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utvei\ XT Th- ENuUIRER is published twice » week generally, and three tiuits a week during the sessiuu of the State Legisla ture.—l*i icr, thr same as heretofore, Vive .Dollars per annuin, psvable in advance. Note, of chartered, specie-paying banka caly) Will be received iu payment. The Editors will guaran ty the safety of remitting them by mail; the postage of all let ters being paid, by the writer*. itT No paper will he discontinued (hut et the discretion of he Editors.) until all arrearages have bet u paid up. 22* Whoever will guarantee the payment of tnue papers shill have the tenth t'i It AT Id. TERMS OK ADVERTISING. fjr One square, Ult LESS— First insertion 76 cents—each coiiliuuancr, 60 cents. *,* No advertisement inserted, until it has either been paid for, or assumed by some person in this city, or its ruvirous. 1-1U-gss^'ljill—_■■■■-■■ 1 ■ .. — .Manager's Office, > Washington City. ) UNION CANAL LOTTERY, Twcutieth Class, To be drawn on the 29ili March next, Containing the a ount of 137,230 DOLLARS!! Ill pi ice) ot TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS. 10,000 Dollar* 1C of 500 Dollars 5,000 Dollars 56 of 100 Dollars 3.0-16 Dollars 57 of 50 Dollars £ of 1,000 Dollars] 114 of 20 Dollars Tickets ! dullai Halve*2—Uuaiters 1. ALSO To he drawn in Washington City under the inspection of gen tlemen of distinction, nnd fun-bed in Oue Diuwing of a tew minute*— IS Al* till, IVEXT, THE WASHINGTON GRAND CONSOLIDATED LOTTERY ; Foi Internal Improveimut, Liteiature slid Charities_Kor Mr benefit m Washington city, and the Slate* of llh >de Island, Connecticut, Delaware, North Carolina and Louisiana: am Inj ured by acts of congress, and ul the said Slates respectively. FIRST CLASS-.SCHEME t GO,000 Dollars in one Capital. 1 prize of $40,000 is $-10,000 1 prize of 25,000 is 25.000 T prize of 20,000 is 20.000 1 prize of 15,000 is 15.000 1 prize of 10,160 is 10.160 51 prizes of 1,000 is 51.000 196 prizes of 500 is 93.000 372 prizes of 100 Li 37.200 1.302 prizes of 40 is 52-030 13,950 prizes of 20 is 279.000 _!2T _ 15,370 Prizes. $695,440 Only one and half Blanks to a Prize 7 Thi* lottery it arranged on the established and very popular mode by the combination of three number* upon each ticket and their permutation* \ there being wnly 3u uurnbtr* in the whole, of which 5 will he dt twn from the wheel. It requite# a ticket to contain suuie tbiee of the drawn Not. to eutdie the hold* r to a capit tl pi ize; am! that one v *. eh con tains tho three last number*, in the outer iu which liiaivo, i* t^e giand capital o (Sixty Thousand Doll art i ^A ticket with r»nlv two of the drawn Humbert may he a prize of Vive Hundred. Dollar* .'—and evety ticket having any oue of tilt diawu unmhe-*, will be u prize of Twenty Dollar*. Whole Ticket 20 dollars- -Hall' 10—iiuarter 5—Eighth 2 50—Twentieth 1. BOT Tin- cixsA paid fur prizes as soon at drawn. mAll letters (p »»t paid) enclosing cash nr prizes in any pie vinuslottery, very pim< • illy nm.it,ed. Audit,s to YAtEs at .UT.N 1'Villi, Washington City. Feb. 23. i*5~2tiwGt A'or/c’^T ~ 1IIAVE get a P.i-t-Oftice esiablitued at my S • re in Ihum wti k county, Va. ueai Stephen Jones’s Budge, to Motto way River, which place i« called .lunesborough, and Jones bnrfepgh U the name of the Post Oilier, which n situated about midway between Kennedy’s, Bruu-ivick, and 51cl-'arland’s, Lunenburg. JCiiM MADDUX, P. M. march 1-1. 105—Kt NOTICE? TIIE subscriber having i tilled th.Vt well known stand, the 4 WASHINGTON PAVERN, is bow prepaied to aetoui uiudale Tiavellen, tf pledges hinnelf-to use every exertion to give geacralsatisf.u lion, llis table at all time , shall he furnish ed with the brst the uinkci aifoul-; his stable snail he furuished with the best of fodder, oats, and coin, and attended by a good 0<tlri,and my price* {hall be ijsfc'w many other house in the plaoe. My old customers arc partis ularly invited to give me a call. 1 should he glad to accommodate a few genteel boarder*, by the year. I deeiiilF’nmecessaiy to say any thing about the situatiou of this House, as it is so well known. JOHN TALMAN. M uih 21.__105—31 Buffalo Marsh for Sale. BY virtue of a deed of trust executed by John Hopkins to VVnliani Waller lleniug, as Receiver Ueneial of the Su preme Court of Chancery for the {Richmond District, in the year 1812 ; and pursuant to au Order of the Circuit Court of the United States fur the District of Virginia—that valuable Tract ol Land lying in the courtly j| Frederick in the State of Virginia, called liullaloe Maisii. “Containing 3J:I acres nl laud, with the half of a manufacturing mill thereon to which is attached eight acres of the said traclr—will ho exposed to sale by public auction to the highest bidder, at the front door ol the Eagle Hotel in the city of Uichmond, at 12 o’clock on Wednesday the llflhday of April next- bitch title as posses, red oy Mi. Hopkins, dec., pill hr conveyed ; but that is he lieved to be an umjueslnmable title to the propi rty in fee sim ple. Teimscaih. bait: to be conducted by J'Aomas '/'m/for Esq. Ancl’r. Richmond, mirch 21, 1826. ' 105—Ids „ Land for Sale. Agreeably to a iiec.ee of the county comt of King William will he sold to the highest bidder nil the- pre mises, en the 7th day of April next, the tract of land ou winch Thomas Pulh-r, dec.'lately icMdrd, situate, lying and being in the county of King William on lleiring Creek, and adjoining the lauds of Elisabeth llen.haw, Dr. Win. Uwalhmey, Kuben biiltou and others. The terms of sale are one-third cash, and the balance of the purchase money in three annual payments. Bonds with approved security will he reipiired hv the march 1J, 1B2C._103—2lkw2t_COMMISSIONER. A LL persons having claims against the estate of F. O Jt\. Crenshaw, declare r(i|uested to present them properly authenticated, that provision may he made for settlement, and all persons indebted tosaid « *ate are requested to make p„v lncut without delay. ELIZABETH CRENSHAW, adm’i* march Id, I82*». 