Chicago eagle. [volume], December 23, 1916, Image 2

About Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??

Image provided by: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library, Urbana, IL

                
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entered ns Second Class Matter October 11. 1889, at the Post
Office at Chlcaao, Illinois, under Act ot March 3, 1879.
INDEPENDENT IN ALL THINGS, NEUTRAL IN NONE.
E itered ni Secord C'iss Mitter
Offire .it Chici'", IMitif s in
Octrter v
der Act c'
it s P st
TWKtfTY-EH.IITII VKAH, (). 1. 5.
CLIROAGO, SATURDAY, Dl-Clttl l.KH l!!., 1 !M (.
Sixteen Pages.
SNCU.I! COPY
nvtcuvis
WIICXLI-: XUMlSKIt 1,1 is
Vw'
ssssscas----
BRUNDAGE LEADS
Popular New Attorney General is Now
the Main Controlling Force in Cook
County Republican Politics.
IMwurd .1. lriiiulim Is the control
ling power In Huiuilillcnn Cook Coun
ty politics. Ills followers nnil friends
have Ktiltioil control of tlio Cook
county central committee, IiiivIiik
majority vole ocr tins Dcneen mill
Thompson forces combined.
Thin vnn disclosed when the llrst
lest volt- was rceotiled by (lit' county
'oiiituU(c( since thn recent election
on the reolutloti to iluiup nil the
county, tit, mul state patronage into
one basket.
Cutler the prluniry law the wuril
eoiniiiltteoinun Iiiih :i IoIiiI voting
strength on the coiiuiy connulitee oi
me vote lor each llfty votes cant for
governor anil one aililitlonul vote lor
each precinct In the ward.
The big vole thai Louden polled In
the wards where Hie neutrals elected
thulr committeemen, the Una) olllclal
llgures show, gives tlio neutrals a inn
Jorlty of sixty of the voUiik stiengtli
of the entire coiiuiy:
The levised figures ale:
Nun I nils :!s -
Thonipsou i'.:!"!
Deneen 1 .!' I
Necessary to choice '',"S2
Neutral majority (il
The illxtt tctf controlled by the neu
trals In m living al tlio total are the
six country town districts mid the
following wards:
Third. Klghth. Kleventh, Klghtcenlh,
Tweni -llrst. Twenty-second. Twenty
llllnl. Tvventy-lnillth. Twelll.vllflb.
Twellt -sixth. Tw cut -seventh. Tvven-ly-nlnth.
and Thliiysecond.
The Thompson wauls me
rirst. Second. I'ouiih. Ninth. Tenth.
Twelfth. Thirteenth. PoiirtoenHi. Nine
teenth. Twentieth. Thlii.v-llrst, ThlHy
third. Thln.N-fimith. and Thlrt.v-lliih.
The Pelieen wards:
I'lflb. Sixth, Seenth. Sixteenth.
Seventeenth. i'woiit.v-i'lghth. and i'hlr-
lletll.
Tlie icxulutliin providing tor tin
Jack-potting'' ill the patronage was
adopted hv a vote nl L".i In '!. Count
Itecoidei Haas was not present and
K. It. I.lt.lllgor. member of the liiilild
of levlew, did not vole. The other
six Heiieeil meli conteUiled tlllit mole
time should In- given In consider the
matter. The lesolutlon was drawn l
llmiiuhigc. Iloiuei K. (iulpln, Wlillani
W. Weber, and V II. Held. Hie hitler
lepreseiitlnu ihe city hall.
This committee was aiithni ied n
wall on all ihe new Itepubllcan conn
ly ollklals and asieilalu wlieiher thev
will put ihelr puiinuiigo inlo one pot
lor a dlvl-lnn cipiliiilil" among all
faction) Mr Haas will mil u-tinn
beioie the forepart ol in t miiuih
MONEY FOR ALDERMEN
Appiiipiliiiiiu- mi (ouucll commit
lees have lii i II i Ul apprei labl , while
Ille $l'.i,ni'ii whlili Hie Chit ago plull
commission got this ear and the
S'Jl.omi which li nuked lor neM ear
Ihe conunltiee lias Used for I'.Hi at
JlO.IIIIU.
