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Morrison Deplores Stifling of Freedoms in Article in Pravda The text of British Foreign Secretary Herbert Morrison’s message to the Russian people published today in Pravda: In a speech last month, I asked for this opportunity to have a message of mine reproduced in the Soviet press. I did so because I felt that, while our papers were always ready to publish declara tions by your leaders, British gov ernment spokesmen were not properly reported in your newspa pers. Knowledge of the truth is essen tial to understanding between peo ples. But truth can only be ar rived at if there is freedom to hear different points of view; only then can people sift them and deter mine for themselves what they consider to be the truth. In Brit ain we impose no restrictions on access to all available news and views so the people can make up their own minds for themselves. Their views are neither made for them nor dictated to them. People can only draw independ ent conclusions properly for them selves if they have full knowledge of what is happening in the world around them. From our acquaint ance with your press and radio it seems to us that it is different in your country. Many facts and view’s are withheld from you and there is no freedom of speech and free access to knowledge of how the rest of the world lives and thinks, which is essential to un derstanding of each other. This ignorance creates fear and sus picion of the motive of other peo ples. I regret, therefore, that full knowledge of what is happening in my country is not available to you. If you were able to meet more British people or were free to travel to Britain this ignorance could be broken down. I know that in the Soviet Union you meet very few British people, and even whon you do, you do not feel free to speak freely to them or with other foreigners and to ex change your ideas or hopes or fears. This is not our fault. Hun dreds of thousands of our people go abroad for their annual holi days each year, and I am sure many would be glad to spend their holidays, if they could, in the Soviet Union. Your government, for reasons I cannot understand, refuses to let you travel freely. Radio Jamming Cited. You could learn more about us, too, if our newspapers and peri odicals had free circulation in your country, which they have not, or if you could listen freely to our radio. Even that, your government makes difficult because, although we transmit broadcasts to the Soviet Union in Russian daily at 6:15 a.m., 5:15 p.m. and 12:15 a.m„ Moscow time, they are artiflcialy and intentionally jammed by your government. I wonder why. What has your Government to fear? I wish it would follow our practice—broadcasts in English from the Soviet Union can be freely listened to and not only the British Communist daily paper but Pravda itself can be bought. Our view is that in a free and enlightened democracy every one is able to judge for himself the truth of what he hears or reads. In Britain, we set great store by such manifestations of per sonal freedom. Among them is the freedom from arbitrary arrest. If the police take some one into custody, he must, within a maximum of 48 hours, be charged with an offense in open session in a court of law which is entirely inde pendent of the government and he is always assumed innocent until proved guilty. British citizens are not removed from their homes, they are not deported, they are not sent to labor camps. If there is a knock at the door in the early morning there is no fear that it is the police. It will probably only be the milkman or the postman.! I wonder whether all of you can! honestly say that you have this same sense of personal security which every British citizen enjoys We prefer the situation whereby the government .to less than the private citizen is bound by law and the state has no unfettered power of arbitrary action. Many Freedoms Enjoyed. Among other freedoms which the British enjoy are those ol assembly. Persons of the mosi varied opinions can freely associ ate together and organize them selves into political or other societies whether in support ol Dr opposed to the Government ol the day. This freedom, combined with others including freedom of speech and of the press, in sures political freedom, which en ables free choice of governments by the people themselves. In Britain, therefore, the dif ferent political parties, including Labor, Conservative, i Liberal and Communist, are free to express their different programs, to nom inate their candidates, and put their views to the people, whether critical of the government or not. Any evening in Hyde Park, the largest park in central London, spokesmen representing a variety 3f views can be seen speaking to crowds of Londoners and. if they wish to, freely criticizing the gov ernment. Among them, most eve nings, can be found Communist speakers. No group has a monopoly of power in Britain. Immediately before the war