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l i 4 T TiTT A.isr A.c3-niaxjr.a?xjitAJL u.3srx pamily newspaper foe the bxjbalists on? tokcib gkrehikt ioxjisra?.iKr state. YOL. V1.--NO. 11. ST. JQHNSBIJRY, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 18. 1870. WHOIjE O. 271. sg I'unusitF.n Kvr.uv nmr iiv ROYAL CUMMINGS, , JOUNSIIliUY, VT, , r C. HORACE HUBBARD, Agrlcnltaral Efl'r, P. O. Aildrcat, PnrlllRfleiil, VI. Ttrmi of Bnbrrlilloii. One copy .ne jnr, LI In iwlrance, Two Pollen. Oim copy U rannlli , .One Hollar. OA. copy llirr. month, on trl.l, fifty Cent. Pre of Poeta. to mijr Point In the Untleil Stale, or Canada. All papcri itoppctt when th. euhecrlptlon hu explml. tn ren.aer-t.ln; ft chanre of eiMrew, the txwtoffics Il la lo t t hanfetl from ahonM be glee, a well t th. new- whirrs. til Club U.n Inducement foe inbucrlbrn to club ton fther end hrin; In othr wkrllm, four cople e nr. pent foreseen dollar., or at the rate of fl,?4 per copy wb-n four .r nwre ire ordered nt . time. Hate, of Ailrertlftnff. For on. or more inches of puce fur w monvweeki. 06 centa an Inch t week 1 Rnt, Malttnlrtfiearhaber'n lnctiVp T Ih. number of wctke anl die Ida by four to find the coit In dollar. Communications for Ihe Artcultnral Pertnirnt ehnald be addrriied to th. Agricultural Editor at SprtnjfM.l, Vt. Sce Mr Mogwire'g.y.adyertiscment.. of ,a good.borse wanted tu exohange for airiusleal instrument. Mrs Molly Richardson of Baldwin, Mo., planted apple seeds when 00 year old, and jived to cat tha fruit thereof. ' 0. II. Dana, Went Lebanon, N. II., sends us cuts of bis patent labels for cattle, sheep and other live stock, A very useful article We have from Malcolm Ma Kwen, Louis ville, Ky, a circular describing the Scotch dip, for eradicating scab, destroying ticks and parasites and protecting the wool of sheep. Hon E. D. Mason and 0. S. Miss, presi dent and secretary of tho Vermont dairy men's association,. issue their appeal for funds 'for a proper representa'tibn of tho dairy in terests of Vermont at tho centennial. Wo havo tested tho coffee filter of O. M. T.inkham of North Pomfret, an ingenious device which insures clear coffee, and is so simple and cheap as to be within the reach of nil who love n cup of good coffee Mr A. A. Magwire puts in the Farmer a new advertisement of his standard musical instruments pianos and organs. They arc among the best, and giro satisfaction wher ever they go. Mr Magwire is a very ac complished musician himself, and his taste and judgment iu the selection of instruments is reliable. Mr W. C. White or Barro gives the fol lowing cheap dip for killing sheep tieks : Slake ono pound of quick lime iu sixteen gallons of water, add two pounds of sulphur and boil fifteen or twenty minutes. It is liablo to boil over." Use care in dipping that tho liquid does not enter the eyes, cars, nostrils or mouth. On the Gth day of January, 1875, Mr Ienry Winslow of Putney bought a yoke of oxen weighing 2,850 pounds. They were fed with a fair quality of early cut hay and about one bushel each of Swedes, until tho Olh of March following, when they weighed 11.200 pounds, a gain ol 350 pounds, or 175 each, in G2 days, nearly three pounds a day. Mr Winslow said tbey could not have eaten corn meal enough te make them giin so fuBt. Ho regards an acre of turnips as worth much more than an acre of corn for stock. Mr M. Fitk of Clareudon Springs inquires if Governor Peck did agree to call an extra session of the General Assembly to provide for the centennial. We do not know. Gov Peck is not in the habit of making promises of official action in advance. He is quite in the habit of deciding matters fully in bis own mind and then acting. Those who have un dcrtaken to chango the decisions be has made are apt to complain that ho is an ob stinate man. It would be a matter of sur prise if he acted differently iu this matter. The Scientific Farmer company announces that the monthly from which they take their name, has been removed to 13 Chatham street, Boston, and that the change is ac companied by abundant capital, "Its ob jeet is to supplement our cotemporary agri cultural' press with a monthly devoted entirely to farm interests, and its scope does not trespass upon tho field occupied by other publications." It gives us pleasure to nolo these evidences of prosperity, fur we believe that the more general application of science to practice'On the farm will result in better and more profitable farming. The meeting of the board of agriculture at Rochester was a brilliaut success. The whole community, farmers and villagers, were en thusiastic in their reception, packing the hall at every session, and holding on to the last moment. The support given to the meeting, as well as tho others, held this winter, is truly gratifying. The hospitality of tho people was a spontaneous outcoming of hearts and hands towards us, which, more than the choice viands and restful beds uo freely of fered, spoke appreciative welcome. The farmers of Itoohestcr are intelligent and woll informed, Such farmers are always eager for agricultural knowledge, aud we found those of Ibis town no exception. o Chelsea. Over Rochester mountains, Randolph mountains, thirty miles "as the crow flies," which is a very zigzsg track, half of the way in the teeth of a gale of blinding snow, behiud a steed that left the wind (and tho Morgaus) behiud (going down hill), put us in a state of mind and body to accept an' in vitation to the bull of Chelsea Grange, No G2, whero tho ladies had a dinner prepared fit for any granger and that is good enough for a kiug or aoy other man. The sledding was an oppoitunlty farmers bad been wait ing for too long to neglect altogether, and interfered with the attendance at the meet ing of the board, though a fair audience was present at all the sessions. The meeting was quite satisfactory, Securing 8urpluj Honey, In the Farmer of tha 21al lost is an arti cle entitlod " How to Secure Premium Honey." The method as given, was, I be lieve to "put , tiro large swarms without queens or comb into a hive filled with empty sectional frames or boncy boxes and give ono brood comb at ono sido of tho hive, and beforo the queen Is hatched remoVe the comb and give them another, etc." Now, while it hi ay bo best to unito two swarms where surplus is more desirable than incraase, tho method bore given would Dot, I fear, prove the beat, especially if ''premium hooey" is desired. In the Grst place it would be next to im possible to put two large swarms, or small ones cither "without queens into an empty hive" add make them stay. With care they might be uuited but it would be necessary that they have a queen or brood comb at the time or they would not atay in the hivo except in rare cases. They might, perhaps once to a hundred times. Secondly. I should very much fear that with so strong a colony without a queen, ami consequently but littlo brood, that the honoy stored in tho sectional frames would contain quite too rauoh bee-bread for "pre mium honey" or cveu bouoy that would bo fit for market. Pollen or bee-bread is used almost entirely as food for the young brood, and when a populous hive is queenless it accumulates rapidly. 