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NATIONAL INTELLIGENCES FROM OUR LONDON CORRESPONDENT. London, Skttbmbkr 20, 1858. There are, amoug the good people of this com mercial country, a rather considerable nwnber who do not regard the discovery of gold in California, Australia, and other places an an advuutago. 1 his party attributes the rise in price or almost all ar ticles of consumption to this discovery; and also the high rate of interest, the scarcity of money, the ab straction of labor from agriculture and manufac tures and the introduction of a spirit of adventure, speculation, and commercial gambling among the hundreds of thousands of previously plodding pains taking men who are now toiling in the "diggings" or assisting in the various avocations connected with the gold mines. Comnicrco is disturbed and dis tracted from its regular channels, say these people, labor diverted from its legitimate pursuits, ami good morals and all the best interests of society endan gered by a reckless pursuit after wealth, which is to be pounced upon by a lucky hit, irrespective of industry, perseverance, or good conduct. This is certainly an extreme view of the case ; nevertheless it is entertained by many enlightened anil good men. Then there arc the ci-devant protectionist party, which asserts that if England has not been ruined by free-tradu she Iiiib only escaped that ruin through the aid of the newly-dis covered gold mines. We cannot afford time to controvert Statements which have only assertion for their basiB. We do not believe that England has been either saved from ruin or is about to be ruined by the influx of gold. Whatever theories we may hold as to the currency, or as to political oconomy in general, it is quite clear, we think, that there are such things as crises and panics in the commercial, political, and social world, when capital is scarce, confidence shaken, and busibess of all kinds in a confuted and disjointed condition. It will also bo ad mitted that there are periods of a directly opposite char acter, when money is abundant, credit firm and secure, and industry and judgment steadily pursuing their track along all the well-trodden and distinctly-marked thorough fares of commerce and employment. It is not always rery easy to perceive what causes have led to these oppo site conditions; probably no general rule has been or can be enunciated ; for, if it could, business of every kind "Would cease to be speculative or adventurous, and would be pursued by an established system, a thing by no means to be desired, for it would deaden energy, depress in quiry, and stultify much that at present gives an impuls# to all the higher powers of our nature and aids the great cause of human progress. The discovery of Australian gold has, we think, been made in a time half-way, if we mny so speak, between the two extremes of commercial transition. The year 1851 wus one in which this country was beginning, for the first time, truly to recover the tone and strength which had been so deeply impaired by the terrible crisis of 1817. The savings of the country were beginning to accumulate, and tho loanable and disposable capital to augment; and at the same time the tendency of commerce was rather to restricted ventures and limited undertakings than to the bold aud vast enterprises in which, at the extreme point of its prosperity, it is acoustomed to indulge. The na tural effect, according to preceding experience, of this augmentation of the resources of the country would have been an increase of trade, a multiplication of transactions, more " inquiry," to speak technically, and a generally brisker demanl. These are, as may be assumed, (since it has often been proved in theory, and is rendered fa miliar in practice, to meu of business, by daily experi ence,) the consequences of a well-supplied money market, whose influences, by innumerable subtle ramifications, extend into all descriptions of business and reach into every part of the country. The gold discoveries began their operations during this state of things. Gold was for the firtl time, in any large quantities, imported into the eountry. The stock of bullion in the IJank of England rose to 22,U00,000 sterling, and the rate of Hank interest fell to one and three-quarters per cent., although the gold remained in the Bank; yet the best practical men coincide with the most influential theorists in opinion that by so doing, and producing an increased plcntiful ness in the discount market, it had a far more powerful and rapid effect than if it had been doled out to the com munity in coin. At this period there is every reason to believe that the loanable capital of the country had been materially increased, as theorists supposed it would be, by the influx of the new gold. The export trade to Aus tralia, though beginning to be brisk, was, in comparison with its recent and present magnitude, altogether trifling. Much of the gold, it ia probable, remained to be paid for, Australia being at the time, we suppose, a considerable creditor of England. The colonial trade was at that time condacted, in a far greater degree than it is at present, with the private capital of the English merchant, and therefore substractod far less even in proportion than it does at present from the disposable funds of the Bank or the brokers in Lombard street. It is therefore, we think, ?ery probable that the increase of demand, and the brisk cess of trade which have resulted in the present advanced prices, havo to a certain extent been produced by the stimulus of the new gold thrown into the country. Bet we think that these effects have, to at least an equal ex tent, been brought about by the accumulated savings and augmented capital of the country. It is curious to observe how remarkably this position contrasts with the present state of things. We are now in the opposite crisis, when money is scarce and dear and mercantile confidence rather declining. At this moment Australia, so far from being the creditor, is, to a very large extent, the dtltor of the country. The colony has at this time abstracted from the motherland a much larger quan tity of capital than it has sent toto it. The loanable capi-. tal of England is materially reduced by the commerce with Australia, notwithstanding the millions of gold which the latter has transmitted. The rate of interest which was at first depressed has now risen to a great extent, and ia still rising higher and higher. Tho demands for the outward trade are now greater than the immediate re turns of the homeward. In the same manner, though operating reversely, if our view be correct, as in the sffta mer of 1862, the available funds received from were greater than those withdrawn by the commerce of Eng land with her southeastern colonies. No doubt the gold discoveries have been in a consider- | able degree, and in a remarkable manner, the stimulus to a new industry, and, Wy affording a vent and an employ ment to more capital than they have introduced among ?u, have caused the rate of Interest to ndvance. There is also no doubt that these discoveries have been the proximate cause of the advanced pricc of