103—lit ol 1*.G. Crenshaw, live. j+ui juju. THE President and Directors of tlir Janies Uivri Co., will oil Monday, the 27th inst., appoint a person to art as A •g. n#, Supcrinltntlunt, and Hn finer r, on the Canal, from Hiciirnourt tu Maiden’s Advcutme falls. Candidates for the siluniiun, will make their communications to the company, in writsug.^M leave tbein at the office of the 2d Auditor. _ March I I. 103—t.1 LAJVD FOR SALE. FOU sale, my tract of land in Alhemai le county, heretofore my residence, consisting of3,500 acres, about 2000 of which rut of the best mountaiu quality, and 1/aH) lying below the mountaiu, and extending freui it, generally of good quality, and remarkably well timbered and watered. The tract lies on the sonlb side rf the Kivanna a branch of Jaints River, navi gable for Ilattcaux to Milton, which is within three and a half .mile*. It is five miles from Charlottesville, and six from the University. Of its advantageous situation fur health and socie ty, isoVemark need bemadeheie. The estate has all the usu a improvement* on it,a commodious dwelling house,buildings for servants, and other domestic purposes,"good stables, two barns, with threshing machines, a grist and saw null, with good bouses for managers and laborers, well posted for each purpose, and all in good repair. The tract may he divided, advantageous ly, into several parts, At will he indisposed of if desired. The pay inent of the purchase io«ney may he made by instalments, with a very liberal rieilit, o be agreed on at the time ol sale. The f ut nit we,and the stuck of every kind maybe sold with »he land I have also for sale another'tract, .of rather more than 700 a ’res, 3 miles HelowMilton,within one of the river, on its northern si.;*, which lies well, is of good quality, well timbered and wet" o<l, a ml Ins a valuable vein of lime stone passing through it. This tract is divided into two farms, tach having ctyj^mfllrlling nulls*, very Commodious fora small family, wia^^Bsai y out buildings. Credit will he given for this tract u^^JRnarm’er as fur the other. Persons inclined topmebase, vHRrni thnn selves directly to me. JAMES MONItoE. Oak Hill, Loudoun county, Va. April 13. » t!A—tf TWKJTfV DOLLARS \IKWARD. I EFT Trabue’s Pits, on Huiulay night With ull. a nc^ro man A daineri JACKSON, who took with him my riding horse. Jaeksoo is an elderly oltn, soioeweat bald, talks rapidly, and is not icinaikahle for the ftrgltness of his legs. The horse is of *he Friday breed, tbm tail and a good deal spotted behind. Une half of the above reward will be paid for the delivery of ►dher Jackson or the Horse, and the whole for the delivery of ba*- , . ^ WILLIAM FINNEY. Tfiwiri plfijMiircfc If. 102— if f'he halors of Rattle JYotcs mitplaced. f 1111E subscriber has deposited m the Dank »f Virginia, at A Richmond, fhe foRowing halves of two Notes : Right part of .*>100, payable at Petersburg, letter A., No. 213} frit part of t*l00 note, payable at Norfolk, letter 11., No. 173d} pasted together and received by him as one note. Any person ■ r parsons having the parts corresponding, may effect an ex chaoge at the Rank. WILLIAM D. CLAKKE. march J. Kt--t( jYntir.e lo thr eJrowr* o} 'Cottvru T nfl* ''dcnsl regulaily lirreaftcrt > he purchaser* A of f Oi'/'O.V It. this market. They will at all times be b- peyf.se tbit nt Ile ifs f*ir ■*• irk< I value iu t 4"b, ’ ntvite lb iirmciiig it here ferrule to give then, a rail, vvtoti.l IV. srq f UtttH k, UAH Hit. L—_ JOHjV Sf WILLIAM GILLIAT, OFFER FOR BALE : fV SAOKS bi»»l storing Livetpool salt, cargo °t the brig Mi»«imoiry, from Liveipool, 40 hall pipes an«l^r. casks very superior old L* I*. Madeira Wine, imported direct two year* ago, 10 Hhds, prime S». Croix sugar, IU;< (siren Coffee, .yuxc< ^tst Ourliam Mustard, just imported, 5 Tierces new Hire suitable tor relaiiiug, .•Ciatcs Liverpool Earthen Ware, gooj assortments, 10 I’o&es supeitoi Claret Wine, J Cfees be*l London cloths \i ca«siinctes well assorted, * C'aie baug-up cords velveteen*, 2 do itwut low priced Irish Linen#, 4 Bales Ueimau Ocnabuigs, Tickleuburgs,and Burlaps. "•__HI—tiOt JYOTICE. * I HIE Stockholders of the Mechanictville Turnpike Company, :,.r' ilcr‘ h)' required to pay un or before the lUlh day of Apnl next, live dollars on each sha: e held hy them i espectire ■), 444 the capital -tuck of the said company. By order ol the i’residi nt and Directors. U. M. CARRINGTON, Treaa’r. 11___iqi-toihA jYOTICE. ' 1 SHALL commence keeping transient bursts at Livery, fin my .tables at the BELL TAVERN] on this day at 60 ceils per night and day. [iu« ludiug the 24 h«,ui«.) I shall take this opportunity ol publicly lematktng, that the attention paid to any imises, . unlimited to uiv cliaige,shall nut he surpassed by any Livery Stable in Richmond. • MAURICE l'RIMKOSE. Mx'thn.___tut -tf JYO-TICE. ’ \ i 1IE subscribers, assignees to the late lirm of Uudloiig Sr f Blaffurd, have duly empowered Messrs. Otis Dunlop Sr Co. <>l Richmond, Virginia AgouU for the collectiouof all debt, due the said Budlong ic Suifoid. C. Sr W. RHODES. „ RHODES ar SMITH. Providence, R. I., Feh. 23d, 18J4. In conformity walls the foiegomg notice, all | ersoni indebted to 111.'l ite ful and Budlong Sr Statfoid, aie requested to make payment with as little delay aspossihleto „ , . OTIS, DUNLor Sr CO. ”arcl> 7 •__ 100— 1 III TO AGRICULTUHISTS. 13UK subscriber e-.ciiuragej bv the credit of the machines - male by his late fatiiei and himself— and also by the en couragemeiit he has received these last lour star-, begs Rave to jrstssius his fiieuHs and the public generally, that he conti nues to make buth Portable and Fixed Wheat Threshing Ma chines id dilltrent sizes and at reduced prices, all of which ar e uiade ol ihe ht,l materials & put together in the strongest man lier, and hopes the respectable names undersigned will he a su,’urieut I ecuinmer.dation. JOHN EXALL, opposite the Pusl-Qlhce. Richmond, b eh. 3, 182G. 1 have used .Mr. Ex.ill's Wheat Machine fcsr four years. I have no hesitation in saying, that it is one of the best Thr. sli ms Machines in this country. It ceilaiuiy threihes out wheat farer and cleaner and is less liable to get out of order than any machine 1 have ever seen, and I believe I have seen all the modern machines of this country. It is very durable, beinc principally of cast iron, ami will last, if taken proper care ol', \fat* at least, and iu the cud will be iht* cheapest of all . HILL CARTER, ohii ley, Jmn. (X), 1320. I have bad iu use the Exall Portable Wheat Threshing | M.u hint* lor 8 year*, and Imvciiu hcsiuiion in avinc, (li.it fur ally Threshing Machine 1 have ever icon. The facility wi’h which it is moved to diun «u( farms gives ii also decid'd ad vantage.., and it is easily bent in order. J. ARCHER. IL-rtuuda tliindri'd, 31st j »n. 182d. * am well satisfied wi*li the work performed hy Mr. Exall’s U hral Machine, and greatly prefer it to others I have seen m , JOSE i’ll ilAUX. Richmond, 1st Fel.. lrCfi. UEFEltEtfCES TO J.dm Wickham, K.tj. | Win. K. Wickham, Eiq. Wm, Uaitei.Es ,. I Edmund K. Wickham, Esq. r Kauuolpli, Esq. | Jphn G. Mushy, K*q. ai.d others I too numerous to inruliou. 