1 am sometimes troubled with bees storiog bee-bread in boxes even when placed on top of tho hive aud the hive at the same time nearly full of brood combs. Another objection would be the entire prevention of brocd rearing so early in tho season ; as the eggs that would naturally be laid duriug the first week or two would havo time to hatch and the young bees assist in comb building to good advantage. Near the close of the hooey harvest queens may with profit bo removed from the hive if it ia well filled with brood and mature bees, especially if the queen is getting old. Would it not be much more sensible every way, to put the two swarms into a hive already filled with two or three brood combs, if you have them, and empty comb, and cover the top, and sides if possible, with surplus recepta cles. In two or three days, if honey is abundant, (and it almost always is when bees are swarming), the bees will have filled the empty combs and be ready te store surplus, very rapidly and of course of fine quality. The only objection to this way would be that the brood chamber would contain too much honey and not room epough for tha brood, but this is easily remedied by changing, at the close of the honey season, a few combs with some other hive which has more brood than honey. This I believe to be one of the best modes of securing surplus honey where increase is is not desired. liy the way, Mr Kditor, there was a paper read before tho Addison county bee-keepers association upon this subject, which by tbo request of the association is to bo published in tbo Register. Should you desire it I will send you a copy. J. K. C. We should be pleased to give tho readers ol the r armer any paper on bee-culture, which our correspondents can recommend, and will mako room for it as soon as the reports of the meetings of the board of agriculture aro out of the way.J For th. Virmoxt Flam. A Word for the Hens. IIcds aro next to a cow in a family for profit, and if they are properly fed and cared for in winter will yield a larger profit than in suuiiuor. Years ago such a thing as keep- ing a hen laying all winter and having a supply of fresh eggs was an uncommon affair, but now in many farm houses such is tho caso, and it is easy enough to do it. Tbey should not be allowed the range of all the barns and sheds on the farm (provided there aro many such buildings), but have their own quarters where tbey can be conve nientlv cared for. and it need not be an expensive place either, but should be warm I have tho care of the bens, and should as soou think of neglecting to provide tho morn ine meal as to forset to see that they are fed. The men have many things to seo to as well as the women, and let them do their hard work in the cold and leave this light pleasant task for the women and children. I enjoy visiting them every day to see that all is well ; and th children enjoy going with money to get tho eggs. It learns them to ove and be kind to fowls and have care while young. 1 rain up a child iu tbo way it should go : learn it to love the farm and all connected with it. hvery day 1 carry fresh, warm Water to them, and it is cruel to deprive fowls of water in winter, ihey need it as much as cattle do and will arinic it with as good a rolish. A tin pan or iron bow) is a good thing to give water in. The frozen wator is easily thawed from them, and a pan will hold enough for fifty hens. The children pound, or break earthens by laying them on a stona and striking with a bam mer the size of beans or pumpkin seeds j and several times duriog the winter those earthen pieces are fed tn them. H-n. many times die or -..it... p.. UUOl IUI IUO want of gravel stone in the giz zard. This supplies tho lack and is cheap, as every one has plenty of broken dishes, A supply of old plastering or lime-mortar is constantly kept where they oan eat all they will. Kvery one knows its against the laws of nature fo.ra hen to lay eggs without shells, and this is very important to see they have plenty to make shells of. We have boxes w ' ,, . , , . nailed up around for nests.- In these the bens lay all the year, and thore is no loss of eggs by tieexing lor we' always know where to find them. China or rotten eggs are used - , i ... .. p it.... ... .... Fni fioat otiro. In mmmir il there are effpa . eo ' , . , that do not hatch they are Kept jot nest eggs; tbey will not Ireeiu line new urn ones. 1 feod mixed feed the coldest days ; by this I mean all kinds; sometimes giving oats, barley, buckwheat' and corn. Corn Is given on tho ear. Let (hem pick at it, bcoauso tt gives them exerolse and is better Tor them. Wheat is tbo best of any grain I over fed to produco eggsi In tha morning boil potatoes, and while hot mash with them oat and corn or barley meal. Mix with this so'rapa br a few spoonfulls of lard ; twice a wcok mix a teaspoonful of black pepper ground, and oc casionally mix in a littlo sulphur. In the afiirnoon give grain. My hem are. always fat and healthy, yield a good supply of eggs, and are nevor wild but seem to enjoy it to be petted, On warm days the door is left open and thoy go out at lejcure. I thiuk it pays to tako a littlo extra trouble in, winter with hens when eggs bring a fair price. January 24,- . Mrs L. F. rur tU. Viumoki FiiiMit. A Successful Farmer. On a recent trip through Franklin county I had the privilege of enjoying the hospital ity of my friend Myron Waller of Georgia. His farm of 300 acres is situated on tho lako shore about one-half milo south of the old Georgia dock. Mr Waller gives his whole attention to the management of bis farm and dairy, and is trying to make farming pay. In this I think ho is successful, as the fig ures which he gave roe will tend to prove. He keeps a dairy of thirty cows, consisting of grade Shorthorns, Ayrshircs and Jerseys. The Ayrshircs seem to be his choice, al though bo bad recently purchased a full blood Shorthorn bull calf seven months old, which was a splendid animal, weighing about 700 pounds. He has taken great paius in selecting