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- n - . i . I f 11 4 - V - II f i; I!. ri BY1 COLLINS & BONER. 8 A Democratic Journal Devoted to National and State Politics, Literature, Jcreign and Domestic HIg-ws. I TWO DOLLARS A YEAR VOL 1 WINSTON, N. C, FRIDAY-JANUARY 23, 1857. NO. 35. - " ill .. -i. - . . . . . rW j .; - 1 . ' .. ; . ,, . 1 . ., i.' J ' .- " . '-"4 ' ' .3 m- m 111 MJJ9 4 1 1 3 t K 1 - the "WESTERN SENTINEL. J AS. COLLINS fc F. E. BOXER, Editors and Proprietors. Terms of Subscription. "The Wester Sentisel" will be published every Friday and mailed to subscribers at two dollars a year, in ad vance; two dollars an J a half after six months, . or three dollars after the close of the subscription year. To any one procuring ten subscribers, and - paying the ca-sh in advance, the paper will be furnished one year, gratis. Terms of Atlvertssi;;!:? ssi t2ie Sentinel. Oar reg'tfar rates of advertising are as follows: Oii square. (I t linos or les) tirst insertion, $100 Ench subsequent insertion, ------ 25 For one square three months, - - - - 3 50 For six months, - -- -- -- -- -5 50 For twelve months, - -- -- -- - 8 50 Professional or Business Cards, not exceeding five lines in length, five dollars a year longer ones in proportion. Clianc of Public Opinion. The Daily JYaos, of New York, a con servative Democratic journal, expresses the belief that a change is taking place in the public opinion of the popular mind in relation to Federal politics. It says: iKLuee the election of James Buchanan ne over the spirit ot the least, if we may judge to tone ot the press in ue count ry and of all shades he altruist and extremists i-fer stand rebuked by the tri Democracy and its represen , James Buchanan. The Nc iil expresses perfect neutrality on the great exciting question of the day it eschews at once radicalism 011 either llank it was a measure of compromise, but of just moderation, and its spirit is perfectly exprc-sedin the character of the great statesman of Pennsylvania.'" We are pleased to notice this also in the modilied views of some of the most vio lent opponents of the Souih at Washing ton, and while they still retain hostility to her ins:ituiions they disclaim much of what constituted their capital in the late contest. Our private advices are that the Black Republicans, are a good-deal dis couraged, and that a favorable -reaction is in -progress at he 2s oi th. Ifue'n5 depenTIs . on the incoming administration and the sagacity of Mr. Buchanan, - in "'.whom- we.' have confidence." He knows full well that during his term the fate of the Union will be decided, and we have no doiibt he will trive the weight of his iutience towards tile preservation of equal rights under the Con-, stitutioii, as has been done by. the-" illustri ous patriot, President Pierce, who has - so nobly done his. duty to his country during, his term. The South has, - with a single exception, vo ed for Mr. Buchanan as a Constitutional President, and will support him as such. As our political union de pends on popular opinion, which can only be permanent when based unconstitution al principles, it is essential to its existence that there should be a change, and that speedily, in -those sections where the Con stitution has been a dead letter. The South is now the conservative element of our Government, and with perfect anion among ourselves we can perpetuate not only the protection of our rights, but the confederate, which, wiih all its difficulties, is the best policy that the world has yet see 11. South Carol inian. Tiie "Retiring Prksidext. We are hap py to learn that there is a reasonable pros pect that President Pierce at the close of his brilliant administration will make a tour through the Southern States. We feel fully justified in declaring that there is no man in the confederacy whom the en tire South would more cordially welcome. We should like him to mingle with a peo ple whose rights and honor he has nobly defended in defending the Constitution of the United States and the Union of equal and sovereign States. To Virginia it would be especially grateful to do honor to a President who, battling against the most, malignant enemies in. his own section, has as fearlessly and powerfully carried out the States liights strict construction, Jef fersonian principles, as any President since the day of Jefferson himself. Richmond Enqiiirer. During the late presidential canvass and at the moment a gallant Senator from the South was proclaiming the election of Hr. Buchanan, a feather dropped at his feet from the wing of an eagle that was fly ing over. The gentleman preserved the quill - and to-day had it forwarded to Mr. Buchanan to write his inaugural address with. It was; not plucked. by man from the wing, but , was the tree gift of our na tional bird. Wmh. Cor. Alexandria Sen 4inel. ' . "'.'