11. Wheat Fans, Straw Cutting M.trhinej, Coin 8hrl> l«vr3, mu .ill kind* of Agricultural Implement* made in the I best manner, kiiniih'i \Vurk lugcuerd. [ *V>)-4__ _67— tf | . . . * TRUST SALE. PURSUANT to the provisi jns ot a dee.I of trust executed bv Samuel S. Oridir, bearing dale on the 1st of May, 1818, and | admitted to record iu the office of the clerk of lii« llu.tiU'M j Court for the city of Williamsburg, on the 10th day of June, ! ,.a*Ks made to secure the payment of 2,000 dollars to Robert Cl. Scott, and on which sum there is due, the interest from the l»t day ot January 1825, 1 shall piocr?d,ou Monday the 10th dav id April next, to sell to the highest bidder at public auction for cash, on the premi.es, that very de.ii able residence now uccu ptd by the tatd tirifiiii, In the rriy of Williamsburg, with the Lots llteietn appei (uiiiing, and adjoining the icsideuce of Mrs. j 1 ear by j and which n described in tin* said deed of tttot in the following manner : A ceitain Hof,e and Lots of Land situ ate and being in the city ot Williamsburg, the boundaries whet e of are fully, minutely and completely set forth in a decufrom the saij Robert Ci. Scott aud tsii<an'R. his wife to tho said Uriffin, hearing date on the lit day of May 1818. Acting u» truste e, I shall convey only such title as is vested to me, altho’ iti» belies td that tho title which will be conveyed will be with out exception. LEONARD llENLEY.tru tec. March 7, 182t>( lt)0«-tds Public sale of Richmond Property. I SHALL olFcr for sale on the premises,on a credit of 2 k 6 months, nil my property, situate and lying between liii.aU'. Mills aud the Armory, on me 20th of Apiil next. As I ..lull sell this property for the payment of my debts, all just claims against me will ne received as cash in part, or the whole of the purchase inonay. The properly will be sold iu lot* to suit pur chasers, and good security will be required (or the purch ise SAMUEL OVfcRTON. Match H. 102-51* , Ten Dollars Reward. R*'-^ AWAY lio.ri the subscriber on Tuesday morning last, the 2t>(h instant, an indented apprentice tu the coach intk ug business, named John Lunsford, between 13 and 20 ycus of age, ahoet 5 feel 8 or 3 inches high, aud of slender and ^erect foim, and light complexion. lie hid on a blue broad cloth coat, white lut with crape on it. He ii from Suny county, Va., whete hit connection! ate tiviug; he is iu cotnp.i ny With si young lad who h<H been sedneed by the said Lcim ford to acconlfiany him to Alabama, where he has a bjother living, and has laloly received a letter Rom him, which letter he Iu. now wilh him. It is expected he wsll stop at I.vnc h burg,which jilare he »aid wonld In* his first sleeping place. All person* aie foihid finding, harboring, or employing him in any w*y,ajlhc law will in all cases be put in force. The above reward will he paid to .auy person who will apprehend him to that I ran get him, and ail revocable expenses paid tor b!s dcdi\**ry tome ra Richmond. N. T1CIIKNOK. M.trrh 2. _ 98—|f a u Vku ns isMEjrr. "* tract ol Land called 11111 Grove, containing above X '2,«VK) acres, lyin^; in the lnwer end of Amelia county, for I cotton plantation. It will lie sold all (neither or divided udo I parcels. The terms will be accommodating. ! Mr . , rt'.V. It. GILES. Jrigirnm, mirth 1. j>9_jf | N pursuance of a decree of the Oireiiit Oonrt of (he United A Slates, fin the 3th circuit, and Eastern district of Viigiim, in the r ise of ftomga W. Wallis,agiimt William D. Wren, Administrator, Catherine E. Adams, widow, and George pol lard and Mary T. his wife, and other*, heiis, of Samuel G. Adams, dee., will He sold, at the front door of the Eagle Ho tel, in the city of Richmond, on Momiay the 17th day of A pril neat, at public auction, to the highest bidder, that whole tract of/our Hundred and seventy acres of land, (more or less) mentioned and described in the deed of inoitgugr, e-cctiled hy the saidSanil. O. Adam*, dec. it Oafhetine In- wife,to Ed ward Canning, and by him a'sighed to the said Cj. W. Wallis, hearing dale the 13lh February 1819, lyior on the Chi'tahomo ny in the county of Henrico, (reserving ka'f an or re, a grave y*rH\) also one undivided utoitly of one Hundred and nineteen and an Half uric of land lyingiuthe county of Itonchlonel, and one undivided moiety of all the cnul in ont hundred acres adj-iioiog, whit h was >o|d by the tallier of the said S imuel (i Adams, dec. to Philip Woodson, with a reservation of I lie Coal therein, and i< known by (he name of « the Dover Cool Pit,r Accmdmg to the provisions of the said decree,and thcdirte tions of the plaintiff’* counsel in writing, the almve lurntnmed property will he sold on a eredi t of one, two and three years, equal instalments , the pnrrhasert giving bond amt approved surety, and adeed of trust on tlie- piopeity, to secure the pay ments of the purchase tsioucy. A. M THORNTON, V. St. „ . for Joliu Ptziain, M. V. V. March 17. - _ , * iftV-id. One Cent licwartl. KAN AWAY from my employ on (he 2Ath March Inst, Wm.Ct. II- lider,on, an appicnlu ». to the lliir klayer’s bade. I He hart on when hr eloped, a Mark home.pun coat and p tnta • loons, striped waisteoat, drah hat, and a roarvo ttair of shoes.