many articles ?f consumption. They have also directed capital and en terprise into hew channels; they have probably induced unwise and ruinous speculation, and Lave led many men to become diggers for gold who had better have remained at home; but to saddle the gold regions of the earth, now for the first time yielding up their rich contents, with all the conseqncnces which man's folly, or ignorance, or wicksdness may cause to flow from every thing which he meddles with, is like attributing the crime of forgery to the art of writing, and taxing the discovery of printing with all the immorality and prominences which hss issued from the press. We have long been in the habit of congratulating our selves upon the prosperity of this our native country, nor do we yet see cause to cease doing so. Prosperity so general, so universal, was scarcely over before known in any country. As an Englishman, we have relished it extremely. The contrast between the seven years pre ceding 1817 and the seven years which will soon have Succeeded to it is as remarkable as any immediate con trast of popular condition can well be. When we look at Ireland, now complaining of a deficiency of labor and ? consequent rise of wages, we can scarcely conceive how such a transition from the evils of adversity to the evils of prosperity can have been brought about. The tame proccss, in a smaller degree, has gone forward in England. This prosperity has now lasted long enough to show us that it brings its own cares and trials, and that ws must uot hope to escspe from trouble end aniie ty so long as we are ia any way connetted with human affairs. We have some few troubles at present, and, without croaking, we m?j, we fear, announce further troubles ahead. The difficulty about money is, we ap prehend, of no great or lasting consequence; we hold it to be, under attending circumstances, a symptom rather of national prosperity than the reverse. The new gold is absorbed as fust as it can be obtained, a process which we rather think will continue uutil the vacuum ia filled in ev*ry civilised country, and therefore net likely to cease at preseut. The condition of the inouey market m td not, we think, cause more than a passing anxiety. We think differently, however, of the state of the labor market. \\ e are desirous that in tho struggle between capital and labor, if either party have an advantage, that it should be in favor of the latter ; but we fear that the operatives think the labor por|ion of capital is inexhaus tible. I here is a point at which the amount paid for labor must stop ; if it goes further, it trespasses upon the fair prolits of tho grower of the raw material, aud upon those of the owner of tho capital. Strikes have been the order of the day, and in most cases wages have risen. Some firms now pay from ?5,000 to ?10,000 a year more in wages; and by doing so they have cut off all profit upon their capital and their skill. Tho demand for in creased wages continues. The consequence is that mills are closing, some at I'rcston for three months, others for an indefinito time. And now tho first anow has dropped upon tho hill-tops, the harvest is deficient, the potato crop very short, and prices of all consumable articles must be high through tho winter. The cholera is spreading through the length and breadth of the kuid ; rumors of war have almost turned into realities ; more ia fe't than is expressed at present about tho scarcity of coal; and? but we will not add another item to the catalogue of our anxieties immediately connected with the new prosperity of England. We will examine a little in detail our catalogue of anxie ties ; and, first, as respects tho harvest. We have latelv had much intercourse with agriculturists, and we are sorry to find.that in one of the principal corn-growing districts of the kingdom the prevailing impression is that the quantity of land planted last year with wheat was only about four-fifths of the average extent of late years and that upon the diminished surface of laud planted the wheat produced is not more than two-thirds of an aver age crop. If these data be correct, then the produce of th.- harvest is only eight-fifteenths of an average, or little more than one-half. A truly mclancholy calcula tion, when it is remembered that many of the continen tal nations, particularly France, arc also deficient, and that war may probably increase the difficulties ibu the expense of procuring supplies from more distant coun tries. Wheat has advanced full us. per quarter during the. week, and further advance is confidently calculated upon. New wheat has fetched 80s. the quarter, and flour is quoted at iOs. per sack. American flour is 3^ per barrel higher than on this day week. The accounts from Ireland respecting the potato-crop are not so satis factory as they were a few weeks ago. in politics, the Eastern question is now the all-en grossing topic ; and it cannot be denied that in tho pre sent posturo of affairs war appears to be imminent. It is ccrtain that detachments from the Eiiglish and French | fleets have passed the Dardanelles. The avowed object of their doing so is tiie protection of foreign residents at Constantinople from any outbreak of the people, who are incensed both at the Sultan and the English and French Ministers for not going to war with Russia. This pro ceeding is very differently commented upon by the daily papers. The Liverpool Mercury say3 : [ "If we could afford to jest on a serious subject it would | be amusing to relate how frightened our bellicose friends are at the spirit they have been so industriously invok ing. * or months wo have only listened to their valiant Th?' con,!emne'1 ,ls cowards if we did not set them to martial music. And now, when they hear that English and *rench ships have entered the Dardanelles an?trieJr?rrtttCd,,CODSOls rUD down ,lke quicksilver,' > forward to impeach the Ministry are fnm stnirlf P V0 ? a 6nevuuce- Passion is panic striick and party is powerless. But in the good heart t !rg nn, thcre 18 no feRr : confident incur right, proud of tho forbearance we have sliowii ; sure of the mieht of our strong arm, and full of trust in our leaders, we can Tvoid U0"188"? WUr " patientl* 03 *e bave "tmen to Amidst this gloomy re'view of present national affairs it is gratifying to find that the returns of the Poor Law Board are very satisfactory. The decrease in the num ber of paupers in the receipt of poor-law relief during the year which ended 1st July, 1853, was in England and Wales 50,632 persons. The decrease in able-bodied pau pers was 17,002; and on the 1st July last there were only 1,084 adult males in the receipt of relief on account of the want of work. A new stamp act comes into operation on the 10th of next month, which directs a uniforp penny receipt stamp for all payments amounting to two pounds and upwards, and also upon aU checks drawn upon bankers payable either to order or on demand to bearer. It is expected that this measure will be much more productive to Gov ernment than the former ad valorem rate of stamp duty; at all events, it will be mere simple and less expensive in its official machinery. There is very