."' , -. . . : -- - "- " The above statement is correct. Sena tor Brown of Mississippi is the "gentleman, referred, to. The quill is now in posses sion of Mr. Buchanan at Wheatland where wd saw it on; Friday, and, in accordance .with the request of the ' gallant Senator, it .will be-used hy the President elect: in - .rriting his inaugural address". " - - , -- '"I 3 " Lancaster intelligencer : Sound Advice. The Is e w Orleans Creole speaks at length of the duty of Southern men to enconrasce home manufactures and sustain home enterprise of every character, whether in commerce, education or litera ture, and on the latter head it says: Do we need a Southern literature, Sou thern books, Southern publication houses, and Southern institutions of learning? Patronize the Southern press as the first step towards a Southern literature. Be come a reading people, especially of news paper literature. The daily and weekly press stimulates thought, awakes inquiry, and keeps the public alive to the move ments and necessities of the times. Like a burning lens, it collects and concentrates the scattered rays of public opinon, and gives it form and power. It encourages the first thought of aspiring how to fly, like the eagle teaches its young eaglets how to fly, until they dare, with eye upon the sun, cleave the liquid air far into the blue empyrean, so it trains the unfleged intellect, until it can, with self poised wing, pierce the bounds of physical vision, and gaze upon and reflect some faint rays of the in finite. Support your local press, then, as the first step to a Southern literature, for, as it is supplied with means of usefulness, it will gather power, and richness, and versatility, itself pioneering the way the Southern scholar must pass. Letter of Hon. H. J. Bedfield to the Tammany Society. Xi;w York, Monday, Jan. 5, 1S57. Gkxtlkmkx: Your letter of the 15th ult., inviting me to join you in celebrating the anniversary of the battle of New Or leans, on the 8th inst., at Tammany Hall, was received. Ill health will, I fear, pre vent my having the honor of being pres ent on the occasion. The reference in your circular to the " combinations of the pulpit and the press,' in the late contest, revives in my mind recollections of the past. It is remarka ble that in all the great struggles of the Democratic party for the achievement of civil and religious liberty, it has always been opposed by a like combination of the pulpit and the press. It was so in 1800, when, with the cler gy, (generally .at that time of the. Galvin-istic-clmtxLr). -infidelity and JefFcrsifatr Democracy were considered as synony nious teruLs. . dt.vas so in 1812, during the second war for independence, when it was held-to be ' unbecoming a moral and religious people" to rejoice over the victories ot our country and it was so in .the late con test to restore to the people of the territories rights long since usurped. The, principle of the "Kansas-Nebraska bill will he, hereafter, as generally acqui esced in as the principle of the Sub-Treasury law, which although so violently de nounced at the time it was proposed, and for many years afierward, now commands the approbation of the whole country. Even the designing men, who, during the late canvass, having misled the clergy, and induced them to turn their backs up on the pulpit to enter the political arena, do not now pretend that this much exe crated Kansas bill, and for the introduc tion of which its author was repeatedly burned in effigy, should be repealed, or that the principle of the bill as applicable to other territories, should be modified or changed. With high regard your obedi ent servant. PIEMAN J. BEDFIELD. To the Hon. Joii- Kelly, Isaac V. Fow ler, and others, Sachem, $zc. A Republic and a Monarchy A Con trast. -:'' ihe New York limes, in thf r-nnrso ot a carefully prepared article makes a contrast between the condition of Great Britain and the United States. It is high ly flattering to the latter. The Treasury returns for 1S5G, show that the outstanding public debt of the Federal Government amounted to $30,727,000: while the pub lic debt of the various States amounted to $190,718,000 forming together only $221, 000,000. : The public debt, of Great Britain, before the hue war, was 797,000,000, to which 21,000,000 new loans were added during the war together 818,000,000 sterling or about forty hundred and ninety mil lions of - dollars. The indirect taxation paid by the people of the Uni ted States for the support of the Federal Government in the shape of impost duties, amounts to sixty-four milliotis dollars. The direct and indirect taxadon paid by the people of Great Britain for the support of the Crown, iu the way of .customs' and excise duties, stamps, income tax and pnxerty tax, amounts to sixty four millions sterling or about five fold the burden of the Uni ted States. The expenses of the, British Government are thus, in our currency, for a single year, $320,000,000, or about one hundred millions more' than the whole princi pal of the public debt of