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THE FARMER: MAY 8, 1912 BRIDGEPORT EVENING FARMER (FOUNDED 1790.) rnTillrtfU tor The Farmer Publishing Co., 179 Fairfield Art, Bridgeport, Conn, Dally Edition, $S per annum Weekly Edition, SI per annum Entered In Postof f ice, Bridgeport, WEDNESDAY, OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Both the bright and the dark sides of the American educational system are discussed by Dr. P. -P. Claxton, the United States Commissioner of Education, In his annual revlaw of educational conditions, soon to bo is sued for free distribution by the United States Bureau of Education. Dr. Claxton notes that the average number of days attended by each child enrolled in the public schools increased in the first decade of -this century by almost 14 per cent. Never , theltss, he points out, the average daily attendance of these children Is still only 113 days in the year, or less than 6 months. Assuming that this rate of attendance shall continue through the 13 school years (5 to 18) the average amount of school re ceived by each child of the school population will be only 1,046 days or i little more than five years of ten school month each. The average monthly salary for male teachers has Increased about 38 per cent, in the decade under dis cussion; """-while female " teachers are retting''' '2T per ' cent, more than in 1900. At the same time the average wage for public school teachers all over the country. Including teachers in the wealthy cities and in the high schools, Is less than $500, about $3 a day for the actual number of days taugh,t, about $1.60 a day for the actual woTking days of the . year. , In this connection, Dr. Claxton says that it should be remembered that teach ers are expected to give their entire time either to the actual work In the school room, to school work which must be done out of school hours, or to preparing themselves, In summer schools and elsewhere, for better ser vice. Clearly there must be a large increase in the salaries of teachers be fore we may expect the efficient ser vice which Is desirable. In some States the wage scale for teachers falls far below the country wide average. Thus, Dr. Claxton ob serves: "In eleven States the average annual salary for teachers Is less than $400; in eight , it, is less than $300; in two, less than $S50. For salaries like ' this it is clearly impos sible to hire the services of men and women of good native ability and sufficient scholarship, training, and experience to enable them to. do satis factory work." Moreover, "a very large per cent, of the teachers are men and women less than 21 years old. In the country at large less than one-half have had adequate prepara- tJon for their work. In some States; less than 25 per cent, have had the full preparation given by normal schools and in most of the- States less than 10 per cent, of the teachers in the country schools have had such preparation. Few continue to teach long enough to gain wisdom and skill from experience. In several States from 20 to 30 per cent, of the teach ers every year are beginners. In a few States the average length of ser RACE DECAY AND The cry about "race suicide" which is so frequently heard nowadays is taken by some to represent a serious sociologic problem demanding ear nest consideration on . the part of far seeing nations. There can . be no doubt that a fall in the , birth-rate has been spreading- in Europe for several decades; : but the question arises whether the undeniable statistical facts 'justify the alarmist statements and protests which have gone forth from time to time. Are the nations involved and the world at large threat ened with dire consequences; from the failure of certain classes to re plenish the earth with successors of their own kind? Discussions of this sort are primar ily of Interest to the sociologist rath er than to the physician. But they can be eliminated only with difficul ty from the more distinctly biologic aspects of the talk about "race de cay.' The scientist must take a po sition toward this - question, and the' physician in particular Is often ex pected to contribute an illuminating opinion on such topics. Shall he champion the cause of those whose motto is "increase and multiply," or shall he pause to examine the ideals of the modern study of eugenics which embraces those agencies by which the human race may be Improved In the past the efforts to elevate mankind were largely fostered by va rious types of social reform which aimed to improve the conditions of life,, to perfect our environment. The future calls for a program which will be directed toward the very sources cT lite. Our" generation carries heavy and complicated social