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VOL.
MONTPELIER, VT., WEDNESDAY, JULY 4, 1883.
NO- 27.
XJj.
jioxri'ixiHii, vr:
WEDNESDAY, JULY 4, 18H3.
Sunday School Lesson Notes.
l'.Y KEY. .1. O. SHEIIBuHN.
July 5tli: Tub 1'laiuB of .lerirho Joshua 6:10-0:1-0.
As llio children of Israel h:irt now
escaped the condemnation which cnrue
upon llio generation that came out o
Ejiypl because of thoir perverseness, it
wus time for them to renew their covenant
relations with Jehovah. It appears that
during thoir wanderings they hail not
cnitiuticd the observance of tho p:ssover
even. Much less had thoy kept the
cmitiiand to circumcise their children
hence a generation had arisen who were
nit in a literal sense God's people, tbey
had never received the rito by which
then men were admitted to covenant
relations with God. Admitted to the
chinch, we say.
As toon as tho people had passed into
tlio lam! promised to them, they began
n"ain to observe tho ceremonies and set-
vices (3d had enjoined upon them. They
k 'pt the passover on the appointed day at
even in", their own flocks doubtless fur
nishiiiLr Iambs for the feast. Then on the
diy following they began to cut of the
product", of tliu now land upon which
they had entered. Critics declare that we
are misled by the rendering "old corn
Thev say that nothing in the original
wild li as any veleronue to the crop of the
former year; but rather that the indication
is that on llio day after the passover,
ticonrding to the command in Lev. 23:10
14, they offered the first fruits of the
current harvest to tho Lord, and on the
next day they began to eat the same.
The fuurtcenih day at even, we should
say the night of the fourteenth, was
oiuidered with them a part of the
fifteenth day. Then on the 10th day they
began to cat of tho products of tho land
which had been abandoned by tho fright
ened naii.es. t will be remembered that
the Jevi-h year began with tho passover
month, Exodus 12:2, so it is said that
they did cat of tho fruit of tho land of
Canaan that year. As was onlv natural,
I lie supply of manna ceased when they
began to find a supply from the soil of the
land given them. Though God is freo
with his bounties, ho does not waste
anything needlessly. lie had fed his
people with the corn of Heaven, and as
lie was now supplying them with tho
fruits of the earth tho sti) ply from above
is withheld.
Ii-.it Israel are now in tho laud to
conquer It, and God would have them
ready for their arduous work. It is
necessary that their leader, Joshua, should
In just as thoroughly lilted for his work,
and lnarlo just as courageous in it as may
b. Ho, as the narrative would indicate,
while he was in tho plains of Jericho,
probably making plans for the attack of
that strongly fortified town, there appeared
suddenly before him in the way a man
with a drawn sword. Joshua, seeing the
warlike habiliments of the stranger
npprojchcd him with the question "Ar1
th iuforrs or for our adversaries?" The
question was oniy a natural one for a
practical soldier. Ho saw a man in armor,
and wished to know whether he was friend
or foo. The answer, "nay," was calculated
at a check upon tho earthward thoughts
of Joshua, and a preparation for the
disclosure which his visitant was to make.
The answer virtually was, "I am neither
friend or foe as you understand tho matter,
r.ot man at all, but captain of the host of
the Lord." At this announcement Joshua
ft 11 aduringly beforo the heavenly dignita.
rv, and in the spirit of ready obedience
asked: "What sailh my Lord unto his
servant?
It is interesting to notice the similarity
of di.-positiun manifested by Joshua in
this early time, and by Saul on li is way to
Damascus ; both make the same eager
inquiries to the way of duty, and both
reverently acknowledge the authority of
tho heavenly presence which addressed
them. More than this, there can be little
doubt that both theso men were met by
the same divine person. To Paul it was
particularly dttlarcd "I am Jesus whom
thou perseculcst j" and we find in this case
that Jcshua worshipped this Captain of
Hi3 host of the Lord, and that worship was
accented without remonstrance. Again
wo find in this immediate connection that
fin Loid is speaking to Joshua, and that
witlie.ii', any intimation that Ihore has
b:en a change of person upon the scone.
Beyond all these considerations it is to be
noticed that the same mark of reverence
is demanded of Joshua on this occasion us
was demanded of Moses when God
appeari d to him in the burning bush. To
both it was said, "out off thy shoes from
tiiy feet." From these considerations we
eo:.e!udt that this Captain was nono other
than lie who is now termed the Captain of
our salvation, tho Lord Jesns Christ. lie
it was who was with his people in the
wilderness, and now he comes to give
encouragement to his people, nay more to
assume ill -it-leadership in person. Since
then Canaan is not to bo conquered by
human prowess or stratagem, wo may
lok for some plans such as man would
not niak'-.
The inhabitants of the country about
,Ici ieho, hi aring of the wonders wiougbt
at Jordan. (Many of them doubtless
ccing the same) were filled with fear and
sought relngti in the city which was woll
walled. lint the enemies of God are no
safer within walls than without them. Ii
is God's power that gives coherency and
strength lo stone and masonry, and when
In- chooses to relax that bower thev fall r,
7ueecs in a moment. Now while God
a 'f unit's leadership of his people, while he
pians and executes, he would have their
ulieilii nt co operation. So he gives ordors
to dosha. i as to the part tho people are lo
lake in the siege. Ho gives them only so
much to tin as will prove thoir obedience,
while he pledges lo secure the victory for
them il they obey. Bettor to accept the
'livine leadership, I hough his methods
Mf.ni strange, than to go any warfare at
our own charges, Hotter walk round and
round a city at God's command though no
results seem to follow, than to rush madly
into au undertaking without llio divine
guidance.
Success. Swarms of young men and
women urn just graduating from our
public schor ls and colleges, a great major
ity of whom must go to work at oneo and
earn a living. .Many of them have aiready
selected their vocation. Others have not
made a decision, and have no lookout.
Most of these young graduates are moro
or less anxious concerning Iheir fu uro
All of them desire to he of tho happy
numher who succeed in lifo.
It is n great thing to succeed. A fail
success in business is worth all it common
ly cosls of devotion and industry. And
thoro is, at least, ono way by which sue
cess may ordinarily he obtained; and that
Is by learning how to do somnthin" Hint
people want done; by doing it woll and
striving each day to do it better.
II you are a doctor, you should seek (o
be the best doctor of your neighborhood.