the Fede ral and State Government. The Treasury returns also show that our system of rail ways which crabmce.'aoutlk'-'miles: stands r in: capital and funded debt seven 'hundred and thirty six millions of dollars,. though costing by the aid , of State - and City loans about. $829,73,400 or $35,700 per mile while the system of Great Brit ain embracing only 3334 miles, stands in capital and funded debt sixteen hundred and seventeen millions dollars, or $11)4, 135, per mile. And it further appears that the whole railway debt of the coun try in the shape of mortgages and deben tures is $433,286,000, wiiile the same in cumbrances upon the English system reach nearly this sum in debentures alone, sav $375,200,000, while including what are known as Preference-Shares the sum total is $630,966,000. . Old Fashioned JTedoralism." In a work written by John Adams, we find the following extracts, which we ask our readers to peruse with care and atten tion. They show in terms that cannot be misapprehended or misunderstood, the es timation in which the Federal party, un der all its disguises or changes of name, have held the industrious toilers of the country : "The people of all counties are natur ally divided into two sorts, the GENTLE MEN and the SIMPLE MEN, a word which is here chosen to signify the COM MON PEOPLE. By the common peo ple, we mean laborers, mechanics and hus bandtnen in general, who pursue their oc cupations and industry, without any knowl edge in the liberal arts and sciences, or m anything but their" own trades and pur suits." Vol. III., page 2GS. "Inequality of birth! let no man be surprised that this species of irregularity is introduced here. The children of IL LUSTRIOUS FAMILIES have general ly greater advantages of education, and earlier opportunities to be acquainted with public characters, and be informed of pub lic offices, than those of MEANER ONES, or even those of middle life." Vol. I, page 109. There is the picture how do you like if? This is old Federalism, pure, true blue, unadulterated; it has undergone no possible modification from that hour to the present. It has the same sneering contempt for the laboring classes, they who produce all the wealth, build all the houses, dig our canals, construct our rail roads, navigate our ships, that one of its PI'OfaiitoiwiMi-Ttcui vp ragged -' iirtiiO-' passages we have quoted from his own. pen. Federalism has always sought to divide society in this country into castes and classes, marked and distinctive as that which exists in the crumbling monarchies and over-grown aristocracies of Europe. Indeed, it has ever an instinctive yearn ing after the flesh-pots of Egypt" it has invariably preferred the pomp and trap pings of a foreign court, the tinsel and gew-gaws, of a foreign nobility, to the re publican plainness and simplicity of a Democratic government. i Our Great Men. We have ever considered it to be the most heathful symptom in our political af fairs and in the working of our admirable form of government, that men of large ca pacity, weight of character, and compre hensive patriotism, have ever been pre ferred for our highest officers. This en couraging sign which spans so luminously our horizon a bow of promise for the fu ture was set early in our political heavens; and it is yet of undimmed brilliancy. Washington and his contemporaries, form its base and worthy successors its arch. To drop the figure, let the patriot eye run over the list of our Cabinet Officers and Senators and Judges and Diplomatists from the time of the Constitution; let it scan the record they have left in the na tional archives their State papers and diplomatic contests, their forensic efforts and judicial opinions, and it cannot fail to kindle with just pride, as it - contemplates in such results the practical working of re publican institutions. They show a pow er of enlisting capacity in the administra tion of public affairs unparalleld in the annals of mankind. As an illustration, take our presidential incumbents obtained by the elective prin ciple, and compare them with the, succes sion of kings and emperors obtained, in monarchial countries,-by the hereditary principle, and mark the wonderful- differ ence. Where can be found such a series of men illustrious for every virtue as the American people have called tobe their chief magistrates? Where can be found a succession of no on arch s; to be named the same day with a, Washington, a Jefferson,: an Adams, a Jackson , or a. Buchanan? What finer evidence can be adduced than this single fact, to the intelligence of the people?. - What more glorious comment oh the value of the election qmneiplel i 'wv - But to go on, with our illustrations. - As another instance take' our Cabinets, or Di plomats, our Supreme Judiciary, our Sen ate, a u d p oi n t, i f y o u can , ilie . ti me when any one of. these departments did not con tain incumbents illustrous for': thein.; virtu es atkl attainments, and