Green-Mountain freeman. [volume], February 28, 1883, Image 1

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GUEEN MOUNTAIN FREEMAN,
MONTPELIER.VT.
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I;
VOL. XL.
MONTPELIER, VT., WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1883.
NO- 9.
Mttmrnt
tlhc fixttmm.
MONTPELEB.VT.
WEDHESDAY, FEB. 28.. 1883.
Sunday School Lesson Notes.
BY RET. J. O. S.HEBBURN.
Mir. II : Tae Seyon Oboaea-Aota l:l-ll.
The present lesson brings Into notice a
subject whioh has not been directly
involved in any of out previous lessons.
Tho choice of church officers is a matter
of no little Importance to the church. It
is just as Important to her now as when
Stephen and his associates were chosen
for the work of administering upon the
charity of the infantcburoh. The careful
ness and devoutness with which the early
disciples proceeded in this matter may
well be a pattern for the ohurch in all
timn. The idea. too. whioh led to the
choosing of the seven, that of leaving the
minister tit liberty to devote all his time
to the more particular work of his calling,
is ono which should not be lost sight of.
There is no well fixed decision among
Bible students as to the time of the events
recorded in this lesson. Some are dis
posed to put it some years after the day of
1'entecost, onhe beginning of the apostolic
ministry, while others connect it immedi
ately with what has gone before, and put
it in tho first year after the crucifixion. I
sou nothing to render the latter position
untenable, unless it be that the number of
tho disciples appears to have become
larger than we would suppose possible
fur so short a time ; and even this supposed
objection fails in a moment, when we
think of the numbers who were connected
with the church iu the very few days after
Pentecost.
In the state of matters then, while the
church was a new institution, and many
might be led to join it simply because of
tho known plan of providing for the
necessities of all members, it would be no
little care and perplexity to provide for
even a few hundred widows. Whether
there was any ground for the complaint
of those foreign Jews, called Grecians in
the text, we can only guess. It would be a
most natural tiling that those who gave
the funds for the support of these destitute
ones should desire to see those with whom
they were best acquainted first supplied,
and hence the poor who were resident in
and about Jerusalem may have rooelved
u more liberal share than those who were
in some sense transient there. Again it
is only natural that complaint should
have been made where there was no
ground for it. The leaders in the church
appear to have thought that the matter
was not under sufficient oversight, had no
mil head, and hence the suggestion of
special officers who should have the whole
matter in cliargo. A general oouncil of
tho laity was called, and by some plan,
we are not informed whether by lot or
by vote, seven men were chosen or
recommended to the apostles to have
charge of this particular business. It does
not appear that other temporalities of the
church were then given into tboir hands
though it is natural that, as they were
chosen to relieve the apostles, tbey should
soon bo called to attend to other work not
made theirs distinctively in their first
appointment.
The character of the men to be chosen,
according to the injunction of the apostles,
is worthy oi notice, and should be taken
into account in all like appointments.
"Men of honest report," good name, "full
of the Holy Ghost and wisdom." Such
men are worthy to fill any plaoe, and will
be good church officers or civil officers
anywhere.
It is said by those who have made
careful study of the matter that the names
of these seven indicate that they were all
Grecians, or Jews of other countries, savo
two, indeed the names are all Greek.
There was evidently no bitter party feeling
among the believers at that time; nor can
there ever be, though wrongs may appear
to exist, where men are filled with the
holy spirit. Those men, recommended by
their brethren, were formally set apart to
their office by the apostles. It Is said that
the ceremony of laying on of hands was
known for a long time before among the
Jews, but had largely fallen out of use at
this time. The plan appears to have been
a helpful ono, for from the 7th verse wo
learn that there was larger prosperity
thereafter, and a class was reached which
before had been almost entirely hostile to
the now faith. The priest's began to
believe. The gifts promised to the apostles
were not withheld from some of those
thus appointed to the under offioe of
deacons. Great miracles were wrought
by Stephen under the power of the holy
ghost. The same will be true of any man
thus empowered. Moreover it is just about
as certain that opposition will arise where
men are filled with the holy spirit. Such
was the result then. The loreign Jews,
of different synagogues, entered into a
debute willi Stephen. The subjeot of
dispute is not mentioned, but it was
doubtless some of the leading doctrines of
the Christians. Whatever the subjeot may
have been they could not withstand the
wisdom and spirit with which Stephen
spake, hence as was natural they beoame
enraged and sought to compass hii death.
With false witnesses whom they hired, or
at least brought forward In a dishonorable
way, tboy made out a case against him ;
charging that he bad been guilty of
blasphemy. The ground of the oharge
was that they had heard him say that
Jomm of Nazareth would destroy the
temple and holy city, (this plaoe) and
change the customs delivered them by
Moses. Wo are not told whether inch
statements had really been made by
Stephen, but something like this he had
doubtless said; but no honest tribunal
would ever have made out a case of
blasphemy under such testimony. But In
this case as In the trial of the Master
prejudice and hatred to the truth overbore
justice. But In the midst of men who had
tho spirit of fiends In them, bit face was
seen to shine with a radience from
heaven and while nil beheld him, glared
upon him, the glory was plainly visible.
WHO AUK XV lit
We arc but airy aplrlts clad In vails ;
For t ruly. man by man wai yet novcr acen ;
And tt trouKh all hia deep conimuulutf e, fails
To fall y remove this nice, Bbadowy screou.
What myatery, bow wonderfully strange 1
Waapriatr from eternity without our will;
Our oo urae in life aetrna by fate arranged.
Altul nigh w think that our wilt is foveminy null.
Ob 1 ttiat tbou. unseen spirit of mine.
Yea. Bind tbou alone, which maketh man a man,
Tell ua who, and what tbou art so Hue,
Tbat denned, tbe world baa not, nor never can !
Yea, and If at all, we are doubly seen ;
for 'tie most true, all life here is but a gorm,
And In this wonderful lnfoldmcut sheen;
Ob, what wonder It will "unfold" iu its turu.
Tb en belp ua, "Dear Father." Hiiirlt divine;
1'bou to whom all prayers ehould coustaully
ascend.
To k eep tbla lively ierm, and to entwine
Ou.T bearta wltb purity, and trm virtue attend.
jovj.;.
