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v V. , k i : -V 1 s. THE FARMER: JANTTAKY 9, 1917 BONE PERU'S INDIANS .--" - mm back OF POPLil AT1UN Natives Inherit Many Ad mirable Qualities From. Ancient Incas. According to recent statistics the population of Peru comprises 4,000,000 people, This population is divided as follows: One million two hundred and sixty thousand mestizos, or mixed ra norri mifrTnerriages of the whites with the Indians, 6tK3t,000 whites, 100, 00 negroes, 40,000 Orientals andv2, 000,000 Indians. the great problem o Peru is the problem of the Indian, who is not nty numerically . the important factor in the country, but is also virtually the only support of the .vast majority of ,thp population, according to the Lima ' correspondent of the Christian Sci ence Monitor. . It is a common saying that all Peru lives off the Indian. If the Indian was taken out of Peptfto day the country would suffer until the remaining portion of the population had learned by necessity to cultivate 'the Jand and to make a living. The ancient Inca empire, of which Cuzco was the center and the home - of the Inca kings, extended originally v from beyond Quito to the. southern coast of Chile, including what is now known as Ecuador, Peru and Chile, an these ancient ..peoples had here a civilization In many respects more advanced than that of the Spanish ad venturers who-conquered them. Ancestors Were Enlightened.; When, Plzarro came , to Peru there were ne'arlyj 8,000,000 of these inhab itants of the Incas' realm in -Peru alone, industrious, law-abiding, prac ticing progressive arts and having ir rigated farms, traces of which are still to be seen along the high peaks of the Sierrav tablelands. Their old homes ; and fortresses their temples 'and their " architecture reveal a state and qual . ity of knowledge and architectural skill resembling that of ancient Egypt. When the Spaniards came, not to f colonize so much as to conquer, and exploit, the Indians were driven from , their; homes, the eountry in many in stances went to waste, - people becom ing slaves of their ruthless masters, ', who proceeded to make the quiet '. tractable Indians into beasts of burJ den, killing them whenever they op posed. The present evil traits of the In dian, his dishonesty, suspicion, of the white man, and much of his sloth have been the result of the condition under which he has been, controlled for ,400 years or more. During the old Inca regime such sins as lying, stealing and , adultery ywere punish able, by the extreme penalty, and the home, life of , these ancient people .was Car btetter in character than that gen erally found to-day among their suc cessors. ' ' ' ' ; Trustworthy and Frugal. Nevertheless, yom will be told by those people who know the Indian of the interior especially that he forms the best and most trustworthy ele ment in Peru to-day. He is hard work ing and' frugal, living oh a small patch vof land, which is frequently opened by the community or by a large land holder. He, will work day after day for ' his masters, receiving 'only ten cents in; v Peruvian money, which Is equal toflve cents in gold, at the end of the week receiving an additional amount, making hls; daily wage for the week amount to about 16 cents gold a day. ' ... ,. vln the case of the Indians who oc cupy Ianddn the great estates of the Sierras (and there are often as many .As 400 families of Indians who' live in these large haciendas, as their fathers . have for generations) the owner has the right to demand the labor of the Indian for virtually any work he re quires and at any time. , At time of pianung, weeaing and harvesting all the Indians are requisitioned to culti , vate the great estates, and when tho owner wishes to send his produce tcf market he has simply to call upon his Indians, who respond with their trains of llamas, carrying the produce many leagues to tne nearest shipping place without charge to the owner. While this? appears at first sight nothing short, of slavery conditions, the lot of the Indians in these moun tains is not so bad as it might seem, i They have y their own bits of land, which they ' cultivate assiduously and which yield them a good living, and they have their own sheep, llamas and alpacas and a certain , number of cat tle. Their grazing lands are appor- tioned to them and they are protected In their rights. There