the Conservative Party was in power, but in 1945, exercising their free choice of gov ernment through election held by secret ballot, and with candidates Df two or more parties to choose from in the constituencies, the people of Britain elected a Labor snd Socialist government. Since then that government, with no challenge of violence, has peace fully pursued its policy and the opposition its right to criticize and, oppose. Nonetheless, much to our regret, t has been found necessary to di vert much of our national energy to rearmament for defensive pur poses. I would like to make it clear to you why we consider this neces sary. You are told we are war mongers, that, in alliance with the other countries of Western Europe and the United States of Amer ica, we are arming to the teeth to attack the Soviet Union, that we are engaging in an arms race, that we are preparing for a new war That is not true. None of it is true. Free World Wants Peace. The British people, who shared with the Russian people the suf ferings of the Hitlerite war, do not want a third *world war. We are a peaceful people who want to feel secure, but we are ready to make sacrifices to defend our democratic way of life and preserve the free doms we enjoy. Our alliances are defensive alliances. With you we have the Anglo-Soviet Treaty of Alliance concluded in 1942. The North Atlantic Treaty is another defensive alliance. They are not directed against any one except aggressors. Why is then that we have con sidered it necessary to build up our strength and to devote so much of our national resources to rearmament when we would rather devote them to improving the standard of living of all of us? To be frank with you it is be cause of the policy which has been pursued by the Soviet Gov ernment since the end of the war. At the end of the war, we had hoped that^ the wartime co-opera tion between the great powers would continue and become strengthened in peace. We ex pected and strove for co-operation with you in the United Nations. But, alas, our hopes were disap pointed. They were changed to doubts by your Government’s refusal to co-operate in Germany and in the economic rehabilitation of Europe. There doubts were confirmed as we watched the impositions of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the establishment of the Cominform. For if, as your leaders tell us. Communist and non-Communist states can live together in the world, why is it necessary for your Government to pursue a policy and to found or ganizations whose only purpose seeims to be to stir up trouble an$ international hatred? \ Soviet Armies Deplored. We say that, while we had de mobilized and disarmed, your Government had retained vast armed forces and military estab lishments in being. Gradually we came to realize that the lack of balance in military power between the Soviet Union and the Western powers was endangering our very existence and that the lack of balance must be redressed. We did not want to turn over our re sources to a new defense program, we wanted to carry on with our economic recovery. But we con cluded that we must be strong enough to make clear that aggres sion, from whatever quarter it might come, could not succeed against us if we were to fulfill our purpose of avoiding war. For that is our malq purpose—to avoid war, to preserve peace. It is the purpose of aty our foreign policy and of all our diplomacy. Peoples everywhere are today afraid of war. We should like to see the causes of this fear re moved and all grounds for sus picion and distrust between na tions eliminated. On behalf of the British government, I can assure you there is no reason to have any fear of our policy towards the peo ple of the Soviet Union. I hope what I have written so frankly will help to bring about a better understanding between our peoples and that, now Pravda has opened its columns to me, I shall have further opportunities of put ting the British point of view be fore the Russian people and of answering any observations which Pravda may wish to make. I send you the friendly greetings of my fellow countrymen and our sincere wish for the genuine co operation of your country in ad vancing the peace and progress of the world. Pravda Harps on 'Capitalist Warmongers' in Reply to Morrison The text of Pravda’s reply to British Foreign Secretary Her bert Morrison's message to the Russian people: In his statement Mr. Morrison' raises two groups of questions: Questions of domestic and foreign policy. 