burdens which ire inflicted on It In the form of an in- THE FALLACY Whenever an American trust wants the tariff rate raised, it bases its plea the argument that "American Exclusive Telegraph Service of United Press t I t Conn., as Second Class Matter. MAY 8Tt 1912. vice ' Is less than four years of .six months each." Continuing his review Dr. Claxton shows that the value of all public school property increased more than seventy-five per cent, in the first ten years of this ' century, but that even now it amounts to less than $40 for each child of school age. Similarly, although the income of public schools has increased more than S3 per cent, in this period, still even now it is very ow in many commonwealths. Thus th expenditure for public edu cation is less than $5 per capita in 25 States and less than $2.50 per capita in 10 States. Dr. Claxton also remarks that the number of public high schools in this country for the period 1900-1910 in creased more than 70 per cent., and that the number of high-school pupils jumped more than 76 per cent. How ever, there is still much room for im provement. Says Dr. Claxton: "The United States Bureaii of Education has no reliable statistics . on the sub ject, but it is quite probable- that less than half the children of the country finish well more than the first six grades, only about one-fourth of the children ever enter high school, less than eight in every 100 do the full four years of high-school work. Few er than five in a 100 receive any edu cation above the high school." , . As for the colleges and institutions of like grade, their productive endow ment increased 65 per cent., their in comes, exclusive of additions to en dowments, increased 173 per cent., their faculties grew, 61 per cent., and their student bodies 67 per Cent. Here also, Dr. Claxton says that, much remains to be done. "Of the f ojir. or f IvV millions of young men and women of college age in the coun try, only about two hundred thous and are doing college work in stand ard institutions. Less than two per cent, do the full four years work and take a degree. The "best interests of the civil and industrial life of the country demand that a larger per cent. . of, its citizens should have the preparation for-leadership and direc tion of affairs which the colleges are supposed to give." , ;In summarizing, Dr. Claxton says: "Everywhere . the importance ; and necessity of education for civic, econo mic, social, and spiritual welfare are recognized more than ever before. This progress in interest," equipment, adaptation, and appreciation is very gratifying, but it serves chiefly to call attention to the vast amount yet to be done before we shall have begun to attain anything like the Ideal of edu cation necessary in our civic, indus trial, and social democracy. The in dividual and social welfare alike de mand the highest and best possible education for every individual, and a constant readjustment of ideals and methods to the ever-changtng re quirements of our developing institu tions." SOCIAL HYGIENE cated social -. burdens which are in flicted on it in, the form of an in creasing dependent class . typified In the feeble-minded. It is to be ex pected that this load can be raised by some movement to - control life. This is work for the social hygiene of the future. Regarding the proposed plan of re quiring certificates of health before marriage, The Journal of the Ameri can Medical Association says that while it is easy to pick, out a few extreme cases of degenerates on the one hand and of exceptionally sound and healthy young people on the oth er, no one is at present' competent to divide the mass of possible candidates for marriage into the fit and the un fit. It would, however, have a good effect if men and women contemplat ing marriage were compelled, before taking that step, to consider seriously their fitness for parenthood. . Private initiative, like that of the Chicago clergyman who refuses to marry any couple not provided with medicar cer tificates of health, might in time create a force of public opinion which would make disease a mark of social bad form a thing to be ashamed of in oneself and certainly not to be tol erated in one's children. This may seem Utopian; yet within a few gen erations social ideals have undergone greater transmutations than this would involve. One thing is certain: the creation of public sentiment may seem a slower method of racial im provement than the enactment of laws but it is a far surer and more thor ough one; and "it avoids the dangers involved in hasty sweeping legislation based on crude generalizations from insufficient data. OF PROTECTION manufacturers cannot compete with the cheap labor of Europe." In