is no danger of their homes being taken frorn them. In fact, the Indians tti the interior are so truly wedded to the place where they and their fathers have lived for generations that it is virtually im possible to move them from ' their homes, and when the land changes hands ; they are practically sold with the land, and simply transfer their al legiance from !one master to another. Garbed In Gay Colors. - There' is no more picturesque sight to be "seen, in South America, if in deed anywhere in the Orient, than these Indians ; journeying on foot- be hind their long trains of llamas, laden with alpaca or wool, on their, way to the market places. A market place like that at Slcuani, where on Sunday many hundreds of Indians gather, leaving their llamas and burros , cor ralled on 7 the ' hillsides, wnile they throng the central piasa with their wares for sale, makes an unforgettable picture. The first impression is one of color color everywhere. ., It is one cast sea Of variegated ponchos, shawls and head-dresses. Women in gay dresses of red or blue or purple are sitting in front of their little mats, on which they display the food they have for sale, or the socks which they have made, or the ponchos they have wo VWi, and as they bargain with the passer-by their hands are always busy! With the little spindle dangling from their arm, on which they are spinning wool from Which they, will make oth er socks or ponchos. N They are never Idle, the.se Indian women, as they trot along the paths behind their llamas, as they herd their sheep on the hillsides or as they come through the streets of Cuzco; you see that little spindle being twirl ed by the hand which has become so used to the labor that the motion Is performed mechanically. y " ' Morality of High Order. Legal marriage amohg these In diana of the Sierras if not general, al though the Indian chooses his mate at an early age, and hip loyalty to her and her family is usually life-long, forming a striking contrast to condi tions found among the cholas or mes tizos occupying the towns and villages. You will be told by those who live in the midst of these mountain tribes thai; there is very -little immorality among them and the spirit of co-operation existing between the man, wo man and their children in their com mon toil and simple pleasures is as beautiful as it is praiseworthy. Nor is the' Indian free from romance. Indeed, i a strong romantic strain runs through the character of these people of the hills. On a quiet night in some of these wonderful valleys the traveler may be sitting on the veran da of.a great hiacenda when there will float 'up to him the plaintive murmur of a flute played in a minor key. , The owner of the ranch will turn to you and say: "I see it's courting time. One of my Indians isvserenad ing his lady-love down there in the Irdian village. One of these days he will come to me and say, 'Master, I want a plot of ground,' and I will go with hjm and choose his land and he will build his little hut, and there will be a new family on the estate." ASSAY OFFICE SWAMPED WITH TONS OF GOL Comes So Fast From Abroad There Is No More Room For Storing It. Midas had his share of the troubles of the rich but consider Uncle Sam, his family and "their servitors. Gold comes so fast from' abroad that in the United States assay office in New York there is no more room for storing it, not enough men or . smelters there to smelt it (although employes have been Increased) and the buildings of the sub-treasury has had to be comman deered for storage space, while the mints at Philadelphia, Denver and SanFrancisco ' have had to help the overworked assay office to catch up with its job which still it cannot do, for in the first place "immigrant! gold," all gold arriving from foreign lands, must be weighed, ,says Franklin Clark 4. . v. "r r 4- m ill 111 XJUOLUll XlilllBtliyi.. 