— | tic is in his 21st year of age,of middle statine, florid cninplex i ion and red hair. ( forworn all persons from harboring said 1 apprentice at thc,r peril , ansi at Igr hat deseited williout the least provocation, I will give On* Cent Reward if deluded to 1 me in Louisa county, and no charges paid. JOS. ANDERSEN. i march 17. iri|._2,* ~ s W&K T~iJa L L for llEXT. UNDER an order O' the Superior t.'uiirt of Chanrery f >, the Richmond District, made onthe Rth day of Ftbrua far, !8sr,, mtbc cntcof D ridge va. Oliver. I shall on Tuet day the *8lh day ot this month, Ma, c b. at King Wn. rmirth mse Idler for lent, until the fust day of .fsnuair, 1*27 that aeell known and desnable farm called “ Ka«*t Hall” It iog on pa munlsey River, itiKir.g William count v ■, reset vin.; (he right of J'cT fojeed * crop of small grim ,iu the : fallof 1139, lie ml with approved security will be. required. | . - J. GUEftRANT, M. 9. C. C. H. l>. I M»W> IT.______or hit deputy. 101—1,| N’Oi'Ji’lvIS hereby giveu tha* there tie vacant CELLS ,n • be Lunatic Hospital m the City ,.f Williamsburg, for the recepurso rf ualicnts in both drparlments.gnale in-J female. Uy or Jet of the Court of Director,, _ „„ LtuXARO HENLEY.C. f). V'x.p. n _CONGRESSIOWAL. house of representatives, March 2, (j, 1S2G. ON MR. McDUFFIE’S RESOLUTIONS. Mr. KTEVENSUN’S SPEECH—continued. riiat part of the resolution which recommended the establishment of a “ Firm National Govern ment ’ was rejected by all the States, and they de clared in favor of a Federal Government Ma«.y of them limited their deputies to” the sole and ex press purpose of revising and amending the articles ol Confederation.” Your own State Mr. Chairman, (Delaware) expressly provided [so jea lous was she upon the subject of her own>sovcr eign'y and fearful of a National Government j that the 5th article of the confederation, which guaran tied to each State one vote in her federal character, should not be touched. (See Juurnnl of Conven tion page 33.) Here then the first movement on the part of the People and the States, was for a federal Government based upon the Stale Govern ment. Now, sir, let us look to the Journal of the Con vention, which has been recently published, and we shall find, that there the first and great battle j was fought between the advocates of a National . and t ederai Government. It was for some time i doubtful which would succeed, but at last the Na tional plan was abandoned, and all the Resolutions \ for a “ National Government”—a “ National Le gislature” —a” National Executive” —and a “Na -jfunal Judiciary,” were amended, and “ Tiie Go vernment of the United States,” “ The Congress of the United States,” ” The President of the United States,” and the “ Judiciary of the United States,” tv ere substituted; and in the address of the Convention, submitting the Constitution to , Congress and the People, it is declared to be a ‘‘ 1’ ederai Government for the United States.” The States are represented, in this address, as in fact they were—Separate, Sovereign Powers, having no relation to eaclt other, but that which resulted trout the voluntary compact. Here, in the work of the Convention itself, it is admitted to be a Fed eral, and not a National Government.— [See Journal of Convention, page 3G7.]—But how, Mr. Chairman, was it received and ratified: for it is to the ratification we must look for its true cha racter' The inquiry ought to be. how did the Peo ple understand it, and what was titeir intention? because, as it was understood at the time, so nctst it be construed; it being a clear principle of morali ty (as well as of justice,) that no party can be obliged be\ond his intent, at the time of the contract. [Vattel, p. 14iT) Now, if we look to the Conventions of the States, we shall fin,I ilui taincd as to its chaiacter. It was feared by many tlwt it was a "masked monarchy,” calculated to sweep down the State Governments, ami destroy the liberties of tlie People. It was opposed, on ; these grounds, in most of the State Conventions, with distinguished ability and zeal, and in none snore so than in that of Virginia. It was sust.'-ined : ^nd vindicated, upon the ground that it wis a Fed- . eral Compact, based upon the existence aud sove reignty ot the States. There was no power in these Conventions to amend—the question was, Ratifi cation and Union—Rejection, or Disunion. Most ' of them, however, ratified, with protests and de-| claratory amendments; and he would detain the Committee, fora moment, whilst he referred to the terms of some of these ratifications. In Massachusetts—" That it he expressly de clared, that all powers not expressly delegated bv j the aforesaid Constitution, are to be reserved ro ■ the respective States, to be by them exercised.” | In South Carolina— " That the States, respect ively, do retain every power not expressly dele gated by this Constitution to the General Govern ment of the Union.” In Virginia—" That each Stale in the Union shall respectively retain every power, jurisdiction, and light, which is not by this Constitution delegat ed to the Congress of the U. States, or to the De paitments of the Federal Government.” In J\'cw Hampshire—"That it be expressly declared, that nil powers not expressly delegated by this Constitution are to be reserved to the res pective Slates, to be by them excrciso,].” Here, then, in these solemn acts ol ratification by the People, and to which the Constitution onu its being, it was considered as federal, and the States were recognized as parties, and all rights not ex- i prcssly delegated were reserved to them in their i political and sovereign characters. Hut how did the first Congress which met under the new Government consider it. and it will be re collected by the committee that many of the most eminent men, who had bepn in the Convention of 1787, passed into the Congress of I7SU? I lie amendments offered by Mr. Madison were i declared by hitm-to be for the purpose of allaying the jealousy and quieting the fears of the States, in relation to the federal character of the Constitution and for the better security of rights not sufficiently guarded. The Constitution had been ratified by e . leven States in the Union, tinder the most solemn assurances given by its