Qualifications of a Model Sunday School
Superintendent.
IBY REV. J. O. SHEHIIURX.
Essay read at the Montpelier District Preachers'
Meeting at Northflold. Vt.. February 21, ami
puuuauea uy request oi tuo absuciuuuu.j
No phenomena of church progress is
more remarkable than the growing
prominence of Sunday school work.
As this work advances in rank, and
and claims a larger sbaro of our thought
and more careful planning for its success,
it becomes a very important inquiry whore
are the leaders for this work? It is
without doubt true that not many men
and women are well qualified by nature
and education for this position. It may
be true also that schools nave not always
bad such conceptions of the qualifications
required, as would lead them to choose
their leader in the wisest manner.
In venturing to enumerate some of the
requisite qualifications ef n superintendent,
it must not be understood that no valuable
work can be dono withont a superinten
dent who has all the marks or points here
mentioned. Man is so strangely made
that often one dominant excellency so far
overshadows his many defoota that he is
able to achieve much, despite many
drawbaoks. Tho effort, then, will bo to
mention some qualifications which arc
highly desirable, and suro to aid in the
superintendent's work. Of course there
are certain general qualifications which
are needed for this pUco in common with
public place. Tho superintendent should
be a man of good sense and manly
qualitios. This Is necessary in order tbat
ho may have tho respect and confidence of
the sohool. A msn who is marked as
under par in intelligence or good
judgment or good breeding is unfitted for
the place. So a man whoso reputation
for honesty or generosity or purity is
questionable, would not bu fit for such a
work. Ho might bo a ready talker, a
good bible student, a progressive man, but
lacking in such leading qualities of
manliness he could not fill such a place.
The superintendent of a Sabbath school
has to do largely with childrsn, and
children put a stress upon real character
which older people do not always
remember to do. Again, he should bo a
man ot real energy ana pusti. Tins,
because he is to bo tho loader of nn
enterprise. He should have boldness,
confidence, faith, because, others are
looking to him, and are to be onspiritod or
dispirited by his bearing.
Thousands of good men and women,
who have some rare qualifications for the
superintendent's work, would forever fail
there, or attain only mediocre success,
because they aro too slow, timid or indc
lent. But these qualifications aro only
general, and such as would bo requisite to
success in ordinury business or in any
public undertaking.
In addition, tho Sunday school superin
tendent ought to ho a man of real piety
and devotion to God ; but this is by no
means a specific quelilication for this
work. A man should be all that in order
to be it sucoessful class leader, a good
steward or a faithful father.
From these general qualifications which
have been only enumerated, though they
are of leading importanoo, let us look at
some which are specially demanded for
this work. The superintendent should he
to some good .degree a judge of character,
able to read men, and measure thoir gifts
and powers. He has to do largely with
the selection of teachers and tho assign
ment of work, in various lines, to different
individuals. Hence he should bo ablo to
judge wisely and estimate accurately what
each is able to accomplish. Much depends
upon this, for if the school is only organ
ized in a hap hazard way tho work of the
school will be dono in much the same
manner.
Again the superintendent should bo a
man well calculated to get along well with
men. Not arbitrary or domineering, not
easily put out of humor, or disposed to
fault finding. Ho should be always self
oontrolled, urbane and courteous. Any
school would bo ruined by a moroso,
quick tempered, or fussy superintendent,
even though he might possess other
qualities calculated to give success.
A Sabbath school superintendent should,
moreover, be a man of earnest sympathy
with the young. No man who has
forgotten his youth, or who fails to
appreoiate the great changes that have
occurred since tbat time, is well fitted for
that work. No fossil or more residuum
of a former life can direct tho vigorous,
throbbing life of the present generation.
The superintendent should know how to
appreoiate and provide for tbo oravings of
the young, without yielding to any
depraved tastes that they have acquired.
Hit cosiness with them is always to
stimulate and draw them out, but always
in the right direction, and by legitimate
means.
Another important qualification is a
real delight and zest In Bible study. It is
not strlotly necessary that tho superintend
ent should be a first class teacher, though
that gift would aid him, but ho ought to
be an enthusiastlo student of Scripture.
Tbe work of the school is Scriptnro study
and the superintendent loads in that work.
Again he should be a man thoroughly
live to the great fact that men are lost in
gin, and noed salvation through Josns
Christ. Tbe Sabbath sohool which docs
not lead directly to the cross of Christ is n
miserable failure. Along with many
other qualifications, all Important, and in
I some sense essential, be should be a
laborer for souls. His work only assumes
its real gravity when it is considered as
an agency in bringing men from death to
life. It never achieves Its real purpose
until the regenerating power of the Holy
Spirit is realized in the hearts of those,
instructed in the Word. Fractioal wisdom,
I have said, was needed in the work. "He
that winneth souls is wise."
Addeil to all these qualifications there
should bo a willingness to use tbem nil in
in tho servic of the Sunday school. A man
might have splendid abilities for this
work but if he is so engrossed in seoular
business, or given to worldly pursuits tint ,
he has no time or thought for this work
and is unwilling to give lime and thought
he certainly is unfit for tbe plaoe. A man
to act efficiently in the place of Sabbath
school superintendent ought to be willing
to give many hours and days, patiently to
this work. He ought to seek those means
of culture, (reading and attendance upon
Sunday school gatbarihgs) which will
censtuntly increase his efficiency, and give
givo fresh impetus to his work. Should
any ono think that tho character here
outlined is rnre, and that most of our
schools must be withont model superinten
dents, it is to be remembered tbat in this
state of things nothing is peifect but
imperfections and weakness; and we
must constantly strive after the best gifts
tnougti tliey seem Jar beyond us.
i ho poorest gifts may be greatly,
improved by diligence, and without this
there can be little real achievement.
The brief of tho matter is this: a Godlv
man, of good tact and ability nmy fill the
place well it only lie consent to labor
earnestly and patiently in this field
W oi k is the word, and work is sure to
win.