Even if, you soli lisli. you should bo sure lo
deliver them fresh, in nico order, at the
most convenient time, and for a fair price.
Yours should bo tho neatest store, where
tho promptest attention is given to cus
tomers, and where the greatest variety of
U'li sola in your neighborhood can be
found. If you uro so unfortunate as to
publish a paper, never rest until you have
made it tho best of its kind in the world.
You probably never will placo it at the
head, but you must always seek for that
rosult. If you do your paper will be a
success.
Sixty years ago, l'oter Cooper kept a
little grocery store in the Bowery, New
York, within a few yards of tho snot where
the Cooper institute now stands. A man
came into his store one day, and said,
i built a gluo factory lor my son. He
can't make it go. I'll sell it to you for
two thousand dollars."
Upon inquiry, Peter Cooper found that
all tho best gluo came from Russia and
brought a high price, while tho slue made
in New York was verv poor stuff', and was
sold at a rate that forbade all chance of
prolit. Ho said to himself.
Why can't gluo be made as good in
quality here in America as in Kutsia? 1
think it can be. I'll try."
Ho bought the factory. Then he
commenced studying tho processes by
which glue is made. Ho tried endless
experiments; superintended every boiling
himself; kept trying for years, always
improving his product, until Peter Cooper's
giue coinmantiea tno inirtiest mice, and
literally ruled the market.
hat lie did with glue, Gillot with nons.
Jonas Cbickering with the piano, Fair-
bunks Willi scales; and, il you succeed
fairly and hansomoly, you must do just so
Willi somiuuwj. American Agriculturist.
Tltl'H WOllTll.
liv Al.n-K OAHY.
Trim worth Is boliu, not soeminjf-
iu (l'iti etich day that iroes by
Sonic little irood, not in dreaminir
or tfrout thiuifS to do by.aud-by,
l-ur whatever moil say In their blindness,
And soito of the fauclei of youth,
There Is nothing so kindly as kluduoss,
And uothinif so royal as truth.
A Header's Complaint I have never
wished that I had been born in somo other
century than the linetcenth. Our age, ii
not a i-ietnte-riiie one, ami 1 think it has
Is picturesque aspects is, without dmilil.
tho most comfort iblo lo live in, take it on
the whole, the world has yet known. Il
seems to me that persons of rational mind
and humane uisposiiion cannot be loo
thankful to belong to it, for it is hard to
see how persons could ever havo enjoyed
lie in earlier limes as union as we of the
latost days can. The world haj certainly
gone forward and tho feature of its prog
ress mat l eiiieny rejoice in is its advance
n humanity. 1 be elder world-the world
but a veiy little elder Ihan our own
was such a terrible cruel one!
The only objection to living in the
present time that I know of is the increas
ed quantity of tilings ono must know.
ighteen century people riuln t havo to
read Lecky's history of their times in four
volumes, or a hundred thousand other
books it now st ems obligatory upon all
cultivated persons to acquaint themselves
ilh. Now-a-days one is required to read
a small library every year, if one would
have ova n a smattering of knowledge on
the various subjects that invite an intelli-
gent man's interest. llio specialists, in
tho ivbundan ic of whom wo glory, carry
investigation so far lorward, each in his
own, line that the general reader cannot
hope to do more than accept a number of
hings at second hand, or be content to
have no understanding at ail. It is hard to
esign one's self to ignoraneo of so many
ntcrcsling matters, and vet that is what
one seems driven too. One finds that the
first tiling to learn is "how much need not
no known,'' which is perhaps a sort of
sour graces wisdom attainable. SipUmber
Atlantic.
Ingratitude. It is an old Baying that
if you do a man nineteen favors, and for
any reason decline to do the twentietn, he
will forget the nineteen requests that you
have granted, and only remember tho one
tbat you have refused and for that refusal
ho will hate yon for ever after.
This is true of somo men ; il is true of mean
and narrow nature -, it is not true of all It
is as natural for a noble soul to cherish a
lively recollection of kindnesses received,
as it is to breathe. And while we are
often shocketl to see acls of friendship
toward others, which have cost us a good
deal of time nnd of labor, entirely over
looked and forgotten, we not unfrcijtiently,
on the other hand, are surprised by the
grateful reciprocation of some favor long
since rendered, and the very performance
of which had passed from our own recol
lections, until reminded of it by the recip
ient. We have always regarded gratitude as a
feeling which is hardly susceptible of being
taught to any one. A lecture on grati!
tutle, to whomsoever addressed, instead of
awakening that emotion, is very apt to
engender a feeling of indignation anil
hatred. People never like to be told to be
grateful. And it is of no use to tell them.
If it is not natural to the soul to appreci
ate the good nature of others it can never
be taught such appreciation.
Thoro was uioro than a joko in the sug
gestion of tho witty and caustic English
reviewer, that ho never read a book before
reviewing it, because the reading nn'i'ht
prejudice him. The severest critioismsTof
any gootl work usually come from those
who are poorly informed at the very point
of their criticism. This is pre eminently
the truth in itilidcl criticisms of the iiihle.
A striking illiistratralion of it is given in
a recent "review of his reviewers" by ihc
most blatant ot American infidels. He
says of llio manuscripis of tho New Testa
meiit: "They are ail written in Greek.
I he disciples of Christ knew only Hebrew.''
Yet as a matter of fact, it is a question if
any one of the twelve apostles could read
Hebrew, or write it. 1 he Septuagint, or
common version of the "Hebrew Scrip
tures," in their day was in Greek; and
the Hebrew proper the Hebrew of the
Old Testament was then actually a dead
language among the Hebrews of Palestine.
But of couse Ihe inlidcl "reviewer" is
ignorant on such a point ns this. That
was lo be expected. Tho priuio cause ol
infidelity is sin; the secondnry cause is
"hinvlnciblo higiiorancc." S. S. Time.
A Lightning Ryclcle Ride.
Our irinc, the Spondulix of Colorado,
was I ho highest of the range. It was
2070 leet above Silvor Brick station, and
nine miles distant from the village.
From the works up lo tho mines there was
a broad, hard, smooth road, used for
carting ore tlown from the mines and
hauling supplies up. The average grade
down the mountain was 300 feet to tho
mile; in some places it was steeper, and
at intervals almost level.
By constant practice I managed at last
to rido my ,i2-inch university roadster up
the whole slope to the Spondulix, of
course resting itt levels, but my chief
delight was the coasting down again; it
required sum, a gooa deal ol nerve and a
lirm grasp ol the Drake.