his cows, and has the best looking ittJ 0j- gr, j0 cow, tiat t ovcr Mvr . yil h,., . ,,,,, ,nr,t )n t,sn . nnnr n He Ufca a milk tester, aud know, the per centage of cream of all his cows. He showed me several that gave 18 per cent cream, and has none that gives less than 12 per cent. When he first began to test his milk ho had several that did not give more than eight per cent. Ha is a good feeder and believes that it pays to feed grain. At tho time I was there, lbot i)cccrnbtr 8, he was feeding his cows no hay, keeping them on straw and feeding to twcnty.scven cows six bushels of potatoes at night, and two quarts of shorts apiece in the morning. His cows wero iu fine condi tion, and makiug over one hundred pounds nf butter per week. He has sold over 82,000 worth of butter tho past year ; the year be fore he sold $2,300. He uses the large, dry pans, and has a treuch leading from the lake shoro to his milk room, through which he gets a current of cold air which works well, but doo.s not quite satisfy him. Next year he intends to try the experiment of cooling bis room with ice. Iu one corner of his milk room he has u refrigerator where he keeps bis butter and creamLand it is kept so cool that it requires no ieu for churning in the warmest weather. He uses one of Gray's horse powers, anil n box churn abiut four feet square fur churning, in which he some. times churns four tubs of butter at a time, lie sends his butter to market, and thinks he can do better than bv selling at homo. On going into his grancry I found a large biu of oats of his own raising, also about sixty bushels of wheat, eighty of barley and a largo bin of nice corn, which they have no trouble in raising on the lako shore as they are not troubltd by early frosts. He had just purchased a quantity pf shorts at about 88.00 per ton less than tho retail price, ow ing, 1 suppose, to tho tact that he was a granger. 1 send you tho above statement, not as a puff for my frieud, for ke does not seek no toriety, but as a stimulant to my brother farmers, believing that if we would givo moro attention to the improvement and breeding of stock and tho manufacture of butter, learning and profiting by the expert ence of others that wo should hear less of that cry that now so often sounds iu our ears that farming docs not pay. II, C. W. Irasburgh, February 2, Lame 5 ho at. 1 wish to enquire through the Farmer what I can do for a ahoat that is lame, and has been for two weeks. Seems weak in the back and hind legs, Kits well when she can get to the trough. Is in good condition Will weigh two hundred or more. Will the editor or some brother farmer please give the desired information, D. U. Wueelock Dane, Vt., February 1, 1870. Ice Closets. In a lato Farmku Mr Fassctt spoke of an ice 0ogat ; hia m toom Wnl h0 kinJT teii , how thv are constructed, and his m.nncr of cooling his croam and butter, and obtjK9 pAnMKIl'g Wifk. Meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, Manufactures and Minlntr. At K etterlllo, Tuelday ami Wrilneaila)' Vcliriiarx 1 ana -A, isjn. The meeting was called to order at two o'clock ti. m. bv U. Horace Hubbard, and organized by tho election of Judge I. K i....l..i.i.. Ac nv.n.i..wi -.;,!., ..rwl rvi A. 11. Franklin of Newlane vice president The Urst paper ot the nllernoon was irom :l U. llowa ot l'ayettoville, upon "the AUnts I . .l. .1.-1. oi our oiaio, iu wuiun iuo euctacr ucaii. largely in statistics to show that Vermont i not only a good state to emigrate from, but a good one to emigrate to. In other states the farming interest ha increased in value ; in many parta of I hi stale it has declined, from want of men to man tho farms. While the methods ol farm ing have improved, tho number of farmers has diminished and the value of farms depre al .1 I il - -11 I eiaieu, so wis. in many cases n. .euin I value is less than it was lorty years ago, A, Iiumber rarm. would keen up th prioe ot farms ; a decreasing number depreoiatts the price, and other branches industry suuer in sympatny. ine pnnoipai cause ot th Is doc ine ts the wholesale emiera 1 .... . o . . I tton which has swept to mauy away from th iUte A better knowledge of facta concern Q the resources ot the state would have tendeooy to chick tali excessive einigratiq Acooidlos to the last census there was a gain of about 15,000 in the population of .1 .... I LI. ..! '.! ! .L. I iuu uiaw, um mis gam was mostly iu mu large villages, there being tu aotual loss in tho number of farm laborers.. From a table carelully prepared the speaker showed that ol the 830.000 inhabitants of the state ae- rdins to tho last eoAsua 243.000 were born In the state, and that 200,000 natives of rrmontwere living ootsido the state: a umoer wore than equal to four-tilths ot the natives ol the state within it. These 200,- 000 were in the prime and vigor of youth aud manhood, and because they are not with lis wa see the deaime in so many towns, Thero must be some chauges iu population, uup ttiero is no goo4 reasou why tho immi gration to should not exoeed the emigration from the state. Had thero been no emigra tion the populatiou would have been double its present numbers. Every department of industry would have felt the effect in in- created prosperity. Oar manufacturing facil ities would have been turned to aocount. Hollows Falls might have rivalled M inches, ter or Lowell. Manv of the larger towns might havo ' been cities, creating n home inart;ci lor mo prouuci Ol tno urms; aim the farms themselves, instead of being a drug in tho market, would have increased in value, What havo the 200,000 we miss gainod in maternal prosperity? There are things hich have value not bought with money which tho emigrant leaves behind. Among theso are friends and the associations sur rounding the old home, but this view is ignored, and the only inquiry is, 'can wo accumulate more property I Statistics were given showing that tho value of real and personal pioporty averaged 8 1 43 to each in dividual iu Vermont iu 1870, which average greater than in Michigan, Indiana, I. cousin, .Minnesota, lowa, Kansas or Illinois, excepting the city of Chicago. The value of all the products of the farms averaged to aoh inhabitant by the last census iu er- mout 8104, which nverage is higher than in ny ot the other states above named, and the figures also show that this result is not be- causo of a greater proportionate number of fanners in Vermont, the average value oil II the products to each person engaged in I agriculture in Vermont was 8597, which Iso ts higher thau iu any of the other states above named, lly the census of 1800 