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W f, toning jta WiH* Sundoy Morn inj Edition TNI RVtNINO STAR NRWSPAMR COMPANY WASHINGTON 1, 0. C • ■ u ownwwi Rvqwiinißwii President I——**,* ] Mtn MAIN OFFICE. 2nd ». oM VtoaWa Aua. <X (3) EUROPEAN BUREAU— FARIS, HANCE. 21 Rw On Bcrrl ADVERTISING OFFICES NEW YORK. 32* FHA An. (IT) CHICAGO. 333 N. Mkhifon Av». (|) DETROIT; Naw Cantar Bvildln* (2) SAN FRANCISCO. 11l Suttar St. lOS ANGELES. 3340 WHthlra Blvd. (3) MIAMI REACH. 414 Clmm A»a. (40) FARIS. FRANCE: 21 Run De Reni Delivered by Carrier Evnnkif and Sundoy Sunday Evanlna Monthly 1.*3 For l»uo . JO Monthly .1.30 Wonkly .43 Weekly 30 Rotes by Mod—Foyeble io Adveoce Anywhere in the United State. Running and Sunday Sunday . Evan Ing 1 year 28.00 1 year . 12.00 1 year 18.00 4 .month* ... 14 30 6 month* ... 640 6 month* .... *23 3 month* 7.30 3 month* ... 3.30 3 month* 473 1 month .. 2.60 1 month . 1.30 1 month ..... 2.00 Telephone: Lincoln 3-5000 Entered of the Foil Office, Washington, D. C. a* *ocond-clo>* mall matter. Member of the Associated Frau The Atteciated Fro** I* entitled oxclutively to the uto for ropublkation of all tho local mwi printed in tMs nowspapop ai wall as A. F. news dispatches. * A-18 FRIDAY, OCTOIER 21, IMO Not a Valid Issue We do not think that Senator Ful bright will get very far with hl> effort to mqke political capital out of whether Vice President Nixon did or did not express regret to Premier Khrushchev over a congressional “captive nations’* resolution in 1959. Certainly Senator Fulbright’s apparent attempt to draw a parallel between this alleged incident and Senator Kennedy’s suggestion that President Eisenhower should have ex pressed regret to Mr. K for the U-2 affair falls rather flat. This is because the circumstances in each case were quite different. In view of the question raised in the presidential campaign over the “captive nations’* resolution, we agree with Sena tor Fulbright that the State Depart ment would be well advised to make public any document bearing on what Mr. Nixon may have said to the Soviet Premier on the subject—provided, of course, no breach of national security Is involved. But even if it should be confirmed that the Vice President ex pressed regret to Mr. Khrushchev for the resolution or its timing, we can see no basis for making a political issue of it. For the resolution was, Indeed, ill-timed and of doubtful value. Said The Star editorially at the time: The resolution requested Mr. Eisenhower to designate the third week in July as Captive Nations Week, and the President duly com plied. It happens, however, that this was the week in which our exhibition in Moscow was to be opened, with Mr. Nixon on hand to do the good will honors. If it is necessary or desirable to proclaim such things as Captive Nations Week, along with Apple Week, Sweet Potato Week and Be Kind to Animals Week, why is it also necessary to choose the worst possible time? The chances are that no one in this country really thought about the co incidence of timing. But Mr. Khrushchev did think about it, and he has used it rather effectively—first, to put the chill on both Mr. Nixon's visit and our exhibition, and, second, to argue to his own countrymen that we are meddling in their affairs. This la always a potent propaganda appeal, and the probable result in this case will be to stifle rather than lift the hopes of peoples in the captive countries. To express regret over this sort of bumbling is far different from express ing regret for espionage flights deemed essential to our Nation’s security from surprise attack. Mr. Nixon should have no hesitation in making known—per haps on his TV appearance in the fourth “great debate” tonight—what the facts may be in connection with the Fulbright attack. Whatever the facts, we can see no valid reason to criticize the Vice President or to drag the incident into the presidential campaign. The Big Question: Why? What a contrast there was between the exciting drama of the quiz-show Isolation booth and the drab drama un folded in a New York courtroom Mon day! , It is hard not to moralize in any commentary on the indictment for per jury of so many persons charged with falsely denying that their seemingly in exhaustible supply of answers was a fraud. These were not all obscure per sons, unknown to the public before they appeared on the rigged shows, “Twenty- One” and “Tic Tac Dough.” They in cluded a Columbia University instructor of prominent family, a lawyer, a physi cian and a medical research consultant. All stand accused of accepting advance coaching from an official of the program, including questions to be asked and the correct answers to be given. Small won der that their apparent erudition and uncanny memory evoked so much ad miration. The biggest quiz-show question of all, however, and the one most difficult to answer, is why men and women of such fine background could be so easily Induced to become parties to