A Talent Worth Bukvinq. There
aro some few people who have what they
may term a laiem, lor wretcneuncss. sun
shine will dispel the darkest clouds, and
a cheerful, happy disposition will always
look on the briglitsidc, however obstruct
ed by hindrance, or hedged in by
embarrassments or difficulties. We have
seen people, who have been surrounded
by everything that money could buy, or
loving tnougnt could suggest, wbose lives
should have been happy and tranquil, but
wlio nave nau tho talent lor wretchedness
so well developed, that complaining and
dissatisfaction seemed to be a part of their
being, and their lives were unifoimly
miserable. Sometimes this talent for
wretchedness is owing to the state of the
system, for it is almost impossible to wear
a nappy lace wnen ono s nervous temper-
ment is unstrung, or tno digestion is de
ranged. Vet we have known invalids
whom it was pleasure to visit, whose
sufferings seemed to be put out of sight,
and whoso rooms were full of peace and
cheerfulness.
Self-love has a great deal to do with
making many people wrecthed, and
wounded vanity brings moro trouble than
wo imagine, while a touchy disposition
causes one to go about wearing an injured
u r, and leenng as tnougn lie had been
very much slighted and neglected. Rise
above theso little seinsnnesses, it you want
to bo nappy and make others happy too.
ii you icei sick aim luiseiauie, iry 10 Keep
it out of your face; wear a smile there u
you can, and if you feel that people slight
and neglect you, never mind, do not let it
worry and iret you until vou become
disagreeable and morbid, and are obliged
to ko uu-nugn tno world, eventually,
without any friends or any good times. If
any of you do possess tuis talent of
wretchedness, dig a grave for it so deep
that even its ghost cannot como forth to
trouble you. Advance.
Reserved Power. It is not wise to
work constantly up to the highest rate of
which we aro capable. If the engineer of
tho railroad were to keep the speed of his
train up to the highest rate he could
attain with his engine it would soon be
used up. If a horse is driven at the top
of his speed for any length of time, he is
ruined. It is well enough to try the
power, occasionally of a horse, or engine,
by putting on all tho motion they will
bear. But not continuously. All
machincals construct their machines
so that there shall be a reserve force. If
the power required is four borse, then
they make a six horse power. In this
case it works easily and lasts longer
A man who has strength enough to do
twelve honest hours of labor in twenty
four, and no more, should do but nine or
ten hours' work. Tho reserve power
keeps tho body in repair. It rounds out
the frame to full proportions. It keeps
the mind cheerful, hopeful, happy. The
person with no reserve force is always
incapable of taking on any more
responsibility than he already has. A
little exertion puts him out of breath. He
cannot increase bis work for an hour
without danger of an explosion. Such are
generally pale, dyspeptic, bloodless,
nervous, irritable, despondent, gloomy.
We all pity them. The great source of
power in tho individual is the blood. It
runs the machinnry of life, and upon it
depends our health and strength. A mill
on a stream where water is scanty can be
worked but a portion of tbe time. So a
man with a little good blood can do but
it little good work. The reserve power
must be stored up in this fluid. It is an
old saying among stock raisers tbat "blood
tolls." It is equally true that blood tells
in the senso in which wo use the word.
If it is only good blood, then the more the
better. When tho reserve power of an
individual runs low it is an indication that
a change is necessary, and tbat it is best
to stop expending and go, to accumulating,
just as the miller does when the water
gets low in tho pond. Such a course
would save many a person from physical
bankruptcy. Herald of Health.
A Good Investment. Several win
ters ago a woman was coming out from
some publio building, where the heavy
doors swung back and made egress diili.
cult. A street urchin sprang to the res
cue, and as he held tho door, she said,
"Thank you," and passed on. "Cracky !
D'ye hear that," said tbe boy, to a com
panion standing near.
"No; WhatP"
"Why, that lady in the seal skin said
'thank yo,' to the likes o'me."
Amused at the conversation, which she
could not help overhearing, the lady tur
ned aroundjand said to him.
"It always pays to be polite, my boy,
remember that."
Years passed on, and last December,
when doing her Christmas shopping, this
same woman reoeived . an exceptional
courtscy from a clerk in Boston, which
caused her to remark in a low tone to a
friend who was with her; "What a com
fort to be civilly treated onoe in a while
though I don't know as I blame the
clerks for being rudo during the holiday
trade."
Tho young man's quick ears oaught the
woads, and ho said: "Pardon me, mad
am, but you gave mo my first lesson in
politeness."
She looked at him in amazement, while
ho rolatcd the forgotten inoident and told
her that simple "thank you" awakened
his first ambition to be something In the
world. He wont the next morning and
and applied for a situation as office boy in
tho establishment where he is now an
honorable and trusted clerk. Congrtqa.
lionalist.
Farmers' Meeting at Cabot.
The meeting of the hoard for this place
was held in the town hall on Tuesday and
Wednesday, February 20th and 21st. On
tbe forenoon of the first Hay the meeting
was called to order by Sec. Cutting and
J. M. Fisher appointed chairman.
Dr. Cutting then occupied the session
with a general address on "What may be
Learned by Observation." Many points
of interest to farmers were touched upon
and practical illustrations git en to enforce
iheir importance. In speaking upon tbe
weather the doctor referred to the value of
the signal service and the n ports of the
same in tho daily papers, and wished that
these reports could be more generally
circulated among tho farmer. In relation
to haying he advanced the idea that
instead of the practice ot farmers in
spreading green hay around in several
pieces, for the purposo of further curing
in the barns, it were to be filled in solid in
one mow as fast and soon as possible, the
quality would be much improved. This is
much on the prinoiple of putting ensilage
in a silo. Tho b irn doors should not be
kept open more than is absolutely neces
sary, contrary to previons practice, ne
condemned the practice of leeding straw
alone and then the hay in the same
manner. The two should be fed together
with a small quantity of concentrated
food, or cotton seed meal in addition, to be
the most profitable Tbe stable should be
made warm even to GO degrees, but they
should be thoroughly ventilated. The
last Is very Important, otherwise the
fodder and iho milk will be contaminated
and the health of the animals impared.
A man should never smoke while milking
and should otherwise practice the greatest
care and cleanliness, lie would also have
ample wooden ventilator boxes extending
from the stable to tho roof, and also slight
openings leading up aoove me neaus oi
tbe animals. If manure is kept in a cellar
special pains should bo paid to tho ventila
tion. In answer to a question tbo doctor
stated that lor a large oarn ine vcnuiaiors
should be from three to tour teet square
He would not over dry hay, and the tedder
will hasten the process. When hay is
put in a mow quite green, after filling it
would bo well lo cover wltb straw, or
even to mix the straw with the hay in
filllne. He would not salt the hay when
putting it in iho barn as it will not be
distributed evenly, and all animals do not
want the same amount ol suit at any tune.
