! mental in November, 1945, while he
' was director of the Office of War
Mobilization and Reconversion, in
! getting Mr. Remington transferred
from a London assignment to the
OWMR here. The your.g man then
was a Navy ensign attached to a
Government mission at the British
Capital.
2. Denial by Mr. Remington that
he had any exact knowledge of the
super-secret Manhattan project
that produced the atomic bomb,
though he had claimed to the Navy
he was familiar with aspects of this
and other wartime projects.
3. Repeated denials that he had
ever had a part in the alleged Com
munist spy ring activities or had
known he was dealing with Com
munists when he gave data to per
sons later identified as spies. The
information he gave them, he in
sisted. was nothing more than what
had been announced by his supe
riors or published in the newspapers.
On Stand Six Hours.
The 30-year-old expert, accused
of giving “secret” wartime informa
tion to spies, went through a gruel
ling 6-hour examination yesterday
by Ferguson Committee members.
He told the Senators he believed
the story of the self-admitted for
mer Communist spy courier, Miss
Elizabeth T. Bentley, w'as true—ex
cept that he was not guilty of any
part in it.
While he agreed he had given her
information numerous times and
labeled some of this "important.”
and admitted having met with her
Communist chief, the late Jacob
Golas, in New York, he contended
through thousands of words that
he still was innocent.
He admitted making contribu
tions to Miss Bentley, amounting to
about $30, but insisted these were
nor Communist Party dues, but
rather were donations to an anti
fascist refugee fund.
He agreed also that she had at
times brought him copies of the
Communist Daily Worker but said
he had paid her for them, as he
might buy a paper elsewhere, and
had not at the lime taken this as
an evidence of her Communism.
iiaies i ommunism, ne stays.
He renewed his claims he was not
a Communist and declared his
‘hatred'’ for Communism had
grown in the past three years when
he came to realize the Soviet was
not going to ' play bail'’ with the
West.
He said he had not known that
Miss Bentley and Golas had been
communists or spies, said he had
thought she was a "newspaper re
porter'’ or a "research worker for
writers” and had thought Golas
W’as writing a book or magazine
articles. He insisted he had given,
thenr only that which had been an-'
nounced or published.
He left the investigating Senators
amazed that with his brilliant rec
ord as a scholar—he holds a Phi
Beta Kappa key—he had not be
come really skeptical of the spy
agents who ' contacted him. They
stressed that Miss Bentley, who he
admitted was "more inquisitive than
a report^-,” had insisted on meeting
him at places away from his office,
and that he had met Golas through
an introduction in New York from
a man he knew to be a Communist.
Mr. Remington admitted that be
cause of his youthful exuberance
and political self-assurance, he had
done things at 24 he "never wrnuld do1
now.” But he said it all was done
in the thought he was performing
“patriotic acts"—to help spread the
story that the Government really
was engaged in all-out effort to
produce and wdn the war.
Parries Foes’ Questions.
Conducting his defense like a vet-!
eran lawyer, he parried sharp ques
tions from the committee, at times1
disputed definitions and in his
windup insisted that at his next
appearance the committee produce
“secret" documents he allegedly had
given Miss Bentley.
When Chairman Ferguson and
other committeemen retorted that;
he “must know'” that information
or documents he gave Miss Bentley |
were gone and could not be recap-;
tured, he still insisted on his point.'
Committeemen asked: “Do you
expert us to get them back from the
Russians?” But he calmly wpnt on
to argue that Miss Bentley, at the ;
suggestion of the FBI. had stayed
on with the Communist Party work
long after her reform and that
documents could have been saved.
In addition, he contended that
from a question asked him when he
appeared before the New' York
grand jury last year, he was “led
to believe" such documents exist. j
Sees Reputation Besmirched.
A little earlier, he had departed
from his usual precise, deliberate
speech to protest “My reputation
has been dragged from here to the
middle of hell and I don’t know w'hat
is going to happen now."
As to the transfer back from
the London navy assignment. Mr.
Remington said he had dropped a
suggestion to either Robert Nathan
or Charles Hitch, then members of
the OWMR staff, about a reassign
ment. He assumed that'one of them
spoke to Mr. Snyder, who wrote to
Defense Secretary Forrestal, then
Navy Secretary.
At any rate, it w’ent through and
: was officially noted in a letter by
Acting Navy Secretary Artemus L.
i Gates, dated November 30. 1945.
Senator Ferguson said for the
record.