Ono evening an accident occurred to one
of tho men at the mine. I instantly got out
my bicycle, explaining tliatl could goswift
er than a horse down the slope. In a few
minutes I had on my riding suit and was
oil.
the night air was clear and crisp; the
full moon, except in a few curves, shone
directly into the gulch, lighting up the
road. Leaning well back, with my legs
oyer tho handles and a firm finger onlhe
wane, l allowed tue wneef to glide down
the first long slope at a speed which I had
never dared venture before. Finding the
motion safe, I allowed the machine to run
faster und stili faster. Over the first level
I shot like an arrow. Down the next
slope I seemed lo glide with the rushing
wind. Then I turned a curve and ran
into llio shadow of the mountain upon
the next level. Knowing every inch ol
the road however, I did not slacken my
speed, except very slightly.
As I Hew over the top of the next slope,
a sleep plunge of nearly half a mile,
another curve completely shut out the
moon, making the road almost as dark as
a pocket. Hero I put down the brake
hard and checked my speed materially.
Still I knew the road so well that I bud
no fear. But just as I was on the steepest
pinngo of tho slope-
Clink:
Something flew from the machine like a
bullet. Instantly the wheel darted forward
like the rush of a frightened brd, while
tho brake lever came home to the steering
bar under my linger.
The brake hail broken short off at the
elbow!
There was nothing to check Ihe ma
chine, which was running away with me,
with over live miles of mountain grade
before me, and tho chance of meeting a
team at any moment in the tlark. I might
have leaped backward off the machine at
the instant of the break, but fivo seconds
afterward it was too late. To attempt to
dismount would be certain death. There
was nothing to do but slick to the saddle
and take my chances.
When ihe accident happened to Ihe
brake I was just en ering a dark curve in
the shadow ot the luountain. The wall
on my riglu appeared a dark, almost
invisible brown, while the chasm on my
left was of an inky blackness. As I
rounded the hollow of the curve I could
see iho moonlight shining lar ahead on the
point of the elbow which I ruunt turn
where the road was channeled into the
wall. As I approached it I had tho sense
and neiye to run on tho outer side of the
road, close to tho edge of the canyon, thu;
giving myself as broad a turn as possible
I found by the track of the wheel afterward
that at the sharpest turn I had actually
ridden within three inches of the extreme
etlgo for several rods, where, if I had been
going at a less fearful speed, the wheel
wouid certainly have slipped over the
edge and carried mo down a fall of 1000
feet.
Safely past this, tho worst point, tho
remaining curves were easy. Inns far
there hail been no lime to think. My
actions were more instinctive man reason
ing. My mind was a wild, confusod
whirl of sensations and fears.
Hut now, as I shot down the last steep
incline, i suddenly experienced a ternb o
mental shock. It was caused by hearing
tne tinkle ot a bell lar below anil seeing
the spaik of a lantern such as the mine
teamsters carry in front of their wagons
There was a team, perhaps a train of
teams coming up ihe road! In a few
seconds I should be upon them. The
shock made me think, and that clearly. If
the teamster was walking beside his team
lie would be on the inside, next to the
mountain wall, und the team would be in
the middle of the road. If he was riding,
the team would be kept near the mountain
wall at a safo distance from tho outer
edge of the track. Kither way my best
chance wus to pass on the outside. As
approached, therefore, I ran close to the
outside edge of tho track, and flew by in
safety, hearing the teamster shout as I did
so. neroiiwas nicKy inai l was going
at such speed, for the teamster saw the
red light of my lantern yvhen I was
nearly a mile distant, and, recognizing it
at once, lie started nis team towards tne
outermost edge of Ihe road, so as to give
me the safest passage on the inside: but I
had passetl him before the team could be
driven over, otherwise 1 should assuredly
nave run into luem.
And now ihc wheel rau along the level
to the bottom ot the mountain; still my
irigniiui velocity ma not perccptlb v
diminish. I ran on past the works and
into and along the village street. Luckily
luo auto, wa wni,n UIIUIJT Willi BHOU ;
not enough to make it bad riding, but
sulllciently to gradually stop a coasting
wheel. My speed slackened perceptibly.
Still I ran nearly through the village, and
then managed to turn a broad corner up
mo slope ot a siuo street, which final v
checked my speed so that I ventured to
drop my feet cautiously and take the
pedals, after touching them as thev came
up for a number of revolutions, to help
chock uic maciiine.
And so I finally stopped and leaped to
the ground, exactly in front of Dr. Cam
eron's house.
On mounting nt the mine house I had
looked at my watch after a habit I havo.
and now, from the same habit, I looked at
it again. i was not astonished to Hud 1
had made tho nine miles from the mine to
doctor's in a few seconds less than 13
minutes. Allowing 0 1-4 for the first two
miles before tho brake gave way, and I
must havo made the last seven miles in
less than C 3 1 minutes. I firmlv believe
that I covered sevon miles in less than
G 1-2 minutes, incredible as such speed
seems. Washington National Republican.
Kind words produce their own imago in
men's souls, and a beautiful image it is.
They sooth and comlort the hearer. Thoy
shame him out of his unkind feelings.
Wo have not yet begun to use thcmin
such abundance as they ought to be used.
Men siiccringly remark lhat religion
is for Iho women. It Is because Christian
ity appeals so truly to their innate purity
that it finds moro favor with the women
than with tho men not from any differ
ence of intellect.
IiiONist;. Anold handkerchief or piece
of Muslin placed between the iron and
collar will prevent the sticking. Iron
over this until tho dampness slightly ab.
foi bod, then remove it and go on as usual,
Tho old-fashioned method of stirring the
end of a tallow candle in the starch is very
satisfactory nnd prevents much annoy,
mice,
Afc'rlc-iilluriU Chemistry.
(A paper read boforo s moetfiia- of the State Hoard of
Agriculture by Jl. 11. jjav ol Bradford.!
I have called tho caption of this paper
Agricultural Chemistry, yet nono of you
but may nt some time have taken lip a
concert hill nnd have read on the program
the announcements "violin solo with
variations" and it often happens lhat
tho "variations" are the essential part of
tho performance; and if I should digress
from my subject I trust you will pardon
me, even though the digression should
prove tho essential part ol this paper.