friends, tiiat amendments would be made by Congress, and it was with a view to rjpr.ove objections and render it acceptable to the People, that the amendments by Congress, in 17S9, were passed. The last of those amendments i« in these words: “ The power not delegated to die U. Stales by the Constitution, not prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the People. That these amendments were intended to allay the jealousy of the States would appear conclusively by the cap tion of the resolution of that Congress, recommend ing the amendments, viz: '• The Conventions of a number of the States having at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive | clauses should be added;” and, as extending the ground of pnblie confidence in the government would best ensure the I -neficent end of its insti tution; resolved, &c. [See Journal Conv, p. 4S6. j I And, Mr. H. said, it was after ihe^e amendments j were adopted that the States considered themselves | secure in those great points on which they had been most jealous. But it is said that the Constitution itself furnish es the highest evidence that it was not established | by the States, but by the American Peopie, and | that it opens with a .clear annunciation of the fact, I in the words, “ li'e the people of the U. States j da ordain and establish this Constitution fir the , U. States of America.” [Sec preamble to the Constitution.] I shall now proceed to a conclu sive refutation of this error, in relation to the the ory and character of our Government. Thisargu ment on the preamble has been so often resorted to, Mr. Chairman, for the purpose not only of show ing that the Government was national rather than federal, but for the purpose of enlarging its powers in opposition to those of the States, that I shall be pardoned by the committee whilst I detain them for a few moments on this part of the subject. It is admitted by me that the Constitution was formed by the American People, but not as one consolidated People or Natimi; but as distipet and independent societies of freemen; not as the People ! of the thirteen States united in one body, but as the ' peopleof thirteen distinct and independent stums. I There was no meeting of an Americas nation in a I Convention to form a Constitution, but tbe repte ' sedatives of eovcrrgn aad jaJependeat soffaties. I AH tlie elements of political power possessed b' the People of ihe states, and the states as politica i bodies, be tore the Constitution was formed, \ver< never t used into one homogeneous mass, to be after wards re-modelled and re-distributed by one na tion. The general Convention of 1767 were the limited deputies of states only, appointed, not at the gentleman from New 1'ork, (Mr. Slorrs) sup posed, by the people, through conventions, hut by t ic Stale Legislatures, and invested only with the po.\er to propose a plan; and, indeed many of the Mates, as I have already shown, confined tiie de puties to (he “ sole and exclusive purpose’’ of a meudmg the Confederation. The State Conven tions which ratified the Constitution had only the power of ratification or rejection. When, tbere ore, the w ords, “ li e the people of the United u es, were used in the Constitution, it never could have been intended by its wise fiamers to mean more than the People of America, a-form ed in’o instinct ami independent political societies. •’ °’v’. *’ee» gentlemen to taku the Constitution in their hands, anil fol’su v me, step by step, whilst 1 demonstrate, by its provisions, that’ it is based upon the existence and sovereignty of the States, and is. in its character, legitimately federal. ^rst’ as to ,,ie House of Representatives, tins House is ihe only departure from the federal principle, and was intended to be the popular icatuie in this Government. Now, by whom are the members of this House elected? By electors , tne most numerous branch of the State Legis dtures. Hete the tight ot suffrage i- placed on »ifferent grounds, li the Constitution had been the act ot an American People, ns one, why n-t uniformity in the creation of this llouse^ The an swer is obvious. It being the act of distinct and independent States, in their political characters, the right °t suffrage was permitted to remain as set tled by the respective Sta-es. .Sir, this House is based upon the existence of the State Legislatures, and without State Governments there can be no Mouse ot Representatives! To know who are the electors ot this House, you must ascertain who arc tne electors of the State Legislatures. If there be no State Legislatures, there can be no electors for the House ot Representatives, and consequently nrt House of Representatives. Again; each State is to have one Representative on this lloor, no matter how small the number of her population may be; and why? As a security for State so veitignty. Look, sir, to the provisions in tela non to the Senate? From what souice do they eurinirr Th* strain t ._ . . . J -Uiiu li.icmicu IU represent a.one State sovereignty; and there is an express denial in the Constitution of any power to amend so as deprive the Slates of their equal suf frage in that branch of the Government. So, too were tho e clauses requiting the concurrence ol three-iourdm of the States iu amendments; givir" to each State two electors for President, and di recting (be ultimate election in this House, by State.-. They were all intended as safeguards oi kia:e sovereignly. Again. The second section of the fourth article provides, “That citizensof each Staf£ shall be en titled to aH the privileges and immunities of citi zens in the respective States.'