little news from France. The bread crisis still continues. The bakers are to be reimbursed for the losses which they sustain by the Governmental interfer ence in the price of bread once a fortnight. This loss is calculated to amount to ?200 per day. M. Drouth d? L'Hlts is said to have sent a circular to all the French foreign Ministers and diplomatic agents in Europe, stat ing that France and England cannot accept the preten sions of Russia, or the interpretations placed by her upon the \ lenna note. The Emperor and Empress were at Boulogne on Tuesday, and were received in a very en tbusiastic manner. In the afternoon their Majesties left for Amiens. The only news from Spain is that the new Ministers haTe entered upon the duties of their respec tive offices. There is not any news from Italy. The latest news from Constantinople is, that the pro cession of the Vairam, which it was feared would give occasion to a popular demonstration, went off in perfect tranquillity. A correspondent of the Daily Xurs, writing from Constantinople under date of the 15th instant, ssys: I am assured that peace will be maintained. It was ' only yesterday that Lord di RicncLirrB spoke at a di plomatic dinner to the same effect." Greece is becom ing bellioosc, and expresses its nstonishment and painful regret that the Porti: should have withdrawn the txtqua tur from the Greek Consul General in Wallachia. Greece says she will^first complain to Turkey, and afterwards do justice to herself should it become necessary. The news from China, brought by the overland mail yesterday, agrees with all that has recently arrived from the same quarter. Success is still with the insurgents. " The Government of Pekin is in the greatest distress for ' the want of money. A scarcity of grain is beginning ' to be felt at Pekin, owing to the districts by which the ?capital was pr.ncipslly supplied being now in the hands 'of the rebels." Tho Imperialists have made another unsuccessful attempt to recapture Amoy, and from ac counts received of the spiritless behavior of the Tartar troops it is now tolerably evident that "it is all up" with the Ma.itchi' dynasty. ?? The last of a line of kings * is toppling to his overthrow; his throne is undermin ? ed ; his prestige is nearly gone; his exchequer smpty ; ' his troops pusillanimous, and his star about to set." SimMBM 30.?The news of this morning is very un important. Lord John Rrssau, has been feted, and Lord Palsi krstoji and Mr. Glalstohk are being feted, in Scot land ; the first by the old-fashioned Whigs, the second by the admirers of the late Gkorcik Carxixo, and the third by the friends of the moderate conservative party and the late Sir Robt. Piil. Should Lord Aniini.Kr.* visit Scotland he would be received as the representative of the liberal aristocrats. " The classic Thane, Athenian Arkrmikw." ' 8ir Jam km Graham is in Ireland, where he is hailed "? the representative of the Administration. The only news from Frantk is, that the nairsm hav ing passed off at Constantinople without the slightest dis turbance, it has beoome difficult to explain from any thing that is passing there why the English snd Freneh frigates have been sent for. There was a rumor Paris that the Russian Ambassador had demanded his passports. The recent equinoctial storms liave done much mischief at Rottehdam and other place* in Holland. Many of the dykes hare given way, and extensive inundations ensued. The cholen hub proved fatal in 134 canes out of 253 which have occurred in Amsterdam. This disease has entirely disappeared from Copenhagen. More deaths have ensued in Denmark during the year from the chole ra than were caused by the war between that couutry and llolstein. The Czak and his suite have arrived at Olmutz, to which cit^the Vienna conference has also be taken itself. Lord Westmoreland is there, and has dined with the Emperor. Letters from Vienna of the 24th instant state that the Viennese public are directing their regards to Olmutz, earnestly wishing that some expedient may be found for maintaining peace, bo that the arn>y may be reduced and the treasury relieved of a heavy and long-sustained burden. The Ministers, it is said, are equally desirous of a similar result, as the need of anew loan is very urgent. Employers, too, especially agricul turists', complain, or rather are disposed to complain, that the army absorbs and wastes the productive forces of the country ; in many places serious losses have been sus tained through a deficiency of labor. The Odessa papers state that immense quantities of wheat continue to arrive at that port from the interior, and that, in consequence, prices have considerably abat ed. The magazines are not sufficient to contain the sup plies. A very rigorous conscription for the army is go ing on throughout the Southern provinces of Russia. Parents are held responsible for the flight of their sons. TUB EASTERN QUESTION?MORE MANIFESTOES. ANOTHER MANIFESTO OF RUSSIA. In Count Nesski.rode's despatch to Baron Mkyendorkf, dated September 7, he soys, with regard to the altera tions made in the Vienna Note by the Ottoman Porte, that "he hud made them the subject of special remark in another despatch." This despatch is published in the London Times, as translated from the Ztti, and is as fol .lojffs : Examination of the Three Alterations made Ay tin Ottoman 1'orte in the Austrian Note. 1. In the Vienna Note it stands: "Si a toute epoque les Ernpereurs de ltussio ont temoignc leur nctive sollici tude pour le maintien des immuniteset privileges i'?g. lise Orthodoxc Grecque dans l'empire ^*'ioman les Sul tans ne so sont jamais refuses 4 Consucrcr de nouveau par des actes solennele." This passage 1ip~ often altered as follows: "Si a toute epoque les Lmpereurs de Uussie ont temoigne kur active sollicituJe poqr le culte et l'Rglise Orthodoxe Grccque, !"C Sultans n'ont jamais cessi'1 de veiller nu maintien des immunit6s et privileges de ce culte et de cette oglise dans l'empire Ottoman, et do les consecrer de nouveau," &c. The words "dans l'empire Ottoman," as well as " le maintien des immunity et prrvilfcges," &c. are struck out and inserted further down, nnd applied exclusively in connexion with the Snltans. This erasure deprives the mutilated passage of all meaning, even of all sense, for no one calls in question the active solicitude of sovereigns of Russia for the faith which they themselves profess, and wLich is that also of their subjects. What was required to be recognised was, thatfrom time immemorial as active solicitude had been shown by Russia for her coreligionists in Turkey, as well as for the maintenance of their religi ous immunities, and that the Ottoman Umpire is resolved to have regard to this solicitude, and leave those privi leges intact. The present turn given to the phrase is so much the less admissxblc, as in the following expression mure is ascribed to the Sultan's than a solicitude for the Ortho dox worship. It is asserted that they Lave never ceased to watch over the preservation of these immunities and privileges, and to establish nnd confirm the same by so lemn acts. Rut it is the very reverse of what is here as serted, which, us has of late years taken place more than once, and particularly in the case of the Holy Shrines, has compelled us to seek prevention for the future by stipulating for a more definite guarantee. If we allow ourselves to acknowledge that the Ottoman Government has never ceased to watch over the maintenance of the privileges of the Greek Church, what goes with the com plaints that we have preferred against it? We should, by so doing, admit that we have no just ground for com plaint; that the mission of Priuce Menschikotf wa3 un called for; that, in one word, the note that is here ud dressed to us is perfectly superfluous. 