He would prefer to give salt as needed
and does uot believe that saltpetre is
beneficial for healthy stock, but that salt
is necessary He thinks thut a certain
amount of salt, not exceeding two bushels
per acre, would bo a benefit to most soils.
Animals need phosphoric acid, and If
there is not enough of this in tho soil it
should be supplied in some form. Give
bone meal as a substitute, but apply it to
the land as a permanent benefit. Feeding
bran and roots are a preventative. Moie
attention should be paid to the pastures,
and it is thought that land plaster and
perhaps salt would assist in their improve
ment. To derive the most benefit from
the land plaster it ehould be sown early,
as it requires a large amount of moisture
to rendor it soluble and of value. He
does not think that ground liino rock
would be of any use, unless on a muck or
sour soil. AS to ine use oi Banes, u
farmer can bost determine whether or not
they are of value on his land, where
they work well they are a cheap fertilizer.
lie spoke ot the loss resuuing irom grass
becoming permanently lodged and said
that this should be prevented so far as
possible by suitable and judicious fortili
zation.
Adjourned until afternoon.
TUESDAY AFTKBNOON.
Tho chairman called tho meeting to
order at 2 o'clock and Introduced Mr.
Davis, who delivered a general and
instructive address on the "Wastes of
the farm." This was well leceived by
the large audience, after which Borne
questions were answered by Mr. Uavis.
Would have a manure cellar if possible,
and use plenty of absorbents to soak up
the liquid portion. Would have a stable
from 00 to oil degrees iu winier, out it
should be well ventilated. His experience
would warrant the turning mauiire under
on his alluvial soil as late in the spring
as possible. Is troubled much wilh witch
grass. Would run a Thomas smoothing
harrow over a hold oi corn wnen sman
in any direction.
Some discussion was engaged in relating
to various dairy matters, alter which Mr.
J. R. Kenerson of Peacham read a paper
on the "Making and marketing of butter."
As this paper will probably bo printed
in full, no abstract will be given. It was
of much interest and was fuilv discussed.
Next, Dr. Cutting exhibited and
explained the working of a simple milk
tester, that should be of great value to
farmers in determing Iho richness of the
milk of their cows. This completed the
exercises of the afternoon, and the meeting
was adjourned until evening. The attend
ance was very large, and the capacious
hall well filled wilh an appreciative
audience. Cabot appears to bo an
excellent farming region, and tbe indica
tions are that the inhabitants are heartily
interested in their occupation. We were
also pleased to find farmers and their
wives prosent from the adjoining towns.
EVENING.
The audience assembled at an early
hour, when Mr. Davis occupied a short
time in talking upon dairy matters, and
answered tbe questions that were asked of
.him. Would prefer grade Jerseys for
onws. Cut rye when in tho blossom for
ceding green, and sweet corn when the
ears are in the milk.
At 7 :S0 Dr. Cutting took up the subject
assigned him on tho programme, "Plant
growth," and delivered an elaborate and
very instructive lecture. After the address
some questions were answored by tho doc
tor. Would always apply manure or fer
tilizers broadcast and not in the hill. Is
not of opinion thnt manure loses muoh by
evaporation. The freezing and thawing
of manure spread on the land in winter is
an advantage rather than otherwise.
Mr. Kenerson could not see the advan
tage of spreading manure in winter. Is of
opinion that when put on frozen ground il
will work away. Ho has the best results
with manure spread in fall or spring. Dr.
Cutting further explained and confirmed
the theory of winter application, but
would not advise farmers to adopt tho sys
tem on their land unless it is found to work
well.
Mr. Pitkin was not in favor of winter
manuring.
Tbe doctor stated tbat tho sediment
which is deposited on some meadows is
silt and not manure. An excess ot any
fertilizing matter is Injurious to the crop.
A farmer present stated that he has long
firacticed applying manure to plowed land
n Ootober with good results.
Tbe doctor staled that his land Is nil
quite uneven. Superphosphate made from
bone is superior to that from phospbatic
rock, being more soluble.
Mr. Kenerson made so trio remarks, en
dorsing the system of plat fertilization,
and was of opinion that if farmers would
praetico this and then purchase only the
materials that are needed, much money
would be saved tbat is now paid for
manufactured fertilizers.
Mr. Goodwin endorsed the remarks of
Mr. Kenerson. and then spoke strongly
In favor of the winter application of
manure.
The disousslon was quite spirited and
lasted nntil quite late, when tbe meeting
was adjourned.
' WEDNESDAY FOREST OOH,
Meeting called to order at 10 o'clock,
and the audience desiring, a short time
was occupied in a disousslon on - tbe
subject of silos and ensilage. E. K.
Towle first mad some remarks, and was
followed by others. Considerable interest
was manifested in this subjeot, although
tew siios have yet oeen constructed in
this part of the state.
Mr. Pitkin of Marsbfleld gave his
experience with silos. Said that these
should be located so as to be convenient
to fill and feed from. His silo is In one
corner of bis barn, is of stone, although
wooden ones may be built, but does not
tuinic mey wilt be durante. His silo is
13x20x10 feet. Would have them long,
narrow and deep. Would not expose
much surface to the atmosphere at a
time. To be profitable 16 tons of corn for
ensilage should be raised to the acre. This
will require considerable fertilizing mate
rial. With large kinds of corn it will take
from two lo three tons to be equal to one
of bay. Raised common field corn, and
when the ears were glazed pioked off the
best, and then cut the remainder into en
silage. Likes the Sandford corn for this
purpose. Would feed twioa a day with
ensilage and once with bay. Can make
more and bettor butter wim ensilage and
meal than with hay and meal. With the
system be is practicing more stook oan be
kept and the farm improved. He has a
herd of 24 grade Jersey cows, from whioh
a product of 300 pounds of butter on an
average is sold annually. This discussion
lasted until aboat 11 o'clock, when Mr.