A llhi is almost certain to come
up In ihe council when the limine! Is
considered oer the question ol alilel
manic salaries. Il a bale maJoilt
Ihe council last spilim oted thai al
lieimell sliould rucelMi the lillill at
lowed b the stale law. which is
$:i,."iiill a cm Theil plesent salar Is
$:!,lli)ii.
When Hie council consider the
IiiiiIkcI one M'l of aldelllieu Is likely
to try to boost Ihe aldei manic pay to
f:i,:.uu, wlille another set will tr to
lubclml the $."iiiii sularj raise null
mince of last spring.
OPEN THESE STREETS
AND HELP CHICAGO
Klglit million dollars of new street
extensions, widening and connections
mo In prospect lor the great West
Side district of Chicago as a result
of action laken by lliu Chicago Plan
Commission. Tlio wink will uimk tlio
lli-bt unlohling of the Plan of Chicago
In its aim for belter tiallic coiullilons
throughout the West Side.
If tho plans oillclally brought for-
FOUNDED 1889
Largest Weekly Circulation Among
People of Influence and Standing
ward for prompt action by the city
authorities prevail, the following no
table street projects will be carried
out:
OKilen avenue will be extended
from 1'nlon Park on the West Side to
Lincoln Park on the North .Side, at
a width of Ins feet. The new diag
onal thoioughliire will terminate at
Lincoln Park at (lie root of Lincoln
avenue. Kstlmated cost, $l,rl!i.iinO.
North Ashland avenue will be
opened ns a through tralllc way con
necting tlio Ninth anil West Sides by
a new viaduct and bridge connection
across the north brunch of the river.
It will lieiome a luo-foot stieet be
tween Cortland street mul l-'ullurtou
UNflitlo. The estimated cost, includ
ing the bridge, Is $l,-7r.,ono.
In addition the plan commission
directed Its olllcers and technical
stmT to complete plans for opening,
widening and extending both Itobey
street mul Western avenue through
out the city. Ashland avenue Is to
lie opened, alini, on the South Side
through to the city limits.
These tbiee thoroughfuics are
planned to provide much u led new
connections between the North, West
ami South Sides. The estimated cost
or the itoliey stieet connections, using
subways at the tlvcr crossings, Is
$:,,7nu,(M'u tmlng viaducts and bridges.
JB.I'IS.s.-Vmi
NO DRY PRIMARY
NEXT SPRING
Political h-aileiH wlihoiii reganl to
Ihell lemiings on the saloon question
have awakened to the tact that sub
mission of tin- Hr Chicago Cedent
linn's proposition In the Mitels In the
spilng ot I'iin might seilously inter
feie with It'gular politics. Therelol'e
the aie liacMuu iiwiij from the Idea,
which previously hail round much
fimir, ol iiiImiiii lug the prlmaiy lor
state and county olllies Horn Scptcm
Imi 10 prll Thc, tear to IiimiIvo
the Culled States scuntoi ship and
Hid legislative iioinlnailoiis In a "wet"
and ' di ' campaign
ANYTHING BUT STUDY
l llll-1lll.il IVII. 1111' lll''ll "I'll- llf ,ilfllll-
. il in Hue with the suggestion of .la
nh vl. I.oeh, lii Ills Inaugural ad
ill 1 s :s pioHlilcni ol the hoaid iif udu
i .11 101 . The. are.
.lohu W. Kilihaii. chilli man ; .MaJ.
Abel Davis. I'liht lul'auiry, Illinois
national guaid. ('apt Itaymonil Hhel-
lini. I'. S. A.. M11J. Pi oil lllnyuo.,
ihlef nuiucou. Seciuiil lulatitry. Illi
nois national guaid; In. Ihull (!.
llliKiii, lilshop Samuel l-'allnvvs, Den
nis P. ImIIv. IMuanl .1 Piggolt, ICr
ne-t I Kiuelgeii. Chmles S I'l'leisoil.
.lollli D lioop and Pie-ldilit l.neb,
1 uMii u
ALDERMEN SAVED
POOR CITY EM
PLOYES SOAKED
More Mian a fouilll ol Chicago's
policemen and llreiuen may have to
he laid oil nest uiiiuih, Complioller
lilie said, wlille a huge number of
stieet lights i haw to lie aban
doned iluiitig .luuiinr.v. The city conn
ill will have lo amend meeting Us
retrenchment nidluauce adopted In
onler to movent a I'ouiih of the alder
men from Joining the tank of unem
ployed city olllcials (lining the mouth
of .luuiinr.v
.Mr Pike told .Mayor Thompson
that he called upon Chuirmmi Iticheit
of iho Iluance committee lo ask him
whether oue-l'outth of the alderiiieii
or whether all of them should be laid
oil' without pay uoxt mouth for a week.