er- mout produced according to population more butter, cheese, wool and maple sugar than ny other state, liy the census of loiO it produced in like rammer more butter, cheese, maple sugar and potatoes ac cording tn the number of acres of improved land ; only one state produced moro butter, wo moro bogs, one more potatoes and three more wool. ithout regard to sire or pop ulation only eight states produce more but ter, two more cheese, and none as much maplo sugar by more than two million lbs. Statistics were given showing that Vermont lar exceeded tliu other .New hogland states productiveness. Instances were cited howing that farmers may become rich iu Vermont if willing to practice industry and economy, and that the value ol lartu pro duct were greater now than formerly. If there is an unfavorable difference It is owing mainly to tho more expensive habits ot liv ing. Among the advatitagoa which Vermont possesses over th e luoie ieitilo states is, J. An abundance ot pure water tor man and beast. 2. Plenty of wood aud timber within ooi- venieut distance. 3. Hard roads. 4. ltetter markets. It is the value of products, not the quantity, that indicate the proms ol agriculture, O. Maul distribution ot property. In uo other state are there so few very poor us in Vermont. 0. A healthful climate, frco from malarial I scales. 7. A pleasant and attractive variety of uatural scenery. is. hxtensivo and as yet comparatively unused water power, The manufactured products aro much less than those ot Massachusetts or Now I lamp shire, but the rich soil, abundant forests and universal distribution of water power indicate an adaptation for an unlimited manufacturing industry, the development ol which would add enormously to the wealth of tho state. Attachment to place of abode is one of tho virtues. He will be a better citizen who has a fixed abode whero ho means to livo and die. Nowhero in tbo world can so many blessings bo obtained and at so cheap n rate as in V ermout. Iu tho discussion which followed the read ing of this paper tho Rev Mr liuruham of I'uyctteviilo said, in discussing thisquestiou, we must remember that Vermont is an old state. The Western. states are new. There everything has been built up in a short time. Iowa has been settled but thirty years, but now has a population many times exceed ing that of Vermont. Prof Seely: IfS. A. Douglas was living now bo would prouounco Vermont a good stole to immigrate to as well as to emigrato from. Not being Vermont born myself, L did tho next best thing married a Vermont wile. Horace Ureclcy s oil-quoted remark, "xoung man, go West was not intended to apply to such communities as Vcrment, but to the cities. To the eight advantages .nu meratod by Mr Howe might be added tbo mineral resources of the statu. Vermont has a fertile soil, excels in her breeds of cat tie, sheep and horses, and, more than all, tha stato may bout of her men. The soil of the West is destined to exhaustion. Alter a few years tho soil becomes unretnunvrative. Iu Vermont thu hills are a souree of fertility to the bottom lands, and will be forever, Tho valley of the Nilo was referred to. The same process is going on bore. We waut farmers to feel that farming U the best pro tesslon, utid that Vermont is the best state to farm in. C. Horace Hubbard of the board said, No, stato offers greater attractions to t e farmer than Vermont. I havo never regretted that I bought a hill farm in Vermont. Our cold winters give us energy, strength and powor which the people of other states do not pos- seas. Tho farmer ean lay by a little here easier than at the West. The speaker re- ferred to tho instano.i of a friond aalne West and owuiug a fertile farm, but could not get money enough to get back. Another friend went to Kansas, where with a toll einht feet deen he onlv raised two pood ernns in six years, the crops being cut off bv hot winds, drouth or grasshoppers ; and during the year of nlcntv there was no market, he being obliged to haul twenty-five bushels of com sixteen miles to twiv for a nair of boots, Luckily the mildness of the climate onabled him to go barefoot eieht months in tho vcar. Tho farincr with a capital of 81,600 or 82,000 who is bharp can succeed, but for the man who ia lo mala hi. nam w.w Varmout ia the place. The farmer who uses the same intelligence, zeal und energy that he mut use at tho West, or in other professions, will succeed iu Vermont. Deacon liuffum of the Naw Ilamnahire board said that tha valuo nf nur no.t stock could be doubled in five vars without in creisiuff the number, and without materially increasing tho coit of keeping,, I will go one step further, and sav that in five vears we can double the valuo of our farm pro- I.. ... n l. I .... I. l l... . ... ... mium, c ariniog naa oeou iookcq uown upon, Wo must aim to mako it so honorable and respectable that bur- bovs will be clad to follow the occupation. Dea J. 0 Follett of Townshends Wo get exaezerattxl ideas of tho West. The crops frequently do not pay for marketing. 111 a man lias capital to start with he may neoomo wealthy, in .Minnesota almost all the farmers are poor. If the farmer will apply brain power to his work he will euioy greater advantages for himself and his chil nren. The second paper of Tuesday afternoon .was read by G. H. Houghton of Townshend j lupio, -now ougui oar ennurea woo era to till the soil to be educated?" The general subject of education like that of agriculture has been so often discussed that Jt is pretty much worn out, yet as regards the practical education of the agriculturist, it is yet in its infanoy. A majority of tho .agriculturists of Vermont seem indifferent to I the education of tho young. Why is this 7 ' Not beoause of penuriousness for many edu- caw moir cuiiurt-u in private icaoon ; nui j because of ignorance for nearly every farmer i will acknowldge the advantages of a good, practical education ; nut becati'o the farmer does not care fur his children, for uo class of our citizens havo moro natural affection, and it is this love and a desire for their children's prosperity together with tho natural desire that thoy should stay upon tho farm, that leads to this indifference and distrust, which would not bo if convinced that at maturity tho value of their children' labor on the farm would be increased, but they bolievo the contrary to be the fact, and that when ever a boy becomes educated he loses bis love for the farm and leaves it for other ce eupattous. The first requisite in commene iug any enterprise is practical knowledge; this applies to the lurmers calling as well as to every