0 It has been possible . to weigh only from two and one-half to three mil lion dollars' worth a day. . Of the nearly $51,000,000 fin gold received here last week the overwhelmed assay office, even with the help of the Phila delphia mint, ''could' pass upon and try by scales and chemicals, only $25,000,- 000 Vorth. Not till the metal has been weighed and perhaps melted can the assay office tell the value to the smallest of fractions, and not till then can the government pay to importers or consignees its checks representing ;98 per cent, of the demonstrated, val ue for jaars And 99 per cent, for the demonstrated value for coins. Mean time the appropriation set aside for assaying try the government has been overspent.1. Plants are running at .a deficit. Secretary McAdoo has hatj to ask congress for $107,600 to make good the operating losses at the assay office and in Denver, Philadelphia and San Francisco mints. Whore the Gold Trucks Go If you are a truckman with a load xf gold you can easily find this treasure-house. Driving into the' midst of many sumptuous money-changers' temples you merely search out the din giest, most temporary and casual look ing entrance, in the neighborhood, back up, and trundle your iron-bound boxes up a temporary inclined walk and under, a signboard almost erased by the wind Hhat Ceaselessly skurries through the canyons. The door mat has no "welcome'-' on it. The shift of workers see in your precious ap proaching cargo only a piling up of more and more labor. , Except that there are armed guards standing at the, entrance and in odd corners of the great rooms, you will see little that is different from the interior of any? orderly factory. uiet and : system' everywhere , Superintendent Bovie attends to! that. The great Impor tant machines are the giant scales, which have delicacy of balance down to the last notch, and the cauldron, or melting pot. ' , i ' For all gold is melted .and much of it refined and tested as soon as may be after delivery. All the bright proud sovereigns of England, all the beautiful, well-wrought Napoleons of France, all the splendidly worked mul tiples of yensr drachmas, rubles, flor ins, llras krans, marks, on which gift- ea designers nave spent imagery ana symbolism all of these that conie this way are oast into the ' melting pot like ordinary nuggets. Unlike arriving people, arriving gold, wheth er in coins or bars, must become im mediately 'naturalized." They must go into the common melting pot, and then through testing, separating, re fining processes till they reach the American standard, all except the gold coins of France and Britain, which have the same iquality as our own. Melting Immigrant Coins. United States gold coins, 25.8 grains to the dollar, 900-1,000 fine .no limit on the" issue, -correspond In amount of pure gold and amount of alloy to the gold coins of France and Britain. So sovereigns and napoleons are not subjected to the disintegrating bound boxes in which they arrive are open ed. The bags of sovereigns and na poleons are lifted out and weighed and dumped at once together into the melt ing pot. For other coins and bar ma terial for coins there are searching an alyses tests, and electrolysis operations because they contain different alloy The latter, like bullion, are out through courses which resolve them into their component parts. First the silver is drawn from the gold, and run into special moulds. Next from the residue is separated the gold, plat inum, iridium, etc. The gold pro cured in this way is absolutely pure and is moulded into bars. These are tested and stamped, then put away until needed either for coinage of for use in manufactures. Troubles of Being Midas. . Uncle Sam's family has a wealth of $320,000,000,000 this week three times, the comptroller of the curren cy says, the wealth of Germany in 1911, twice the wealth of the, British empire before it gathered in German colonies by force of arms. One who has followed the several attempts to explain why the present stock of two billion odd dollars ($2,700,136,929) in gold itself in this country is a "yellow menace" not included in the Kaiser's celebrated cry, gives the palm to that of the comptroller of the currency ut tered at Norfolk yesterday (already published in the Transcript). Briefly it was (1) "it will tempt the greed of foreign nations;" (2) it needs to be protected by a vaster army and na vy; (3) it needs to disarm as much envy as possible (like private riches) by being charitable to those suffer ing from war. Of further explana tions he likes that of the "World, which points out' that: Any abnormal or arbitrary increase in the money volume is an inflation of that volume, whether from gold or from the forced issues of flat currency- And inflations of the currency are con sidered undesirable because they dis turb the settled relationship between money and commodities, depressing