"Tho oiillmiucc passed last Wednes
day plainly provided thai ouc-fouith
of tlio expenditures In every blanch
of the city government must bo saved
next mouth, the saving to be based
on tho amount spent by the various
branches last .laiiuai)," explained
Comptroller Pike. "Thereforo it cer
tainly applied to the aldermen tliem
hulveH, Aid. lllcheit ni timidly In
formed me that (lie council will have
lo adopt mi amendment at Its next
session exempting 'ihleimeu, the
mayor, tlio city clurk, the. city treas
urer, municipal Judges and all other
elective ollicors of the city govern
ment." "That means then that civil service
employes and others of the more
poorly paid men and women working
for the clt.v must lie laid off In even
greater numbers In order to permit
elective olllcers who are more highly
paid, to get their full salaries," in
terposed .Mayor Thompson.
COOK COUNTY IN 1916
County Agent William II. IChe
inann repot Is tlio county gave rolluf to
:i!t,(!(Mi poor persons and to lo.onn poor
families during tho jour; $2in,uon was
expended on outdoor tellef, SiMH.OOo
paid to vvldovvs with largo families
and $LM,miO to tho blind.
Jury Commissioners During the
year :',fi,:iir men were drawn for Jury
service. Of these 17,'JHi served,
Illinois
ILL' Id were, excused, L',17," made no
answer, I '.hi weto not summoned,
1,110 weie not louiid and 77," proved
lo be exempt.
County Court Clerk Hubert M.
Sweller repoits mi lnciea.-e of nearly
::iiii Insanity cases, :i.17 applications
lor help by the blind, deaf and dumb
and the feehle-mimled, and a deciease
of !M pauper and suppoit cases during
lit Hi.
County Civil Service Commission
notes a marked decrease in Hie iiuiu
her of applicants for pnMHotis of com
moil giades, owing lo larger demand
for such labor ami higher 111 ices nahl
thcicfor In Iho competing commercial
sei vlie. It asks for a comprehensive
civil service act for the count.
County Treasurer Henry Stitckart
leports Ihe rnuiity'H revenue from Ills
ollico In the way of interest leturued
was $7l':i,uOO, whereas the total ap
pioprhitlous by the county hoard for
the maintenance of the olllce for tho
year was $111,1)11
TO APPOINT
TREASURER AND
CITY CLERK
radical tcnrg.illllitmtl if the c it .
financial linn hllien w,i tei nmiiii iiiIkI
to ih" council finance (nmmiHie i
AM. II. I). Capital!!' subcommittee
on cdiimdld.itliiii.
The proposed program a worked
out h.v the iluance committee talf
litovldes for creating tho elective
nlllce of city auditor ami making the
ollices of city treasurer and city clerk
appointive Instead of elective. I'll
der this scheme the auditor would
serve as a check on the treasiiier, who
would bo appointed by the mayor and
have charge of nil llnmiclal depart
ments, Including the controller's olllce
and the collector's olllce.
Aid. Capitaln, who is pushing the
scluuue, sa It will niaUe for econo
my and a shorter ballot.
HOYNE WILL ENFORCE
CIVIL SERVICE LAWS
Slate's Attorn llo.vne made mi
announcement In keeping with one
of his campaign plcd'T. It has to
do with honest administration of the
city civil service law. The county
ptosectttor says he has assigned
Charles C. Case, one of his assistants,
to look after prosecutions of criminal
violations of the city civil service.
.Mr. Case lias headquarters on the
fifth floor of the county building,
where complaints of violations of (he
municipal civil service may lie lodged.
'it has been the policy of .Mr.
Iloyne to promote elllcleuey by as
signing cases of a similar natiite to
the same assistant Ktato'a attorney,"
EDWARD J BRUNDAGE,
New Attorney General and Republican
said .Mr. I'ttm1 "In Mils connection,
however, il should he understood that
the olllclal duties of the state's attor
ney relate oul.v to violations ol the
criminal code. o. although 1 shall ho
glad to lihteu to ,111. complaints made.
el 1 must coulllio 111. service.- to
those cases In which the evidence
show tlie iiiuimisslnu ol a cilme."