Goodwin took np the subject of the "Social
position of the farmer." This was an ex
cellent paper, suggesting many valuable
points wormy oi consiueratiun oy me
farmers of to-day. He gave tbe farmers
some sharp thrusts in oonoluding remarks,
in relation to their apathy or even opposi
tion to certain measures of reform thut are
from time to time introduced into our
legislative assemblies.
A gentleman present stated tbat he had
rather be a first class farmer than a first
class professional man. This bad the true
ring, and denoted a general love and re
spect for bis chosen oalling.
Rev. Mr. Russell made some excellent
remarks on tbe subject considered by Mr.
Goodwin, lie spake of the importance of
a proper training for the farmers' sons and
daughters. Parents should be willing, so
far as their circumstances will admit, of
gratifying their inclinations in furnishing
them wilh good rooms, plenty of suitable
books and papers, or whatever else would
serve as an educator, and interest them in
their homo life and pursuits. Endeavor
us much as possible to keep the boys away
from places of questionable resort, from
contaminating influences that are to often
to bo encountered.
Mr. Kenerson spoke earnest words on
the subject. Farmers are not social
enough at borne, but fur too much so at
tho village resorts.
Mr. Onndwin said that if farmers would
rin In social position they must act for
themselves; outside influence cannot alone
do this for them.
Mr. Abbott stated that when men con
gregate in stores and hotels to smoke and
engage in questionable conversation, ine
tfl'ecrcannoi but be bad on the boys.
Mr. Lane was of opinion that larmers
do not take pains to maira their sons fa
miliar with business principle, mey
should talk freelv with them in relation to
farm affairs, and seek to familiarize them
with what will 60on immediately concern
them. ...
Mr. Bronson of East HardwlcK would
enlrivniB more friendly relations with
nnin-hhors and citizens. He would also
give the boy an interest in some farm ani
mal or product, tbe avails of which shall
be his own.
A gentleman spoke In lavor; oi town
libraries.
Mr. Goodwin would encourage ine
formation of farmers' clnbs.
An interesting discussion having lasted
until 12 o'clock, the mteting adjourned
until afternoon.
AFTERNOON.
On coming together Mr. Lano took up
the subject of "Fertilization," and treated
it in able leolure. After the lecture Mr.
S. J. Walbridge was called upon to five
his experience in raising potatoes. Applied
1,000 pounds OI superpnospuaio uu imi
pounds of fii-h and potash to the acre on
poor land. The crop was nearly 3UD
bushels of marketable potatoes. This was
nr tviaimn around. Finds that on this
- r-- . ,. ,
soil nitrogen is a necessary ingreuicui ui
fertilization, minis mat larmitrs ukvo
not commenced to use fertilizers soon
enough, especially on the pastures, as
tbeir exhausted and run down condition
plainly indicates.
At. this noint of the meeting Mr.
Towle proceeded with the fertilization of
pastures, a subject cioseiy nmeuiu imoicai
to the one preceding.
The afternoon being well advanced,
very little discussion followed this lecture,
and the meeting was adjourned until
evening.
EVENING.
All the members of the board were
under the nocessity of leaving to meet
other appointments, leaving Mr. Goodwin
alone to finish the meeting at this place.
The subjects taken np were "Indian corn,"
an excellent lecture and well adapted to
tho farmers of the state, to be succeeded
by a further discussion on "Ensilage.''
With these two subjects for consideration
it may be presumed tbat the time was
fully occupied, as the farmers were quite
ready to engage in the discussions. The
meeting at this place was very largely
attended throughout, reaobing probably
600 on the last day. Thie is doing
exceedingly well for a town miles away
from any railroad.
Mr. Jason Cole of Danville Dalit a silo
in his bay, and tnved $300 in hay by so
doing. Built of framed timber, spiked to
the timber of tbe barn. Opened it
December 3, fed twenty s.evn cattle.
Cows look well, feel well. He fed them
grain as he did on hay, with one quart of
meal, one quart of ootton meal and one of
bran, mixed, twice a day. His ensilage
was made from Sanford and Bailey corn.
Put in about fifty tons. Size of silo was
25 feet deep, anil 15x17 feet inside.
L. C. Fifher's silo built in bay of barn,
cemented at bottom and side. First put
in about 12 tons of clover rowen, which
he says began to heat right away. He
next pul in 2 acres of Bailey oorn. Next
put in a quantity of common corn with tbe
greater part of the ears on the oorn.
When he oorae to feed, the Yankee corn
gave a great deal better satisfaction than
the Bailey corn. He was in favor of silos,
and recommended tbem to be built with
round corners.
At Berlin.
wkdnesdatIevbkino.
Dr. II. A. Cutting, secretary of the
board, gave an address . upan tbo
"Capabilities of the plant to seek its
food," at Berlin this evening. It was an
entertaining address, and was followed by
a series ot questions upon fertilization,
which were ably answered.
Mr. J. N. Perrin remarked upon winter
fertilization, that be tried It with good
results last winter, and was doing the
same this winter. His last winter was
upon a sido bill, and at the bottom of the
hill he left a rod or two to be fertilised by
tlin wash whioh he thought might take
place, and he saw colored water running
in little brooks down the hillsides, settling
in upon tho unfertilized part, and he sup
posed that would be surely fertilized, but
he plowed and sowtd, and his grain was
good where he spread bis manure, but
down below where he supposed much of
bis plant food had gono there was no ap
parent fertilization, the grain being small
and short. From that .ie ceased to worn
about his manure washing, as he found
Dr. Cutting absolutely correct in his state
meats last winter, and he wns satisfied
that winter was the time to fertilize.
Middlesex Meeting.
The state board of agriculture, by
invitation of some of tbe prominent
farmers of Middlesex, decided to hold a
two days' meeting there last week. The
various members of the board being
engaged at other places only E. R
Pernber, of Wells, was present last
Wednesday afternoon when the meeting
opened in the Methodist bouse. There
was a good representation of farmers from
Middlesex, Moretown, Waitsfield, Berlin,
and Waterbury. Mr. Pernber called tbe
meeting to order, and Hon. James II.
Holden, of Middlesex, was appointed
chairman. After expressing his thanks
for the honor conferred on him, be called
on W. H. Cbapin, of Middlesex, to make
s few remarks in tho form of an address
of welcome to tbe board.
