MM
CARE NEEDED FOR ORCHARDS
Fire-Blight, Most Destructive of Pear
Tree Diseases, Should Be
Checked at Once.
Orchards that are bearing heavily
■will need attention at this season to
prevent serious breakages from the
weight of the nearly grown fruit. Of
course, growers are enjoined to thin
out their apples, pears and peaches
to such an extent that the branches
will not break beneath their burdens,
but as a matter of fact, not one grow
er for family use merely—out of one
hundred- has time or strength for
this task and. Indeed, In most sea
sons much fruit falls from Insect
work which relievo o the trees though
not exactly in the way that the owner
would prefer, says a Missouri writer
In the Farm Progress. A half day
spent In propping overburdened
branches is the best alternation for
hand-picking and often saves trees
from serious Injury and mutilation.
Another duty that should be sedu
lously performed Is to have all fallen
f; r|\d
91
V
Implements to Control Fire-Blight.
fruit gathered up every day or two
and deeply buried, if it capnot be
fed to pigs.
The most convenient way to do this
Is to have a ditch a rod or more long
and about a foot and a half deep, dug
In some convenient spot and. begin
ning at one end, dump each time ifs
much of the refuse into it as can be
covered with six or seven inches of
earth. This is deeper than any, but
the very largest insects burrow for
pupation and consequently any larvae
In the fruit will be smothered as will
also most rust and blight germs.
Ixiok for and cut out any branches
on which colonies of the fall web
worm have started. Their webs. In
creasing In size from day to day, often
cover quite large branches and give
an orchard a more neglected appear
ance than almost anything else. On
young trees they are especially ruin
ous.
Most pears should be picked while
still green and hard, If, upon exami
nation the seeds are found to be of
fell size and beginning to color. After
gathering place them on shelves In a
dark but not too close closet. They
will soon begin to mellow and color
and in a few days will be in prime
condition for eating. The honied
seckel is an exception to this rule
and is best completely ripened on the
tree.
Fire-blight, the most destructive of
pear-tree diseases, should be checked
as scon as observed, by cutting off
the infected branch or limb, cutting
not less than six Inches below the
diseased portion and being careful to
dip the shears used in the process
into a Jar of alcohol and carbollied
water, to neutralize any germs that
may adhere to them between every
cut. Also burn all the trimmings.
Pruning Street Tree*.
Pruning of large street trees Is often
too long deferred. Cases are known
where city governments have assumed
control after treee had grown, un
pruned, for a score of years. Natural
ly the officials look askance at the pro
posal to prune, yet sooner or later
such work must be done, and the soon
er the better. First, dead wood should
be removed, and i.axt all superfluous
branches having abnormal positions or
crossing others at unuaual and unde
sirable angles. Whan this has been
gone each tree Is in a condition where
one can Intelligently judge of the In
dividual needs of each tree, for no
two trees should have precisely similar
treatment. Judicious pruning often
stimulates to active growth and Im
proved appearance of seemingly In
firm trees.
Peasants Keep Their Town Cleaneat.
The cleanest town In the world Is
said to be Brock, Holland. It la only
a tew miles from the capital and has
/been famous for Its cleanliness from
time Immemorial. It Is also notable
on account of the fanciful style of Its
houses and yards and gardens and
streets. The people, though only peas
ants, afe wall to do, and all feel a
pride In their town. It seems to be
their first business ts keep their gar
dens In perfect order and their wards
and streets as clean as a parlor. No
carts are allowed In the streets and no
Cattle, though the raising of stock and
the making of butter and cheese are
their occupations.—Garden and Farm
Rome Town
ItKti
CONSESTED SPOTS A MENACE
Lea Angelea la Facing Problem That
la Common to Moat Growing
American Cities.
Every city has a housing problem
which Is In some respect peculiar and
characteristic. In Los Angeles this
Is to be found In a prevalent type of
“house courts," writes William H.