PITY THE POOR
TAXPAYER
All taxable pi open. in Cook county
Is valued at $.i.:il.Vill,7,.)l, according
to figures iei elved by the county
hoard through the count. v clerk
from the vat Ion.- lax levying and tax
extending bodies. On the basis of an
average lax rate of $ii.:!u on each $H)0
of assessed valuation, which N one
third the full value, taxpa.vurs next
1 111 will pa.v taxes approximating
$i;ii,'ion,s.:o,
LOWDEN
(xovernor-Elect Will Recommend Consol
idation of a Large Number of State
Departments for Better Efficiency.
Ciovcinor-elect Prank (). Lnwdrn
proposes to gioup all of the agencies
of the slate government Into ilepail
incuts. "I am having outlines of consolida
tion bills prepared." said Colonel
l-owdon. "This does not menu that
all the detnlls will he winked out by
the time the leglslatuie convenes.
Hut the day utter I am Inaugurated
thete will lie leady bills which will
serve as a starting point for detailed
discussion.
"My plan is to have one uem'ial bill
that will provide for a moupluu of all
the agendo of state government tu
pervised by the governor Into seven,
eight or nine department. ThN bill
will be geneial In IN nature.
"Then I shall have as ninnv up
plemetital bills ax thete are depart
ments In the main hill. Thoe bills
will provide for the organl.atlou In
detail of the various ilcpuitmcnt."
Colonel l.ovvdeu is going rlulii at
Leader.
the needs nl the slate in his Inaugural
tin sbage as governor of Illinois.
The greater pan of the uiobsnge
will ho devoted to the governor elect's
piournm for the consolidation of over
lapping state bureaus ami commis
sion:.. He has served notice that
other legislation must wait lis turn.
Pollowiug out this idea, Colonel
Lowdeii piiihahl.v will touch lightly
mi various other (impositions to
which tlie Itepubllcan administration
Is pledged.
In Hue with Colonel Low den's an
uollliceiueut that tile 1 onsoliihitlon
hills in preparation under his direc
tion will he iiialul.v outlines of what
he desires accomplished, the me.-sago
will not attempt to set forth in arbi
trary manner bow all the changes in
the governmental slrui'tille should he
made.
Some of Colonel Low den's friend
regret that lie does not Intend to have
all details worked out boiort the m
slon convenes The liar that Mun
will be so ninn.v points in dispute that i
tin confetences of legislators planned I
by the goveruorelei t will drag along
through the entire M-ssion mid that
In the tush of the tl llill weeks the
bills will be slaughtered. I
Thai some of the llepubllcans will i
not shed nn tears If the proposed
consolidation Is not eireetod, thus
avoiding tin' elimination of numerous
Jobs. Is well known. The Democrats
111 the legislature piedlcl posltlvelv
that Hie Itepubllcan organization will
J go to pieces and that Detinicratlc
voles will he needed to pass the ad
ministration measures
Coventor Dunne Is piepailng .1 far- '
well messaue for in.iimiit.itiiiii d,i
Tills lilfsN.lgi- will In !,iui j review
of thi 1.11 tour vi, im .mil will lint
attempt to make tn.inv rci mtiietiil.i
Mull- lot Mn rutiifi
GOV. DUNNE FOR JUDGE
A dispatch fiom Washington. D. c.
sa.s Moveiiior Diiinie ol lliluols. wlio
will letlie from olllce eail. In .lauii
ary, and Atioiue.v K. C, Kramer of
Hast Si. I.ouls me olated for federal
Judgeship It Cougiess passes the
pending hill iiiithotiliic the president
to appoint additional Jud-cn to as.d.t
then' over T" enr who lefuse to
take ndviintage of die retlr-nent
clause in tin' I'Xlsling statute
Mov Dunne, according lo rcpoit
lu-re. will be named b the President
IIS the colleague '! Illillle Knlils.l.lt
f (iilrauo. while Mr Kramer will l
appointeil to aid .Indue Wiinlit in 1 li'
Danville dlsirli't
I'tflorth .in in) beiiiu ninde i) Sen
.iter I., wis .md oMi.'t members a tin
III1110U ib'b liatli'ii to Ii.ivi- an .nidi
Mi tail I. ib lal 1 In-ill' i-H.itfil In -n.itli
'in lllinol- whli h wmhIiI pinMili tin
1 iiidu)' .11 Ka-l St lini.r in ,nliii.iiii
i mi, i' ,11 Danv ille
I' tile III-W tli I -llu'lbl b. . t . . 1 .