so shabby a swindle as the fake quizzes. The stakes were high, it is true, but it is hard to believe that such people would sell their integrity for money alone. Was it the lure of publicity, of the national lime light, that led such a man as Charles Van Doren to betray his friends and the vast TV viewing audience? Perhaps the answers will never be known. Or perhaps some of them will come out when the accused have their day in court—and none has been tried as yet. It is best to reserve judgment until the legal evidence is of record and the defense has had its say in each case. However, enough has been conceded by Mr. Van Doren and, according to prose cuting officials, by others to make one wonder what has happened to the old concept that honezty-r-not cheating—is the best policy. The quiz show exposures will have had something other than a sordid side if In the end they tend to strengthen our national moral fiber. Weeding Out Deadwood The District Commissioners should prepare legislation Immediately to au thorize the commendable plan of the Board of Education to withhold'annual pay raises from teachers who do less than satisfactory work. So-called “au tomatic” increases, under this plan, would be denied teachers who are given a new performance rating of “condi tional**—and such a rating on two suc cessive occasions would bring their ' dismissal. Only one board member, Wesley 8. Williams, refused to Indorse the proposal at a recent meeting. In essence, Mr. Williams raised two objections. First, he said, the new rating might be imposed on a “subjective basis,” thereby creating inequities. In addition, he said, with holding salaries is not a wholly effective device for dealing with “ineffective deadwood,” especially among those vet erans of the school system who already have reached the top of their pay scales and are “coasting into retirement.” On the second point, we certainly agree; the pay-withholding plan Indeed is no cure-all, and we hope that Mr. Williams (as he has not done thus far) will bring forth some specific proposals of his own to cope with the problem more effec tively. In the meantime, however, the leg islation proposed by Board President Tobriner would authorize at least a lim ited step in the right direction, with no reason that we can see to fear that it would be abused. Adequate machinery to safeguard teachers against unfair ratings—including the right of appeal— already exists, and teachers who have felt they were wronged In the past have shown no hesitation to Invoke it Under the new plan, supervisors actually would be forced to scrutinize the performance of teachers more carefully than they have previously, and this would serve to keep teachers on their toes as well as to identify those who do not meet the standards that the schools of the Nation’s Capital deserve. First Step It may be, as the President’s Com mittee on Government Contracts claims, that the hiring of a single Negro elec trician to work on a new Government building here is a major “breakthrough” toward the end of racial discrimination in this field. Assuming that this man is qualified for the job, his employment is a commendable step forward. But whether this actually will turn out to be more than a token “breakthrough,” only time will tell. Certainly neither the President’s Committee nor any of the many other principals concerned In the long dispute has reason to feel especially proud. For months on end, those who protested the absence at Negfo electricians were un able to produce a qualified applicant— a sad commentary In itself, considering the size of the Negro labor force in Washington. The electrician now em ployed, who asked that his identification be withheld, is a member of the elec tricians’ union in Detroit. And he was hired, apparently, only after the con tractors received a threat of litigation from the Justice Department. In our judgment, however, the plight of the contractor in cases such as this is passed over all too hurriedly. For while their contracts with the Federal Gov ernment forbid racial discrimination, the contractors must rely on the Wash ington local of the International Broth erhood of Electrical Workers for their supply of electricians, and that local has an all-white membership. This, of course, is the basic problem, and not until qualified Negroes are admitted to the apprenticeship programs and the regular job rolls of the local, as they are in other areas, is a permanent solution likely to be found. Pollution Test Case The Federal Government’s suit against the city of St. Joseph, Missouri, will provide an important initial test of a new weapon against river contamina tion, the Water Pollution Act of 1956. This law was designed to fill a serious void in State antlpollutlon programs, namely the lack of legal means to pre vent one State from contributing to the river-pollution perils of another State. In the past the Federal Government has sought to bring about voluntary