Mr. Cbapin said that in as much as this
was the first meeting of the board in town
it was perhaps fitting that somo word of
welcome bo addressed to its members.
Whon the buds start next spring, it will
be one hundred years sinco the first
settlement of tbo town, and in starting on
the second century it was a self evident
fact that if the agricultural interests of
Middlesex would keep abreast of the
times, there must be more agricultural
knowledge among the farmers : knowledge
of the soil, what it needed to keep it up,
and bow to till it mote successfully, how
to breed animals aud what kinds, and also
to have insi ruction in the political econo
my of tho nation, whether the farmers did
or did not want a redueiion in tbe tariff,
a subject which is at preseut agitating the
country by the debate before congress,
especially on sugar. On these and all
kindred subjects relating to the general
welfare of ttiu agriculturalist, those men
who form the bono and sinew of the
country, there is need of more knowledge,
and it is for the purpose of obtaining this
that these mcet'ngs are held. Ho then
tendered o the members of the board, a
heany welcome; to its president, Gov.
oarstow, one ol Ine long lino ot larmer
governors which had gained for Vermont
the reputation of being the best governed
state in tho union; to Rev. II. M. Buck.
hum, the Christian soldier in the cause ol
education; to Secretary Cutting, the
indefatigablo worker in the interest ol
agriculture, and lo all the members of Ihe
board generally. At tho close of the
remarks of Mr. Chapin, the chairman
introduced E. U. Pernber, of Wells, who
was advertised to speak on the subject of
milk.
Mr. Pember spoke briefly in explanation
of why ho was the only member of the
board present. The need of agriculture
at present was more skill, more know!
edge; fifty years ago when the soil had
just been stripped of its virgin forests, and
was rich in all that was necessary for
plant growth, there was no need of
thinking about what to do to make better
crops. Then there were no such methods
of transportation as are now in use.
Musclo was now the principle criterion of
a man's success ; but things have changed ;
steam has become the draft horse of the
world, and has opened an unlimited com
petition, and the soil has become sick,
needing some element of plant growth to
bring it up lo its former standard, and
tbe only way for tho farmers is to experi
ment with their land and find just what
element is needed. The situation of tho
country at tho present time, because of
these changes, brings about a necessity
for this class of meetings, that farmers
may get together and exchange views,
and through the beard obtain in one
section tbe benefit of the experiments and
earnings of another.
After this prelude he took up the subject
of milk, which lie slid was, in Its pure
state, a perfect food for man or beast,
and was the only one which would alone
support life from the cradlo to the grave.
He then gave the component parts of
pure milk, as shown by analysis, but said
many cows varied in the quality of their
product, it being dependent very much on
the feeding and care which tliey received.
To preserve a standard and even quality
of milk, it should be taken from the cow
at periods of not over 12 hours, as after
that it deteriorates in quality, lie gave a
full description of the butter granules,
and the manner of their formation and
separation, which was very able and
interesting. The distinguishing points
between the Jersey, Holstein and Ayrshire
breeds of cows was the difference in the
size of the butter granules; those of the
Jersey are the largest, the Holstein small
est, and tbo Ayrshire aro irregular in size.
Some time was then spent on the subject
of how to increase tho quantity and better
the qualityof milk, with some illustrations
of the amount given by various cows, and
the butter made tbereirom ; and in con
nection with that subject he wished to
emphasize tho necessity of good care and
regular feeding, cleanliness in the milking
and churning, and in every department
of the business; especially should care be
taken to prevent tho milk mid cream from
being contaminated by odors from the
stable, Ihe cook room, or elsewhere, as
milk was a very great absorbent of odors.
and they passed into nnd injured the
butter, ins remarks were listened to
with marked attention throughout, and
were followed by a livtiy discussion, first
on how to ventilate barn stables nnd
manure ocllars, tbo prevailing idea from
the experience of several parties being
tbat a ventilator extending from the roof
to tbe bottom ol tbe cellar was the best
and only iruo mcihod. The different
methods of setting milk, and the proper
temperaturo for cream, that It thould
churn quickly, was discussed by Messrs,
Bussell Sawyer of Moretown, J. S.
Wheeler and T. P. Wheeler of Waterbury
Centre, Mr. Jones of Waitsfield, J. N.
Perrin of Berlin, and W. II. Chapin of
Middlesex. Tho conclusion arrived at
was that the cream from the milk of cows
long in milk, as a rule, required more
churning than that from new milch cows,
and that considerable depended on the
breod of cows kept; tho only test for
temperature was by experiment. At ine
close of tho discussion an adjournment
was had until 7:30 e. M when Mr. Davis
of Westminster spoke on "What farmers
need look alter." lio pointed out a vast
number of little things about the farm
where there was waste, that by being
looked after could be saved, and the farm
made to pay instead of being a burden,
with no induoement for the youth to
remain on them. First the farmer should
be adapted to and love his business; if
he does not, then better drop it and take
up something he did fancy. There is not
brain power enough used in the choosina
ef a calling for the children nnd in the
management ot tbat occupation after it is
chosen. Tho children should bo educated
practically, and everything done to make
home on the farm pleasant, by looking
after the llttlt comforts and beauties.
Why are so many farms vaoatedP One
reason is because the little expenses and
leaks are not looked after, and the farmer
is net able to meet his bills. To remedy
this, use tbe utmost care in details; even
if It does seem small it may be the very
thing needful to insure success. In butter
making regard the stock, tbat it be the
best, the buildings convenient nnd cloan,
tbe farm a good one for grass, a wife that
loves to make butter, and will take the
utmost care in its manufacture. Look to
tho feeding of the cows; supplement the
iced oi me pastures by loragu at tbe barn
Savo the manure in tho stables and aboat
flic buildings; keep tho tools, carts.
plows, etc., well housed and painted; use
.ill tbe machinery possible and save hired
help, and take care of the forest, the fruit
:ind the maple trees. By attending to
tuese little tnings, which, though small,
need looking after, the larmer will find
i bat instead of being constantly in debt,
his boys discontented, and home unpleas
ant, bo will be independent, the farmhouse
will be beautified, and his children will
cling to the old place with no desire to go
west. Mr. Davis spoke an hour and a
half, the audience, which was quite large,
paying the strictest attention. At the
close ol his remarks, A. J. Hollister of
North Montpolior said he thought the
speaker bad set the goal too high in fixing
300 pounds per cow as the point to lie
attained by tho farmers before it would
really pay. He was making 200 pounds,
and thought that amount without meal
was better than 300 pounds when a large
proportion of the profits had gone in meal.