'.-li"d Mr Kr.im 1. It I- umb i-iuni
will be 111 1- I 11- ,1 1.1 w i'idt;i I ul n
not In- w 'II In I., mi ii , lull il .1- ml
1.1 lu.lv;. Wiliiht
GEORGE A. BABBITT .
FOR SECRETARY
lllllnt t I :: I ,1 .1- III I.. 1. 1 1.1
A II ll bill l!i. ii. an 111 w -.i,i,i'i 1
man. .Hi bopini' 1b.1t b. 'v ill I., ,ip 1
pe nli d 1 1 let. 11 ot 'I.. 1 it 1 i il
Sirvlie Comiiii ion iiinvei-iiv
i.idu.il' and 11 man ol wide pe
1 eace ami iiilluii' he would inaUi an
ul. nl nltb 1.1I Tin' list ol I'lliifbli mi
tin i.i i- mid. r tin rulcK ut tin imi!
Mli' ivpiii.l .iiii 1 1 1.1 1 1 ,il Vi ml. i
ill' r I1.1v iuu bi en II lib In. t .t
ii
i be o, b I- all Mleiie Iv ili'l .1
t ill one ' ( apt riittiu s.ibl. .imi
.111 alisloii- lo till ,1 H -pnii-lbh 111. 1.
1 do not liiii. i-t bum m ni.iv
iii I Tbeic .lit ,1 nillnbi I ill mhi I
men oti tlie obi llr-l an, Mn 1 Ii-i
iiiav tall on one 01 iln 111 m w - in iv
deem It w isi lo bold .1 in it lit 1 - Viinlii.i
lion.'
The ollli HIO- I- It . II, lilt .1 Ii w
davs ago on the le-iun.iMon ol Arthur
M Swau.-oii lii-i'.iiiM- oi ill In.ilili
The piitinii p.t v 1- ? " ,1 vi, 11 mid
Is regal tied .1- one nl the 1 IV ll I v Ii 1
plum-
CITY TO OWN ALL CARS
Pitlille- leiMidllit: llll.illil.il alld
ollli I' phase- ol the Wl-t problem nl
Ihe building ot Chicago- siibwa.v -u
t fin ami tlie animation and lecou
strucllon ol the -urlace and elevated
Hues have been Wol'kiil out Willi gloat
caie h.v tile lit.v's espelt sllbw.i.v and
traction ciiiuuiission Thc,v lorm the
basis ol Hie eiiiire plan ol the clt.v 's
experts, which is to go before the
illv to, nnil next Weilnesda.v, anil will,
in detailed lorm, constitute an appeu
lilX to Ille lepnll
cconling lo the espeils' estimates
if their ptoposals ami plans are tal
lied Ihlough. h.v tlie lime Ihe $Ji;n.
1 ,111111 is cpnndcil lor Hie cnrr.viug
out of tlie siihwii and transportation
pioblein lu ID III, the 1 11 'k Invt-t
uient of lis ''- per 1 cut Income 1 1 inn
Hie tiactioii properties plus the 111
dime 110111 iuietest dining the pi rind
up In that vein will amount to $11
ji.l ni 0 lin- wiih Mn $jn Him mo ni
tin tl.it 1 li-ii timl 'o It pul iiiin Mn
PLANS
prop riles in lari.vlut: out the new
plan will make thr iitvv investment
at that Mine $n. 1
GOV. ELECT LOW
DEN AND THE JOBS
tioveinot eb'i t Prank t Louden
made It plain to the lob hunters tb.it
the pat lounge pies will not be dp
until the consolidation and ecououiv
bills me in tho oven at Sprlngilcld
liofoii' departing for Slnlsslppl. hi
countl.v estate, til1 colonel Issued a
formal statement that so far he has
temleied appointments to only two
men. whose names are withheld lot
the picxent, and Mint he will not con
-Ider jobs ami appointments until tlie
constructive program of the fj. (). P
Pool In platform lilts tlio homestretch
lie siv- tlie people me moro toll
eel lied in leorgauiatloli of lilt1 state
muchlnct, than In tlie distribution 01
tlie political plums
So ventolin. be went to his fnnn
for the purpose f mapping out (lie
details 01 the Itepubllcan legislative
piogiaiii
JAIL FOR SPEAKEASY'S
pnssiiiiiitv ni ,1 pi niii ml. 11 v -. 1
1 1 In i- tn -ab 11 1I1 k. en 1 - Iiii I,- . ,
tin il d. 11 1 1- np.'li Suiiil iv - 1- tin 1
- iii lo that nil- ti-i M mo Thuii 1
-I'll del lilted
iin le ha- bee. 1 tn s.l.i 1 I' e!l
lii 111 t 1 nliv 11 Molls iiinhT Mn- pi---law.