agreements by States and cities on the cleaning up of rivers passing through their jurisdictions. In the St. Joseph case, however, numerous conferences with city officials failed to produce a guarantee that the city would not dump sewage Into the Missouri River above the water-supply intakes for the Kansas cities of Atchison and Leavenworth. Sult to compel St. Joseph to build an effective sewage-treatment plant then was Instituted in the Federal district court. Both Missouri and Kansas are supporting the court action. The Midwest suit Is In line with the Federal Government’s own policy of safeguarding Washington’s water supply from sewage contamination. It Is under this policy that the Government has authorized the construction of a large trunk sewer down the Potomac River from the Chantilly airport area to a connection with the Washington sewer system at Chain Bridge. It Is only right that the Federal Government, through Its powers under the Water Control Act, should help to protect other rivers against the health hazards of sewage and Industrial-waste pollution. tei 'Can't They Cloud the Issues Enough in Four Tries?' LETTERS TO THE STAR Transit Enigma Claims for economy of buses in transit use have been attributed to the wrong culprit by J. W. Anderson, Palisades Citisens Association president, in his statement to the Public Utilities Commis sion, quoted in The Evening Star. The bit about street cars being cheaper to operate than buses dates back at least to the pre-Chalk era of the great transit strike of 1955. Back then, the pro automobile District Fathers seized the opportunity to kill two birds with one stone, thereby ridding the city of Mr. Wolfson and streetcar tracks in one franchise can cellation. Junking of the streetcars was mandatory in the new franchise granted to Mr. Chalk. “Economically obsolescent” was the term applied to the transit rider's best friend, the streetcar, even though at the time it was not only paying its way but covering losses on bus operations, too. What has galled transit riders ever since, aside from seeing their swift, smooth, roomy, quiet, and smokeless electric vehicles disappear, is that the cost of replacing streetcars with buses has been used by D. C. Transit as a lever to pry out a steady stream of fare increases since that time. The saving prom ised by our esteemed Com missioners of 1955 is yet to be seen. Where Mr. Chalk may very well be at fault, though, is in taking new buses purchased through fare increases, plac ing them in charter service, and driving them past his transit customers who at that moment are wending their way home on thoroughly wretched equipment. At least two things are wrong with the philosophy and legal structure under which D. C. Transit operates and over which the Commis sioners preside. The first is that school children’s fares are subsidized directly by adult transit patrons, whereas most self-respecting com munities provide transporta tion for students through school taxes. But the crowning insult is the presently dawning realization that the transit firm can make more money by providing less service to fewer people at higher fares. Drawing a Line Between Poland and Germany Stefan Korbonski, chair man, Polish Delegation to the Assembly of Captive European Nations, urged in a letter to The Star that United States accept the Oder-Neisse line between Germany and Poland. This America could never do be cause of the means by which these lands were incorporated into Poland. These three states of Pomerania, Silesia, and East Prussia were entire ly German populated begin ning in the 11th to 13th cen tury by approximately 13 mil lion people. Breslau (the size of San Francisco) and Kon igsberg have been German as long as London has been English. Many of Germany's great philosophers and art ists have come from these states—including Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Gerhart Hauptmann, and Catherine the Great, a Ger man Princess. The methods employed to depopulate these states by the Communists were essen tially the very same methods which the Nazis used—and against which World War II was fought by the United States and its allies. After hostilities ceased around 1945-1946, these millions of people, because, of their Ger man descent, were brutally expelled; two million died, and most of the young were detained and used in slave labor camps. One can compare these lands with the Saarland which France claimed after the War. Germany lay pro- Pen names may be used if letters carry writers’ correct names and addresses. AU let ters are subject to condensa tion. Those not used will be returned only when accom panied by self - addressed, stamped envelopes. and not only that It can, but that present regulatory prac tices apparently encourage it to do so. The net result is an enigma and paradox: public transportation in the District is on its way out the back door while we enthusiastically talk up glorious new mass transit facilities seen but dimly out the front door to the future. Hal M. Davison. School Bond Issue For the past several years the vision of new educational horizons in the city of Falls Church has been mired in vulgar circuses, haranguing and number games by an obstructionist, headline-seek ing. vocal minority. At long last, we the people may rem edy an acute situation by voting “Yes” on November 8 in support of the bond issue. At present. 