In a former paper wo attempted to
treat in a familiar und elementary way of
the various organic and inorgtinio elements
which contribute to the support anil nour
ishment of plant life. As the soil is the
grand labratory in which oivilized man
works out the problems of lifo and suste
nance let us first briefly consider soils.
The main constituents of 'all arable lands
are clay, loam and sand mixed in varying
proportions, and while all these elements
me necessary to a fertile soil it is a wull
known fact that lands whicii are all clay
or all sand are absolutely barren neither
one containing enough of tho elements of
plant life to support vegetation. A sandy
soil is probably regorded by most farmers
as the most absolutely worthless of any,
and yet this very sand, chemically known
as silica or silicio noid, is a very impor
tant element in agricultural economy but
is one of those things of which enough is
as good as a feast and better.
Sand or silicic acid at ordinary temper
ature is the weakest known acid but put
it in llio eruciblo and raise its temperature
to the melting point nnd it becomes one
of the most powerful. Potash has the
power ot dissolving it and making it
available for the sustenance of plants
anil as ail ol tne cultivated grasses and
some of tho grains are silicous plants
i. e., requiring a larger amount of silica-
potash is a valuable fertilizer for such
crops. Iho form in which it is assimilated
by the plant is that of a soluble silicate.
and this, I believe, is the onlv form in
which plants can tako un silica and the
rule is that potash can only be assimilated
in Ihe same form.
The office of the silicates is to form the
skeleton of the plant and to give them
the strengtli which prevents lodging and
without whicii they will nut be able to
witnslana the fury of the da or the
breath of the zephyr. A plant which did
not contain the silicates would be like an
animal without bones practically useless.
Caustic soda has the same power of
forming silicates with sand or potash, and
in a less degree common salt probably
has the same power. Tho well known
fact that sandy soils will not retain a
sufficient amount of wntor to nourish
vogotation has led to u great ileal of
discussion as to whether such lands leach
or not. So far as practical results are
concerned it does not matter whether
your ferlilizeis are carried down by the
rain so ntr as nol lo be aval ab o for the
support of your crops, or whether thev
evaporate or go off in tho air, they are
gone in either event, and the power of
such lands to retain fertilizing material is
ust as llmitod us its power to retain
water which is the grand solvent, the
universal and only vehicle bv which nil
fertilizing material is made available for
the procesesof plant life. A soil lhat is
not reasonably retentive of water cannot
retain fertilizing material well hence it
would be poor economy to put tho same
amount of fertilizer upon such soils that
might be profitably applied to moro reten
tive soils the rule with such must be,
light and often the nftnnor tho boitor.
The properties of clay lire too well known
to require mention ; but there is another
substance that enters into the composition
of nrable lands tho importance of which
cannot be too highly estimated in deter
mining the value of soils and that is the
rich vegetable mold, formed of decaying
organic matter nnd technically called
humus.
By the general term humus, we must
understand a mass of brown decaying
matter, partly soluble, partly insoluble,
partly acid and partly neutral, which with
the uninterrupted presenco of air. heat
and water may be still further decom
posed, and thereby carbonic acid and
water are Indispensable to the nourishment
of plants hence in a soil rich in humus
the plants will grow moro vigorously,
because they find there and absorb by
their rootlets more of theso nutritive
substances than they could in a soil poor
in bumus. Moreover this substance exerts
a beneficial effect upon vegetation because
it loosens the sou by the development ol
ctrl'onic acid, because it possesses the
power of attracting water from the air and
of retaining it for a long time and
because of the acids contained in it. it is
able to abstract from the air and also from
manure, that very essential element in the
nourishment of plants, ammonia. The
good farmer knows by experience that the
humus diminishes in his holds, and the
more rapidly as the crops are moro abun
dant. He knows the fields rich in humus
are more productive than those that are
not therefore ho seeks to restore the
humus either by manuring or by fallow
ing. Tho value of clover as a fallow
plant depends upon the large amount of
roots which it leaves in the soil which by
tneir decay tenu to tne restoration of Ihe
humus. When vour fathers first settled
on the lands you till, lliey found a soil
ncu in bumus, and which the custom.
men prevailing, of burning the limber on
the land on which it grew, gave a rich
dressing of the soluble alkaline salts, and
tney were, lor many years, able to raise
without much trouble, such crops as you
with your more careful and improved
methods of cultivation may hope to equal
bat may not hope to excel: but with vou
the case is different this dressing of
suiuoie sans nas long since gone nnd the
uuuiub m mpiuiy uisappenring, ana your
lives if you would succeed as farmers
must be a constant struselo to renlann hv
artificial means the elements vour fathers
louuu in aounuance. How must vou do
1.0 T-l 1 ... i . J
ur no inorganic elements, viz: potash,
lime, soda, phosphorus, etc.. are ennbw
ed by some authors the principal ones
and a due proportion of them is absolutely
necessary to the development of the
perfect plant, yet the man who relics
wholly on these, might bo likened to tho
man who should attcmnt lo rai.sn nn
animal all Uones. I know that somo
farmers unwittingly meet with tolerable
success in the latter attempt and unite
ikely wonder how it all happens, but I
have never heard such men classed ns
succcsslul farmers. And whilo tho inor-
ganiu elements must bo supplied to the
soil, you must on no account neglect the
organio branch of the question. In many
fiolds the organio matter is already imm.
it is diminishing in all and tho inexora
ble law ol sell preservation, demands
that in fertilizing your fields vou should
pay attention to this matter und should
supply ns fur as you may tho loss of
organio mailer in the soil.
Ihe true theory of fortihzat on consists
in applying to the soil a duo proportinn nr
all the elements necessary for the nourish
ment of plantlife. Any other theory is faulty
and imperfect. You can buy tho inorganic
na ammoniacai elements of forti zaiinn if
you nave mouey enough; but the organic
elements, 10 lorm ino humus, without
which vour farms must lose their fertilii
must be looked for on the farm only. The
weakness of the whole system of com
mercial fertilization is this: that while it
proposes to restore to the soil tho sails,
pbosphor!o acid and ammonia taken from'
it by cropping it makes no provision for
the restoration of the humus, without
which nil your efforts must fall. Every
farmor knows tbat if an animal were fed
only on rich concentrated food that animal
would not thrive there must be something
fed for bulk. So with yout lands, then
must be something for bulk else the best
of them will wear out. I would no'
condemn altogether the use of concentra
ted manures: thev may, and probably do
have their place in agricultural economy.