If -aid It inUIn imt I . .1
h.ii 1., in 1 1 . . Hi..iikIi. iii , ;, iiu 11
I I I I I . til ll It till ,11111 lit I II I 1 1 '
h.iv . pli I I 1 i.iKiiiv tin nl'. 'i
plllli-ll.ll I- I v p 'I I 'l 1 it v l ti'i ti
VM . ,i,i ', ,1 - 1 1 1 II 11. hi, ut '1
-lu'i V., I '
NORTH SIDE "L"
SERVICE IMPROVED
liniiiiv 1 li iu ill Sep 1. i-i N n .
tl.nl. 'Vi'i't S.ituiilavs . 1 11 1 1 Suinl iv
i"t Mn- evening rush hoiir-, was .n
iiiiiiiu 1 il
i;.iv en-wood trains win 1 pit -ti'niii
Chii'iiKn avinue 1 - tbnn
avt'lllle between , nl hi. p -i
Hvaiiston trains lei.n ' up In
tvveeii I v ami -. I - 1 1 II in
slop between 1 In- ,t.- 1 . 11
Al'liVle Street
dililloial -ei v 11 1 w ill i, 1 1' no .
Ilom tile nrlll Wal e stlt -1 I
ti 1 llllll.il u hi- li 111 be opt 1 1
I "" to ' -'" 1 11 I!, 1 , 1 li-vv .nit li .1 1
' lull iln -t il. ill -tup ,il lll .
'I'll t b ' 1. ' . Iiu Piillel I ll 11
1'' I III, '11 1 1 . 11 . II, ,i I V 1
V mul li Iln '1 ' ll lull-
TONY WILL
HELP HIS MEN
u iiu 1 1 n ii -' ii.- vi, 11. . 1
1 in 1 11 uiiip.iii.i 1 - -1 ,ii in- hi -
l' vv 11 1I1I ill ,nv I ' "li o il 1 ,1 I,
In pav hi- I'lnpbiv 1 - vvili ,11, ul 1
I lii-n.il tit 1 laiaiioii 1 liai ib an
I le 1 It v vv ill 11W 1 his "Ml- - I, n . v 1
1 -lal 1 x. 'p; mil il,,,! 1,, 1- u.iiii. 1
w ilhhiibl III- li 1 - iililll 1 '
-iplitli up The It 1 1 1, li hi
nihil applnMlil.itc $1"' lu ni
'I !n i" an iiioii Mum I"" i-inpl" -III
U ollli e vvliii m I'd their Iln In
ami I am going in ad value 'n n
enough oil then salaries to t-i, il
HielU lo elljov a lll'll'V liirisllut
saitl .Mr. t'i'i'tuiilv "M.v einplo.ve- h.iv
been compelled In stall maml.i im.
proceeiliugs to trv to senile then - 1I.1
lies, and I am going to give the 111
,1 It 1 1 It- ill its own nii'dltiiii' iiv Ion in
I: 10 .-tart slmllai proceeiimis it, i
tile lees I etillei 1 illnl vv bit ll I biv.
l.tt'll in Ihe ll.lbll ol turilllli, 1" 1
l.iolllli'v althoutih there is iinlhiio. 1
the law that snvs I -lit m 1 1 1 luin 1 .,
ovt 1 1 v t 1 v month
FOUNDED 1889
Largest Weekly Circulation Among
People of Influence and Standing