eleven, months of last year the f exports of Iron and steel products, to gether with agricultural implements and freight and passenger cars, amounted to nearly $270,000,000 an increase of about $54,000,000 over the corresponding period of 1910. These materials are exported from this country to all parts of the world, in the face of the competition of Eng land, Belgium, Germany and France. PROMISING BASIS FOR (By Allan T. Burns,- Secretary -Pitts burg Civic Commission.) (Barely a fortnight ago a strike of 31,000 engineers on fifty Eastern rail roads seemed a matter of hours. At this Juncture Martin A. Knapp, pre siding Judge of the United States Commerce Court, and Charles P. Neill United States Commissioner of la bor, tendered their friendly offices to the contending parties. vine o.er wn fivpritMl The federal media tors acted under the Erdmann law of 1898, but snapped red tape Dy proi fering their services without any re- nnu fmm aitlnor trA The fOllOW- ing review of the operation of this act, especially in tne last nve yeain, during which it has prevented or set tled nearly half a hundred strikes, was prepared Just before the situation became acute. The article is now the more timely.) ,. "Industrial peace? impossible!" - in sisted a powerful leader of Congress in discussing the bill to establish a Federal Commission on Industrial Re lations. His resourceful mind could imagine no way in which to bring or der out of the chaos of hostile factions In the industrial world. In his opin ion "to prevent or settle quickly large strikes Is visionary. The contending forces are too mighty, they are bound to differ, their interests are so diverse and when they fight they must fight until one or both are ready to quit from sheer exhaustion." A single . argument has convinced these men to the contrary. That fact is the practical cessation of war on interstate railroads, the industry most essential to the conduct of modern life. , The success of a method In one field forecasts, that some way can be found to deal with, all classes of la bor disputes. The Erdmann act is' a Federal Iaw of 1898 providing for mediation and arbitration In controversies affect ing railways and such employes as are actually engaged in train opera tion. It has dealt in a single con troversy with 40,000 employes and with 50 roads involving 100,00,0 miles of line. -Its total operation has em braced 48 disputes affecting 160,000 men and" 500,000 miles of road all this 4n the last five years. No ser ious dispute on an interstate railway has arisen in this period where the act has not been invoked. All but one of these disputes where mediation was accepted were amicably settled. This exception occurred " where the strike - had jbeen ordered- before the mediators were called in and the men would not revoke the order. So the mediators dropped the case. Only three times was mediation rejected. Every case of arbitration has ended in the acceptance by both sides of the award. What wonder that sud denly this federal law has become a starting point of a nation-wide . dis cussion of a means to establish peae more and more widely in industrial relations. The Erdmann act provides for both mediation and. arbitration to settle disputes. At the time of the bill's passage arbitration was prejudged to be the more effective, but an obscure feature of the law proved to be the important one. For arbitration has been resorted to as the first step in only four cases and as a last resource in only , eight others. . In these, eight most of the differences have been set tled by mediation and only some details by arbitration.. 1 ; . There is nothing compulsory in the act for it comes in play only at the request of one or both parties to the dispute. The mediators cannot of ficially take the initiative. The law requires that the dispute must have interrupted or threatened railway op eration before action -can be begun. Usually this has been interpreted to mean that a vote to strike has been carrird. The procedure is as follows: If an application is received from one side only the mediators imme diately tell the other party that the first side has appealed to them and ask whether the second will enter in to negotiations. The second party must agree before the proceedings go further. In only four Instances did the second side refuse. When both sides have agreed to mediation, the mediators at once meet the two par ties in an agreed city but separate ly. The negotiations are always car ried on by conference first with one side and then the other. Neither side kriows how the other side states its case. Then a confidential state ment or agreement to possible cob cession is obtained from each side without the knowledge of the other. One