1. DOMESTIC POLICY: Mr. Morrison asserts that in the Soviet Union there is no freedom of speech, no freedom of the press, no personal freedom. Mr. Morrison is deeply mis taken. In no country is there; such freedom of speech, freedom of the press or personal freedom,1 freedom of organizations for workers, farmers, intellectuals, as In the Soviet Union. Nowhere are there so many workers’ and farmers’ clubs, so many workers’ and farmers’ newspapers, as in the Soviet Union. Nowhere has the organization of the working class reached the stage that it has in the Soviet Union. It is an open secret that the entire working class, literally all the _1_ iU. TT O O D nfa organized in trade unions, just as all the farmers are organized In co-operatives. Does Mr. Morrison know of this? Evidently he does not. Moreover, apparently he does not even want to know of this—he prefers to draw his data from complaints coming from repre sentatives of the Russian capital lists and landlords, who were driven out of the U. S. S. R. by the will of the Soviet people. In the U. S. S. R. freedom of speech, freedom of the press, free dom of organizations does not exist for enemies of the people, for the landlords and capitalists overthrown by the revolution. Nor does it exist for incorrigible thieves, for subversive agents, ter rorists and assassins sent in by foreign secret services for the criminals who shot at Lenin, who killed Volodarsky, Uritsky, Kirov, poisoned Maxim Gorky and Kui byshev. All these criminals, from the landlords and capitalists down to the terrorists, thieves, assassins and subversive agents, are out to restore capitalism in the U. S. S. R„ to restore the exploitation of man by man and to drench the country in the blood of the work ers and farmers. The prisons and labor camps exist for these gen tlemen, and for them only. Other Freedoms Listed. Surely it is not for these gen tlemen that Mr. Morrison seeks freedom of speech, freedom of the press and personal freedom? Sure ly Mr. Morrison does not think that the peoples of the U. S. S. R would consent to grant these gen tlemen freedom of speech, free dom of the press, personal free dom and, hence freedom to exploil the working people. Mr. Morrison makes no men tion of other freedoms of muct greater significance than freedon of speech, freedom of the press etc. Specifically he does not saj ArttrfVimrr nK/Mit f nrw from OV. ploitation for the people, aboui freedom from economic crises from unemployment, from pover ty. Perhaps Mr. Morrison is un aware that all these freedom: have existed for a long time ir the Soviet Union? And these ven freedoms are the basis of all thi • other freedoms. Does not Mr Morrison bashfull. keep silen about these basic freedoms be cause, unfortunately, th y do no exist in Britain and British work ers still suffer from exploitatioi by the capitalists, in spite of thi fact that the Labor Party ha now been in office in Britain fo: six years? Mr. Morrison asserts that thi Labor Government is a Socialis Government and that the radii broadcasts organized under thi supervision of such a governmen should not meet with anj hindrances by the Soviets. Unfortunately, we cannot agrei with Mr. Morrison. At first, whei Labor had just come to power one could have thought that thi Labor Government would taki the path of Socialism. Subse quently, however, it turned ou that the La|j>r Government dif V xerea mue irom any bourgeois government anxious to preserve : the capitalist system and ensure i impressive profits for the capital- < istS. a 1 The profits of tie capitalists In ] Britain are. Indeed, growing from < year to year, while the wages of 1 the workers remain frozen, the i Labor Government protecting this regime of exploitation directed 1 against the workers with every | possible means to the extent of i persecuting and arresting workers, i Surely such a Government cannot be called a Socialist Government? Capitalist Profits Scored. One might have thought that with the coming of Labor to power capitalist exploitation would be abolished, that steps would be taken to ensure the sys tematic reduction of the prices of mass consumer goods, that the conditions of the working people would be radically improved. In stead of this, we observe in Brit ain the growth of capitalist profits and the freezing of workers’ wages, a rise in the prices of mass consumer goods, and so on. No, we cannot call such a policy a Socialist pblicy. As for the British broadcasts ! to the Soviet Union (BBC broad casts), they are known to be aimed primarily at encouraging the enemies of the Soviet people in their efforts to restore capitalist exploitation. Naturally, the Soviets cannot support such anti-popular propaganda which, moreover, con stitutes interference in the in ternal affairs of the U. S. S. R. Mr. Morrison asserts that Soviet power in the U. S. S. R. is monop olized power, since it represents the rule of one party, the Com munist Party. Arguing along this line, one can come to the con clusion that the Labor govern ment is likewise a monopolized government, since it represents the rule of one party, the Labor Party. This, however, is not the point. The point is that the Communists in the U. S. S. R.. in the first place, do not act in isolation, but in a bloc with a non-party people and, in the second place, that in the course of the U. S. S. R.’s histori cal development the Communist Party proved the only anti-capi talist, People’s