Being asked about ensilage, bo spoke
highly of it; said be was now keeping
just double tbo stock on the same number
ot aores that he did two years ago, and
bought no more leetl tor them than be did
for half the number beforo. He uses
ensilage, having two silos already, and is
iu put iu a iuiiu iu lliu spring.
TUUI1SDAY FORENOON.
The meeting was called to order by the
chairman at the usual hour, when Hon.
iienry jaiio, oi Cornwall, delivered an
instructive address on "Fertilization." He
spoke from tho standpoint of his own
experience, and staled that Ihe principal
sources of fertilizers should be Iho farm;
and not until these iiianuiial resources
have been exemted should resort be had
lo commercial fertilizers. Fanners have
as a usual 'hing commenced to use
commercial fertilization too soon, that i
before the sod was in a suitable condition
to produco Iho best results. Mr. Lane
had used many kinds of fertilizers on his
farm, but generally at a loss. Perhaps
this is not gi nerally tho case, and should
indicate very plainly the necessity of
every farmer ascertaining as far as
possible what particular elements of
fertilization are needed, in order that
these only may be supplied. For instance
ashes on the soils of tho Cliamplain valley
produce litilo or no good, and will not
warrant paying ton cents per bushel, while
in other pans of iho stale, in the
Connecticut river valley it is said, they
produce excellent results, anil readily
command 25 to 30 cents per bushel.
More attention should be paid lo saving
tne manure already made on the farm,
aud make as much more as possiblo by
every means at command. Ho alluded to
Ihe importance of using concentrated food
for stock as a means of making more and
a belter quality of manure. Would pay
particular attention to the saving of the
liquid manure by means of absorbents and
otherwise as a great gain. In his own
practice ho prefers to feed grain to stock,
purchasing when necessary, lo buying
commercial fertilizers. Thinks that farm
ers do not usually get the lull value,
according to analysis, of purchased
fertilizers. It is probable, however, that
the standard of value has been raised
considerably within tho past few years.
Our new fertilizer law should now be
some protection lo tho farmer, as to the
character of what he buys. He considers
that the agricultural value of these
fertilizers will vary greatly from
conditions of soil, cultivation, season, etc.
Ho stated that 250 tons are annually sold
in Addison county, and probably more
than this amount is used in other counties
in the state. lie thinks that farmers are
often deceived in the appearance of crops
treated with commercial fertilizers. These
usually give nn early and vigorous growth
of stalks, but there is a failure later in the
season to perfect the crop, often entailing
a loss. From the results of numerous
experiments it has boen found that
nitrogen, the most costly ingredient in
commercial fertilizers, is not needed on
most farms, or only in small quantities,
aud should not therefore be inclosed in
those fertilizers.
It will bo seen that Mr. Lano is very
conservative iu relation to the use oi
commercial fertilizers, not advising their
use until tho other manurial resources of
ihe farm have been ruado Ihe most of,
then of course he would not be averse to
employ them if it can be done at a profit,
or with a reasonable certainty of getting
tho purchase money back again with a
fair margin for application. lie is greatly
in favor of the use of clover for the
improvement of the soil. If a farmer
can purchase cotton seed meal, bran, etc.,
to feed with the coarse fodder of ihe farm
to fattening stock, and get therefrom the
lull value of tho grain and fodder fed,
leaving Ihe manure as profit, it may be
considered as doing very well.
After the address some discussion
ensued. In answer lo a question as to
what fertilizer was the best, he said be
could not state what was the best kind of
commercial fertilizer. Many of them are
very nearly alike in effect.
Mr. Hollister of North Montpelier,
asked in relation to rotation.
Mr. Lane would raise two crops of
clover out of five years. Follow clover
with potatoes without manure, then with
corn with manure, seeding to grass the
following season along with wheat and
barley. Usually sows 12 to 15 pounds of
clover to the acre when prominence is
given to this crop. Good natural meadows
should not be plowed, uuless very neces
sary; but they should not bo fed by stock
at all.
Dr. Cutting followed with some remarks,
in which he stated that if farmers would
obtain the greatest results from their
stable manure, great pains must bo taken
to save all the liquid portions and not
allow tho solid part to become deteriorated
by continued exposure to the weather, as
is often found to be the case. It depends
in a great degree on tho discrimination of
the farmer in tho application of fertilizers,
to givo only what is needed. Thero is too
often an excess of some ingredient given
and a loss is sustained. It there is an
inclination of crops to fall down or lodge,
it is a piotty certain indication of an
excess of nitrogen. In such oases loss of
this should be given and moro of mineral
substances, ns phospbatrlo acid, potash,
plaster, or oven salt. Somo soils may
require a perfect fertilizer, and tho only
way by which a farmer may dotermine
this on his land is by trying plot experi
ments. He mado some excellent remarks
in relation to the comparative and actual
values of fertilizers, that should be of
servico to farmers. He gave an instance
of tho application of ashes on his own
soil. Five bushels per acre produced an
incroaso of nearly one ton ol hay per acre,
while ten bushels per aoro produced no
effect.
Mr. William Chapin was ol opinion
that most farmers do not apply too much
manuro. Has used commeroial fertilizers
with good results. Would advise farmers
to have barn cellars, as it first rate
investment.
Mr. Hollister has tisod phosphate for 15
years with good effeoU Uses four cords
of manure per aero, and 250 pounds of
superphosphate for corn. Uses a five
years rotation, having one-fifth in oiover
Would not uso phosphate in connection
with a heavy coat of manure, as it is not
needed in such a oase. Raises 60 bushels
or more of corn per acre. Corn will
shrink badly in the orib, one-fourth at
least. Believes phosphate to be good for
giving earliness to the corn crop, Spread
manure in Maroh and May, and on the
first the oats sown were four pounds
heavier tban tbe other. Would not spread
where the land is liable to wash In winter.