the value of money in terms of com modities and enhancing the, value of commodities in terms of money which means ' higher prices. The wholly abnormal supplies of gold now in the country and still coming are not idle. -They go into the banks and from there, with their much greater volume of credit they seek and crowd for employment. It becomes cheaper to carry stocks and bid them to higher prices, to carry food in cold storage, to hold grain ' of the market and bid it up, and so of other commo dities, until the circle of higher prices is complete. If the situation were to be permanent, with a speedy adjust ment of wages thereto, it would be different. But that cannot be the case, and the undesirability of this great temporary influx of gold becomes apparent. . - In the year of the outbreak of war gold production was speeded up. It has beeai for all countries: 1911 $461,939,7P0 1913 $459,941,100 1912 466,136,100 1914 456,676,600 Efforts to produce ni the midst of carrying on war have been contin ous. This year's production is like ly to "average well, for the October gold output of the Transvaal was the third largest of any rhonth in war-time the $16,825,000 produced having been exceeded only by $16,920,000 of last March, the $16,940,000 of last October and the. $16,869,000 of" May 1913, March 1912, broke all records with $17,643,000. The word from London, is that if America requires more gold shipments against what is owing for munitions and supplies "gold is avail able." This week $20,000,000 more is expected. . Wanted A Substitute. In this connection one finds inter est taken in the remark of one of Har vard's assistant professors, B. M. An derson, "all the gold in the world could be little more than adequate to pay for two years of our exports at the present rate." American total ex port trade for , the fiscal year ending June . last, the treasury secretary re ported, was $4,33,658,865. That rate for two years would bring it to above eight and a half billions. The total stocks of gold in the chief countries two years ago totalled only $8,239,600, 000. Then all the gold in the world two years ago -fleas too small by $666, 000,000 to pay for two years of Ameri can exports at present volume. Mr. Anderson makes the indusputable con clusion to be paid for at all, pay for exports so enormous must be taken in something else than gold, in commo dities or manufactures, or securities. One is told that the probability Is that, while It has already got back" American securities to the amount of three billion from abroad. Wall St., would rather than gold, prefer to re ceive more of the forty-odd million stock exchange securities still held by Europe. B. A. Bulkley Now Nearing Recovery B. A. Bulkley, of - SouthporC the well , known horseman whose recent purchase of fancy stock at the "Old Glory" sale, Madison Square Garden brought him additional renown, has been seriously ill at Gpshen, N. Y. ; His many friends in this section of sConheeticut learned with deep-regret of his illness which confined him to bis'?arge stock farm at that place, but are today gladdened by additional re ports . which indicate his rapid con valescence. Mr.' Bulkley is one of the largest breeders of strictly American ;' horses in the United States, andjhis beautiful animals are often seen in S?uthport where he resides during the larger part of the year. silt Furniture Bouaht at the January Furniture f Exhibitions Will Need Disnlav Room " & & Wf H-JMi-- During the month ol January the Furniture Buyers from the Leading Furniture Stores all over the country gather at Grand Rapids, Chicago and New York where the Furniture Manufac hirers display their newest styles and the latest craftmanship. , " j " ' : 7 - Our Buyers are now at these exhibitions. They always buy in large quantifies, never less than a dozen and often several hundred of one article. 