Party. In the course of the past 50 years the peoples of the Soviet Union have tested in action all the principal parties that existed in Russia: The party of the land lords (The Black Hundreds), the party of the capitalists (Cadets), the party of the Mensheviks (right-wing Socialists), the party of the social-revolutionaries (the defenders of the Kulaks), and the party of the Communists. Bourgeois Parties Defeated. In the course of the revolution orv Hpvolnnmonte in ffeo TT Q C D the peoples of our country swept aside all the bourgeois parties and made their choice in favor of the ' Communist Party, considering this party to be the only anti-landlord and anti-capitalist party. This is a historcal fact. Naturally, the peoples of the U. S. S. R. are giv ing their wholehearted support to the Communist Party which has been tested in battle. What <jan Mr. Morrison put for ’ ward against this historical fact? Does Mr. Morrison think that for the sake of a dubitable rigamole with an opposition, the wheel of history should be turned back and these long _ deceased parties brought back to life? i 2. FOREIGN POLICY. ■ Mr. Morrison asserts that the i Labor Government is for strength ’ ening peace, that it does not in any way threaten the Soviet Union, : that the North Atlantic Pact is not ; an aggressive pact, but a defensive i one, and that if Britain has taken i the road of an arms drive, this is ; because she has been compelled ■ to do so, inasmuch as the Soviet Union did not demobilize its army ! sufficiently after the Second World l War. , There is not a grain of truth in s ail these assertions of Mr. Mor ! rison’s. If the Labor Government is ; really for the preservation ol ■ peace, w^jy does it reject a five >ower peace paci, wny aoes n op )ose a reduction of the arma-l nents of all the great powers, why ioes it oppose the prohibition of he atomic weapon, why does it >ersecute those who champion the ause of preservation of peace, vhy does it not ban war propa ganda in Britain?. Mr. Morrison wants his words to >e taken for granted. But Soviet leople cannot take any one’s words or granted. They demand deeds i ind not declarations. Disputes Arms Charge. Equally unsound are Mr. Mor-; rison’s assertions that the U. S.l S. R. did not demobilize its army sufficiently after the second world war. The Soviet Government has already stated officially that it demobilized 32 age groups, that its army is at present approxi mately the size it was in peace time before the second world war, and that the British and Ameri can armies on the contrary are double the size they were before the second world war. Neverthe less, unsubstantiated assertions are continually advanced against these irrefutable facts. Perhaps Mr. Morrison would like the U. S. S. R. not to have an army sufficient for defense? An army is in general a great burden for the national budget, and the Soviet people would willingly go to the length of doing away with a regular army, were it not for the danger from without. But the experience of 1918-1920, when the British, the Americans and the French (together with the Japa nese) attacked the Soviet Union, attempted to sever the Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Far East, and Archangel region from the U. S. 3. R. and tor mented our country for three years—this experience teaches us that the U. S. S. R. must have a certain minimum regular army necessary to defend its independ ence from imperialist invaders. There is no instance in history of Russians attacking the ter ritory of Britain, but history has witnessed a whole series of in stances of the British attacking the territory of the Russians and seizing it. Mr. Morrison asserts that the Russians declined to co-operate with the British in the German question, in the question of Euro pean recovery. This is quite un trilo Mr Mnrricnn eon believe this statement himself. In reality it is known that it was not the Russians, but the British and Americans who refused to co operate, since they knew that the Russians would not agree to ■ re storing fascism in Germany, to converting Western Germany into a base for aggression. As for co-operating in the mat ter of European economic recov ery, far from rejecting such a co operation, the U. S. S. R., on the contrary, was one to propose it on a basis of equality and observance of the sovereignty of the European countries without any dictation from abroad, without any dicta tion from the United States of America, without the enslavement of the countries of Europe by the United States of America. Free Elections Claimed. Equally groundless are Mr. Mor rison’s assertions that the Com munists came to power in the people’s democratic countries by violence, that the Cominform en gages in the propaganda of vio lence. Only those who have set themselves the aim of slandering the Communists can permit them selves to make such allegations. Actually, as is known, the Com munists came to power in the people’s democratic