other. ine agriculturist needs a more thorough, geueial education than any other class. All children should bo educated alike uutil they arrive at the age when it can be doomed what vocation they aro best fitted for, and that courso should be ono which will lead toward tho farm rather than one which will fill the professions with second and third rate men, wnicb is the result of our present sys tem. The mind should not be educated at the expenso of the body. In this respect our present system is defective. The youth should leave the schools with such training that he will remain a student through life. A system of agricultural schools iu connec tion with experimental farms should be es tablished. In each couoly wo have one or more schools largely supported by fannors, but in tbo interest of the professions. (J.m farmers afford to support such schools ? is u questien which each must answer' for himself, remembering that iu many instances the fault is not mi much in thelimtter taught na in the.manuer of teaching. In ourstuto we have an agricultural courao in a college do- signed for olher professions, which course has never- received a student. TMs will make no difference so long as none arc fitted by primary education or disposition to take such a course. Farmers must see tn it that a system is established which will better honor and dignify our calling, and teach our children to better love and respect the pro- fessiou of agriculture. iUr Hubbard : In my school days it never occured to me that an education was tho training aud development of the faculties God had given inc. Our wholo system needs working up. We need better teachers, who will give the child a better development, one that he can use in the occupation which lie may follow. It is supposed that if a boy is bright something else must be made of him, but if a dolt mako u farmer of him. Rev Mr liuruham : We lack facilities in the way of school houses, but more than that we lack good parents. Tho children havu not the right stuff in them. In our schools the teacher should encourage tho children to briug into the school room an animal, a stono or a plant, and should talk to them in regard to the lormation ot rocks and soils, and tho growth of animals and plants, thereby ere ating an intorest iu regard to Urimug. J. K. liatchelder : hducation means to draw out, to set tho mind to thiuking. The boy who thinks will Vise. The farmer who can read, write and cypher has the beginning of an education. The boy when he begins farming must continue- to educate himself. The speaker expressed soma dissatisfaction in regard to the disposal ot tho agricultural college fund, there not being a single student iu the course. With this fund amounting' to 81411,000 a school might have been cstib lished which would havo benefited tho far mers of Vermont. In such a sithool the tudeuts should be taught just those things which they are to practice through life. The sciences such as botany, chemistry and geol ogy should bo taught, 1 lie speaker thought the schools of Vermont as good as thosu of any other state; that as regards property there is more equality than in other states, but tew being very nob and but lew are very poor ; that we havu as good churches, as good morals and as much domestic happ: ness as any other state. Tuesday Evening, The first paper of the evening was "Tlio Poetry of Funning," written by Mrs Maria P. Rico of Springfield and read before the meeting by C. Horace Hubbard. This was a well written carefully prepared paper which will probably appear iu full in the ladies' department of the Farmer Thu second paper of the evening was from J. O. Follett of Townshend. Topic, "Tno Coming I'urmer." 1 ho average farmer ol tho past not avail ing himself of the full benefits of the schools within his roaoh, with his thiukiug powers poorly desciplined, has looked ,upou hla call tng ss u sort ot necessary evil, Instead ot souroo of delight, aud has felt little inclina. lion to bettor hii condition. His boy iin bibes a disrelish for the farm aud chooses another occupation or seeks a home in tho west. Tho coming furmer will be what wo make him. This is an ago of progress. Thero is always progress in the mind of the thought iui, morpioro mo uoiuhik mrmur must oo i thiuking man. To make him thui our school must receive careful attention aud our ohil dren be made lo avail themselves of all their advantages. The feeling has predominated in the American heart that the masses must be enlightenod aud not subjooted to tbo can cated few. Itoiu tha maasess have come able men in all the professions and business occupations, ho educatod young man turn his baok upon the farm, but the time has come for the thiuking man to mako hii mark in agriculture. Hitherto he has suffered from want of any practical knowledge of tbo priuoiples and laws of vegolablo aud animal growth. The coming farmer cannot elevate himself much above tho present without soma knowledge of these principles. For this tiurnosa an agricultural college has bceu es - tablishod which Is now almost a dead letter, and likely to remain no unless the farmers o the Itate tako the matter in baud and make lt the means of dispensing sound and practi cal knowledge. Great udvautages might hcocue to the far mers if agricultural slatlotis for the purpose of trying experiments nould be estableehcd. Meanwhile let every farmer, however small his acreage, start an experimental station of his own on ft small scale. Does farming pay ? is a vexed question not yet settled. The farmers of Windham county should tako tho matter up and by carefully kopt accounts continued through a series of years solvo tho question. Mr Green or Fuyettuville : This is a matter of deep interest. Cramming is not educating. Wo should think, not oram. Our books mil writers in regard to success in other occupation do not tell us how that success has been obtained. Tho merchant id seen tn his palace and his store, obtained by means riot always honest. As regards tho farmer they only toll of his rough himjs and uuoouth manner. The average farmer is the most healthy and happiest man tn the com munity. Prof Seely : There nro many things the furmer wishes to know, but which be has no itmo to soive. All agricultural (Hanoi would do this. There are 70 stations iu Europe and but ono iu America, at Middlctowu,Ct time to solve. An agricultural station e In regard to rising cream, soma recommend heating of tho milk, others say cool it. A station would settle this question. The ac tual value of each commercial fertilizer should be determined, also tho value of dif ferent foods