1,000 pupils in the city are attending George Mason Junior-Senior High School on three staggered shifts. The high school library can only seat 35 people. A library for a school of 1 000 to 1.100 students should com fortably seat at least 150 students and have the neces sary volumes and resource material for this many stu dents to use the library every period of each school day. Health classes, required by the State Board of Education for accreditation, meet in the gymnasium balcony while regular gym classes with en suing noise are held on the gym floor. A store room is now used as the team dress ing room and, to say the least, is inadequate. There is no J. V. football team this year because of inadequate dressing room space. The high school is defi nitely handicapped in the scope of its program by lack of teaching stations. We have no room to expand curricu lum offerings. Most of the problems at the high school can be traced to lack of physical facilities. A “Yes” vote on the bond issue will liberate our school board from its haggling over boilers and bricks. A “Yes” vote on the bond strate, and France, if it had incorporated the Saar, would have asserted her position as the strongest nation in Eu rope. Being a highly cultured and civilized nation, France allowed the Saar to become a German state. Poland, of course, suffered greatly under the Nazi re gime, but the Poles should not forget that they cooper ated with Hitler in 1938 in partitioning Czechoslovakia. After World War I, when the new state of Poland came into being, the Poles terror ized and harrassed the Ger man communities which were made a part of Poland by the Treaty of Versailles; such cruel actions did not help the relationship between the two nations. The Ger man government pleaded with the League of Nations to protect her minority liv ing in Poland, but such pleas had no avail. The uprising against com munism by the Polish people is greatly admired, but the Germans in the Eastern Zone also rose up in 1953 against communism. The refugees who continue to flow into West Germany indicate that the Germans do not have any love for their Soviet masters. Germany has continuously reinforced its ties with the West, knowing that if war should come. Germany would be the first battleground and would possibly be completely exterminated. How much easier it would be to remain neutral and play East against West! Germany, of course, would issue will redirect our school board in coping with the problems of our times—cur riculum growth and the in tellectual development of our children. A “Yes” vote on the bond issue will give your children and mine the room they need to get on with the educa tional job of meeting the change of our times. Irene G. Stoddart. Farm Surplus Plan Everybody has kicked the farm surplus disposal problem around but it still exists. We have a mountain of edible food products. We all require three meals a day— the farmer, the factory em ploye, the Government work er, etc. All of us can honestr ly say, “Part of that pile is mine—l paid for it. Since my part will spoil if I don’t use it, I have these choices: <1 • Let it spoil: or, <2) Eat it. I also know that it's caus ing me a good deal of time and effort to store it so it seems foolish not to use it.” How? By insisting the Gov ernment release it to normal processing channels free. The processors and handlers de duct the cost of material from processed food. We con sumers buy it for the cost of handling. Please note that the farmer in this day sells his raw materials to the processor. He then exchanges part of his raw material for part of his original product in processed form. This means he will have more cash to devote to upkeep of his holdings. The rest of the people would realize an Im mediate increase in income which would be much better than a tax decrease since an immediate reduction in food costs would be noticed the first few weeks after the plan was operating and would be appreciated by everyone who eats. Earl J. Nicholson. Navy 'Discriminates' I heard the “Navy Hour” last Saturday with its pitch for Navy nurses that began "If you’re a young woman and white. ...” I called the station and eventually some one played back the tape and ther it was—just as I had unbelievingly first heard it. What has become of United States Government and Navy Department policy, in partic ular. that there be no dis crimination based on race? Juliet W. Donner. never resort to force to ac quire their lands back. Since, however, one out of