countries as a result of general elections. Of course, the peoples of those coun tries threw out the exploiters and all kinds of agents of foreign secret services. But again, sueh has been the will of the people— the voice of the people is the voice of God. As for the Cominform, only people who have lost all sense of proportion can assert that it en gages In the propaganda of vio lence. Cominform literature has been published and is being pub lished. It is known to every one. It comj^ely refutes the slan lerous iaoncauons aoout the Communists. In general it must be said that :he method of violence and acts if violence is not the< method of ;he Communists. Quite the re verse: History proves that it is ;he enemies of communism and ill kinds of agents of foreign se :ret services that practice the nethod of violence and acts of violence. One need not go far afield for examples. Quite recently, the Premier of Iran, the Premier of Lebanon and the King of Jordan were assassinated within a short space of time. All these assassi nations were perpetrated with the aim of forcibly altering the regime in these countries. Who assassi nated them? Was it, perhaps, the i>uuiuiuxuaua, cue duppui in a ui wit Cominform? Surely it is ridicu lous even to ask such a question Perhaps, Mr. Morrison, being bet ter informed, could help us tc clear up this matter. Mr. Morrison asserts that the North Atlantic pact is a defense pact, that it has no aggressive aims, that, on the contrary, it is directed against aggression. Omission From Pact Hid. If this is true, why did the initiators of the pact not invite the Soviet Union to take part ir it? Why did they fence them selves off from the Soviet Union' Why did they conclude it behinc the U. S. S. R.’s back and in se crecy from it? Has the U. S. S. R not proved that it can and is will ing to ccmbat aggression, such a; Hitlerite or Japanese aggression Surely trie U. S. S. R. did not fighi against aggression any wors< than, say, Norway, which is i party to the pact? How then an we to explain this surprising in congruity. to say the least? If the North Atlantic Pact Is £ defense pact, why did the Britisl and Americans not agree to th< Soviet government’s proposal t< have the nature of this pact dis cussed in the Foreign Ministers Council? As is known, the Soviei government offered to have al the pacts it has concluded wit! other countries discussed in th( Foreign Ministers’ Council. Whj are the British and American; afraid to tel? the truth about thi; pact ant why did they refuse U. have the North Atlantic Pact dis cussed? Was it not because the North Atlantic Pact contains pro visions aoout aggression againsi the U. S. S. R„ and the sponsor; of the pact are compelled to con ceal this from the public? Was ii not for that reason that the Labo: Government consented to Brit ain’s conversion into a military niK Vmica rtf 4 V\ A T Tv\ Ctntnn a America for attacking the Sovie Union? • That is why the Soviet peopl< regard the North Atlantic Pac as an aggressive pact directec against the U. S. S. R. Allies Blamed for Korea. This is borne out most striking ly by the aggressive actions of th< Anglo-American ruling circles ii Korea. For over a year now th< Anglo-American forces have beer tormenting the freedom-lovinf and peaceful people of Korea, de stroying Korean villages an< towns, murdering women, childrer and old folks. Can those san guinary actions of the Anglo American forces be called defense' Who will claim that the Britisl troops in Korea are defendinf Britain from the Korean people: Would it not be more honest tx call these actions military aggres sion? Let Mr. Morrison point to i single Soviet soldier who has dis ■ .i i ■ .i i ... ■ i B .. ADVERTISEMENT. Promptly relieves ITCH—helps tied SNR RASHES The first applications .( Zamo pbovi this modern medicated liquid promptly relieves intense itching and helps heal raahee, eczema, psoriasis, * athlete’i foot, pimples, ringworm and similaa annoying surface skin and scalp irrita tions. Clean, stainless—use any time Buy special Extra Strength Zemo foi stubborn eases. Avail- ■■■■« able at all drugstores. charged his gun at any peaceful people. There is no such soldier! Then let Mr. Morrison explain properly why British soldiers are (killing peaceful citizens in Korea? Or why, for that matter, British i soldiers are dying on foreign soil far from their native country? That is why the Soviet people regard present-day Anglo-Ameri can politicians as instigators of ja new world war. Air Force Trainees Quelled After Affray ly th* Associated Press BRECKENRIDGE, Minn., Aug 1.