Dr. Cutting stated that a farmer should
so fertilize bis land as to get a profit,
neither giving too little or too much, and
he believes that if we farm so judiciously
as to obtain a reasonable profit, we shall
be more likely to keep our boys at home,
notwithstanding some might think other
wise. Mr. Jones of Waitsfield srxke of raisin
fine crops of corn with a fair anantltv of
stable manure and superphosphate.
ine discussion listed unti nearly 12:30.
when the meeting adjourned until after
noon. AFTERNOON.
On ooming together at 2 o'olock. Mr. E.
R. Towle, of Franklin, took un the subject
of the "Fertilization of pastures." This is
a very important subject, and wherever
brought up for consideration brings out an
interesting aiscussion. In bis treatment
of tbe subject the speaker would first see
ii some cnanges could not be made tbat
would be of benefit to the farm, taking a
pasture or a part of one for a meadow,
or a meadow for a pasture. Where
pastures oan be plowed comfortably there
should not be very much difficulty in
renovating tbem. Flow and cultivate
thoroughly, fertilize properly, and seed
down again to grass as soon as possible.
use a good variety and plenty of erase
seeds. Crop tbe land as little as possible
with grain while this work is being done.
Where land is rough and covered with
brake or moss knolls, more time and
labor will be required. Buckwheat is a
good renovator oi such land. Where there
is not enough stable manure for this work
would recommend a good superphosphate,
used in connection with the manure on
land where this fertilizer is found to work
well, and that will generally be on most
of otir pastures. Would abandon rough,
unprofitable portions to a growth of wood
as the best uso to which they can be
devoted. Sheep may also be grazed wilh
profit on rough, inaccessible pastures, and
should be kept more tban they are on
many of our Veimont farms. Destroy
brakes and noxious vegetation if possible
by frequent mowings, and sow on grass
sued and fertilizers if possible on any
vacant places. Remove all superfluous
trees and bushes, as tbese ate of no benefit
and are an injury to the land.
Mr. Hollister remarked that he would
double stock pastures, feeding at barn so
the cattlo would carry fertilized material
to the pastures, and thus bring them up.
He is going to put in a silo for rye which
he will ensilage in June, and supplement
his pastures with that.
Uussoll Sawyer says the pastures here
are rough and ledgy, and he does not think
it desirable to feed.
Dr. Cutting remarked that fertilizaticn
of pastures with tbe application of seed at
same lime is an advantage.
William Chapin advocated sheep hus
bandry. dipt. Stephen Herrick advocated raising
corn and plowing and reseeding. Thought
pastures should bu plowed and resecded.
Had tried to let cuttle run in a sugar
place and to keep tbem out. Have a very
large sugar place and make much sugar.
Timothy Wheeler remarked tbat his
views coincided wilh those of Dr. Cuttine
about keeping trees from pastures and
cattle from trees, and he did not tbink
Capt. Herrick was in real opinion far
from Ihe views of Dr. Cutting.
Mr. Hollister remarked that we should
feed our pastures shorter in June than
we do, as pastures close fed were best
for the season.
Charles K. Jones asked what could
be done with white grass or Buffalo
grass?
Janus Crossett, of Duxbury, said be
thought hogs good to renovate pastures.
He dug some holes in tough places
and put in corn, and tbe bogs thoueht
there was corn everywhere and completely
DroKe up nna used np toe brakes,
esc, after which the land was seeded
to grass. He then mowed one year before
he let cattle on, nnd has nice grass.
Cannot put bogs in a pasture without
water. The hogs eat tbe roots.
Timothy Wheeler had made sap circula
tion a study for many years. When the
tree is in leaf tbe passage of sap is upward
by mechanical processes, and be believes
that all circulation of sap is mechanical.
lielieves tbe starch is cbanged lo sugar
by frost. Believes tbat maple sap comes
downward nnd birch sap upward.
Air. Hollister thought in bis wood pile
that sap run from tbo top end of his sticks.
A lengthy discussion on the circulation of
sap and other matters connected therewith
was engaged in by Dr. Culling and Mr.
Wheeler, in which many points were
touched upon. The cession having lasted
until nearly five o'clock. Dr. Cutting gave
some description of a simple milk tester.
and then tbe meeting adjourned until
evening.
EVENING.
Dr. II. A. Cutting gave sis lecture upon
'Plant growth." He gave the constituent
elements of the plant, described how those
foods were bu noosed lo be assimilated.
gave also his experiments and ideas of
plant feeding, which were new on some
points and interesting in all. He illus
trated the advantages of plot fertilization
and what may be learned from it. Urged
all farmers to experiment, keeping a
record of all, tbat they may be able to
profit by the same. He did not think it
necessary to buy nitrogen, as their itablrs
would supply all needed if proper care
was taken of all solid and fluid elements,
and tbey were used at proper season.
which be believes is before tbe great
spring rains, that the plant food may be
dissolved and carried into tbe soil, being
thus so distributed that tbe plant oan gain
easy access to it.
ihis lecture Is always well received by
the people, as great interest is manifested
in relation to plant foods and tboir
application.
Uo then spoke by request upon ensilage.
giving bis opinion in its favor, but giving
a careful yet complete statement of its
advantages, and also mentioned the rears
entertained by some as to its dangers.
A series of questions were then asked
about fertilization, etc., which occupied
the time until nearly 10 o'clock, and after
the presentation of thanks to the board for
tbeir interesting series of meetings and an
invitation lo come again, they adjourned.
The attendance throughout the entire
meeting was very largo.
Bones fob Fowls. Poultry breeders
do not seem to appreoiate the great value
of bones for their fowls, and but a limited
few ever make use of them for this purpose.
No matter whether the birds are confined
or not they are suro to be benefited by a
moderate quantity ot bones, though thoso
which are kept in close confinement need
them most. Nearly every family of any
size have refuse bones enough from tbe
kitchen to afford the poultry quite a treat
from time to time, and when this is not
tbe oase, or when the supply runs short,
enough can bo procured each week from
the nearest butcher at a very small price,
many butobers being glad to give tbem
away to get rid of them. These oan be
oruBbed by using a large stone and a
heavy hammer, though there is now a very
good and cheap mill made for the purpose.
The bones orush best when dry, and
should be reduced to about the size of a
small pea. They are pat In small troughs
or boxes, nnder oovor, where the fowls
oan eat what they want and to suit their
pleasure.