for cattle, impure and adultera ted seeds should be sampled aud tested. Careful experiments should be made to de termine what will antidote the potato disease. Questions in regard to fruit raising should bo tested by experiment. Questions like these would be brought up and tested, Air Hubbard : The coming farmer is to mako kiiuself by his own julgiucut, strength and zeal. He will acecpt evey truth, wherever it comes from, which beans upon his culling. He is continually reaching out fur these things, and then he carries on his farm just as well as he knows how. If ho has a swamp ho knows how to make it bear good crops. Instead of allowing his manuro pile to accumulate under the caves, ho takes care or it. Thu coming farmer will make farming pay. Next in order came Col Mead's paper, "Opportunities for Young Farmers." In the discussion following Rev Mrllurn ham said, farmers might learn much by dis cussions among themselves, and they might perform experiments themselves. Cul A. It. Franklin : The opportunities for young farmers ire great. They have many ways to advance their own interests. The youug farmer coming from our scholia as laid the foundation ol un education. He may study the principles of science : must read, think aud ponder. Farmers must co operate. Thero should be an agricultural station where commercial fertiliz ir.s can be analyzed. Wednesday Mirnlnj . The first paper was upon "Apple Culture" by J. II. Putnam of Grafton. In proportion to the money and labor re quired apple culture yields as goal returns any other farm product. Lu this, as iu every olher farm product, good culture is thu requisite ol siiccesH. shout J. other things being equal, prefer a southeru or eastern ex posure tu a norther:: or western, Among thu hills of Vermont those soils which will produce good crops of com may safely be lanted with orchards, and the preparation I' tho poll should no th it required to grow good crop ot com, planting the trees whero tho soil has become well mellowed by one ear'M cultivation aud tho cultivation should be continued. Twenty-five feet each way, giving seventy trees to the acre, is the proper distance to set, though thero is no harm in setting nearer and cutting out a part of the trees when crowding commences. Soino rec ommend digging large holes in which to set trees, but it tbu soil is in proper condition uo great digging will be necessary ; a hole sufficiently large to admit the roots without crowding or twistiug will be all that is nec essary; a deep holo filled with lurtiliziug material, if the subsoil is a hard-pan, makes a good dish to bold cold water, aud stagnant cold water about the roots is death to any ruit tree. If necessary to set in an un broken sod, dig broad holes rather than deep, and apply rt liberal nuiouut of fertilizing material at the tune ol setting. In procur ing trees get good ones from whatever souroo they may come. Thoso that havo mado a unity, healthy growth aud have been neither forced nor ituutud, and tha chauces are strong that those grown near homo will, give tho best sutiblnotiun. Nursemuen and their agcnU are often charged with humbugging the people, thoy have many things to answer for, but tho humbugs do uot nil couio from western New York ; as great a humbug as there is in tho.wholo rango of fruit growing is that ol tho crab ripple Mock lor which thu people aro asked to pay ouo dollar por tree. Tho best sized tree to set is ouo that has grown three and one-half to four and one half feet and branchod ; practically this fizo being better than those much larger, hot iu quiring so much cutting back. it the trees aro to be kept any length ot' of time bolero setting, they must be heeled iu. The broken roots must bo cul back to tho Found wood. The top of the tree must be trimmed to givo it the proper shapo aud also to restoro tho balanco between tho top and roots which has been destroyed iu trans planting. After the tree is properly pruned, wet tho roots which will cause the soil to adhere mora closely iu scttiug; then placo the tree it tho hole upon a small mound so that the roots will spread out in their natu ral direction, then holding the tree perfectly upright fill around it with the best soil which it is possiblo to obtain, taking care to place no mauuro in immediate contact with tha roots; work tho soil amoug the roots so that uo spaoo will bo left unfilled. Shako the trco occasionally duriug the process, and al ter the roots are well covered press tho earth firmly down with the foot. After the tree is tet it should be mulched. Try to raise no other crop with Ilia trees unless tho soil is well oultlvatod and manured each year In manuring an orchard apply tho fertilizer broadcast to the whole sjrfaco of tbo soil as the small rootlets' Which take up plant food aro at a dlstanco from tho tree. Pruning is a pari of tho subject upou which there is endless variety ot theory and practice. Starting right with the young tree but littlo pruning will bo roquired at any one time, but this littlo must be atteoaeu to closely and may be'donu at any season of the year, requiring no implements but the pruning knife ; never on any occasion except to cut it down use an axe or hatchet about fruit trees. Trees that have beeo neglected until tbey are nothing but a mass ot rough bark, tangled brush and dead branches re quire heroio treatment. As regards time, any time is better than no time, but the best tune is In riovembcr, the trees being dor mant und tho wounds made at that time sea sou perfectly, Tno black cankorous stripe sometimes; seen and causod by the flow of dark, unhealthy sap is due more to a dis eased condition of the tree than to the time of pruning. In the leleottoa of varieties, choose those which aro adapted to tho local ily. In growing apples for market the fewer Varieties grown the' bettor, and in the selec tion of theso varieties be guided by tho ex perience of tho most successful fruit grower in the immediate vicinity rathar than by tho picturo books of tree agents. For those who are near a largo village affording a home market tho ecleotion of varieties will differ from ouo who must depend upon a distant market. For home use a greater variety is needed and should bo (o selected us to insuro a lull supply of fruit during tho year. Trees that havo oomo up spontaneously in the fields and pastures should be grafted without de laygrafting the wbolo top in one season, cutting no limbs moro than ouc inch in di ameter; take care to. cut away tho sprouU that start around tho scion during the summer and cut out about one-half the remaining native growth daring