Matthews In the Survey. The city
ordinance, providing for their regula
tion. defines such a court as follows;
“A parcel or area of land on which
are grouped three or more habitations
used or designed to be used for oc
cupancy by families and upon which
parcel or area the vacant or unoc
cupied portion thereof surrounding or
abutting on said Habitations Is used
or Intended to be used In common by
the Inhabitants thereof.”
In places thus described a consid
erable part of the labor population of
Los Angeles lives. There are record
ed In the office of the city’s housing
commission today some 630 such
courts. Within them are Koughly,3.7t)o
habitations, housing 10,At) or more
people-—Mexicans, Russians, Italians,
Slavonians, Austrians, Chinese. Japan
ese and a scattering of some twenty
other nationalities.
The dwellings In these courts pre
sent a great variety In general style
and method of building. There are
the old adobe houses, sometimes re
modeled and In fair condition, thougn
more often with ceilings, walls and
floors In crumbling dilapidated state,
yet still yielding goodly rent to their
owners. Some co> rts are cluttered
with wooden Lhacl.s of every size and
kind, big shedlike structures that
bouse many people, and again mere
boxes and shanties In which one fam
ily Is crowded
Some seven years ago Jacob Rlls
Jarred the complacency of the com
munity by stating that one district
possessed congested and unwholesome
housing conditions quite as bad.
though not so extensive as any
city hi the land. Through the
efforts of the Municipal league
and the College Settlement as
sociation a hourlng commission was
appointed to better housing condi
tions.
Yet in spite of the fact that the
housing commission has succeeded in
having demolished many of the more
unsightly of these courts, one may
still walk many blocks In some parts
of the city and see little else. And
this, not on the outskirts but within
a short distance of the city’s public
buildings. There, too, may be found
newly constructed courts, conforming
to the new housing laws, more esthet
ic in appearance than were the old
ones, yet with the same congestion of
people and even less of privacy of
family life.
OUT OF PLACE ON STREETS
California Newspaper Protests Against
Erection of Unnecessary Pillars on
Corners of Highways.
Many real estate firms and tract
owners erect pillars of stone or brick
on street corners which are of no use.
possess no beauty and represent a de
cided lack of taste and good Judgment,
the Ixis Angeles Times complains Sim
pie pillars should either carry lights,
ornamental plants and vines in pots,
vases or better still, hollow centers,
or they should be finished by parts of
walls abutting. They should never
merely stand alone without use. A
fraction of a wall on one or more sides,
of full height against the pillar and
stepping down by sharp degrees to the
base would render them necessary to
stop such winged buttresses, but pil
lars alone are abominations and blots
on the landscape, no matter bow or
nate or whatever their style.
Grading the Suburban Lot.
When grading or terracing Is to be
done on the suburban lot, go about it
In the right way by removing the top
soil first to a depth of from six to
eight Inchea—more If this soli Is peep
er; the color will tell you—over the
entire surface to be excavated, and
also over the area which Is to be ter
raced or ramped or altered In any
way. Put this In a convenient place
where It will not Interfere with build
ing and grading operations, but will
be accessible when wanted. Then do
the work of grading everywhere,
bringing all levels to within six
Inches of their proposed finished sur
face. When all this Is done restore
the top soil to the top. spreading It
evenly and m little deeper than six
Inches allowed over those areas which
have been built up, these will set
tle. —From “Suburban Gardens,” by
Grace Tabor.
Co-Operative Garden Village,
A prospectus has just been issued In
England of the Cardiff Workers’ Co-
Operative Garden VlHage eoclety, Ltd.,
one of those started as a result of the
hard work of * Prof. Stanley Olvons,
says the current number of “Garden
Cities and Town Planning." The es
tate of 110 acres lies In easy access to
Cardiff, and the layout plan by Ray
mond Unwin Is a particularly Inter
esting study In development. The
houses are to be not more than ten
to the acre: 34 are now In course of
erection at rents of $1.30 a week and
upward. I
Engineers as City Managers.