out, mat place is, anil in tne nature ol
things mnst be, enlirelv a supplementary
and subordinate one. Thoy may be, and
doubtless are, useful for purposos ol
special fertilization, but for general pur
poses your reliance must bo In such ferti
lizers ns can be secured on the farm, thai
is stable manure carefully and freely
applied. In the use of such you can
make no mistakes as it contains within
itself more of the elements of plant food
than any other substance used as n ferti
I i 7.oi, provided you apply it freely enough.
lint in the use of concentrated and com
mercial fertilizers it is quite possible to
get the right thing in the wrong place and
it ono would use these things with eoono
my, be must know the exsot needs of his
land so as to buy just what he needs and
nothing elso If bo needs potash, let him
buy potash ; if phosphoric acid, let him
buy phosphoric aoid. But vou may ask
how shall I know the exact requirements
of my land? The limits of a paper like
this necessarily preolude au exhaustive
answer to such a question it would
require a volume for tbat but doctors
diagnose ihe diseasos of their patients by
the symptoms, and with a little careful
study and practice I see no good reason
why you should not determine the wants
ol your land by the symptoms, and make
as few mistakes ns the doctors do. Yon
are urged to try experiments with "plots"
ot land and note tne effect ol various
methods of treatment. That is all right
and it is only necessary for mo to urge
you to be exact and careful so lhat the
results may be something better than
mere guess work; but if you will first
study the requirements of the various
plants and especially the grasses nnd
learn the effeot of the different elements
of plant food on tho growing plant, you
will bo saved from many discouraging
failures and will more easily attain that
exact knowledge which is the object of
your endeavors.
And now before we leave this part of
the subject I want to ask the man who
buys commercial fertilizers, if he is very
sure he is saving all the n anure about his
own premises that bo might save, If not
the money so spent represents only a big
leak in his management and I usk him to
spend as much in the future in making
manures as ho has spent in the past in
buying them and I believe he will get a
much more satisfactory return this way
than in any other. A single dealer in this
country sold the past season over eighty
tons of ono brand of a commercial ferti
lizer, which at forty-five dollars a ton
winid amount to the sum of thirty-four
hundred dollars und this would indicate
that the tulal sales of such in tha country
must have been at least $20,000. I ask
you to consider for yourselvos how much
of lliis large expenditure represents
simply tho bi loak and how much ol it
was iised with a real knowledge ol the
Wants of the crop to which it was applied.
I wish now to call your attention to
the composition of some of the commer
cial fertility's. Take the last report of
the Vermont board of agriculture and
turn to tho analysis of Prof. Sabin of the
different ones found in the Vermont mar
ket, and you will find they all consistof
phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash in
varying proportions, with organic or inert
matter enough to bring up the bulk to the
commercial standard. Now bear in mind
tho fact lhat bones contain nearly one
fourth their weight of phosphorio acid
besides gelatino and other carbonio acid
and ammonia forming substances: tbat
the excrement of fowls is rich in nitrogen,
and that tho fertilizing property of ashes
Is potash, and you will inevitably come to
the conclusion that with a few hundred
pounds of old bones nnd a little sulphurio
acid lo reduce them a little hen manure
aud somo ashes you can at a compara
tively trilling outlay make a commercial
fertilizer equal to the best in market.
It is not many days since one of the
best farmers in a neighboring town told
me that he had prepared it for his own
use with perfectly satisfactory results
lhat he should continue to do so and could
do il at a very considerable saying of
expense; and I am glad to note lhat there
seems lo be an increasing disposition on
the part of the farmers of this section lo
inquiio into these matters nnd see if the
nt-cossary fertilizers may not be prepared
at home and the neavy outlay lor them
saved and I am happy to assure you that
with a little time spent in careful experi
ment in this direction you will meet wi h
perfect success. I wish to allude to
another idea lhat has been prevalent
among farmers, and that is the notion that
ihe value of a fertilizer was in proportion
to the vilcness of its smell nothing could
be further from the truth it is nol neces
sary lhat any fertilizer should emit stench
es as ninny and as vile as ever had tho
city of Cologne; and Ihe principal effect
of such villa.nous smells is only to make
your boys disgusted with farm life and
farm work. A perfectly prepared fertil
izer will be comparatively inodorkss and
tho various gases which cause these born-
ble stenches will be fixed and absorbed bv
cue use 01 me proper agents, it is not
many years since we have heard of far
mers who mixed ben manure, plaster and
asbos and judged from the smell that the
compound must be a powerful fertilizer.
Such practice is in utter violation of the
principles of chemistry, and the smell on
which such practitioners dote is from the
ammonia set free by the action of the lime
ot the plaster nnd represents only so much
dead waste ol tho fertilizing material
sons your rivers shrink to brooks.the brooks
to rills And tho rills dry up altogether
why? It is but little more than a oentury
since Vermont was covered with the pri
meval forest the moisture was mor.
equally diffused and the little brooks
instead of being raging torrents lor a time
and dry gullies for tho rest of the season,
flowed on continuously towards the sou
Only a little more than a century and yet
tho age of the pioneer nnd tho lumberman
denuding the soil of its forest, hn
caused this change and still the work goes
on mare rapidly than ever before, yet no
practical measi re has been devised as a
remedy. I ask you to consider what tho
conditions of ibo state will be if this work
is to go on for another century, unless
some effectual means are adopted for the
preservation and perpetuation of our for
osts. Will it not indeed, be the very
picture of desolation, a waslo of barren
rocks and shifting sands!1 Tue preserva
tion of the forests means fewer drouths,
fewer Hoods and a more uniform rainfall.
Then cherish tho forests ns the very apple
of the eye, ns the great conservative pow
er which will preserve for you, intact,
uniform and undiminished, a due supply
of this great life giving element water.
The tenuro of lands in this country is such
that private enterprise cannot be relied
upon to accomplish this work and you
must look to legislative action for the
remedy. I sec that tho governor has, by
authority, appointed a commission on
foiestry to inquire into this matter, and
your pare of ihe work is to sustain and
encourage them and to see and insist that
suitable recommendations Irtve that
attention at the hands of your legislators
which the importance of tho subject
deserves. Statesmanship seeks lo proserve
nnd develop the resouices of a country
devmgogua ij takes up a popular cry and
seeks to out Herod even Hcro.l Inmsolf in
its zeal for the topic of the hour. Can
there be a truer statesmanship than that
which seeks to restore the forests to tho
hills and retain for this grand old state the
character of a land of lord It fields and
pleasant homes.