2. The omissions aud additions of words, which are here made with evident affectation, are clearly intended to deprive the treaty of Kajnardji of.all force, while put ting on the semblance of strengthening it. In the original wording of the note, as drawn up in Vienna, it was said: " Fidi.de 4 la lettre et a I'esprit des stipulatiou des traitcs de Kainardji et d' Adrianopol, rela tives dela protection du culte Chretien, le Sultan regarde comtne ^tant de son lionneur * * * de preserver de toute atteiute * * * les immunites et privileges accordls l'Eg lise Orthodoxe." The version which derives the maintenance of the im munities from the spirit of the treaty, i. e. from the gene ral principle laid down in the twelfth article, coincided with the view that we have put forward and still do put forward; for, in our opinion, the promise to protect a form of worship and its churches includes the maintenance of the immunities which they possess. These are two in separable things. I bis version, which originally was ap proved of at Vienna, has subsequently been subjected to an alteration in Paris and London, an l, if we did not at the time make any objection to it, we did not omit to do so because we deceived ourselves as to the meaning of this alteration. >\e noticed well enough the distinction that wasdrawu between two points which, in our eyes, are inseparably connected with eacliother; but thisdistinction was glanced at in such a delicate manner that, in the spirit of concili ation, and in the desire to come as soou as possible to a final solution, we could even accept this version, and thenceforward look on it as unchangeable. These mo tives for compliance cannot be extended to the new alter ation which hitd been made in the same passage at Con stantinople. The line of distinction has been drawn much too sharply for us to be able to accept it without denying every thing that we have said nnd written. The mention of the treaty of Kainnrdji becomes super fluous, and its confirmation without an object, from the moment that the general principle ceases to be applied to the maintenance of the religious immunities of that form of worship. For this purpose it was that the words la Itttre et tttpril were suppressed. Without any necessity whatever, stress is laid on the fact that the protection of the Christian faith takes place nt the hands of the Porte, as if we put forward any pretension ourselves to exer cise this protection in the Sultan's States; and, as at the same time it is omitted to be recited that, according to the text of the treaty, this protection is a promise made by thc|Sultsn, an obligation he has taken on himself, it would look as if It was intended to throw a doubt upon the right which we possess to watch over the punctual fulfilment of this promise. 3. The alteration that has been made in this passage of the Austrian note is particularly inadmissible. The Ottoman Government would by this only blind itself to allow the Orthodox Church to participate in such advantage as it accords to those other Christian commu nities which are subjects of the Porte, Hut in case these communities?no matter whether Catholic or other? should not be composed of native Bayahs, hut of foreign clergy or laity, (and this is the ca-e with nearly all the convents, hospitals, seminaries, and bishoprics of the Latin form of worship in Turkey,) and as soon as it should please the Porte to grant to these establishments fresh religious advantages and jmvileges, the orthodox com munities, according to the words which it is now endeav ored to introduce into the note, would not be entitled to lay claim to similar advantages, nor would Russia have the right to intercede for them. The evil intentions of the Ministers of the Porte will bo more evident if we take an example?a possible ease. Let us put a probable case?that the last inducted Pa triarch at Jerusalem should receive certain piiviieges from the Porte which the Greek Patriarch does not enjoy. Every reclamation on the part of the latter would then be rejected, because he is a subject of the Porte. The same objection would be made by the Ottomnn Ministry with reference to the Catholic establishments in Palestine whenever subsequently, to the detriment of the native community, any yew privilege should be conferred on them which is not mentioned in the lust firman. ANOTHER MANIFESTO FROM THE PULTAN. The Turkish Government has also issued another mani festo, dated September Gth, of which the following is the official translation: We have already notified to the nation that the Gov ernment of his Majesty the Sultun had protested in the usual form agaiast the Russian inva-iou of the Moldo Wallachisn principalities, and had at the safe* 'itue sub mitted to the Great Powers a metnoraudnm s iting lorth ull the circumstances of this act. More lately the Governments of England, Frmce. Aus tria, and Prussia, with a aincere de.-ite t' Conciliating the Governments in adverse position, drew up a project of arrangement, and submitted it to them simuitaio i.u-iV. The news of the acceptation by his M:ijef|y iIt?? Kni|" r i of Russia readied Helgrnde by telegraph, and thenee for war l< I by a sperm I messenger to Ot- t.. ntinoplo Tl'is engerness and solicitude on the pnit ?>t the nrr it Powers is n mark of their well-known friendship toward* the Forte, aud they bare no doubt used all their efforts to maintain the principles of rigbt, as regards the sove reignty, independence, and integrity of the Ottoman Em pire. It has been laid down that the text of the assu rances oontained in a note drawn up by the Porte at the time of Prince Menschikoff's departure from Constantino ple, but which remained without effect in consequence of its rejection by the Russian embassy, was taken as the basis of the arrangement proposed by the Four Great Powers; and that the evacuation of the Moldo-Wallachiau provinces and the seuding of an Ambassador to St. Pe tersburg was to follow its ndoption. However, certain paragraphs therein have not been considered in conformi ty with the particular considerations of the Government of his Majesty the Sultan, as well as with the views oi settlement which he has always entertained; and as his Majesty the Sultan has always acted with most scrupu lous care and attention in this important question, in volving the maintenance of his sacred rights, it is surely also the duty of his faithful servants, and an obligation imposed by their functions, to act in a manner conforma ble with his intentions. Hence it is solely with