There were one hundred and fifty
applications for the city managership
of Sumter, S. C., most of which were
from engineers. A well-known en
gineer, in commenting on this fact,
said; “It seems to me likely that If
the city manager plan makes headway
It will provide quite an opening for
engineers, since, for the present at
least, the members of the engineering
profession seem to be better trained
than those In any other profession for
the work involved.”
ILI6J HE
An Accomplishment Most Per
sons Can Learn.
It Looks Easy, but It Requires Spe
cial Methods—Two Recipes from
England, Where Coal and Not
Wood la Customary Fuel.
When the first chilly days of au
tumn come, the open fire claims much
of the affection and attention of the
household. For nothing is so cheer
ful, so comfortable and so beautiful
to look upon us a lire of logs crackling
on the hearth, or of glowing coals
burning in a grate,
i There are some women and some
men, as well, who think they do not
know how to light a tire; so. If they
want to be warm or want to be cheer
ful or want to watch the crackling lire,
they Aast needs wait for some one
more skillful than they to build it.
Doubtless there are some persons
who cannot build a fire, Just as there
are some who eunnot make geraniums
grow and some others whose cake al
ways falls in the baking. But most
persons, If they - will take the trouble
to learn a thing or so about the chim
ney where they are building a tire,
and about the ways of tires in general,
will find themselves able to master
the art of fire making.
Every one knows, of course, that a
draft Is one of the first essentials for
a good fire, dry fuel is another. So
see to It that you have them both at
band.
Even a poor chimney can be made
to harbor a good fire. If its drawing
powers are not good, cuddle and coax
the fire past the smoking stage. Don’t
burn an all wood tire, but establish a
glowing bed of coals and rest assured
that the poor draft will prove sulli
ciently strong to carry off the coal
gas and the little smoke that the coals
give off.
Often even a good chimney smokes
when the lire is first built, because
the chimney Is cold and damp. If you
are sure that there Is a substantial
layer of fireproof construction between
the chimney and ally framework about
the house, light a crumpled sheet of
newspaper and thrust It as far up
the chimney us you cun reach. Light
half a dozen of these in succession
and you will have the chimney warm
enough to start a smokeless lire.
On a damp day this same newspaper
warming process might be used to
advantage, as much moisture and
dampness collect in the chimney in
fogs and rains.
There must always be room for air
to circulate under and behind the tire
If you have andirons your tusk is sim
ple. Simply place the logs so that
room is left behind them for the air
to circulate; the undirous hold them
high enough to let the air circulate
under them. If there are no andirons
and no coal basket —a very good lire
of logs can be built in a coal basket —
lay two stout sticks like andirons and
build the fire on these.
Have plenty of kindling paper,
shavings, excelsior, dry sticks, pine
knots or chips- and let this get well
lighted before you pile on logs or
coal.
Here is an English recipe for light
Inga coal fire and the English who
use coal to the exclusion of wood
should be authorities on the subject.
Put some cinders in the bottom of
the grate. These insure circulation
of air, for they are porous and do not
cake down. Over them put a couple
of sheets of newspaper, crumpled
loosely and lay ten sticks of dry
wood on the paper. Put the (Ire well
back In the grate, but allow room be
hind It for circulation of air.' When
It 1s crackling, put on a shovelful of
coal, and repeat this process until the
grate Is sufficiently filled with fire.
Another English method of fire
lighting Is to light the fire from the
top and let It burn downward -which
at first sounds something like scoop
ing up water with a sieve. This is
how it Is done: Put a layer of cin
ders In the bottom of the grate and
cover these with a good bed of coal
Then lay dry sticks- a dozen or so—
loosely over the coals. Put on a
shovelful of coal and then put half a
dozen sheets of crumpled paper on
top. Light the paper and watch the
fire burn downward.
Wholesale Slaughter.
’Til tell you a funny one that’s ah
solutely true,” said Bunny Brewer,
who has heeded the back-to-the soil
movement and recently taken up a
homestead on an abandoned looking
farm. “Last fall, along about bog kill
in’ time, we had some folks from the
city out here and a likely lookln gal
now qulcher kiddln’—-came out to see
how I started the day’s chores.