Your legislature can go wild over the
taxable age af a pup, can get enthusiastic
over a measure of doubtful constitutional
ity and still more dubious justice, like the
Hooker law of the past session, has even
the "cheek" to ask intelligent nnd able
men, capable of giving us instruction and
good advice in regard to our wants and
needs like those who have come lo meet
us to-day, to work lor the pay of a com
mon laborer why then not wage it for
once to riso to tho dignity ol statesman
ship and give a careful consideration to
this question which is of such importance
that all the dog laws, hen laws und other
legislation of the kind that ever was or
ever will bo enacted, sink Into insignia'
cance beside it.
One more digression and I will close.
The latest fashionable hoi. by in farming
is ensilage and the silo. Some of its most
enthusiastic friends make great claims for
this plan: even going so far as to recom
mend storing all foraire crops in this way.
Ihe inhabitant ot tho tropics may lecd
on bananas and rice but the hsquimos
feasts on blubber and irrigates his inter
nal economy with train oil; this is in
accordance wiih the well known law of
natural adaptation und teaches us that the
food of men nnd animals as well, must be
adapted to the conditions and climate in
wuicb they live and the lesson we should
draw from this fact is that the food tbat is
perfectly adapted to the wants of our
stock in tho summer does not contain
enough of the carbonaceous and beat
producing elements lo make il adapted to
the wants of the same animals during the
severity of our almost Arctic winters and
that if you would feed onsilage, you must
feed with it a sutlicicnt amount of neb
concentrated carbonaceous food to make
up for the deficiency of such elements in
the ensilage. It is claimed by some that
there is very much more nutritious matter
in an "ensilaged plant thau in one cured
in the ordinary way. A very large per
centage of the weight of green plants
consists of water and while there may be
some loss of nutritous matter in drying, it
is difficult to see how tbat percentage of
loss can be a large one fn properly cured
fodder. I apprehend that the silo will havo
us place on the model farm of the future
but I believe its place will bo an auxiliary
nnd subordinate one, limited lo supplying
your stock with an agreeable change of
diet Keeping their digestive powers in
good condition and thus contributing to
tho satisfaction and profit of the farmer.
And row, gentlemen, to sum up the whole
question in brief the elemenls necessary to
plant life are tne organic ones, carbonio
acid, water and ammonia; and the
inorganic ones, potash, lime, soda, phos
phorio acid, etc. Given these in due
proportion; given a soil rich in humus so
tbat the little rootlets of your plants cn a
penetrate it and draw from it their neces
sary food; and with God's own sunshine,
light and air there is no excuse for failure.
An aim Oveh Alamo. A dispatch from
an Antonio nys that tho 11 tg of Texas is
firing over Fort Alamo, the property ot
which it. forms a part having been annex
nd to the stato of I ho Catholio bishop after
purchase. Alamo is known as thu Tnor
inopylra of America, from thi heroic
lefence of Ihe fnt made in 183G by a
small body of Texans against a lorce of
Mexicans fully thirty times their number.
Fort Alamo was an oblong structure of
ibout an acre in extent, on tho left bank
of the San Antonia ltiver, near tho town
of San Antonir . The fortifications of Sau
Antonio had been recently dismantled by
Houston when (February 23, 1830) the
Mexicans under Santa Anna heleagured
the Alamo into which Travis withdrew
with 130 Texans, while the Mexicans,
4.000 strong, occupied the town and bom
barded tho fortress from batteries on both
sides of tho river. Not ono man was hurt
by the shelling, however, and the garrison
picked off the Mexicans with their unerr
ing rilles, or when they ventured to
charge the wall repulsed litem wilb disas
trous loss. Travis was reinforoed by
thirty-two men, who forced their way
through the Mexican lines, but the
garrison was too fceblo to take the initia
tive, and though it never abated its spirit,
hard work and ceaseless watching so told
on its feeble numbers that by the 6th the
Texan cause was desperato. Without
provisions and with but a scanty supply ol
ammunition, the garrison yet made a
gallant stand against the overwhelming
force which assailed it at daybreak from
every side.
twice repulsed with great loss, the
Mexicans at last undo good their attack
but it was only when the defenders of th
Alamo numbered six meu and th
unloaded rilles were shattered clubs
their hands. These, including Crockett
surrendered to Casirdlion, upon a proiui
of protect ion, but being taken before Sant;
Anna tney were ordered to be hewn dow
Crockett fell, mangled by u scoreofswords
t he wounded bowio was dragged from b
bed and butchered, though not until
nan snot severtl ot nis murderers, an
Evans was slain just as be attempted
blow up the magazine. The bodies
the Texans, horribly mutilated, were pile
up in me centre 01 ino lore and burned
negro, u woman and a child, alone bein
spared. On the 21st of April, howeve
the dead of the Alamo were bloodi
avenged. It was 1 o'clock in the afternoon
and the Mexicans confident in their num
bers, were enjoying their siesta
the field of San Jacinto, when Houston
forming his little force in line under oovei
ot tho forest, advanced upon their works
At 200 yards tho hastily um-tered Mex
Cans Bred upon the approaching lex in
who received the volluy in grim silence
then, with the shout, "Remember th
Alamo!" hurst upon them. In an insuin
taneous panic the Mexicans hied, pursued
by the relentless victois. Houston los
eight men killed and twenty-five wounded
the Mexicans, 080 killed, 20s wounde
and IM prisoners, m tne attack upon
the Alamo they had already lost l.fl-JO
men. Its defenders had been avongod.
f tfttt0tt$.
The bravest trophy ever man olitninml
la lhat which o'er himself, hlmaelrhtlli n'llnml.
Earl of Strrliiiy,
Our ants our nnarela are, or gooif or 111,
Our fatal ahailowa tint walk by us aim.
flmumont,
Ilowfar that littlo oamlle throwa Itt Ueami I
So shines a good decil la a naughty worhl.
Shaken iieare.
hn. while ye trn, the lijrht aaml a tnais on .
Leaving the hour-xlaaa empty, anil thy lire
Ullueth away :
Mn. Sigmtrnev.
Tho attempt
I alt the weilge lhat split Its knotty way
Betwixt ihe Impossible anil possible
Alire Curu.
All true glory rests,
All praUe, all safety, ana all happiness
Upon the moral law .
-WonU.m.tt,,
Those llnor instincts that like aecond riiriti
And hearing, creation' unctaratandm?.
