Newspaper Page Text
4 ■SS* J-* j mj ♦ i/' D A A A aV^a. Sf 'VOL. I. MIDDLETOWN, NEW CASTLE COUNTY, DELAWARE, SATURDAY MORNING, JANUARY 4, I8G8. NO. I. * . gehet {loirtrj. SNOW FI. UCBS. Flout on, flout on, . Ye snow-flakes hoverin; down— All that is fair, aud tender, mil sweet, tVraii in your pitiless wind ijaVsheet, «inter the meadows ) i wn. 'Tie well, 'fis »dll, Your firightesl wreath- to spread, When (loners hare sunk t, the earth in sorrow, For the Illicit tea hope of u ummer morrow, Over the lovely dead. Floaten. Hoir on, . UniJor your mantle chill, Where traitorous hope cad drei more, •kin" phmiGiTis have lied before. Uh ! that this heart w«to still ! Where lu r Forbear, fori *.ir; k full thou dost is ;rong— iQuiitle, so soft itiid warm, Is slumbering safe, each loveliest form, Though wintar'jj night he long. Under Ye; not, lit.ir not, There am bright, bright buds below— Thou shalt sm them again on the green' hill-side, When the siliery mist of summer tide Is born of the winlcr'g snow. THE ItlEltUY 8LEIÜII« Jingle, jingle, clear the way, •rry, merry sleigh, As.it swiftly scuds along, Hear the burst of happy song; S' « the gleam of glanced bright. Futshing o'er the pathway white; Jingle, jiuglo—how it whirls, Crowded full ol' pretty girls. "i is the Jingle jiiigh -fast it flies, Shooting siu* OnrtlerM n relier* I'll be bound, Little heeding w hen they w ound ; »Sv them with capricious pranks,. Ploughing now Jingle, jingle—'mid their glee. rongliish eyes ; s IV drifted bunks. Jingle, jlnglo—on they flow, Cups and bonnets w hite with si_, Aud the faces swimming past— Nodding through the fleecy Must; Not a single robe they fohl To protect them from the cold, Jingle, jingle—'mid the storm, Fun und frolic keeps them warm. Jingle, jlnj^e, down the hills,* O'er the metiaow's, past the mills, Now * tin slow, now' 'lis fast, Winter will not always last ; Kvery pleasure has its time, Spring will oorne mid stop the chime; Jingle, jinglcU-oleir the way, 'Tis thu morry. merry sleigh. ■ » THE FAITHFUL „WIFE. TmJÿ93. M. de Talleyrandu <|{itgl«b.whikit crossing. tho>" Act playe. lie was compelled to Pop hy a long row of wagons, all loaded with vegetables, wily courtier, generally so dead to all emo tion, could not but. \t„k with a kind of pleasure at these and 'Tin little wagoners, who, by the by, were young and pretty country women. Suddenly as the vehicles came to stand, the eye* of M. de Talley rand chanced to rest npoi one of the young women whoappeured more lovely and grace ful than the others. An exclamation escaped from his lips. It attracted the attention of the fair one, whose country dress and large hat bespoke daily visit a to the market. As she beheld the astonished Talleyrand, whom she recognized immediately, she burst out laughing. "What! is it you?" exdhimed she. "Yes, indeed, it is I. iBut you, what arc you doing here t" 1 "I," said tho young woman; "I a waiting for my turn to pays on. I *m f oing to try to sell my green- and vegiti les at the market." At that moment the wagons began to along, she of tho straw hat applied her whip to her horse, told M. de Tallov rand the namo of the village where she ..was living, requested him earnestly to come aud see. her, disappeared, and left him li ft' riveted on the spot by tho sttengo appa rition. Who Wfc* this ' young market woman ? M, Comtesse de la Tour du I'in, (Madem cusolle de Dillon) the most elegant among yhc ladies of the court of Louis XVT, King of France, aud whose moral and intellectual worth had shone with so dazzling a lustre in the society of her numerous friends anil admirers. At, the time when the French nobility emigrated, she was young, lively, endowed with the most remarkable talents, aud, like all ladies who held, a rank in the court, had only time to attend to such dutieB as belonged to her highly fashiona ble aod courtly life. last any orte fancy the sufferings and agony of that woman, born in tho lap of wealth, and who hail breathed nothing bnt perfumcH under the gilded ceilings of tho royal pulace of Versailles; whom all at •iJnee she fuund herself sutrountllrl with blood and massacres, and saw every kind -yf danger besetting her young and b-ilovcd Sntsbaud and hor infant child. They succeeded in flying from Fiance. It was thoir good fortune to escape from the bloody land where Robespierre in ft his associates were busy at the work of daith. Alas! in those times of terror "the poor 'children themselves abandoned with jtf.