“ 'We’ll be awful busy today, lady,’
says I.
“‘What are you going to do?" says
she.
“ ’We're going to kill a cow,’
“'What —a whole cow at once?’
"What do you think o’ that? Mebbe
she thought we were going to butcher
a tenderloin steak!” —Cleveland Plain
Dealer.
A druggist was once questioned
why It was necessary to advertise
that a certain medicine would be a
sure cure. Even admitting it was a
good remedy, it couldn’t help all
cases. He replied that If you simply
told the truth that it was helpful in
the majority of Instances, people
would never buy it The public dis
counted anything that was said and
the advertising had consequently to
be written above reality.
In the long run this exaggeration
hurts. The retail merchant catering
to a public near his own store suffers
Instantly from any mis-statement. The
goods, like the cat, come back 'They
come back very soon.
The Imminence of retribution for
mis-statements In local advertising
has compelled even a slippery mer
chant to be very careful of what he
says in a newspaper, Hence the pub
Uc can rely on It. When a merchant
says publicly that his goods are so
and so, he gives a bond to secure the
genolness of the article and the satis
faction of the purchaser.
GOOD
RQADS
COUNTRY SCHOOL 13 FACTOR
Good Roads Mean Higher Moral and
Educational Standard*—Should Be
Regarded as Investment.
, (By HOWARD H GROSS >
There Is another factor that has an
important bearing upon ihe highways,
and that is the country school. Good
roads mean belter schools and a high
er moral and educational standard;
they bring the best instead of the
worst out of people. Had roads make
one feel as though he did not care how
he dressed or how ho appeared.
Wherever good roads are built the
people begin to buy paint; the house
and the barns are treated; the picket
fence displaces the tumble-down one
in trout; ruse bushes are planted and
the lawn has attention; all these
things come along apace. Hence
good road building should not be re
garded as an expense but as an in
vestment. They will pay a linger and
surer return than money invested in
almost any other direction. A high
authority lias said that with good
roads the farmer can take advantage
of the market; with bad roads the
market nearly always lakes advan
tage of the fanner. How many times
Hie situation arises when prices are
good and lhe farmer would like to get
his: corn or oats off or his hogs, that
the roads are nearly impassable? it
ho attempts to reacli market he does
so seriously handicapped. There is
little dcubt that with good roads and
watching the market, the farmer can
get a belter price for what be has to
Bell.
Here Is a significant fact that we
should not forget: That no stale 01
community ever began the building 01
good loads—we mean roads good itti.i
days in the year—and bad the ex
perlente of using and paying for
them, that they did not keep on build
ing more and more good roads every
year. The writer is not a prophet,
but he makes this prediction; That
before the gray hairs appear on the
temples of the children who open their
eyes first to the light of 1912. we will
have a network of good roads that
shall practically cover the whole
country from Plymouth Hock to Puget
sound, and along with I hat we will
have a sclnetlflc agriculture that will
double the farmer's profit, by show
ing how io produce bis grain at prac
tically one-half the preut cost, and
that tills country will be the happiest,
most progressive and enlightened ot
all the world.
RESULTS WILL BE INDIRECT
Missouri Roads Received but Tem
porary Improvements—Romans
Built Slowly and Laboriously.
The chief results qf the holiday of
roadmuking recently promoted by the
governor of Missouri are likely to be
indirect After having toiled and
sweated in the sun those who took
part will doubtless have a stronger in
terest in supporting good roads legis
lation. whether or not they are as
keen to take part in the actual labor
another year. Hut, w hile the Missouri
roads may have received large tem
porary repairs and improvements,
such a holiday, no matter how many
participate in it. can hardly accom
plish much in the way of permanent
road making, says the Springfield Re
publican And it is permanent road
making of which the country stands in
need. Without depreciating the Mis
souri performance it may be recalled
that the Romans, the greatest road
makers the world has known, did not
do their work in spasmodic festivals;
the roads that they built to last for
centuries were built slowly and la
boriously
FEDERAL MONEY FOR ROADS
Appropriation of SSCC,OOO, to Be
Divided Among Thirty-Eight
States Is Small Beginning.