the vital object of preserving intact his rights and independence that such important preparations have been continued for several months. It has been consequently communicated to the repre sentatives of the Four Powers that the Porte's aBseut to the new project is impossible, and that the solution ot the question depends absolutely on the admission of the explanations given by the Sultan's Government, as well as on the solid and formal assurances demanded of the Four Great Powers. His Majesty the Emperor of Austria lias transmitted an autograph letter respecting the arrangement in ques tion, anil his Majesty the Sultan has forwarded an an swer, explaining the real ond positive state of things. Such being the actual position of the question, the aspect which it may hereafter assume will not be known till the arrival of an answer to these communications. The Porte, mean time, in waiting the result, will main tain, conformably with the resolutions unanimously adopted, her armed attitude. Tin; steamer Humboldt arrived at Now York on Saturday, with London papers of the 30th ultimo. They supply tins details of the news brought to Halifax by the steamer Canada, whose mails hate not yet been received. We make a few extinct* : Great excitement prevailed in London on the subject of Eastern affairs. On the-4th ultimo a perf*"* " ",' . , v? iJttult at l in on the Stock Ex^angc, CftUM^ 'i[Qm the reports (hftt c6mbiQ$d Besika Bay had passed the Darda nelles and anchored before the city of Constantinople. This rumor, howevor, subsequently was modified to the fact that two English jmd two French steam frigates had en ten, d the Straits at the request of the French and British Ambassadors, with tie ostensible object of protecting the interests and personi of European residents in the event of an outbreak of th< fanatical Turkish party. The ac counts from Constantinople of the 15th September, how ever, stated that the procession of the Bairam, which it was thought would give occasion to a popular demonstra tion, went off in perfect tranquillity. Extensive precau tions were taken, and the garrison and police reinforced by strong detachments of troops and peace-officers. The crews of the ships in harbor were con6ned on board their vessels. Further accounts stated that the Uletnas (who had waited on thoSultnn, clamoring for instant war with llussia) had revoked their declarations to the people, in consequence of t|i? arguments of the Scheik-ul-Islam. The greatest consternation prevailed among the Christian population, and it appears that it was the French Minis ter who first proposed to call to their assistance a portion of the allied llecto. Another unfavorable feature was the demands being pressed upon the Turkish Government by the Austrian embassy for indemnities for losses of property sustained by Austrian subjects on Turkish soil. Tnese demands amounted to large sums, and would much complicate po litical affairs. The preparations for war were in the mean time no ways delayed. The Egyptian contingent of 1-3,000 meq bad marched for Varna. The Porte was also concentrat ing an army of 100,000 men on the frontiers of Persia. The Persian and Ottoman soldiers fraternise, and large numbers of refugees, Hungarian and Italian, had joined the army. Hie Russians also were pouring fresh troops into Southern Russia, and evidently preparing for a pro tracted campaign. Tin' Emperor of Russia had arrived at Olmutz, accom, panied by C#unt Nesselrode and the Graud Duke Alexan der. Nothing had yet transpired regarding the confer ences to beheld with the Emperor of Austria. In London an impression seemed to prevail that peace i might yet be preserved. The season is getting too ad- | vaacad iato winter for hostilities of any extent to be com- I tteneed, and before th? opening of a spring campaign many months will necessarily elapse, which may be turned to account by the diplomatists. I ROM TOE LOS DON TIMES OF SEPTEMUER SO. We observe In the foreign journals a natural disposition to comment with some interest on the passage of the Dar danelles by detachments from the French and British squadrons. That this measure vu not dictated by any change in the immediate relations of Russia with the West ern Powers, and that it originated in the representations addressed to their Ambassadors at Constantinople by the Turkish Government, is what our readers hare already learnt; but it is not improbable that negotiations may be quickened a* well as facilitated by the proceeding, and there will certainly be no inclination in this country to quarrel with so desirable a result. The case thus cre ated derives its importance from the following transac tions and considerations: It bad been a ruling maxim, first of Turkish and after wards of European policy, that the Dardanelles should be closed to foreign ships-of-war. In the first insurrec tion of Mchcmet .Mi against his nominal Sovereign, Rus sia had exerted herself with otiiciousness to send succors to the Sultan in his trouble; and, though much of this sympathy was superfluous, aud all of it suspected, the Csar founded such claims upon his services that at the conclusion of the nflfair a special treaty was negotiated between Russia and the Porte, at the dictation of the former Power, to be valid for eight years. This was the treaty knowo as that of Unkiar Skelesii, find it provided that, in consideration of past emergencies and prospec tive need, there should be a defensive alliance between the two contracting parties. By virtue of this alliance Russia was to guaranty the Porte against the dangers ap prehended from Egypt, and the Porte, in return, was to exempt Russia from regulations which closed the Darda nelles to all other Powers. A few years afterwards Egypt was in rebellion again, but the task of intervention was assumed by the Euro pean Governments in common; for a time to the exclu sion of France, which was thought to incline too much to the interests of the Pasha, but ultimately by general con sent and co-operation. Accordingly, in 1841, arrange ments wire effected for the second time between Mehemet Ali and his Sovereign, and the position of the Porte to wards Egypt and toward Europe was defined anew. By the treaty then concluded the privileges of Russia disap peared, and the Dardanelles were again closed to foreign digs of war of all nations alike. This is the treaty of 1811, the instrument now in force and action. Its stipu lations provided that the Sultan should admit no foreign ships of war into the Dardanelles to long at the UHuman rortt thould bt at f met. We, of course, need not stop to remsrk that when a foreign army crossed the Turkish frontier, for the avowr I purpose of coercing the Turkish Government, a state of peace was exchanged fur a state of war, and the Sultan became at liberty to open the Dardanelles to such vessels o? he thought proper to-invite. Our object in recapitu lating these transactions is not to offer cuperfluous proof of a self-evident conclusion, but to direct the reader's at tention to the general instruction which the whole narra tive conveys. Nothing could better illustrate the true position ot the "Ottoman Empire " and