who made their mark on the position they adorned. This remark, is made without reference to par ty. It is a noble fact in our history, that from the adoption of our constitution to the present hour the highest intelligence of the -nation, characters combining in an eminent degree the profound learning of the scholar with the practical talents of the statesman, have participated in our legislation, sat in our judgment seals and controlled our counsels; and truth will warrathJeemark, that,, yith . the jngle, J exceptiou'df Washington, there have been no jurists, legislators and statesmen more worthy of the public regard than those now seen in the highest places conducting the national affairs. Never did our coun try stand so proudly before the nations as it does to-day. This state of things exhibits the surest sign of the vitality of the republic and its capacity for endurance. While such, however, is the state of things as to nation al affairs, it is not so as to the affairs of some of the States, and of Massachusetts. Its common schools are of more than their original vigor; its colleges are doing suc cessfully their noble work; i;s academies, ath'ena.mmnsj.lyceums, are in full plav, and yet it must be confessed that its mean men triumph while its highest intelligence is ostracised; intriguing and successful wire-pullers are tendered ovaf ions "and well tried statesmanship is discarded. Forensic efforts which cannot, for a mo ment, stand the test of logic, scholarship, practical talent, or wide statesmanship, which in a few years will be forgotten, are praised r.s paragons of human produc tion and fountains of political wisdom. In commenting on such a state of things, it is well to be discriminating. It is by no means national. It is local. It is con fined to the States in which Freesoil and Know Nothing tactics tossed to unatural heights the brood of third rate men. But iact ialreay,provja-.that, the evil is but temporary. Already has the work of re form begun. Although the country is doomed to see the seat of the illustrous Cass occupied by a representative of the malignant and narrow creed, yet the peo ple have -driven a regiment of small men from the lower branch of Congress. This shows the path of duty for Massachusetts. The men who represent her the legisla tion that disgraces her--are fit representa tives of the narrow and bigoted creed that is dominant. Let those who, in an unthinking mood, or under the spur of misrepresentations, bowed to the idols of brass, review their judgments, retrace their steps, return to the basis ideas of the Constitution, and the reign of mean men will soon be over. Boston Dost. A Physician's Evidence on Dancing. That beautiful, graceful accomplishment of dancing, so perverted by late hours and the indecency of fashionable attire, has outraged many sensible people, and led them to deprive the young ones of the most simple and healthful enjoyments, be cause it has been abused. For myself I can testify not only to its healthful, but recuperative power. The fortieth, nay, fiftieth year of my age, found me enjoying this life-cheering exercise. It should be One of the earliest amusements of children, and care should be taken by parents that it isamderstood as an amusement. While I am on this topic, I will mention a case that occurred in my practice." A thought ful, anxious 1 mother who had. but three children, brought to me her only remain ing child a daughter. Her temperament nervous billions the nervous fearfullv predominant; with great irritability, of the system, peevish, passionate, dyspeptic, sleepless; of , course, exciting, arbitrary and -uncomfortable; the poor child looked sad,- old, morbid and miserable. . She had been to school, because her parents thought it an amusement for her to be with . other children. - " - -After critically examining her physiog nomy, I said to her .mother," " what is the temperament of your husband?" The same as my own," she replied. "Then the child is doubly stamped," I continued; " very vigorous measures nmst be used, if you expect to restore her to health. Di vorce her immediately from anything men-, tal so far as memorizing is concerned, then, send her to dancing, school, that she may combine exercise with order and mel ody, and th U3 some . of her e rou ghl edges fmay be rorm eyes open with wonder, ah d ' .del 5 gh t in 'terrup'ed ,wlth " dancing schordt O, IIiqw: I have longed to go; but mother says "its; .wrong, jmd leads to wickedness." What adilerntfia for-ft physician ! cvhat iinieTrfc mkfoKaiChild !- Did yon:5eye" intend' your d aiigl iter to" play the :jpian 6, gu itary or other musical instruments?" said. I to the mother.