* Now, jf all the States were, by the adoption of this Constitution and Government, consolidated into one, there could have no necessity for a provision of this character. Ski.again; there is anolher clause m the Consulutiorwijjich provides, that Congress shall exercise legislation,' in all cases, within the ten miles squaro. i’his power was deemed essential to preserve tlie authority and dignity of the Gen era! Government; but if the Stales were formed by the Constitution into one entire Government, then tire supreme legislative power would extend itself to every part of the Union, and though the States might have a subordinate legislative power, yet all would be under the controlling sovereignty of the United States, in ail things; and if so, this provi sion would have been wholly unnecessary. The v *ioJe character of the Constitution, then, shows that the Slates were partis* to it in their sovereign and political characters. [Upon tins point, .Mr. .S. read the following pas sage from the Federalist, 1st vral. 236-7, 300: “The Constitution is tobe founded on the assent and ratification of the People ol America, given bv deputies elected for the special purpose, but the assent -and iatilicatiou is tobe given by the People, not as individuals composing one nation, but as composing distinct and independent States. “ That it will be a federal and not n national act, as these terms are understood l>y the objectors, the act of the People as forniin** ho many iurie pendent States, not as forming one aggregate na tion, is obvious, front ibis single consideration, that it is to result neither from a decision of a majority of the People of the Union, nor a majority of the States; it must result from the unamuiou! assent of the States who are the parlies io it. “ Uacb Stale, ia ratifying the Constitution, i> considered as a sovereign body, independent of al! others, and only bound by its own voluntarj act. It will be a federal and not a naliona “ The State Governments nrp to be regarded a constituent and essenlial parts of the Federa Government, whilst the latter is in no wise es sential to the operation or organization of the for incr.” He read, also, extracts from the resolutions o Virginia and Kentucky in 1793, and the celebratet report of Mr. Madisoi.;, which he said was con sklered as the Magna Ghana upon which the Re public settled down after great struggle of ’99. The. principles of this reffert, he said, had beei justly characterised as sustaining equally the righti and powers of the States, and the safety and in dependence of the Union. For its truth, pmspicui ty, and moderation, it probably had never beei surpassed. So far, then, Mr. Chairman, as to thi manner in which this Constitution was formed submitted, and ratified, I contend that the State were parlies lo it in their sovereign and politico characters, and reserved lo them-elves all thi right* and powers not delegated to this Govern ment. I come now to the third proposition, which is that the election of President of the United State wan one of the most important rights intended 10 bi secured to the States jin their political aud federa Character, and to be exercised according to tin interest* and sovereign pleasure of each ,Siate. And here, sir. 1 am ihet by the propositions o the honorable ge/itlcman from South Carolina, tha the election was to spring from an immediate sc of tlie American People, That it was usurpatioi in the State Government* and legislatures to ap point elector*, and that voting by district* was lh< only mode intended by the Constitution, and ought therefore, lo be made uniform. f shall deny a) these proposition*, nt Icait in the extent they hav< been laid down, and shall endeavor to show, iat That thi* right Of appointing electora is a federa right, and may be exerciser! by the .State Govern ments, or sny other body, whom tho Legislaturr shall authorize to appoint, and that it was so in tended by the framers of the Constitution, and un der»tood lthe People; and 2d, That if I an wrong in thi* opinion, and the right to appoint ii alone in the People, jet it is the People, aseiti zens of separate and distinct political societies and tha», in either ease, the amendment of the lion orablegen'lemau from South .Carolina, goes to id pair greatly, if not defeat, the right. T Let us £:*: examine ’.he question, upoa tb words of the Constitution, apart from all externa I evidence. The article in relation to the appoint ment ol the President, is in the following words: ** Li/cA State shall appoint,in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of elec tors, equal t6 the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which such State may be enti tled in Congress.” I o enable us to understand this section, we mw ascertain the meaning of the word State. Plie gentleman from South Carolina, argued that, i *n l|'*s section, if means People, from its gram matical import, and ^joth lie and the gentleman liom New Vork, contended that it exclusively -means People, wherever it is used in the Codstitu l In this opinio i, said Mr. S. they are certain i ly mistaken, and I --hall be enabled, I think, lo show, that, so far from its being u*-ed but in one tt'oy, and ns conveying one meaning, that it is used in many parts of the Constitution evidently i 1,1 different and various senses, according to the ; subject to which it is applied. j . Nbiw, the word St tu sometime* means por tions of territory occupied by Political Societies within it; sometimes, the pa.:icul«r Governments established by tliose Societies; sometimes those Societies, as organized into those Governments; and lastly, the Peopie composing these Societies, in their highest sovereign capacity. Let me illustrate this, by various parts of the d onstitution. d "he the second section of the 4th article— “An / J person charged with felony, t:c. who shall flee j from one State iiiltnciuMcr.” “No tax or duty shall be laiJ on articles ex [ ported from any State." No preference shall be given to the Ports of one State, over tliose qfanother.” “ ^ ° ve««l, bound from one Stale to another, shall L>e charged,” Sec. t lleie t,ip word State is evidently used, in -It these cases, as meaning Termory, and not People. .hi'ithcr clause.