the real motives of European policy. On the part of the Turks the closing of the Dardanelles was, of course, a rule of common pru dence ; for here, in fact, lay tl^e first fortifications of Con stantinople. But, on the part of Europe, the principle was founded on jealousy alone. A vast Empire was in a state of virtual dissolution, and no Powers were disposed to |>ermit any other Power to forestall them in the chances of a scromble by establishing there any peculiar footing, influence, or prescription. Look at the motives at work in 183H. There could be no doubt that Mkhekkt Ali was able to eject the Ottoman dynasty and seajt himself on the Turkish throne. Russia, however, w is by no means inclined to sec this substitution of vigor for decre pitude in the palace of Constantinople, and she interfered accordingly to ?? maintain " that particular Empire which gave the surest evidence of decay and the best prospects of dissolution. But the European Governments could not en dure that a single Power, nnd that Power Russia, should monopolize all the opportunities of such an inter vention, and they claimed and ohtained, therefore, a share in the operation. In 1841 exactly the same scene was repented, and with exactly the smne motives at work. It Was, in fact, this policy, and no qthcr, which had i hiefly determined the liberation of Greece. As the ?'mancipation of this Ottoman province wonld not Oi ly weaken the Ottoman Government, bnt strengthen the Greek element in the East, Kussia decided on promoting it, and the other States conourred, lest she shonld gain the advantage of prouotiug it alone. This intervention was against the Sultan ; the next was ostensibly in his I favor, but iu either case the results and the motive were precisely the same. When the work of decay could be' forwarded the Ottoman Empire was " maintained iu his integrity" by depriving it of a valuable province; when it required to be left undisturbed in its decline Mkukmbt Ali, its intended regenerator, was turned back upon hia heels. The Greeks were allowed to rebel; the Egyptians were not. This is European policy in the East; a policy, be it observed, which llussia can always initiate and de termine; fur, by deciding upon interference herself, she can always bring the other Powers into the field of action in quest of their private perquisite. The closing ef the Dardanelles against foreigners, by common conseut, sim ply means that all the States of Europe wish to debar every Stato in particular from getting any unfair advan tage in the matter of the " Ottoman Empire." We sincerely trust that Europe may nut be plunged into war after the blessings of forty years' pence on this particular development of this interminable question; but we have our duties and must discharge them. Russia must be controlled in her encroachments. Of that neces sity no European statesman entertains a doubt; but, as negotiation has hitherto been effectual, we hope1 the same result may bo experienced once mora. It i? from this point of view thai we regard the entrance of British and French vessels into the Dardanelles. The measure it self, though in some sense a counterpoise to the invasun of the Dauubian Principalities, is in no respect a coun terpart to that proceeding, for it hns been executed only in compliance with a desire of the Sultan, after oircurn stauces had authorized him to express it. Dut, as the prcaenoe of the ships will strengthen the hands of the Turkish Government, aud us it may be taken for evi dence of earnestness on the part of the Western Powers, we think it may promote an early settlement of the question. There can really be little reason, as we have recently shown, why this settlement should bo delayed. At first sight it might not have been clear to what the Czar's pretentions tended, or what opinion was to be formed of their probable effects. At present, however, it is plainly understood that he claims such a species of protectorate over the whole Gteek Church iu Turkey as would render many millions of the Sultan's subjects his spiritual vassal,-j. If this should actually prove to be his ultimatum, we can scarcely suppose that France and England, or indeed any European Cabinets, are without some prepared conclusion upon the miestion 30 The British and French GoYerfii/i?-: *, , , , clwred, in terms sulH*'"-4' . ',HV0 already de Sr !???? - .....wiy plain to be unpalatable at . . ..vj-sourgh, that there is ? certain degree of en I croachment by Jlussia upon Turkey which they are not prepared to allow, and, in evidence of tlieir resolutions on this point, they have dispatched their lleets to the Turkish waters. Are the requirements in which llussia still persists, however colored or disguised, such as to bring them within this category1! This, and this sim ply, is the question at issue, and the sooner it is resolved the butter. THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ULEMAS. The Debats says : "We have received letters from Con stantinople to the 15th, which were brought by the Nil. They permit us to give with somewliatmore precision than the telegraphic despatches do some details as to the pro ceedings of the Ulemns. It was in the rank of the tnu dcrris (professors) of this learned body that the idea of presenting a petition to the Sultan originated. It was signed by about sixty members, and * deputation of fif teen members presented it. The prayer of it?drawn up, we are told, in becoming terms, and supported by texts from the lvoran?called on the Sultan to declare war against llussia, as the only means of protecting the honor of the throne abd the independence of the empire ; as the only line of conduct, in fact, traced out by the principles of lslnmism. " It appears that this step at first made n profound im pression on the part of the Cabinet least disposed to ex pose themselves to the perils of war; but by degrees they perceived that the mudcrrit were only the instruments of the war part}-, at the head of which were Mehcmet Ali, brother-in-law of the Sultan, and Mehemct Muterdjun, the intimate adviser of Meheniet Ali?two men to whom is attributed more ambition than patriotism and devoted ness to their sovereign. The Sheick-ul-ishun, having called the 1 nudrrris to him, reproached them with their conduct, nnd blamed exceedingly a proceeding unexam pled iu the annals of the empire, and an encronchmeut on the rights of the Sultan, to whom alone, as sovereign and head of the spiritual power, it belongs to decide questions within the range of his divine right. " The muderris protested that they were actuated by pure intentions; and, declaring that they were perfectly devoted to the Sultau, exprei??ed great regret for what they had done, and declared that he who had urged them on was the hvdja (preceptor) of Mehemct Ali. They per sisted, however, in affirming that.war was indispensable, being commanded alike by religion and by the interests of the empire. It was under the impression of this manifes tation, which by no means had the alarming character at tributed to it, that the ambassadors considered it-neces sary to call up parts of the fleets to protect the Sultan, the Christian*, aud the