The information conveyed through
the American's Washington reports
concerning the apportionment of $lO,-
OUu to this state Irom the federal ap
propriation of $500,000 to assist in
building post roads in the various
states is important when the full sig
nificance is considered. The appro
priatiou of s'oo,ooo, to be divided
among forty-eight states, is a very
small beginning in the- way of building
government post roads, but It is a be
ginning, says the Baltimore American
It is of great significance that the
government lias made a start in the
direction of federal aid in road build
ing. The SIO,OOO apportioned to Mary
land goes to pay for one-third the com
of a short section of road in Mont
gomery county.
CITIES NEED MORE SUNLIGHT
French Architect Urges Far-Reaching
Reform In Street Planning
for the Future.
Far-reaching reform In city plan
ning as a primary factor in the battle
gainst tuberculosis was demanded
by the architect. Augustin Rey. in an
address made before the French So
ciety of Civil Engineers.
According to M Rey, cities of the
future must be so constructed that
(he direction of all the streets shall
correspond to the sun's daily course
in Hie heavens in order that the In
habitants may receive (he maximum
of light, which Is the greatest mi
crobe killer in existence.
The task ef architects he says, will
be to plan towns In such away that
every nook and corner shall receive
its share of the sun's rays for the
greatest possib’e number of hours
daily On this account he Insists
that the present system of small
apartments will have to go, and their
places be taken by smaller and more
airy dwellings.
He concludes by saying that the
present nickname of Paris, "the City
of Light," should ho that of all towns
which care for the health of their
inhabitants.
litiiH Uhtd SAFEST
Facts About Tall Buildings That
Shake.
Delicate Instruments Record Lateral
and Vertical Vibrations —Evidence
of Seismograph and Trepadome
ter Used in Suits for Damages.
The towering skyscrapers, despite
their massive appearance, are rarely
absolutely at rest. An almost contin
uous series of vibrations passes over
New York's massive skyline, says the
Sun of that city. The rush of street
trallic, the action of engines and ele
vators, the tricks of wind pressure are
constantly setting up wave motions
throughout the great structure of
steel and masonry. The fact that
these buildings are, within certain
limits, elastic, Is of course an assur
ance of their safety. Accidents from
too much vibration are practically un
heard of.
The problem of the vibrations Is per
haps nowhere so complicated as in
downtown New York. Here are group
ed, of course, the greatest collection
of sykscrapers to be found anywhere
In the world The constant passing of
subway trains at the very base of
these buildings tends to set up vibra
tions in every direction. The ele
vated railroads and (lie surface curs
cause still other vibrations, in every
oliice building again will be found con
siderable machinery tor running the
elevators and performing other work.
This is usually located in the low
er basements at the roots of the foun
dations and the waves thus set in mo
tion travel to the extreme height of
the structure. The wind pressure Is
another important factor.
In order to know exactly how a
building is affected by these vibra
tions several extremely delicate instru
ments have been invented. They are
adaptations of the familiar seismo
graph used to record earthquakes, al
though less complicated and sensitive.
The commoner form, the seismograph,
Is used to measure lateral vibrations.
Another machine, the trepadometer,
measures the verticr! vibrations.
Th i general principle of the apparat
us in both cases Is very simple. The
seismograph consists of a metal table
supported by screws so contrived
that the surface may be placed in an
absolutely horizontal position. On
this table rests a sheet of heavy
glass on four steel balls, which are
perfectly spherical. Above the glass
plate Is an adjustable needle which
passes back and forth along a sliding
bar.
A piece of smoked paper is laid on
the glass and the needle adjusted to
touch the surface. And vibration of
the building is taken up by the steel
balls so that the glass on them re
mains absolutely stationary. The
needle, however, vibrates exactly like
the door beneath it and scratches a
line, ragged line along the surface of
the smoked paper. This line records
the vibration of the building with sci
entific accuracy.