every four people in Western Ger many is a refugee and since these refugees represent a strong political factor in a democratically operated country, the politicians must assure these individuals a voice in the self-determina tion of these German lands. There is strong evidence that these lands do belong to Germany, for at the Pots dam Conference the bound aries were to have been agreed upon by the German and the Polish governments —but so far this meeting has not taken place. Legally these lands belong to Ger many and are only under Polish and Russian adminis tration, but treaties are only regarded by some govern ments as being mere scraps of paper. If our country should sanc tion these boundaries, we would be leaving our door open for aggression. What would prevent a foreign power from some day taking over some of our States, ex pelling our United States citizens and replacing them with their own? It would be disastrous to appease others at the ex pense of Germany. But most important. America must maintain her integrity and moral character by recogniz ing treaties and not degrad ing herself like the commu nistic nations by disregard ing treaties at their conven ience. William McDonald. WATCHING THE WORLD By CROSBY S. NOYES Foreign Correßpoadent of The Stor U. S. Prestige Sags With Belgians BRUBSKLLB. And the bitterest of all are the Belgians. Anyone seriously interested in the question of American prestige abroad would find a trip to Brussels an eye-open ing experience. A year ago the United States had no better friend in Europe than Belgium. A feeling of confi de n c e and admiration stretching back over two gen erations and two world wars reached deep into the public mind. Unshaken by mem ories of past hatred, undis turbed by any pretensions of being a great power, Belgium rated among the most reli able members of the Atlantic Alliance. Today it takes just about five minutes of conversation with any Belgian to realize how much things have changed. For Belgium, the Congo debacle meant more than the loss of a valuable overseas territory. It also meant in a most profound way the loss of the special confidence and faith that Belgians placed in the United States. There was, furthermore, no good reason why it should have happened that way. Granted, as every Belgian does, that what happened in the Congo was very largely the fault of their own gov ernment and a policy going back many years. Granted, too, that the United States had no choice during the height of the crisis except to bring its full support to the effort of the United Nations to bring some order out of the chaos. Still, there was nothing so wrong or so dis creditable in Belgium’s role In the Congo as to justify a total disregard of her interests and sensibilities. And nothing gained which compensates in terms of American interests for the damage so gratuitously in flicted on an ally. Was There a Choice? Today, with hindsight, it is easy to blame the Belgians for bailing out of their re sponsibilities in the Congo without first making sure that chaos would not result. But if the choice had been otherwise, what would have happened l Faced with a de mand for immediate inde pendence, the Belgian gov ernment had a choice of yielding or accepting the in evitability of bloodshed. They remembered Indonesia. Indo- China and Algeria. They real ized that staying on would mean being condemned as "colonialists” by most of the world, including the United States. The decision to pull VISTAS IN SCIENCE By THOMAS R. HENRY Camera Reveals Structure of Atom Single atoms, of which there are about 1 billion in a drop of water, now are being photographed in fine detail. The pictures can be mag nified about 5 billion-fold to Fourth of o Series show the internal structure of these basic units of all matter. This accomplishment has been made possible with the electron emission microscope developed in a program of the Air Force Office of Sci entific Research. Concepts of the insides of atoms, while quite detailed, hitherto largely have been deductions on the part of physicists. These now can be checked by actual "looks.” Taken in Reflected Light The pictures are taken in reflected light from the atoms themselves. This hard ly can be considered "light” in the ordinary sense of the term—the luminescence due to the effect on the eye of the emission of weightless particles, photons. It is due to the emission of electrons, negatively charged basic par ticles from the shells of the atoms themselves. The newly developed cameras are sen sitive to these particles, as the plates in other cameras are sensitive to photons. Pioneer in the field was Dr. Erwin Mueller of Penn sylvania State University. His latest pictures permit one to see directly, for the first time, imperfections in the structure of crystals, a field which long has been of out standing interest in physics. Other developments in this field just reported by scien tists working under Air Force contracts: Dr. Robert Gomer, Univer sity of Chicago, reports that the electron emission tech nique has made it possible to observe differences in elec- Questions and Answers By THE HASKINS-SERVICE A reader can set an answer, br mall, to any question ot tact by writlne The Star Information Bureau. 