Mr. Remington had a prompt an
iswer for most of the questions shot
j at him yesterday after a noontime
i sensational disclosure that in April,
1944. when he was seeking the ensign
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Virginia Namesake to Fete v
Scottish Kilmarnock's Mayor
By th« Associated Press
KILMARNOCK, Va„ Aug. 4.—The
musicians are practicing Scottish
music, the town is being decorated
and a spirit of festivity is taking
over the people of this Northern:
Neck town.
For this week, the 1.000 souls of
250-year-old Kilmarnock, Va., en
tertain the mayor of another Kil
marnock—one much older and 40
times larger-in Scotland.
The Virginia Kilmarnock's mayor,
E. Walter' Harvey, will greet the
Scottish Kilmarnock's mayor. Daniel
Cairns, tomorrow afternoon when he
alights from a train in Union Sta
tion. Washington. On hand, also,
will be the two mayors’ wives.
They will drive into. Virginia,:
down the Northern Neck Peninsula
to this Lancaster County town that!
has been planning for more than a
month to receive the visitor from
Qreat Britain.
A town dinner meeting for the
Scotsman and his wife will be held
commission in the Navy, he had
claimed he was familiar with aspects !
of many secret wartime projects.
These, Chairman Ferguson brought
out, included claims of familiarity |
with plane, landing craft, radar and
the Manhattan (atom bomb) proj
ects.
Didn't Know Exact Nature.
But later^in the day, Mr. Reming
ton sought ‘to explain this away by
an insistance that while he had
found out there was a Manhattan
project that had priorities that were
“cutting across” other programs, he
didn't know it was an atom bomb
project. He said he thought it had
something to do with a new type of
high , octance gasoline refinery
project.
He then was in the planning divi
sion of the War Production Board
and explained he "had to be given
some information” because of his
own work.
Federal Judge to Review
Clark Policy on Reds' Bail
By the Associated Press
NEW YORK. Aug. 4.—Claims by i
five alleged alien Communists that!
Attorney General Clark “abused his i
discretion” in denying them bail
have been referred to a Federal
judge for review.
The court review was ordered yes
terday by the United States Circuit
Court of Appeals, on the plea of the
five accused men who are awaiting
deportation proceedings.
One of them is Gerhart Eisler,
characterized by a House commit
tee as the No. 1 Communist in this
country.
The Circuit Court reversed a de
cision by Federal Judge William
Bondy, who had refused to grant
writs of habeas corpus calling for
the men’s release on bail.
Judge Bondy held the action of
the Attorney General in denying
bail was not reviewable. However,
he admitted the defendants to $5,000
bail each pending an appeal from
his decision to the Circuit Court.
The Circuit Court directed Judge
Bondy to hold a hearing on whether
Mr. Clark had acted arbitrarily and
abused his discretion.
Congress
w (Continued From First Page/*
iff*r—-— -. —-- ......,. . --j
however, a majority were against
the idea.
Four years ago the Republican Na
tional Convention recommended the
constitutional amendment process
as the way to abolish poll taxes.
Chairman Millikin told reporters
that experience with the poll tax
and with other matters indicates j
there is a basic issue which must be
met in revising Senate rul*s "so that
the Senate will not find itself impo- '
tent to proceed with emergency;
matters ’’ He said the new rules will
not be drafted so as to make cloture
available at any stage of Senate pro
ceedings. !
Truman Sees Barkley.
Meanwhile. President Truman
urged Democratic congressional
leaders to "do everything possible"
to push through the legislative pro- j
gram he outlined for the special
session, Senator Barkley, vise presi
dential nominee, told reporters after j
a White House conference.
Senator Barkley said the Presi
dent had invited his group down to
talk over the situation, but he added j
that he did not know what would
be done.
He said he thought it would be
"bad for the country if Congress j
adjourns without substantially i
carrying out the President’s pro- j
gram.’’
Asked if he believed the Republi- j
cans were going to put through an ;
early adjournment, he said, "That's
the way they talk.”
In response to a question as to'
whether he thought Republican ac
tion would help Democratic cam-:
paign prospects. Senator Barkley
said he did not want to discuss that
subject "in terms of politics."
Accompany Senator Barkley were
Senator Lucas of Illinois. Repre
senative Rayburn of Texas and Rep
resentative McCormack, Massachu
setts.
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in the high school auditorium. The
Virginia Mayor wril present the
Scottish Mayor the "key to the city”
and Mayor Cairns will address the
townspeople.
The visiting Scots will be taken
sightseeing Friday and Saturday and
w'ill be guests for luncheon Saturday j
at the home of John Garland Pol-:
lard, jr.