side does not hesitate to agree to concession since, because of its se crecy, such an offer cannot be inter preted as a sign of weakening. Fur thermore, should the parties later go to arbitration neither would have pre judiced its chances. The contest ants are never..brought together un til the mediators have found a settle ment to which each has agreed with out pressure from the other side. Each can thus look at the settlement as one made on its own terms. Then the two sides meet and sign up. In the rarer arbitration process, the company and men select one arbitra tor apiece. These two must select a third within five days. If the third man is not agreed upon within this time he is named by the mediators. In only three of the twelve cases of ar bitration, have the first two arbitra The steel trust's foreign competitors had the advantage of that "cheap la bor" which the trusts and their Re publican friends fear so greatly when ever a proposal is made to lower the tariff, yet the trust's trade in foreign markets is constantly on the increase How much longer will the people al low themselves to be ' fooled by trust "logic?" INDUSTRIAL PEACE tors agreed on the third. This shows the first difficulty of proceeding by arbitration. In case the mediators appoint the third man, their task is delicate. An appointed arbitrator certainly cannot be satisfactory if he happens to be one already rejected by the first two. The difficulty of agrea Ing to a third arbitrator, the improo ability of the mediators appointing an entirely acceptable one and the fact that the award is practically binding In character, have all made of little use the method which was thought to be the valuable provision of the act. . The experience under the Erdmann law establishes some fundamental principles for further advance toward righteous Industrial peace. The diff use of the law up to 1906 indicates that Industrial peace depends upon a conviction among employers, employes and the public that strife is a useless, unnecessary waste and that a preven tative must be found- Then the nec essary basis for industrial peace is friendliness between the contracting parties. A successful solution must leave both on good terms after the settlement.. Nothing makes human nature so satisfied with.- itself and all the world as the feeling that it has secured a settlement on its own terms and on its own accord. The great progress under the Erd mann act has been due to a remark able array of essential factors. They are a weariness of industrial strife, a method of leaving a friendly feeling after a difference, the large-degree of freedom from Court-like judgments, the absence of compulsory arbitration, the recognition of the right of em ployers and employes to act in cor porate form, the growing public de demand for industrial peace and the administration by officials equal to the job. This success in railroad dis putes compels the question: Cannot a similar law be devised for the yet un conquered fields of industrial strife? This is the query back of the- demand for a Federal Commission on Indus trial Relations. "What has been done once can be done again." Sure ly a generation demanding the cessa tion of Industrial strife will not rest until Industrial war stops. The Erd mann act is a standing challenge to this further quest. EDITORIAL NOTES ' Police Commissioner Rhinelander Waldo of New York would never dare run for .office when women get the ballot. He did not furnish suffi cient police protection for the ladies In the big suff rage parade last Satur day and now he Is as popular as small pox with the suffragist brigade. At Wellesley college the girls have been asked to stop using such slang expressions as "dewdabs," which means masculine kisses. Nobody has asked them to refrain from kissing the sterner sex but when they speak of their achievements in that line they must use a more refined term. There was a. freight wreck near Hackensack, N. J., the other day and a barrell of pork, all opened and ready to eat, rolled into a man's back yard. It isn't often the beef trust and the railroads treat the common people as well as that. Mrs. (Frank Page of Cambridge, Mass., says bachelors, divorced men and ' widowers . should wear tags so their eligibility could not be left in doubt. The cynics might ay Jt wouldn't be necessary to tag a mar ried man. You could distinguish him by his meek and lowly appear ance. The fight for clemency for the Rev. C. V. T. Richeson is on this week in Boston. There will be a lot of people who will waste sympathy on him, too Isn't it strange that people make so much fuss over a high class criminal when they would scorn a common burglar. ' It has long been the belief of some transportation companies that any thing is good enough for the traveling public, so folks who have occasion to ride on trains will be glad to learn that orders for about 10,000 steel cars have been placed in Pittsburg. Liouis A. Frazler, 4 Market St, Norwich, Conn., had been subject to bachache due to kidney trouble for some time. He says: "Hearing of Foley Kidney Pills, I took them and they gave me relief at once. I rec ommend them as a prompt and effec tive medicine for kidney and bladder trouble." L. P. Curtis. 