the succeed ing autumn, leaving the remainder to be taken daring the next, two seasons. Rut one scion should bo allowed to remain per manently in each ctock. The weaker one should be cut back to retard its growth dur iug the first season but not entirely removed until the whole surfaco of the stock is grown ovcr. Iu the discussion which followed Col Mead aud Prof Seely and Mr Stedman advised farmer? to do their own grafting; any bright boy of fourteen can do it well. Mr Hubbard would raise bis own trees. Mr Ware of Fayettoville related his ex perience with trco agents, having bought several livo dollar grape vines lor utty cents lor tho lot and got cheated at that. The good effect of allowing animals to run in the orchard to pick up tho windfall fruit was spoken of. The sweet and sour apple was discussed. To change the bearing year of fruit trees it was rccoinmended to remove all the blos soms during the bearing year. X be second paper ot Yi eduesday morning was upon "Uattle JJrecding," by V. II. Hut. ter of Townshend. The breeder must- first decide upon tho object to be attained, whether it shall bo beet, dairy products or the production of a herd better fitted for all purposes. This is more easily settled in theory than in prac tice, aud must be determined by tho farmer's own judgment, and by tho quality of his land. If ho wishes to breed for dairy purposes alone his farm must be suited to tho particular wants of the dairy, producing that quality of feed which will cause his products to command the highest market price. Then his keenest discrimination aud judgment will be required in tho selection of the breed, and must select Irom the one which comes nearest his idea of perfection, being governed by the records of the viri ons breeds for producing large quantities and rich quality ol milk. Ihen in connection with breeding stock for dairy purposes he must manufacture a quality of butter aud chocso which will command the highest market price or ho will fail to convince the publio that he is a successful breeder. lu the solection of tho class of cattle which will produce the most beef in tha least time, thore is a hotter chance of suc cess thau in any other because thero aro certain breeds which approximate perfection iu this respect. In selecting breeding stock tho breeder should always aim at the highest typo of perfection. This should be au ani mal ot modcrato size, on short legs with a fine head and neck, full in the crops nod fore flank ; these -points indicate constitution, a vital point in- breeding cattle for beef, which when combined with those prominent points in the hind quarters from which the most valuable moat is taken, makes up what we should call a proper type to breed from for beef purposes. Such an animal if well fed will give good and early returns. As the end of all cattle is beef the farmer should breed such, as when they aro no longer wanted for tho dairy or work can be made into a good quality of beef. If tbo farmers of the stato would work for improvement, the quality of cattle would be much improved. If twenty pounds csuld bo added to the weight of each creature aud at the same time the animal could be brought to matu rity one year earlier than heretofore, much would be gained. There is a class of farmers in Vermont who raise the same quality of cuttle to-day which their fathers raised fifty years ago. To this class belongs the duty of improving the nverage animal of the stato. This im provement should be in the direction of the best breed for all purposes, which can be best accomplished by the uso of thorough bred sires. For the purpose ol crossing with our native or grade stock witli the view of producing tho best cattlo for all purposes, bhorthorn sires must be used as this breed is the best for beef and excel in beauty and early maturity, and wherever bred for the dairy havo proved themselves equal to any. I, K. Ratcbelder : Shorthorns are tho best for beef, but in the present condition of our pastures would prefer the Jerseys for butter. Dea Waro of Townshend : 1 am the only farmer in my vicinity who raises Jersey slock. Commenced fifteen yoars ago. A few years ago the listers could hardly bo made to beliove that my Jersey cows were worth anything, but I havo made tho manu facture of butter profitable. My neighbors, wbo a few years ago, would hardly have accepted a Jersey cow as a gift, now think very highly of their crosses. With my pres. ent kuoledge and experience I would not accept to keep six years a stock of Durham cows as a gilt. Gave examples to show that the ilersoys readily ruu to bee I. It is said that the Jerseys are nervous, not easily do mesticated, but with mo the reverse is true. henever a lured man la engaged it is made a coudition that bu shall treat my cows kindly, Sir Hubbard : 1 am a breeder ol Durham stock, but can sco good in other breeds. Improvement is often delayed by the bigotry of breeders. He who wishes to improve his cattle must select from thoso that have been bred a long time in tho development of the quality desired. It is n prlnclplo of uature that everything tends to deteriorate, to grow poorer. For dairy purposes, whatever tho breed, we must select good cows. Tho speaker cited instances of successful dairying with different breeds. The idea that a cow consumes food or yields milk according to sizo is a great fallacy, uood cows consume a large quantity of food. Corn meal is the best food for butter ; would feed it in con nection with bran. J, O. Follett: Wo need a breed that com. bine the qualities of beet and butter. Breed ers should strive for this object. Col Mead ; Breeders can producb a dls tinctively American breed of cattle'. An experimental farm would accomplish the ob jeet. We need not go to Kngland forever for our breed of cattle. A cow-which will yield 150 pounds of batter per season is worth several times moro than one wmon yields but 100. Wednesday Afternoon. The first paper of.. Wednesday afternoon wai noon "The Agriculture ot Windham Ojunty," by 1. K, liatchelder of Townshend. Mr B, cownieuwl by referring to the board of agriculture, stating in what manner it was formed and tbo objects it was intended to accomplish, saying that all things appertain, ing to the mineral, vegetable or animal kingdoms come within the rango of its discus sions. Ho dealt in statistics showiog the vast amount of farm crops grown in tho union. Continuing, ho said, here in Wiod. htm county wo have a diversity of soil, sur faco and crops, and wo ought to show in practioal work that our farmers and their families are equal to any invito land in eci