- the .parental roof, for no hiding place was se cure against the vigilant eye of those mob sters who thirsted for iunooent blood. The fugitives landed in America, and •first went to Boston, where they found a ! retreat. But what a change for the young, pretty and fhshionable lady, spoiled from infancy by load 1 continual praises of her beauty and talents 1 'i Monsieur de la Tour du Pin was extrav agantly fond of hi* wife. At the court i\f Franca he had seen her, with the prone eye of a husband, the object of general ,as in Boston The move I:' admiration. Indeed hemmduct Lad always been virtuous and exemplary ; but now, ill a foreign land and among unsophisticated republicans (171)5) w hfl t was tlio use of courtly refinements. Happy as be was in soeiug her escape from all tlio perils lie had dreaded on her own account, still lie could but deplore the future lot of the wife of his bosom. How ever, with tlie prudent foresight of a good father and a kind huslijnd, he nerved him self against despair, and exerted himself to render their condition less miserable than that of many emigrant* who were starving, when the little money they had brought over with them had been exhausted. Not a word of English did he know ; but his wife spoke it fluently, and admirably well. They boarded at Mrs. Muller's, a good natured, notable woman, who, on every occasion, showed the greatest respect anil admiration for her fair hoarder;.yet Mon sieur de la Tour du Pin was in constant dread lest the conversation of thut good, plain, and well-meaning woman might bo the cause of great ennui to his lady. What a contrast with the society of such gentle men as -M. do Norbouvne, M. de Talley rand, and the other high-minded and polish ed nobility of France,.1 Whenever think ing of this transition (particularly when absent from his wife, dud tilling the garden of the cottage which they wore going to inhabit,) he felt such paugs and heart throbbings as to make him apprehensive on his return to Mrs. Muller's to meet the looks of his beloved wife, whom ho expect ed to see bathed in tews. Meanwhile the good hostess would give him a hearty shake of Me hand, and repeat to him, "happy husband ! happy husband 1" At last came the day when the fugitive family left the hoarding house of Mrs. Muller to go to inhabit their little cotta when they were at last to he exempt from want, with an only servant, a negro, a kind of Jack of all trades, viz : gardener, foot man and cook. The last function M. de la Tour de Pin dreaded most of all to see him undertake. It was almost dinner time. The poor emigrant went into his little garden to gather some fruit', and tarried as long as possible. *Ou his return home his wife was absent ; looking for her he entered tl)e kitchen, and saw a young coqntry-woiutm who, with her back to the door, was knead Pin started, tlio young woman turned round, It was his beloved wile, who had oxebang ud her muslins and silk fora country dress, not as for a fancy hall, hut to play the part of a real farmer's wife. At the sight ot Iter husband her cheeks crimsoned, and slut joined her hands in a supplicating manner. .•■OU ! my love," said she, " do not faugh ■ „Ute. X am as, expert as Mrs. Muller " ■ 'Dearest .''continued she, "if you knew how easy : t is. Wc, in a momout, under stand uLat wo,V.l , „st a eonufty-woman sometimes one or t'v.i, years Now we shall he happy—you will no 'lorigfwl,, ofraM-uf nmZ for mo, nor doubts about n,v abilities, of which I will give you many proofs," said she, looking with i bewitching smile at him. "Come, come, you promised us a salad, und L am going to bako to-mor row ; the oven is hot. To-day the bread of the town will do-lmt oh ! henceforward leave it to me " From that momont, Madame de hi Tour du Pin kepi her word ; she insisted or, going herself to Boston tn sell her vo 2 e tables and cream cheeses. It was et. such an errand that M. do Tallvraud met her. The day after lie went to pay her a visit, aud found her in tlie poultry-yard, sur rounded by a host of fowls hungry ekickens aud pigeons. She was all that she had premised to he. Besides, her health had been so mueh hen., fitted, that she seemed less fatigued by the hmsowork than if she had attended all tie balls of the winter. Her beauty, which had been remarkable in the gorgeous palace of Versailles, was (Jazzling in her cottage in the New World. M. do Talh.vr.iud said so to her ' •Indeed!" rcplW. she with naviete, " indeed, do you tVok sc ? I an, delight cd U, hear it. A woman is always and everywhere proud v her personal attrac tiens " At that moment the black servant bolted into the drawing-room, holding in his hand 1ns jacket, with a large rent in the tug dough ; her arms of suowy Whiteness were hare to the elbow. M. de lu Tour du ! " Missis, him jacket torn; please mend him." She immediately took a needle, repaired Gullalt's jacket, aud continued the conver sation with a charming simplicity. This little adventure left a deep impres sion ou the mind of M- de Talleyrand, who used to relate it with that tone of voico peculiar to his narrations. No Feu. Moon.— Last February was a month in which there was no full moon, u remarkable foot, but not so rare us some of tlio Italian journalists would mNko it, for these authorities asserted that this oc- currence could only take place once iu 25,000 centuries. A Milanese astronomer who noticed this rush assertion, has just Bhown that the same thing occurred in 1847, when the moon eatne full on the morning of .January (list, and next again on the morning of March 2d following The .Scientific American says that in 1829 there was a similar occurrence in this rouutrg. ----—«A—-— YY rather propU' is v hose sybillinc leaves •ire . the breastbones of geese say that the tirst part of this winter will be hard, and t.(n latter will be milil A lawyer iselwayaj^iougcst when hois /-ablest. % 1'raf from gistorç. as to an History of llallronds and Locomotives. The modern researches in Egypt dis covered that roads with solid stone track ways were built by tho ancient artificers of that country for transporting tlio stupend ous stones of the Pyramids. The remains of such roads, formed of heavy blocks of stono, have been actually found. The Appiun way of the Homans of a later day, constructed with blocks of stone closely fitted together, is nnuthcr step towards the rail way ; and tho same kind of smooth, solid roadway was used in modern times in the continental cities, Pisa, Milan, and in London. In the life of Lord Keeper North, who figured about two hundred years ago, it is said that at that time the coals from the colleries near Neweastle-upou-Tync were enveyed to the banks of the river " hy laying rails of timber exactly straight and parallel ; und bulky carts were made, with four rollers, fitting those rails, where by the carriage was made so easy that one horse would draw four or five caldrons of This was earlier than 1070. This was another great step in the line of im provement. These roads were used in the Northumberland and Durham coal districts for about one hundred years, with such gradual modifications as their use suggest ed : and in 1705 their construction < braced the leading features of the modern railroad, initialing the Hanges upon the wheels, hut nut the iron surface for the wheels to roll upon. At this period the roads were built with square wooden sleep ers, six feet long, und two to three feet apart. Upon these were laid tho rails, with a uniform inalination, as nearly as possible. The rails were long timbers, six or seven inches wide and five iuches deep, and ubnut four feet apart, fastened down hy pegs, and the space between filled with gravel. A subsequent improvement placed a second set of rails upon the top of tho first, which were then used as the founda tion. The rails were after awhile further improved hy straps of iron covering their upper surface. The wagons witli flanged wheels carried two to throe tuns of coal each. coal." Tlio first iron rails were introduced just one hundred years ago, at the iron works Tho rails were east of pig iron, in hare, five feet long, four inch ''f ."i'" 1 ®'. T '"" 1 . 1 t,,r, | ' e - fo " ttl 1 ls i™ 1 "* """b ) vul1 ,,ulu »"» tlR ' JJ ' *® tho wo,k1 - L 'tt tun hers. .... J " U* 1 ', H»'y introduced a rail with a mpoid.cuh"- lodge on the outer edge to tl,e . " heeds upon the track ; the ledge, a ^ r '"T' l 'T g £;" ,sferred V« ,uuur cd .f , of ^ rai1 '. H>ey were at that time eallod plate roads, aud afterwards tram W™}' * P'u"*>'*eu% »WM 1 w,t1 ' **" 'tenes. In 1,89 d 'ssepa edge rail, with tho top «uluoo t,M ! lw, »f 'f"* tw .« d ¥ 1 | ru ®' h .° 1 .'»° wheu1 ' W11S lutr< * ,uoed - -Th" • "tarked improvement was not much appre mated at fartrt, as it fell mto disuse ; but in tku rath, were revived at the sla,u T lum, ' d Lord ^ur.tyn. , J I 'o ™'l "as at lust made convex, with <l.e wheel u T' a , vt '' f **• f h.s was fouim to wear, aud wh, i ul a "'\ r " ll L th f b ® con fP l, fc' ht uu tr tmk. Ihe wheel and rail f, 1 ' 0 ' 1 bo,l '- ma , de tiat - and thü »j?