That night the Kilmarnock Volun
teer Fire Company has scheduled a
special ceremony in honor of Mayor
Cairns as a highlight of the fire
company's carnival. Fire Chief
Warner A. Eubank will present him
a gold medal signifying that he is
an honorary member of the fire
company.
Mayor and Mrs. Cairns Will spend
Sunday in Williamsburg, attending
morning service at Bruton Parish
Church. They will return to Kil- j
marnock Monday and on Tuesday go ;
to Richmond to call on Gov. Tuck.
Afterward they will go to Philadel
phia to visit friends. j
$250,000 Fire Sweeps
Odenton Plastics Plant
Special Dispatch to The Star
ODENTON. Md., Aug. 4.—A fire
which started in a storeroom last
night caused an estimated $250,000
damage to a portion of the National
Plastics Product Co. manufacturing
plant here.
Firemen from six Maryland com
munities and Fort Meade, two miles
from the scene, battled flames and
smoke for nearly three hours be- j
fore bringing the blaze under con
trol about 11 p.m. The damage
estimate was furnished by State and
Anne Arundel County police.
The fire quickly spread to a lab-!
oratory and the department used!
for manufacturing laminated table
tops and counters, according to A.
F. Riddick, personnel manager.
Mr. Riddick said the company's
laboratory and laboratory equip- i
ment were destroyed. No injuries
were reported.
The company, which occupies
about' two acres of property, has
been manufacturing plastic prod
ucts since 1943, Mr. Riddick said.
More than 100 employes were work- •
ing last night when the fire started,
but most were able to continue their
work in other parts of the one and
two story brick building, he re
ported.
Eichelberger Sheds Tears
As He Sails From Japan
By the Associated Press
YOKOHAMA. Aug. 4.—Lt. Gen.
Robert L. Eichelberger, retiring t
commander of American Army*
forces in Japan, sailed for home to
day—in tears.
As dignitaries on the dock bade
the general farewell, a skinny, bowed
ricksha coolie broke through the
ranks of military police.
•'Mister Eicho. Mister Eicho,” he
called, waving frantically. He was
one of three to whom Gen. Eichel
berger had given permission to op-,
erate in front of his American 8thI
Army headquarters.
The tall, gray-haired general who
commanded troops throughout the
South Pacific campaigns and served
for three years on occupation dutyi
here, stopped on the gangplank. His '
hand went out to the coolie in a ges
ture of farewell. As he turned
away, the general clearly had tears
in his eyes. He made no effort to
hide them.
Gen. Eichelberger is en route to
Washington for duty before retiring
from the Army. He has said he
hopes to return to Japan as a writer.
Colorado Beetle in Poland
WROCLAW, Poland <^P). — The
Colorado beetle has arrived in Po
land. The pest apparently is making
serious inroads. The newspaper
Economic Daily said the province of.
Wroclaw, formerly German Bres-1
lau, particularly has been invaded *
by the beetle.
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Budenz Declares Reds
Held Their Hawaiian
Unit in High Regard
By Associated Press
HONOLULU, Aug. 4. — Loui;
Budenz, former editor of the Dailv
Worker, who quit the American
Communist Party in 1945. says the
party regarded its Hawaii organiza
tion as "important, and successful to
some measure.’'
Mr. Budenz talked to newsmen on
his arrival by air last night from
San Francisco. He came here tc
testify as an expert witness on Com
munist Party operations, at an
ouster hearing for two school teach
ers accused of being party members.
The Hawaii Board of School Com
missioners last November suspended
Ocean City, Md.
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Counsel fon the two suspended
teachers argue the board is not
qualified ,to sit in judgment and
lacks authority to hear charges in
volving a penal offense. They also
claim the Reineckes’ suspension
without a hearing last November
violated territorial law.
The Reineckes have said they
would answer the charges “at the
I proper time.-’
If the hearing proceeds today.
Mr. Budenz is expected to face
expen cross-examination.
Richard Gladstein, San Francisco
attorney who aided in the defense
of Harry Bridges against deporta
tion proceedings, is one of the Rein
eckes- counsel.
Mr. Budenz said that Communists
would naturally want a strong or
ganization here “if they could estab
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lish it, because of Hawaii's strategic
importance to America's defense.”
He said he recalled discussions at
national party headquarters in New
York which showed that party work
in Hawaii was regarded as “an im
portant operation.”
Asked if it were regarded as
“successful in getting done what
the Communists wanted done,” Mr.
Budenz replied: s
“Yes, the work in Hawaii was
regarded as successful in some
measure. You must remember it
was done under the supervision of
the California district” tof the
party).”
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