635 F street N.W , Waihlnaton 4. D. C. Please inclose return postaae or self-addressed, stamped envelope. Q. Can grapes be success fully frozen?—C. O. A. Yes, if the grapes are a firm-textured variety such as Thompson seedless, Malaga, etc. Cut them into small clusters, rinse with cold water, dry on crumpled paper towels and dry thor oughly in a current of air if possible. Place in a plastic bag and freeze. Use within a month and thaw only slightly before using. Q. Is there a name for the out of the Congo may have been unwise. But under the circumstances, no American is in any position to criticize it. Neither can anyone hon estly criticize the decision to send Belgian troops back into the Congo when the roof fell in. No government anywhere could possibly stand aside while hundreds of its citizens were threatened with pillage, torture and rape. To have ex pected Belgium to rely on the protection of U. N. troops— troops under strict orders not to use force under any cir cumstances—would have been the height of hypocrisy. Nevertheless, in successive U. N. votes, the United States lined up with the majority demanding the immediate withdrawal of Belgian troops from the Congo. And at the very time when requisitioned Sabena Airline planes were unloading their tragic car goes at the Brussels airport, Patrice Lumumba was being received with full state honors in Washington. Angry Charges Whether or not all thia made much sense from the point of view of higher statesmanship, the reaction in Belgium was little short of hysterical. Never since the end ot the war has the charge of betrayal rung so loudly and angrily in any Western European country. Aban doned by its friends, Belgium vented its anguish in the most violent and irrational outbursts against the United States. At the height of the emotional storm, the demand for an immediate withdrawal from NATO echoed in the public press. - Today, mercifully, the hys teria has subsided. More ra tional and intelligent Bel gians will concede that per haps, after all, the United States is not really bent on ousting Belgium from the Congo to make room for it self. They are even able to admit that the loss of the Congo will not mean eco nomic ruin for the country. And that the ties that bind Belgium to NATO militarily, economically and politically are too strong to be loosed. But the bitterness and dis illusion remain and will re main for a long time to come. One asks oneself what pur pose was served and what end was gained by squandering so lavishly the goodwill and con fidence built up over half-a century. And whether the prestige of the United States —in Belgium or anywhere else—has been greatly en hanced as a result. trical conduction at liquid nitrogen temperatures where various elements such as germanium hitherto have been considered as insulators. Farther study in this low temperature, anomalous elec- - trical behavior is awaited with great interest. Russian Experiment Dr. W. P. Dyke of Linfield Research Institute, Oregon, also working under Air Force contract, is utilizing the elec tron emission phenomenon as a means of generating short, very intense bursts of X-rays. These are used for taking pictures of such oc currences as bullets traveling through targets of various materials. Dr. Dyke and his associates also have devel oped an electron emission probe which serves as a pow erful generator of micro waves. At a recent international gathering the Russian physi cist, Dr. A. P. Komar of the University of Leningrad, re ported on his use of the microscope to investigate the way in which metallic com pounds erode in a vacuum at high temperatures. This sug gests that he and his asso ciates may be thinking of using these materials in the outer structures of missiles or satellites. Dr. H. D. Beckey of the University of Bonn, West Germany, told of the discov ery of new chemical species with similar techniques. “This broad range of ac tivity,” says Dr. R. W. Con dit of the Solid State Sci ences Directorate of the Air Force organization, "has evolved from what was once just a beautiful bit of aca demic research attempting to see the Individual atoms in the tip of a metal needle. This basic science pays off in practical ways not antici pated even by pioneer scien tists only five years back.” process of keeping track of rainfall?—N. L. A. Hyetography is the branch of meterology which ascertains and charts the rainfall of different districts in a given time. The science dealing with the precipitation of rain and snow is hyeto logy; a chart which shows average annual rainfall is a hyetograph. Hyeto- and hyet (HIGH-et) are combining forms from the Greek, mess ing “rain.”