1 1 1 ' Dining Tables sless 20; t tferms to Suit These new purchases will soon arrive? Hence we mpst make room for this, stock t Therefore this Clearance Sale, ' To Effect this Clearaway, We Offer a Discount BRITISH STEAMER SUNK. "London, Jan. 9 Lloyd's announces that the steamer Borgholm, 1,115 trig, is believed to have been sunk. A despatch to Reuter's from Bergen says that the small Norwegian steamer Markland has been sunk. ' , ' . ' ' .. $ '''' ' ' ' Cedar Chests less 20? Terms to Suit Buffets 1688 20" " Terms to Suit J This Discount Holds Good on All Cash as well as Credit Purchases Exceptions to this 20 Discount Are Floor CoveringsRanges, Refrigerators and Sectional Bookcases 1 I Rockers I I less 20 I fl Terms to Suit I Goods Selected During this Sale We Will Store Free until You Notify Us io Deliver 7 Below Are Listed a Few of the Special Values What the Doctor Knows KIDNEYS MUST BE RIGHT TO INSURE HEALTH. Few peaple realize to . what extent their health depends upon the condi tion of the kidneys. ( . The physician in nearly all cases of serious , illness, makes a chemical analysis of the patient's urine. He knows that unless the kidneys are do ing their work properly, the other or gans cannot readily be brought back to health and strength. Abused in any way, serious results are sure to follow. According to health statistics, Bright's Disease, which is really an advanced form of kidney trouble, caused nearly ten thousand deaths in one year, in the State pf New York alone Therefore, it is par ticularly necessary to pay more atten tion to the health of these importaht organs. ' . An ideal herbal compound that has had remarkable Success as a kidney remedy is Dr. Kilmer's Swamp-Root, the great kidney, liver and bladder remedy. The mild and healing influence of this preparation, in most cases, Is soon realized, according to sworn testimony of those who have used, the remedy. "When your kidneys requir-e atten tion, get Swamp-Root at once from any pharmacy. It is sold by every druggist in bottles of two sizes--50c and $1.00. . However, if you wish first to test this great preparation, send ten cents to Dr. Kilmer & Co., BInghamton, N. Y., for a sample bottle. When writing be sure and mention the A Bridgeport Daily Farmer. ' Dining Chairs less 20 Terms to Suit China Closets 'Regular Price $21.00 Regular Price $25.00 Regular Price $27.00 Regular Price $35.00 less 20 $16.80 Terms to suit less 20 $20.00 Terms to suitx less: 20; $21.60 Terms to suit less 20. $28.00 Terms to suit 1 Brass Beds less 20 Terms to Suit And all other China luiosets at the same discount. V i Parlor Spits Regular Price $ 59.50 less 20 '$ 47.60 Terms to suit Regular Price $ 67.50 less J2Q $ 54.00 Terms to suit Regular Price $ 76.50 less 20 $ 61.20 Terms to suit Regular Price $ 85.00 less 20 $ 68.00. Terms to suit Regular Price $125.00 less 20 $100.00 Terms to suit , And all other Parlor Suits at the same discount , Reed Baby Carriages Regular Price $22.50 less 20 $18.00 Terms to suit lesS 20 $20.00 Term! to suit less 20 $24.00 Terms to suit less 20 $24.80 Terms to suit library Tables less 20 Terms to Suit . . j. Regular Price $25.50 Regular Price $30.00 Regular Price $31.00 ii : '- - . .. . . - - s 'And all other Baby Carriages at the same discount. DAVMP0RTS . less 20 ' Terms to Suit J TWO DttOWiV AS BOY ATTEMPTS TO SAVE BROTHER New Canaan, Jan. 9- Stephen Marvin, 12 years old, lost his life yes terday in a vain effort to rescue his nine-year-old brother, Edward, from drowning in a nearby lake. Edward, who was sliding down hill, was car ried out over the ice into the open channel. Stephen, who was on another section of the lake, ran to the JLspot and promptly jumped into the water after his brother, were recovered. . - . Their bodies WATERS ESTATE $5,000. Edward D. Waters, for. many a ca terer in this city, left an estate esti mated to be more than $5,000, mostly cash in banks. His widow, Blanche Spriggs Waters, is named sole bene ficiary in his will which has been of fered for probate. The widow is also named executrix to acwithout bonds, o'clock as the time for the hearing Judge Miller has set Jan. 18 at 11 on the admission of the will to pro bate. Waters is also survived by his parents, William and Betty Drink water of Richmond, Va. "BUFFAIiO BILIi" SINKING Denver, Jan. 9 Col. William F. Cody ("Buffalo Bill") was gradually sinking, Dr. J. H. East, his personal physician, stated today. FUNERAL. DESIGNS AND BOUQUETS JOHN RECK tk. SOI- MIMTARY COURSE ADOPTED New Haven, Jan. 9 The govern ment course in military instruction has been accepted by the Yale Uni versity faculty for the undergrad uates who enlist in the Yale Field artillery unit of the reserve forces. Successful completion of the course will give the students seven years college credit. By a vote iof 66 to 10 the Senate adopted the conference report on th Immigration BilL J'! V v V I ry t1