In the trepadometer a heavy weight
Is suspended by a long vertical string
so delicate that it responds to the
slightest vibration. A long arm car
rying a pen is attached to the lower
si ctlon of the spring. A very slight
vibration is magnified by the apparat
us, and the pen at the end of the arm
traces an irregular line as the spring
moves ever so slightly up or down.
The pen is set above a sheet of pa
per which is moved by clockwork. The
paper is placed abput a drum which
revolves once in 21 hours. The irreg
ular line traced by the pen thus re
cords the vibrations of the building
for one day.
The records of these Instruments
are used at times in court to decide
damage cases in which the vibration
of buildings figures. There may be
great difference of opinion as to the
damage done by the vibration, but the
records of the seismograph and trep
adometer are accepted as accurate, in
a recent case suil was brought to re
cover damages alleged to have been
caused by the vibration set up by ma
chinery in operation. A number of
printing presses, it was said, had
caused such vibration that the walls
were finally cracked. Several wit
nesses visited the building, -but their
testimony was contradictory. The
readings of the apparatus told the
true story, however, and the damages
were awarded on this evidence.
The most violent vibrations are
not found in the highest buildings, as
might be imagined, but often in struc
tures three or four stories high of old
construction. Such buildings are of
solid masonry, and therefore have lit
tle elasticity, and cannot take up the
wave motion. When heavy machinery,
such as printing presses, for instance,
is set in such a building, the jar will
be very perceptible on every lloor.
The structure of the modern sky
scraper is entirely different and far
safer. In it the brick or stone is mere
ly a shell hung upon a great steel
structure. The steel riveted together
is more or less elastic. A building of
say 40 stories could vibrate like a gi
ant tuning fork, could even crack and
loosen the brisk and masonry, and yet
not bo in danger of being injured.
The vibrations in a building may be
shown with a spoonful of water in
a small dish. A glass dish is better
tor the purpose, a watch crystal is
just the thing. Let this be set in any
building in the busy, crowded parts of
the city and you will find a frequent
vibration. The test may be made more
delicate by placing a few drops of
mercury in the receptacle. You will
find that the surface of the liquid is
constantly vexed by minute waves
Very Probable.
Llteleigh—lt was an unfortunate
thing the devil tempted Eve in the
form of a serpent.
Bltelelgh—ln what way?
Llteleigh—Well, if he had ap
proached her in the form of a mouse,
Adam would never tasted that apple,
—Puck.
Children Cry
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McCALLT) MAGAZINE
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wi*l ' onns it meat.
*lV’ip. - ii Mi.it Sucks an* mule from a
i. dull- pra n.i . •!> ttmirb, pliable, htrout;,
firviuri*'. hctts v , r. with our perfect ‘•Peerless*
b" ’ . ,vii' ■■ 1 1 *•.!: ail waiei tUrbf, and with care
Cii'i In* used f.. ■ youis. 'lhvi urc mad#* In
'lo-e • >l/e* t" -■> i .ill • Izcs of meat, aud wll at 3,4
4i. I ’ cciitH ; •* • t Uni; to size. The or
ins and •boulders "f hog
w ti'biiiir (live v .In) Dorn :tSO to hik* noui.ds. ac
cording i" i,ow i 1 11 • i ;i* Is trimmed; medium or i
r-r ,i <i - from J'i ; i.v< pomiig and the small or I
tent -i/efroni 1 . .fjh pound*.
A !,r- trial w;'* ' I tain every claim for out
sack', and vs-- it iliut where once used they will
• in* a ijouvf '• necessity.
Ask y ir / o. er for them.
Price .1,4 and ac nt* apiece, aucordliis: to size
MAM A. TLKID ONLY HY THE
Grsat ok iiara Ptfl. A Mfq To
> . i icirw. M t
- .^rrrsz
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