- ' Or yes," r was- the - answer.. " Why," I continued, " why show such partiality to the upper extremities? The hands are rendered happy as a -medium of melody; the feet are rendered equally happy in the same way." A nice afternoon school received the little girl, who grew in health and har mony every month as she followed the hygenic rules prescribed for her. Dan cing is healthful, beautiful, graceful recre ation, and is not responsible for t&eabv.ses luxury has thrown around it. The vul garism and exciiements of the ball-room have no more to do wiih the eiif-ple en joyment of the dance than the rioa wines and sumiuous baitquet of the gourmand, in whom they induce disease,' have to do with the temperate repasts that satisfy the wants of the bod v. Dr. Harriet K. llunt. A Dove Alighting on a Coffin. In Edin burgh, a few days go, a respectable family in one of the qniefest quarters of the city were thrown into mo:;;:. lug by the deatb of one of their number, an elderly lady. A night or two af er the event a strange noise was heard at the window of the room where the coilin was lying. It seemed like the fluttering of the wings of a bird against the window panes; and, when the maid servant appeared at the window to exam ine into ihe matter, a dove flew into the apartment and alighted upon the lid of the coilin. It offered no opposition when they attempted to secure if, and is now in the possession of the relatives of the deceased lady, who, from the singularity of the cireumsances, have resolved to preserve it carefully. Had the event happened in times past, when superstition held sway, it would undoubtedly have given rise to some strange imaginings strange imaginings relative to tne di Dit'jyrevs. . . It) t.V. -a What the Atlantic ThXEORArn will Accomplish. If is stated that when the sub marine telegraph across the ocean is finish ed, the transactions in stocks, the closing price iu consols, the state of the cotton market, will be sent from London and Liverpool every day, at three o'clock in the afternoon, and will in consequence of the difference of time some five hours be received in the leading Atlantic cities of the United States before noon, forming the basis fenerations here, for that day ' t - i - n t V m otlier words, t lie doings or the . .London Exchange will be known here before change hours, and will be published in the papers of the same evening before they are laid before the British public. Transac tions on the Paris Bourse will be sent in the same manner. The expense, however, will be very heavy, as the telegraph tolls will be about one dollar per word. "!- - -t- T,T- T r Trr Father Mathew, the Apostle of Temper ance, died at Cork on the 0th of December. Theobfad Mathew was born at Thomas- town, Ireland, October 10,1700. He was left an orphan at an early age, adopted by an aunt, and educated in Kilkinny Academy and at Maynooth. He was ordained to the priesthood at Dublin. Adopting the principle of total abstinence, he commenced a series of meetings, and soon awakened the enthusiasm of the Irish nature to his assistance. lie travelled from toAvn to town through the island. 11 is progress was one trium phal march. He administered the pledge to thousands at a time; at Nenagli to twen ty thousand 111 one day; at Gal way a hun dred' thousand per day; between Gal way and Loughrea to nearly two hundred thous and. From Ireland he went to England, where the people were infected with a cor responding enthusiasm. Thence he came to t he united States from which lie return ed in the autumn of 1851. His labors and triumphs here will long be remenibered.- Through all this Herculean labor lie was constantly in a state of personal poverty. When he' began his wOrk his brother was the Dronrietor of a 'large distillery. He supported Theobald until his wonderful success had ruined the distillery, and re duced the owner to bankruptcy.-.. To meet the wants of the public benefactor the Brit ish government settled an' annuity of 800 upon him, which sum was just sufficient to pav the premium upon au msiua.ice policy held by creditors as security for their claims. Since his return to Ireland, the weight of years and the exertions of long lab"r have -compelled ms partial - i t 1 i;v wimtuawai noiit puun mo. The Duck Trade. The Norfolk (Ta.) Herald says, that a farmer m 1 rmcess Anne county lias had twenty men employ ed killing ducks, and up to the 20th ult. they had eonsnmed 23 kegs of gun pow der. The gentleman ships, on an average, 15 barrels of ducks, to New York-every week, and some weel as high as 31 bar- rels. Thev consist canvass back, mallard, black, sprig tad, baldfacs, shovelers, and. a -good. proportion. .of wild geese. . . '27 the Elmira Gazette says : ." When you una 31 isucuanan -uwu , o .v -pure frrit. One of them fell in company with a Fremont crowd during the cam paign, when she was told that.atl the Buch anan men would b'e sent up Salt- river this fall ? "Thcn,'- said shcratherthan stay in such a' -crowd as thereTtbe ieft I'll go up and cook for !eirr." t; - - . Straggles of the Groat. There is a milder and serener from of poverty, the nurse of manly energy and heaven-climbing thoughts attended by love; and faith, and hope, around whose