— *• No State shall enter into any Ireaty—grant lettei^of uir.rque and repiisal —coin money—emit bills of credit—pass any bili of attainder—ex post laeio iaw — or grant any title of nobility.” Here it means Government. Persons charged with treason against a State,” j '';c‘ Now treason is a violation of the duties of 1 allegiance to an established Government, holding . and exercising sovereign power, and there can be I ,,u treason, om against such authority. Herr, again, the word Stale was intended to tnc.»:» Government, and not People. I "lheie were numerous other provisions, scattered through the Constitution, Mr. S. said, in which State was used, “as applicable either to Territory, Government, or People.” Now, Sjr, I demand to know, how gentlemen assume the tact, that, in the authority to each state to appoint electors, the word'* State" »»««s,r,,,4ij means People. If the framers of the Constitution intended, as gentlemen suppose, to limit this power of appointment to the people, would they -not have used the words which must naturally have suggested themselves as peculiarly appropriate lor such an object—would they not have been “ The people of .each state shall appoint," Sec. Have 1 not a right to say, that these words would have been used, if such had been their in tention, from the phraseology of the precedingsce tioa of the Constitution in relation to the organi zation of the Hou-e of Representatives? This House, we all know, Mr Chairman, was intended as the popular branch of this Government, and to spring aimle front the Peoplej consequently, we find it secured by the words I have just supposed. They are—“ The House of Representatives shall he composed of members chosen by the People of the several states.”— Here the right of the Peo ple to elect, is expressly guarded, and not left to be inferred from the words” chosen bu the several States." Now, does it not seem strange, that, if the Elec tors of President were intended alike to spring*itn me.liately from '.lie People, and them alone; that in the succeeding clauee, the words “ the People” should have been diopped, and the words " each State," only retained? In such an instrument, Mr. Chairman, as this Constitution, so remarkable for its brovitv, its comnrehcnsiveness, and its perspicuity, and so fc ! batons in its language and composition, can we | believe that if its wise framers intended to limit the exercise of this power alone to the People, they would not have expressed it, in direct and i guardad terms? Jf, on the contrary, it was in | ,tnf,-‘l by them as a Federal, rather than a popular ! r,Bht» antl IO be left to the States in their political | characters, to be exercised according to their into | rests anti pleasure, is not the language of the (W ! "titution just what it ought to have been, and both : clear and explicit ? i a further illuFralion, I heg the attention of j the Committee to the peculiar phraseology of a ■ part of tlie 8th section of the 1st article of the < an •dilution. “ Congress kliuit lina i.m. .. i. . __: j. * lor organizing, arming, ami disciplining the militia, I and for governing such part of them as may be ■ employed in the service of the United Slates; re • serving to the States, respectively, the uj point ment of thr officers." f Now, sir, can there be a doubt, that tlie word I State was here used as synonymous with Govern ment; and has not every State Government in the Union so constmeJ it and appointed their militia officers; and if it is to be understood in this part o; the Constitution, in relation to the appointing power, why may it not be so, in another part as to the same power—if as to one officer, why not a« to another? Where, in point of fair and Jum construction, is the difference^ I ask it t<, be shown. Sir, it does not exist. These is nothing to justify the assumption on the other side, and it is wholly gratuitous. That it was not intended, I as gentlemen suppose, to be confined to the f’eo. pie, Mr. Stevenson said he would proceed to show, from authority which ought to be conclusive; it was the authority of the Convention itself—and it was really curious, as well as interesting, to mark tli' history of that clause in the Constitution, concern ing the election of the President. With no part of the whole plan yoi there so much difficulty and trouble, as with that. The first proposition which was offered in thr 1 Convention was by .Sir. Edmund Randolph, ol Virginia. It was “ Thut u .National Executive hr. appointed by the. JValional Legislature." j This was on the first of June, ’87. Mr. Wilson (hen proposed to amend, by striking out “National Legislature,’’ and insci ling " Dis tricting the Union.” This proposition the Con vention refused to consider, and never did consi der. On the 9ih June Mr. Gerry moved to amend, by substituting for the “ National I,*gi-«lalure,” tin words •* the Executives of the several S'atps.”* Lost : ten States against it : one divided. On the 17th June, the resolution wxs reporlet from the Committee of tbe Whole, to the House It wa* then moved to strike out “ National Lc gislature,” and insert " the People of the T'utec States,” Lb*t : 9 to 1. Then, “ by Electors chosen by the State L»gis latures. Lost 9 to 2 The resolution for the appointment being uait by Coogress, was then unanimouty agree 1 to. Oa U»* Uhhof Jaly C'l. It was then proposed to strike out “ NatiorfS Lg'dature ” and insert «• by Electors chosen by the State Legislatures;" and carried, 8 iu 2. July 21 —again re-considered, and the “ Nation - a! Legislature,” substituted for tLe State I e"isl t tures,” by u vote of 7 to 4. * ° I’he whole subject was then referred to a Com mittee of detail, (of live metnbeis,) who reported that the I resident should be elpcled by the " Le gislalure” [Congress.] It was moved in the Cojnmittce of the Whole to strike out “ Legislature” ami insert “ People »» Lost 9 to 2 Then by <* Electors chosen b„ the I cn/.lc ij the States." Lost. Then by EUc~ i torn. t)n the.list cm August,theelause,nstothecli.