1 3 5 FIRST THINGS The first application for a patent for an automobile was filed in the United States patent' off ice by George B. Selden on May 8, 1879, thirty-three years ago today. Selden was a pat ent lawyer In Rochester, N. Y., when he first began to experiment with the Idea of a vehicle propelled by a gas oline engine. Considering that his "road engine" was not yet perfected and that the times were not ripe for it, he secured delay after delaj and the patent was not definitely issued until 1895. From the first doubts were cast on the validity of the Sel den patent, but it earned a fortune for the astute inventor-attorney and for a long time dominated the motor car Industry of the United States. Farmer Want Ads. 1 Cent a Word. Guffey Ousted As A Political Boss In Pennsylvania Reorganized Democrats Depose Him After His 15-Year Rule of Party Convention For Wilson Harrisburg, Pa., May 8 The reor ganizes or- Progressive Democrats out-voted the regulars at the State convention yesterday by a vote of 110 to 71 and thus ended a two years' fight against Col. James M. Guffey, of Pittsburgh, who has led . the par ty and traded with the Penrose ma chine for the last fifteen years. Guffey is now the National Com mitteeman from Pennsylvania but as a result of the recent primaries and yesterday's convention hs will be suc ceeded by Congressman A. Mitchell Palmer of Stroudsburg. The victory of the new men in con trol of the party machinery was com plete and no resistance was made by the Guffey faction after the vote on permanent chairman of the State con vention showed that the "re-organizers" had control of the " convention. Joseph O'Brien was elected chairman over ex-Judge James Gay Gordon. The "reorganizers" under the leader ship of Congressman Palmer, George W. Guthrie, ex-Mayor of Pittsburgh, and Vance C. McCormick, ex-Mayor of Harrisburg, named a complete State ticket, elected twelve delegates at large and twelve alternates to the Democratic National Convention, and gave them binding instructions to vote for Woodrow Wilson "as long as his name remains before the convention" selected 6 electors at large; adopted their own platform, and ratified the selection of the "reorganizers" State Committee in electing Mr. Guthrie, State Chairman. There was no oppo sition in the convention to the naming of the Wilson delegates and instruct ing them. The State ticket named follows: Auditor General, Robert E. Cress well, Johnstown. State Treasurer, William H. Berry, Delaware County. Congressmen-at-large George B. Shaw, Westmoreland; Joseph Howley, Allegheny; George R. McLean, Lu zerne, and E..E. Greenwalt, Lancas ter. . . . . The platform' adopted Includes m .Anvaomant n thA Initiative and refer endum, but ignores the recall of Judges or judicial decisions. It de-j plores "destruction o representative; government iruutn tuuu and National legislation by agents of special interests." , . ' " It says that loose and dishonest con stitutional interpretation has turned fundamental laws against proper reg ulation of corporate wealth. That the protective tariff has swol in t via fnrtnnpii of a. fftw and that Tin- dmnid workers and the people are burdened, with unjust taxation. DR. VERDI CHQSEIi ' . Noted Surgeon Succeeds Philip Troup on Board of Education. xrtir TTavn. ufav 8 Mavor Frank J. ifilce announces that he has ap pointed Dr. William F. verdl 01 man street, to fill the vacancy which re BnUoi r-rn-m tytk resifimation of Philip Troup, as a member of the Board of Education. Dr. Verdi will serve as a member of the board until the term of Mr. Troup expires. The Mayor announced that he had received no petition for the appointment of a wo man as a member of . the Board of Education. The name of Mrs. Leo Herz was advocated by friends who called on the Mayor. Dr. Verdi is one "of the best knoti n physicians In the city. He was re cently knighted by King Emanuel of Italy, as a chevalier of honor. Last week he was named as surgeon in chief of St. Raphael's hospital. GOVERNOR BALDWIN ISSUES REQUISITION FOR ALLEGED HORSE THIEF Vinvarnn Tin Id win has Issued reaui- sition papers on Governor Dix, of New York, for tne . return to tms aiaie uj. William Daly, wanted in Greenwich for horse