And see the inner lUht.
.0 lit
Could I And a path to roll"",'" "
Ah bow glad I wore, and '';"''
e ' ...
You have probably often rend the phrase
"rich, nitrogenous plant foods" and to the
minds of some it has, perhaps, carried as
much meaning as would an issay fn the
original Greek and no more and per-
n aps i may not make its meaning clear to
you. In all the varied works of nature,
chemistry has been able to discover but
sixty three different elements, and of these
the farmer has to deal with hardly a doz
cn, of which nitrogen is one and hydrogen
another. Accessary as nitrogen ts to the
farmer it can onlv be taken into the struc
ture of glowing vegetation through the
agency 01 a third element and that is hy
drogen, with which it unites in the propor
tion of ono to three losing one half its
bulk bv the union ami forming ammonia.
Ammonia is capable of still further con
centration thus water will absorb six
hundred times its bulk of it: by contact
wi ll sulphuric or carbonic aoid itcrystnl
i,es into the soluble salts, sulphate or
c trbonato ol ammonia, well known as fer
tilizers, and a free definition of the phrase
"rich, nitrogenous plant food" would be
ono which lurnishes a largo supply of
ammonia to growing vegetation on tne
growth of which it lets as a quickening
spirit and in whose structure it is again
resolved into its original elements. There
is another question which does not oome
strictly within the pale of chemistry yet
is so nearly allied to it and :s of such vital
imnnrtance to the farmer, that I mav be
pardoned for alluding to it water lock
ing a duo supply ol water ail your euorts
will fail however well directed.
It is the universal and only vcbiole by
which all the fertilizing materialsof what
ever nature, which you apply to your soil
are made avalable for the processes ot
plantlife; only through its agency can
plants draw nourishment from tho soil.
How necessary then that the supply of
watet in the soil ba steady and unfailing.
Vet year by year this supply is growing
uk re and more uncertain at ceitain sca-
When Shalt. I Stop Advertising.
Ten successful business men were asked
when, in their judgment, it would do to
"Stop advertising." Hear their answers:
"When population ceases to multiply,
and the generations that crowd on after
you, and never beard ot you, stop coming
on."
"When you have convinced everybody,
whose life will touch yours, that you have
better goods and lower prices than tbey
can ever get anywhere outside of your
store."
"When you perceive it to be the rule
that men who uever advertise are out
stripping their neighbors in the same line
of business."
"'.Vhen men stop making fortunes right
in your very sight, through ihe discreet
use of this mighty agent."
"When you can forget the words of the
shrewdest and most successful business
men concerning the main cause of their
prosperity."
"When every man lias become so
thoroughly a oreature of habit tbat he
will certainly buy this year where hs
bought last year.
"When younger and fresher and spunk
ier concerns in your line cease starting up
and using tho newspapers in telling the
people how much better they can do for
them than you can."
"When you would rather have your own
way and fail than tako advice and win."
"When nobody elso thinks 'it pavs to
advertise.' "
"Judicious and persistent advertising is
tho keystone to success, therefore don't
stop, or others will got ahead of you."
Tub On. stovb Thaub. "The season
for the sale of oil stoves has just begun
dealer said "and if wo may judge from la
years experience weshall have an immens
trade. Ihe manufacture of oil stoves
distinctively an American industry:
had its origin and growth here, and has
been perfected hero. Practice oil stove
wero tirst invented about fifteen years ago
out tne trade did not amount to anythin
until six or seven years ago. About tin
time iuventors began to overcome lb
objections to them. Tho combustion
the oil was made perfect, so that the
disugreoaoio smells wero obviated, the
danger from gas explosions was removed
and the consumption ol oil was red ncu
to a minimum. TDen the t'ade began to
spread out. Stove manufacturers noticed
a decrease in iho summer sales of range:
and cook stoves, and rightly attributed ii
to the oil stoves. Seeing that nothing
oould stop the oil stove trade, thev al
took it up. Whero oil stoves were then
made only by a few specialists, they are
now made at nearly every stove factory in
the country. Competition has greatly
improved the article. Un the best 01
stoves rne can boil, fry, broil, bake, ii
fact do anything that can be done on :
range, and that without the heating of th
room or the trouble of building a coal fire
When the work is done, the lire is extin
guished and the expense stopped. At the
same time we can heat a room if we want
to. We have sheet iron drums to fit any
style. You would be astonished to see
how quickly one drum on a two-burnor
stove will neat a room. Here is a two
burner stove. It costs 7. Jly wife does
all the cooking for a family of four grown
persons with one like it. An average for
three months shows that she used one
quart of oil a day. It would easily burn
two quarts it not managed economically
Any one who will use the lire only when
it is needed can do as well.
You can buy kettle heaters for a dollar.
Un and solder are cheap, but the little
things are not much better than tovs
lhis two burner size, with an extension
top, has three places for cooking. It
costs $9. Thats gcod enough for anv
ordinary family. A double stove at $12
will run a boarding house. The ranee
style, with nine cooking holes, will do for
any betel excopt the largest. Tbey costs
fM. all furnished. We build to order
others still larger.
"We made 40 000 last year. It is safe
to say that loO.OOO stoves, large and small,
were made. The export lakes carloads.
Tbey are shipped to every civilized coun
try, and to many tbat aro not oivilized.
China, Japan, the lndias, Sonth and
Central America all take large invoices."
Good Management. It is no easv
thing to manage just right with a boy.
All work and no play will make a bov
hate work; while all play and no work
will make a boy a worthless member of
society. Parents should not feel that all
Ibe boy is good for is to do chores, and be
scolded, and perhaps most severely pun
ished when be makes mistakes, or volun
tarily does a wrong thing. Tho boy will
dovclop into a man in a few years; and it
will be no easy thing to make a noble man
out of a badly managed boy.
it oosts a good deal lo manage a boy
properly, and rightly educate him, and fix
on him habits of industry, nnd to teach
him self denial with regard to play; but
when such boys become men thev are
worth all they cost. Ml. Desert Herald.
A man dies very much as a bucket of
water is drawn from a river. There is a
little depression for a moment, then with
a gurgle the waves fill it, and the stream
flows on witli the sun shining upon the
pot as bofore.
IlAi'i'Y Iloi its. An accurate observer
says: Mankind are always happier for
having been happy so that if vou make
them happy now, you make them happy
twenty years hence troni the memory ol it.