city from the consequences of an agitation which might break out at any moment. The j Porte at first was not much disposed to accept the offer of | the ambassadors, but in the end consented." CELEHRATION OF A TURKISH FEAST. Co*STAKTWiorLit, Thihsdat, Sept. 15.?The Jay be f#re yesterday the Mussulman sacrificial feast of the Kourbau Dairam was ushered in by salvo3 of artillery from every Turkish man-of-war, and from the different furts in the Bosphorous. At a very car.'y hour in the morning the Sultan issued from his palace. clothed in his Imperial costume, having on his he id a fez richly orna mented with diamonds, and surmounted by the white plutues of the egret. ile was surrounded by all the dig nitaries of the Empire, and followed by every grade of officer, civil and military, in their official uniforms. The eortrj/f passed between the files of soldiers-to the sound of military music, and entered the mosque of Sul tan Ahmet. After certain religious ceremonies the Sul tan and bis suite returned to the palace, where his Ma jesty took his seat on the throne. Each officer of the Empire within a certain rauk prostrated himself to the enrth and kissed the foot of his Sovereign, this homage being due to him as the Caliph and head of Islam. The feast of the Kourbuu IUiram continues four days, when the whole of the Mussulmau population, in their gayest dress, indulge in feasting and merry-making. At the commencement of the fcust the street* are choked with thousands of sheep, led by wild-looking armed Tur coman shepherds, who bring them to b? sacrificed. Each head of a family is bound to sacrifice at least one, and thousands are distributed to the poor for this purpose. THE MILITARY CONtiBES.S AT OLML'TZ. Olmi t*, SerTRMBER 25.?The Emperor of Russia nr. rived at the station here last night nt G o'clock, (the Em peror of Austria having gone to meet him n* far as Pre mu.) and nt thnt hour the whole of the two Courts, with all the higher ofiioers of the Austrian army, were assem bled, and followed the Imperial cvrtey' into Olmutx ; the town, and particularly .ill the houses on the road to the residence of tlie Archbishop, where the quarters of the sovereigns are, being illuminated and decorated with gar lands nnd devices. In front of the palace stood the guard of honor, composed of medal-bearing veterans of the Austrian regiment of the Emperor Nicholas; and here took place one of those nets of fraternization which the Kinperor of Russia employs with such consummate tact with n view to producing a favorable impression on the j Austrians. When the first bars of the serenade were got through, the Emperor Nicholas placed himself at the head of the guard of honor, nnd, as be marched past, sa luted the Emperor of Austria in the capncity of n com rade of the veterans nnd n holder of a regimental com mand under the sovereign of Austria. Loud applnuse I followed from the spectators as the Emperors publicly kissed each other, nud then the Court dinner followed, the two Emperors spending the evening together in undis turbed privacy, the sl'rince of Prussia nnd most of the genernln having gone to the first commanded' by General Count Clam Uall&s, the second by Goner?l Schlick, the re serve under Oenernl Count Scbuffgotscbe, the artillery under General Hauslnp, and the cavalry under General Prince Licbtenstein. The staffs of the Emperors were briUinnt bpyond any thing I ever recollect in a pretty extensive experience of military demonstrations, comprising a great many Impe rial and Koyal personages, and upwards of sixty gene rals, headed by the hoary and respected Marshal Nu gent. The Emperor of Austria wore a white uniform, with the light-blue riband of the Order of Ht. Andrew of Russia, and looked quite in the prime of youth. The Emperor Nicholas, who is gradually getting stouter as years roll over him, wore the Cuirassier uniform of his Austrian regiment: but, with his huge breastplate, mar tial air, nnd gigantic stature, has lost none of that impos ing appearance which your readers know him to possess. He was accompanied by his sons, one of whom wore an Austrian colonel's uniform, nnd ho was immediately at tended by Uencriils Adleberg, Grunwnld, Schuraloff, Mir shilevitch, and C'reutt. The Iinperinl curtrgt, in which the scarlet uniform of I.ord Westmoreland was prominent, then rode along the camp nnd down the columns to the field chapel, which was nn altar covered with n tent, where several shaven priests stood to perform the functions of mass. Opposite to this wivs a tribune with red velvet cushions, nud here the Emperor of Austria heard mass, the Emperor of Rus sia being on his right band kneeling, making the sign of the cross, nnd, as far as 1 understood what 1 saw, joining in the divi?ie service. The Prince of Prussia stood be hind as n spectator, but did not kneel. The elevation of the best, marked by the ringing of a bell, was telegraph ed to the most distant bntallions, so that the whole army might simultaneously join in this rite of the Human Ca tholic Church, anJ, instead of an organ, the anthem was played with astonishing precision Mid unity by the thirty bands united, so aa to be one of the moat pompous religious solemnities of the Roman Catholic Church that can be conceived. Bivine service was followed by kitchen parade, when the whole anny defiled before the two sovereigns. Each gen eral led his own coryt (Tarmct, aud each colonel hist>wa regiment. iho defile lasted three full hours, the Emperor of Aus tria acting as nouienclator to his Imperial ally, who sat. on his horse and eojoyed bis favorite spectacle with ma nifest gusto. But, even apart from great personages, the scene was highly interesting, as the old tattered flags that had stood the battles and the breezes from Eeipsio and Gemappe to Temeswar were carried past, and as the sound of one fine band died away in the distance the trumpet-tones of another coming on awoke the echoes. A great white sea of tents was seen spread over miles of country, and the spectators from all parts of the Empire and of Germany crowded literally in myriads round the vast enclosed tncierUe, so tuat in the little town of Olmutz we havo Melbourne prices and Melbourne accommoda dntion, the streets all night rattling with the Jiacret of de spair-stricken arrivals, unsuccessfully begging a shake down in the smallest public houses. Further advices, received by the steamer Atlan tic, state? The Conferences between the Emperors of Russia and Austria at Olmutz had ended, and the Czar has returned to Warsaw, whither the King of Prussia has gone to meet him, and the Emperor of Austria was to follow. New propositions were concerted at the Olmutz meeting, and particulars were sent to the English Government direet from thence. Stronger hopes of a pacific solution were therefore entertained in diplomatic circles. The Conference at Vienna has been re-established be tween the Four Powers, and the thread of the negotia tions has been resumed, giving the probability that a solution more prompt and peaceable than was eipeoted is at hand. From Olmutz, September 20th, the Qf a metropolitan p?r S(iya. j it Th? ?AnrTrCaces between the two Powers have