theft and breaking and en tering, committed April 9. Daly is under arrest at While Plains, N. Y. The Governor has also signed requi sition narvprs for the return to this State of George Green, under arrest in Portsmouth, va., wanted in uart ford for asault with attempt to kiH his wife. ALCOHOLIC VICTIM . DIES IN HOSPITAL Thomas Short, aged 33, brought un conscious from New Canaan to this city in an automobile Monday, died at the Bridgeport hospital yesterday. Short had no known relatives. He was buried at Lakeview Home yes terday afternoon. Doctors at the Bridgeport hospital diagnosed his con dition as due to alcoholism. Short was a railroad' laborer. Rubber Clothing The Ailing Store is the best place to buy Rubber -jeqoj 'snodns 'Surqoio weight Coats, Teamsters' Coats, etc., etc. OILED CLOTHING Long Coats, Motormen's Coats, Oiled Jackets, Pants, Hats, Aprons. HORSE CLOTHING Horse Covers, Truck Cov ers, Dash, Boots, Rubber Aprons, Rubber Gloves. RUBBER BOOTS Over 100 styles of Boots and Rubbers for Hen and Boys, Women and Children. PONCHO BLANKETS Rubber Blankets, Oiled Blankets, Rubber Sheetings, etc., etc. 1 The Ailing Rubber Co, 1127 MAIN ST. 8np.& JK. 35a& (fotttjrcmj. COUCH HAMMOCKS, READY. It is something" worthy of note that Connecticut sends out the most satisfactory Couch Hammock yet made. Yes, a factory in. our own state has the honor of making the best in the market. It is suspended by cnams, nas a spring Dea seat, most comiortaoie every way, has no. wooden .f rame to breaks no rapes to .wear out. Moderate in prfcn, A Couch Hammock is one continual joy to its pos sessor, for day or night it is in use, and the newest ones ' are made with all kinds of convenient appliances. Wind shields, pillows and back rests, thick soft mattresses", ' and canvas pockets at the ends for books, magazines, or other articles. Come and see the latest inventions. Hammock Section, lower floor. DEMONSTRATION OF ALUMINUM WARE. ; Remember, Madame Housekeeper, that when you buy Aluminum, that you are buying for a generation of cooks. It is economy. Lip Saucepans, half-quarts to 5 quarts, Covered Saucepans, one to 6. quarts, Preserving Kettles, four to 14 quarts, Covered Kettles, one to 8 quarts, Teakettles, cast and sheet metal. Double Boilers, one to 3 quarts. Odorless Cook Pots, " " " Griddles, round and oblong, A complete line of Bread and Cake Pans, Jelly Cake Pans, Biscuit and Muffin Pans, Covered and Open Roasting Pans, Cups, Funnels, Dippers, Ladles, Tea Steepers, etc. . . ' ' . Special : Offering This Week: Set of Three Articles ' Preserve Kettle, two and one-half quart Lip Saucepan, quart s:ze Shallow Stewpan, quart and one-half Waffle Irons that can $u ' 2.50. Remember that a griddle of Aluminum does not have to be greased, therefore when cakes are baked the kitchen is not filled with smoke. Come and see the demonstration. LONG KIMONOS, CLEARANCE. Persian Cotton Challis, desirable colorings, were $2.25 and $2.75, at ?1.00 and $2.00. , Cotton Crepes in light blue, pink, tan, and green, in a variety of designs, very pleasing, were formerly $2.75 to $3.75, ... $1.50 to close out. Blue, and Lavender Crepes, plain colors onlv, - ' " $1.50. Underwear Section, second floor. CORSETS, SPECIAL ! m 98 CTS. J. B. Corsets, newest model, made of the same quality of material as the regulari.50 Corset. Me dium low bust, long skirt and'four jiose supporters, ' : 98 cts:' - ' - - Do not miss the Special Sale, of Embroideries. Those values must be seen to be; .thoroughly appreci ated. . ; ; 7 Wnt I. B. Strait Mammon, 1072 Main fet. DEPARTMENT STORE, 89 Fairfield Are. THE STORK TO FIND SCARCE ARTICLES" AND THE STORE THAT PATS CAR F A R B COUPON GOOD : THURSDAY, MAY 9 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmtm $1 FLOOR BRUSHES With Long Handles With Coupon 49c GRANUIiATED SUGAR 19 lbs. $1.00 GRANTTTiATED SUGAR 9 lbs. f .50 GRANUIiATED SUGAR 4 lbs. $ .25 GRANUIiATEJ) SUGAR 25 lb. Cloth Sack $U2 SPECIAIj THIS WEEK. STAINOUT Removes paint and other stains from clothes, linens, etc. 25c. Two Checks Telephone Connection. Rio' the Union PacfficfcJxompany, 1058 MAIN STEEET 701 EAST MAIN STBEET Telephone Connections N THE JOSEPH P. COUGHMN CO. Painters and Decorators. Dealers in Paints, Oils, Brushes, Wall Papers, Mouldings, Glass, Etc. Picture Framing TELEPHONE 1256-2 T77-TS3 EAST MAIS STKSSZ Fine Job Printing 40 cts and up. 65 cts and up. $1.00 and up. 65 cts and up. $3.00 and up. $1.40 and up. $4.50 and up, $2.25 $1.10 per set. be used on coal or cas stoves. We are certainly head quarters for moderate pricod Paint and Varnish Brushes. Some that are good for many uses we sell at 5c and our great variety of 10c Paint, Varnish, Sash, Whitewash, etc., are now 8c. At This Office