steps the mountain breezes blow, and from whose countenance all virturcs gather strength. Look around you upon the dis tinguished men that in every department of life guide, and control the times, and what was their origin and early fortunes? Were they, as a general ride, rocked aid drandlcd on the lap of wealth? No. Such men emerge from the homes of decant competence or strugglingpoverty. Neces sity bIihi pens their faculties, privations and sacrifice brace their moral nature. They learn the great art of renunciation, and enjoy the happiness of having few wants. Thev know nothing of indifference or satiety. There is not an idle fiber in their frames. They put the vigor of a icsohite purpose into every act. The edge of their minds is always kept sharp. In the shock of life, men like these meet the softly nurtured darlings of prosperity, as the vessel of iron meets the vessel of porcelain. Lift your hearts above the region of wild hopes and cowardly fearr. Put on that even temper of mind which shall be a shadow in success and a light in adversity. If wealth and distinction come, receive them in a thankful ami moderate spirit ; if they do not come, fill their places with better guests. Remember that all which truly exalts and ennobles a man is bound to him by ties as indissoluble as those which link the planets to the sun. Plant yourself upon God's immutable laws, and fortune and failure will, be no more than vapors that curl and play far beneath your ieet. Mr. Goodrich in his recollections gives the following anecdote of a political bar ber in Washington at the time Madison was first nominated by the Democrats: UA very keen observer, then and long afterwards a Senator of the United States, once told me that at this period all the barbers of Washington were Federalists, and he imputed it to the fact that the leaders of that party in Congress wore powder and long queues, and, ot course, had them dressed every day by the bar ber. The Democrats on the contrary reshoTririalrroi7 at ieasr,sma1t 'mi"e"ties, tied up carelessly with a riband and there fore gave little encouragement to the'ton-fc-orial art. One day as the narrator told me, while he was being shaved bv the leading barber of the city who was, of course, a federalist, the latter suddenly and vehemently burst out against the nom ination of Madison for the presidency by the Democratic party which had been that morning announced. " 'Dear me!' said the barber, surely this country is doomed to disgrace and shame. What Presidents we might have sir? Just look atDagget of Connecticut, and Stock ton, of New Jersey! What queues they have got sir as big as your wrist and powdered every day, sir, like real gentle men, as they are. Such men, sir, would confer dignity upon the chief magistracy ; but this little Jim Madison with a queue no bigger than a pipe stem ! Sir, it is enough to "make a man forswear his coun try!'" Tiie Church and the Stage. The Her ald states "that on the last Thanksgiving day the Rev. Dr. Bellows delivered an address nt h is church Fourth avenue and Twentieth street upon public amusements, taking the ground that the drama in prop er bands was a valuable aid to the pulpit and the press in enlightening cultivating and reforming the people. He also took strong ground in favor of the opera. Some of the managers and leading artists of the city have sent to the reverend gentleman a piece of plate as a mark of their recog nition of liberal views. lie has written a letter declining the testimonial and ex pressing a desire to address the threatrical profession especially. Arrangements are being made tor the deli very of the discourse. ThisMr. Bellows preached a sermon just before the election, in which he intimated very plainly that our Union was of less consequence than the freedom of negroes. To-Moreow. Who can tell how much is embraced in this expression? Though a few hours intervene between it and lis though it will soon commence its course who Is there that can read its single page and pronounce the character of its events? Tomorrow 1 Those who are now gay may by sad. Those who are now walking the -venues to pleasure, - led by the hand of Hope, may be subjects of intense sorrow. Prosperity may be changed ir to adversity. Those who are now on the mountain summit may be in the valley. The rosy cheek may "bo overspread with paleness, the strong step may falter-death may have overtaken us. To morrow! It may enti rely change the course of our lives. It ' may ?.form a new era in our existence What we fear may not happen. . ; ; Advertising. The merchant who does not' advertise liberally in the newspaper is -like a man wbo has a lantern but wlitf is too sting'; to buy a candle; he 6tumbled -about in the dark long after all his tnoro sensible neighbors have lighted themselves . -fcome, . -. -.- " - . . .. v " i; 1 A 1 ..5 . - t."-i - "i .. 1 i s , ki J ! ! i I? . t o-I ! V t f X i - I.- f - ' jr. ' r. 'yf"A-". s '- -k -