‘c tiou of President, was referred to a committee of eleven, [one from each State, called the Committee oi < ompruuuse,] and they reported the existing provision, in the ConMitutinn, that “ each State should appoint as its Legislature might direct.” I These, Mr. Chairman, were the proceedings m the Convention, upon.that part of the Constitution , which reiatcs to the appointment of the President l and so far hum war,anting the proposition assumed I Honorable gentleman from South Carolina, th.it the J eon It were only intended lo appoint c.iectors, they prove, most clearly, that the riel * was intended to be given to the States. ° Can any man, upon a view of these proceed - ugs hesitate tt. believe that the Convention con sidered the right as federal, and not popular ' Sit i the indications are loo clear to be resisted. * j Put it may be said that tire reconsideration, anU bnnl ■ * lection, oi the proposition allowing the Sfato legislatures to appoint, is at least a negative ar- > j B,,n,out. that they were not intended to’ e\e-c;se the right, *C'Se I *V- thought not; and the reason wa, obvious I Ah* LonrrnUr determined to vest the right of an" pointing Liecfcrs in the States, and having done I theu *° !»»ve confined the exercise of the right ; ...one to the State Legislatures, would not only i ivc been a limitation aud lestiiction of the right i ‘!ut wou,J hav,e produced jealousy and dissatisLc’ ; non amongst the States. It was, therefore. de£n ! eJ !‘fde!*t lo vesl «be power in ” each State, to b ! *!xercmed according to its sovereign will. I. tor tbis reason, clearly, that the words “ Slat* Legislatures,” we,.- not retained, as was at tirsc proposed. “ ..... u™, reniartceu, that a rolemr.orane - otis exposition of any instrument, and especially br tlio.e who had an agency in its formation Iras al ways been deemed, and was in fact amongst tho best guides to ascertain its true meaning, and e~, pecully on those subjects, where the real ii.quirv as to what the intention of .he parties to the in strument was. Now, -sir, said Mr. S. I win Dm I veed to lay before the committee the opinions ard j “v,d<jnc.e nu,ny the mest distinguished m»,‘. | m relation to this part of th» /*-n*mufionf men . — I'wouU •— to deceive, and who it was not possible! could be mistaken; and I shall not hazard too much when I say, that if U,e high, est and most conclusive evidence of intention is or ought to weigh, then I will place the question beyond the reach of doubt. Here Mr. S. read the following passages • [ From l?r Federalist, p. 258 •• The Ex ecu live power will be derived from a very compound source. I he immediate election of the President is to le made by the States in. their political cha racters. The votes allotted to them are in a com* pound ratio, which considers them partly as dis tinet and coequal societies; partly as quequal mem . uers ol the same Bociety.** 1 Fed. p. liOtl. “ Without the intervention Oi , ®!al‘e,n.1^u,atur.es the President cannot be Uccted . Fiiey niu»t, in all cases, have a share in Lis appointment, and will, prrhap« jn most cases, of themsclees determine it ” * ’ /• rom 2d vot. of J. Dickerson's j cork, p ,‘■*•1 , tie celebrated letters of Fabius, published in ’88 t , "c™8,oned ly an alarming hesitation in soma , ot the States to ratify the Constitution. “ The ! ,Fl e*iden‘ 1S t,0{ lo be chosen by (he People at laree • ; but by electors chosen by each State, as r‘ e Lc*is’ lature may appoint. As the electors are to be appointed a» the legislature of each State may di - rect, the fairest and freest opening isgiven for such State- to choose such electors as shall be most »j<» . nally qualified to fulfil the trust M n r‘nJHi>r °f ‘mm n'7sa,l> He Pennsylvania Convention.- x he President of the United .States is to be ciiosf-n by electors appointed in the differ ent States; and uidcs, there be Legislatures to appoint Electors, the President cannot be chosen 1 ho convention were perplexed with no j art of li.e plan .so much as with the mode of choosing tire President of the United States.’’ “ j Speech of Mr. Hamilton, in .Veto York Ccn , vent ion. “ If the State Governments were to b© i abolished, (lie question would wear a very different : ispeem They are absolutely necessary to the sv . tein. This e.vl.tei.r-o r.-.u.t .. I i: . * '. i £f® in the most perfect Constitution we could form Jin l mini i.i dependent on (hr will of (he Stale Government* for if. Chief Magi,hole and i s Senate. Speech Of Kr. Adams, h, tJ,c Massachusetts Convention. “The President and Scuotoi arc to Pc chosen by the State Legislatures.” Spec,hi of Mr. (Ire n/, in the Congress of ’SI) on the bill for regulating the Executive Depart rnen:s. “ It has been urged by some gentlemen that the President will be the man of the People and tiieir particular representative. Notv, how can this J warrant lire strong terms iu which it has been i serPd, when the President may be elected by EJec ! lore,appoint(d hi/ the Slate Legislature ?” Speech of Mr. Jackson, on same, subject. “ Hut the President may he elected' by ejector appointed by the State Legislatures.’" Speech of .Mr. Baldwin, on sarpe subject.— “ The President is to bo appointed by Elector [ chosen by the People, or appointed by the Stale ] Legislatures." Now, Sir, is it not conclusive from these autl.o, j ritics, that the Con vent inn Intended to give the ap pointment of Electors to ih" S ates, j.nd that U.o j Legislatures were considered ns having the power i to make the appointment ? That they were givin - ! to the .States, through their Legislatures, * wis« | and salutary chock upon the President, instead of j making him responsible to the People as a consoli • I1 datrd nation ? ® , How. tli'-n, lathe g« ntleman from South C^roli - | na justified in dcitouiicing this as * bold usurpation ! hv the Legi latuies, wholly unwarranted by th j Constitution, and never l.'muyht of by its framers, 1 or the People? ^ The ri^ht -gun exercised, uaid AI, j S. in many of the States iuimedialely efter" th*i adoption of the Constitution: and in no Sale in j the Union so often, probibly, as in South Caroli na! Would the People of that patriotic State, and 1 those r. ho formed the Constitution, have looked on I St HO glaring on act of usurp if ion oo the part of the State Legislature*, if they had not know n that j the row ur was rightfully exem»ed, according io ♦he principles of the C'onatiuriton, auJ the wn-htti of flic People. Sir, it is impossible ? But, ifnei'het the Government nor the Legis]* tures of the States, have the rightful power to ap point electors, and it i* with the People, yet th.# amendment for districting ought ®ot to prevail, i T ahall now proceed to-ahow. However the honorable geaUeman horn Ucjln a ad m/xcl/tt.a7 J’jjsr ia o:hv; j»rpcc.».