A childhood passed with a mixture of
rational indulgence, under fond and wise
parents, diuuses over the whole lite a
feeling' of calm pleasure, nnd in extreme
old age in the very last remembrance
which time can erase from tho mind of
man.
No enjoyment, however inconsiderable,
is confined to the present moment. A mn
is the happior for life for having made an
agreeable tour, or lived any length of
time with pleasant pooplc, or lived any
considerable interval of innocent pleasure,
which contributes to render men so inat
tentive to all scenes before thorn, and
carries them back to a world that is passed
and to scenes which are never to be renew
ed again. Dickens.
The people of Northwestern Texas are
very much puzzled what to do with the
prairie dogs that are eating up all the
grass. We havo not given tho subject
very thorough consideration, but it seemt
probable lhat if such cereals as cabbage,
lettuce, green peas, etc., were planted in
sutlioient quantities in tho vicinity of the
dog towns, the prairie dogs would cease
to UU up, like Nebuchadnezzar, on grass,
ana would devoto all their time to stowing
away the more succulent garden truck.
Texas Siftings.
Temperance pats wood in the fire,
meal in the barrel, flour in the tub, money
in the nurse, credit in the country, oontent
ment in the bouse, olothes on the back.
and vigor in the body.
lam tho way. Jesus J"
Principles die hard . ' thiroUl.
Sigh born thoughts. DeQuincn
Faith is Ihe spring of action.-A'
Lowell.
There shot a streaming Ianm ah,., , m.
sky. Drydcn.
The ppidemio of our timts
Dr. Edwards.
is imp-.l i e.
and tho whole o n'
sm ike of friends'ii
Life is short
man's. South.
Ceremonv is tho
Chinese proverb.
Attention is tho highest of our skiilt ni l
virtues. Goethe.
Wo take les pain- lo b) lumpy tl, , i ,
appear so La llochefouciuld.
What can oeaso lo be ours, never h
been ours George Macdonahl.
Let him that would move the w id
move first himself. Socrates.
Our system of thought is ofien only '!,
history of our heart. Ficlde.
But you must formulate your thought m
you have all stars and no sky. Enter m
It was said of Plotinns, that the st.i's
were significant, but noteflioient. Raleigh.
I've known a great many foxes to gro v
gray, but I never knew ono to grow guo 1.
-Hunter.
Ho that wrestles with us strengthens
ur nerves, and sharpens our skill. Our
intagonist is our helper. Burke
Many interests havo grown up, and
seeded, and twisted thoir roots in the
crevices of many wrongs. Landor.
Tho Christian region can be held in
highest esteem, by thjso only who aro
best acquainted with it. .If. Quizot.
Believers are not dependent upon cir
mmslances. Their joy comes not from
hat they have, but from what they are ;
not from what thev enjov, but from that
which has been suffered for them by their
Lord. It is a singular joy then, because it
nften buds, blooms, and ripens in winter
itne; and when the fiz tree does not
hlossom, and there is no herd in tho stall,
God's Habakkuks rejoice in the salvation.
Spurgeon.
Be ye of good cheer, everv ono that ia
afflicted, for the Lord is preparing for you
'he city of God. Whatever bo your sor
row, it is the token of His love; for the
Man of Sorrows is our Kins?, and iho nth
of sorrow is the path of His kingdom;
mem is uunu oiuer tuat leadetb unto life.
Your reward is sure, if you are but true
to yourself. Do we believe these things?
Are they realities, or are thev word.?
I'hey are God's Word, which is a rnaliiv'
Dr. Manning.
Now what ha intidelilv dnnn fnr mm P
Where aro the sorrows it has astmon,L
the widows' hearts it has caused losing
for joy, the death-beds it has wreathed in
victory? Where, O where? Yes, and the
grog shops it has shut up, tho "rings" it
has crushed, the haunts of sensnalitv ii hi.
closed, the dishonesties and mflmnessn. it
has hissed from the land? What hna if
done but sit in its dark corner, carping at
the Bible, sneering at piety, and frowning
upon Ihe benevolent workings of the
church? Shots al Infldelili.
The time is coming when men, Chris
tian, consecrated men, at their own
charges, will work in the vineyard of lha
Lord. 1 he time is coming when our rich
men will send their sons nol to Paris to
ieorn tho arts of pleasure, but into our
mountains among our miners and over
the plains among our herdsmen to prea-h
to them the glorious gospel of the blessed
God. The lime is coming-, when tb
cross shall no longer be a gilded ornament,
oui me seal ol a personal commiss on in
our hands to discipline the nations. Dr.
ireoo, tri baratoqa Convention.
Dried Corn. Dried corn ousrht to Im
made palatable, and be frequently seen on
the dinner table, but many people who
like corn dislike this stuff because it la not
cooked properly; it should always be put
to soak in lukewarm water tbe afternoon
of the day before it is to be eaten. Do
not throw away tho water in which il is
soaked, or then you lose much of the best
there is in the corn. Then earlv. nt least
two hours before dinner, put in a sauce
pan over the fire, and let it cook slowly
but steadily until il is tender. A little
cream added to the milk, butter. neDner
nd salt are desirable, and a teasnonnfnl
of sugar will sometimes do wonders In
giving flavor to the dish.
Curious Laws. Saxony has some
very carious laws concerning servant
girls, lor instance, the mistress is re
in red to allow the servant ono Dound of
butter and one pound of coffee per month.
or tbe equivalent in money. If the servant
furnishes her own bedding she receives one
and a half cents per night for so doing.
Seventy-five cents per month is allowed
tbe servant for washing, and she receives
live per cent ot all purchases she makes.
She must give a month's notice before
leaving her place, and must keep a
book tor recommendations, in which.
upon leaving her plaoe. her mistress is
oompelled to state the cause of the ser
vant's leaving, and also what is her character.
Every cook knows how lore a time it
takes, when it can least be spared, to look
over one or two quart! of beftns. 4a
ingenious nousewile, who ia alwavi Irvine-
to save time, says : "Pot the beans in a
colander, and all the fine dirt will be
shaken out, and tbe beans that are anerkpri
can be picked out with ease, and in a very
Remember Yon will not Ha anrrv
for hearing before judging, for holdlne an
angry tongue, for stopping the ears of a
tale bearer, for disbelieving most of tbe ill
reports, for being kind to the distressed,
for being patient towards everybody, for
doing good to all men, for asking pardon
for all wrongs, for speaking evil of no one
for being courteous to all.