endetT. The Emperor Nicholas and Cpui>t Nesselrode have given to tho JSmpefO* of Austria aud Count Buol Schauensteifl the most positive assurance that there is now and hence forth no question of any Isolated action on the part of Russia, with a view to the stli?T?r9i?n ?' Ottoman Empire, and that the sole object of the EinpefOf rucnuta? is to terminate the whole affair with honor, and put an end to the suspense in the European money market as early as possible. For this purpose it is the anxious joint desire of the Cabinets of Vienna and St. Petersburg that, with the concurrence of the Governments of England, France, and Prussia, the collective action of the Vienna Conference should be renewed, and that its result should be a formula of assurance so perfeotly satis factory to the Porte as to hold forth every prospect of acceptance. The question is therefore regarded as sub stantially terminated, and henceforth involving only a few forms which we may safely leave to the tact of the diplomatist, unless the Moslem fanaticism which Russia has so incautiously evoked should interpose a barrier. These assurauces will take place with a view to enable Russia to accomplish, without humiliation, the wished for point of the evacuation of tho Principalities, but will involve, oh the part of the Five Powers, no technical guaranty to Turkey beyond what already exists in the treaty of 1841, aud which, in fact, says the writer, would be superfluous." ? Private accounts from Olmutz of the 28th say that this peaceable result of the Conference was mainly owing to the ussurance given by Lord Westmoreland that the Bri tish Government would not insist on the Porte's accepting the Vienna Note without modifications; it would at least abstain from advice to the contrary ; and that it would particularly guard against making any pledge of material support to the Sultan in case he should declare war against Russia; that, on the other hand, the Emperor of Russia would not consider the arrival in the Bosphorus of a few ships of war, such as those which have passed the Straits, as a violatiou of the treaty of 1841, provided the object of that demonstration was really to keep in check the fanatical party at Constantinople. The semi-official " Austrian Correspondence" briefly announces the settlement thus: " A new scheme of ad justment has been agreed on at Olmutz, and will be forth with offered for acceptance to tlitf Porte." Vienna letters of the 2d instant add that when the Conference proper, to which Russia and Austria were parties, had terminated, a council of Ministers was held, to which the Ambassador? were invited. It was at this meeting that Lord West moreland made his proposition of a collectivc declaration, which was accepted. This declaration, the heads of which are mentioned above, is understoed to be identical, or nearly so, with one proposed by the Earl of Clarendon upon the Czar's rejection of Redschid Pasha's modi ! fications. On the morning of the 27th ft Russian courier, with de (spatches, left Olmutz by a ppecial train for St. reters burgh. The Comlitutionnel states that the French and British Governments had also sent couriers to St. Peters burgh with important despatches, which would arrire there on the Cth instant. MEETING Of THE BRITISH CABINET. The Ministers who were in London, constituting a ma jority of the Cabinet, met on Monday, the 3d instant, at t!>e Foreign Office, and held a long conference on the pre sent position of Ka$tern affairs. The intelligence which wns the immediate occasion of the meeting was, that on September 20th, a week later than last letters, the Grand Couucil, a body consisting of about one hundred and for ty magnates of the Turkish Empire, had recommended the Sultan to make a declaration of war. The force of that recommendation and the probability of the Sultau acting upon it, as well as the particulars of the proceed ing ascribed to the Grand Counoil, must remain matter of conjecture until the arrival of more definite information. More definite news from Constantinople was hourly looked for by the route of Marseilles. As the telegraphia announcement to band was not very precise, and as in ft matter of such moment it would be desirable to have ft full meeting of the British Cabinet, some days would pro bably elapse before any fresh decision would be come to, the more so that nothing will be done without the accord of France, and that Lord Redcliffe's instructionsinclude orders how to act in the event of a declaration of war either by Turkey or Russia. Lord Redoliffe is supposed to have disapproved of the step taken by the Grand Council, and would without fail do his best to delay further proceedings. LATEST BT SUBMARINE TKLEORAPH. " Viexsa, Mo!ft>AT Evemxo, Oct. 3.?The Divan aft the Grand Council hare resolved upon a declaration of war upon Russia; and, contrary to the advice of the Four Powers, the Sultan has signed the declaration of war. Keport says that hostilities have already begun." The above despatch, telegraphed to an extra of the Chronicle, was known in Liverpool on Tuesday, but not fully credited. The mails to hand on Wednesday morn ing partly confirm it. The London Standard publishes the despatch without guaranty. The Olobe gays: " In publishing the foregoing important intelligence we would merely state that, although our own information does not authorise us to corroborate the main fnet of ? declaration of war, it is of a nature to warrant U9 in placing every credit in the statement. That the Sultan hud on the 27th convoked a Grand Council, consisting of 120 of the principal Ministers, Councillors, Pachas, and others; that the question of peace and wnr was submit ted to them by him, and that they had decided in favor of the latter alternative?all this is beyond a doubt. Such being the case, our readers will nee that all the pro babilities are in favor of the correctness of the main fea ture of the intelligence." Other acoounts inform us that at the Grand Council de spatches from Omer Pacha were read urgently counsel ling war before the winter should set in. It was further stated that Prince Gortschakoff was mov ing troops as if he intended to cross the Danube for the purpose of attacking the Turkish position at Koustchouk. The British funds materially declined, owing to the news from the East. Consols closed Tuesday, tha 4ih. at , at which business was reported. TURKEY AND IIU88IA. At latest accounts the Ciar's rejection of the note wo* generally known throughout Turkey, but no outbreak had occurred. Constantinople was perfectly tranquil. From the Principalities we have nothing but warlike news. Prince Gortschakoff had communicated to th* commnnding officers of the different corps of his army the order from the Minister of War to winter in the coun try. Doth armies continued to be on the alert. A Hussian squadron of thirty sail was observed Sep tember 17th about one hundred miles distant from Co penhagen. From St. Petersburg!!, it Is stated, September 24th, that the ships had been ordered back to Cronstadt, there to await orders. Another aoeount sajs they nre laid up in ordinary in consequence of the stormy weathwr on the Ualtio.