enco, agrioulture, and all that appertains to an enlightened community. Docs farming pay in Windham county ? That it has paid in the past is proved by the many pleasant residences owned and occupied by farmers ; by the five national banks with a oapital of 8750,000, and tho fine savings banks hold, log deposits of 82,507.807, the farmers bav ing their share in these institutions, and many having other investments at home and abroad. Tbero il but little raining and but few manufactories in tbo county. Most of theso homes and of this surplus capital have been made from the profits of farming. This for the past ; hut docs firming pay now ? These farmers who havo been contented with their farms, kept up their buildings and fences and made home so pleasant and at. tractive that their sons and daughters wished to stay at'home, mako the butter and oheese, and improve ho soil, lived within their means, studied tho science of farming, used their brains as well as their hands, and will Bay that farming pays. Whilo those who are discontented, wanting to sell, neglect ing the buildings, making homo so unpleasant that tbeir sons and daughters leavo aB soon as possible impoverish tbo soil from want of care and tho application of fertilizers, living beyond their means aud using no brain work will say that farming does not pay, Tho population of tho county is diminishing ; many farms and homes aro boiog deserted. It is said that thero are 300 of these in tho couuty cither annexed to adjacent farms or turned to pasturo and growing up to wood. For the wealthy farmer to buy out his neigh bor aud annex tho two farms, thus breaking up ono home, will dimiuish the valuo of real ostato in any locality. The true principlo is, small farms and good, better, best cultiva tion. Iu consequence of long.continued cul tivation and a neglect to supply the requisite amount of plant food in tbo form of raauure, the soil has lost somo of its elements of fer tility, a portion of these having been removed with every pound of butter, cheese, beef or other product sold from the farm. Our pas tures have deteriorated, and how to restore them is a problem which we wish the board or agriculture or tho professors of tho Ver mont agricultural college to solve. Tho farms between Fayettevillo and Townshend furnish examples of farming that pays, while in some other localities tho reverso is true. To farm with economy we must raise the greatest quantity of crops with the least expenso without permanent injury to tbo soil. Every person should study the nature of plants, whioh are composed of organio and inorganic matter. The inorganio part of tho plant is the ash which results from burning. Tho organio part is that which passes away iu burning. Plants obtain their inorganio food from the soil. When tho soil ia deficient in this food the plant will not thrive and such food must be supplied. Tho application of fertilizing material in such quantities and condition as the soil requiros, with the best of cultivation, will insuro the largest crops. As mauuro is of tho first importance, all fertilizing material about'the farm must be saved, and by shelter and tho use of absorbents preserved in tho best con dition, ono cord of manuro well oarod for being worth more than ten corda from which all the ammonia and soluble parts havo been lost by evaporation and leaching. In addi tion to the farm manuro, purcbaso all the lime, ashes, phosphates and plaster that can be afforded, and use tbcm where they are needed. The formation of farmers' clubs in many towns for tho discussiou of mattora pertaining to tho agricultural interest, and the establishment of town and county fairs show that thero is intelligence and prosperity among tho farmers. Col Mead : My barn cellar ia 45 feet square und nine feet high. Here are mixed tho different kinds of manure, where it re mains over one season. Beforo applied to the soil manure must becomo thororoughly disintegrated. Ono load of manure under my treatment is worth thrco under the old system. Manures lose something by freer ing. It is not a good practico to draw out and exposo to the weather in largo heaps. Good muck is a first-rate absorbent aud should bo used liberally. Next to this in quality is forest leaves. Sawdust or sand are better than nothing. Prof Seely: Dry earth from the garden is a good absorbent. Mr Green of Fayettoville thinks thero is no loss in drawing out and leaving manure in large heaps. mr liatchelder : All dead animals should be mixed with absorbents and utilized. Dry hard wood sawdust is a good absorbent. Alter tho conclusion of tho discussions upon Mr Uatcheldcr's paper C. Horace Hub bard ol the board gave an address upon "Tbo Grass Crop," which has been reported beioro. Duriog the discussion following, Mr Bat- chclder asked, What fertilizer shall wo nse to restore our pasiurcs, to which Prof Sooloy replied that there can be no complete resto ration but upon soma would advise reseediog and application of fertilizers. Uoliilead: .Wo are at a disadvantage with our forefathers iu regard to the fertility of the soil and are waking up to tho fact. Then the (Utility of the farms seemed oxhaustlcss. Tho noil must be made better. There is not a commercial fertilizer that will do this. Ashes are tho best and safest fertilizer that we can buy. Huro doubled the grass crop on my farm by my system of saving and applying manuro and by rosecd ing to grata in the fall. Wo cannot keop so great un amount of stock in our pastures as formerly. We havo not tho manure to spare with which to fertilize them. Would top-drcsa with lime, plaster and ashes. Thero is no country that will develop better animals than Vermont. Think it is moro prollatble to grow grain than corn. Tho manuro required to fertilize one aero of corn will ba sufheieot for four acres' of grass. Have received bene, fit from plowing in a crop of buckwheat but in plowing in green crops without tho appli cation of other fertilizers we do not add any. thing to tho soil which has not been taken from it, and though of present benefit if fol lowed for a great length of time the soil will deteriorate. Mr Hubbard : Brakes must bo destroyed by rspcalrd mowing during (he season. Wo are neglecting the plowing in of green crops to our hurt, The attendance was very good, tho people bowing great iuterest in the subject under consideration and taking lively part in tho discussions. The people of Newfaue enter taiued the members of the board and other vi.iiors and deserved the thanks of all for tbeir hospitality. The members of tha board nr -w-nt were Col Mead, Mr Hubbard and PrefBeely.