—Air Force and civilian official! say no charges will be filed be cause of a disturbance in which TOO Air Force trainees were dis persed after a Minnesota sherifl Threatened to "blow their j heads off." Four of the soldiers involved ; still were confined today to theij :nnst. thp Air Wnrno finh/utl Science at Wahpeton. N. Dak. j Wilkin County Sheriff Harrj ; Matheson said the incident Fridaj was the second in two weeks in volving two Breckenridge garage men and troops at the school just across the river from Brecken ridge. Sheriff Matheson said the affraj Friday involved three white sol diers and a Negro soldier witfc Garageman Paul Shebeck. Tht sheriff said the argument was linked with an earlier fight be! tween Mr. Shebeck’s brother Irvir and a Negro airman. Assistant Chief of Police Jot Zajac said he ordered the foui soldiers back to their base aftei ! the quarrel was renewed Friday Chief Zajac said the four returnee ; later, accompanied by nearly 10( , other Air Force trainees. Sheriff Matheson said the mer were “extremely aggressive.” Sheriff Matheson said the troop! were finally dispersed after Capt Clarence W. Doerschug, unit com mander at Wahpeton, arrived or the scene. Top Air Force officers from Aii Force headquarters in Wyoming i and Idaho flew to Wahpeton tc aid in investigating the incident They were accompanied by ar officer from the Office of Specia i Information and a member of the i Federal Bureau of Investigation MID-SUMMER SALE t SLIP COVERS Custom Made w To Fit Your h Furniture 3 DAYS ONLY THURS.-FRI.-SAT. I SOFA I * 3 Cushions LABOR ONL\ LABOR ONLY MATERIALS 48" Width 89° to *2« No Single Chair Taken At Thit Price MATERIALS MUST BE BOUGHT HERE Chairs 1 Cushion LABOR ONLY k*--"..---J Stripes—Plain—and Floral Designs • Orders Taken In Store Only STANDARD UPHOLSTERY CO. 702 9th Street N.W. Est. 1910 9th Street at "G" l * . “ New York Team Leads Masters' Mixed Play In Bridge Tourney A New York team held the lead today in the Masters’ Mixed Team-of-Four championship as the third and final session of that tournament moved under way in the American Contract Bridge League competition here. Credited with 38% matches out of a possible 56, the leaders were Mrs. Lewis Jaeger, Miss Ruth Sherman, Richard Kahn and Leo Roet. Two teams were tied for second place in the hard-fought event at the Mayflower Hotel. On one team is former Repre sentative and Mrs. John C. Kun kel of Harrisburg, Pa., and Mr. and Mrs. Jeff Glick of Miami and on the other team, Mr. and Mrs. Harold Feldstein, Mrs. Leonard Goldstein and Sol Mogal, New York. Each had 37 points. Tonight’s Events. Championships will be decided tonight in the National Women’s Pairs and National Men's Pairs events. In the latter, William Warren of Mount Wolf, Pa., and James Greenwood of New York led with 397 y2 points, while Louis Kellner and Murray Schnee of New York were second with 385. Tied for third with 382 points were Archie Fineman, Pittsburgh, and Robert Appleyard, New York, and S. Gar ton Churchill, Great Neck, N. Y., paired with Cecil He^d, Stamford, Conn. Top Women’s Pairs. The top women’s pair are Mrs. Edward Minear of Danville, 111., and Mrs. R. A. Dunphy, Salem, N. J. In second place are Mrs. I. E. Schwarz, Cleveland, and Mrs. Glick, and there is third-place tie between Miss Dorothy Berning, New York, paired with Mrs. W. H. McKaig, Binghamton, N. Y„ and Mrs. Sam Neuwirth of Deal, N. J„ paired with Mrs. Murray Gross, Asheville, N. C. Leading events of the ACBL tournament begin tomorrow. They include the national masters’ pair championship and the masters’ team competition. 4 Firemen Sentenced In Extortion Case ly th* Associated Press NEW YORK. Aug. 1.—The dis trict attorney’s office says it is still after the alleged master minds of a $2-million-a-year fire department extortion ring—in cluding James J. Moran, political crony of former Mayor William O’Dwyer. Four ex-firemen, sentenced yes terday to prison terms ranging from five to 20 years, were de scribed by authorities as pawns for the alleged ringleaders. The four were convicted of ex torting money from fuel oil in stallers, who needed their ap proval to put in equipment. Trial testimony named Moran, a former deputy fire commissioner, as their superior in the shakedown. Assistant District Attorney Al fred J. Scotti told General Ses sions Judge John A. Mullen that he was “making every effort to bring • • * other culprits more important tnan the detendants to justice.” Defense counsel, moving for a month’s stay to file appeals and seek bond, said that “it is a pity Moran and the others were not before the court.” Judge Mullen granted the stay until August 30, and observers immediately pointed out that this action leaves the way open for reduced penalties for the defend ants if they give the prosecutor needed information. Mr. Scotti has said Moran was not brought to trial because there was no corroborative evidence against him. v Some 40,000 telephones in Fin land are being changed from manual to automatic operation. SALAD LOVERS Here's the secret of tastier salads: SEAL French dressing made with POMPEIAN Pure Imported Vir gin Olive Oil. Sec what a difference POMPEIAN'S Vir i'n flavor makea in true French dressing. It's a flavor you can’t get any other way. Get S3 wonderful recipes FREEI Write: Dept. 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