™ 1 jZ " fluU f on ed «*; II ,7", tllat ?>»e horse on this rail would do the work ot . wl - v °." %•**"""«" r , , , . r "! 1 ," :LS : m 1808 improved by being made 1,1 the middle than at the ends, and 10 S tu ! 1 the fish-hellicd rail > H»« toriu «mug the strength where most needed. It was not, however, until 18 ' ü tba ' ""'"'""m}' fur 1 Inak "'8 o{ " ruu 8 ht ,ron invented. All rail* be , ore 1 "" woro , cai,t > , uud cm ' ld not - »Imrc *"7 he more than three or four toot long, ! Uilkll, fe r tb " .l ,mlts «" points of support m t u , ".' ad Very numerous. Besides, east ,r0 ? had been, troiu its brittleness, found uu *' for ke * v J r , rualJs a " d k «-' h **P«" d - • J htw tar the motive power had been "Imost cxelusively that of h "h"®' 1 l da,na waa «"H«* . U8cd - th « de80Wld ' n *. tar . on °"« a,du ^"'8 "ntes attached to another on the opprisito declivity, ho that the one cud going down wo "' d draw "!!.' hc T hor - . .. 1 . hc P oaMbll '7 , of cm ' Btnl ® tl "S st( ' u " 1 - car TO T™* b .f" flw . ta "88'f cd hy Watt, as early as the perm 1 of tho American ltevolution ; but it is to Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia, that is duo the honor of first making the application of steam to tho propelling of land carriages. In 1782 he patented a steam wagon, and sent the specifications to England as early as 1787. A locomotive carriage was also patented hy Watt in 1784. Iu 1802 Rich ard Trcnithick patented a high-pressure locomotive engine, and in 1804 built one for a railroad in Wales, which did well on a level surface or moderate grade ; but the wheels, on any considerable grade, would slip round without advancing. This diffi culty was not obviated for sornd years. Wheels with teeth were tried in 1811, and the next year carriages with eight wheels were tested in vain. In 1814 plain wheels wore found to do well on some of the roads of the English mines, but no application was made of them except tor moving coal and ore wagons. I ihe first passengor railroad opened was a horse-railroad hetwoen Stockton and Darlington, a distance of eleven miles, in the north of England, built in 1825. Se guin, tho French engineer, in 1826 first succc.sfuUj introduced locomotives upon several smull roads in France. Iu 1825, tho Mancgestcr and Liverpool railroad de signed for trains at a high rato of speed, was o itc itenood. Tho expense of fast rates <r.s so great with horses that it was of Uolehrook Dale. were i: The edge orscs. On in ;.* G is ho ed, planned to use stationary engines along the track, aud draw the carriages with ropes trom station to station. A premium ot <£500 was otiered for tlio best engine not prod ueing smoke,—weight, it on four wheels, not more than four and a half tons, and not more than six tuns in any event—dr«wing three times its own weight ten miles an hour, and costing not above .£55ü. Iu 1821) four locomotives were presented for trial, and the prize awarded to u machine weighing four tons live cwfc. running fourteen miles an hour with a gross load ot seventeen tons, and capable, under certain circumstances, ot double tliat speed. It was caUcd the Rocket. In 1830 steam carriages were regularly in trotluced on this road. The small engines soon gave place to those ot more power, soine having since attained the enormous proportious and power ot torty-eight tons weight, on the English road. The "fish belly" form of rail was used with these fitst locomotives. They were spiked down to square stone blocks, weighed thirty three pounds to the yard, and were four feet eight aud a half inches apart, which has come to be the national guugc. The first railroad iu America was com mcnccd iu 182(i, and fiuished in 1827, for the transportation of granite from the quarry at (juiney to the tide-waters .of Na ponaet river, including branches it was four miles in length, with single track, iron rails iastened to stone sleepers seven and a half feet long, and eight feet apart, The rails were pine, a foot deep, covered with oak plank, plated with iron. The guage was five feet. The stones were conveyed on an inclined plain 385 ft., long, down an elevation of 85 feet, to the rail way. The cars were drawn by horses. Tire second railroad in this country was coiumcnccd iu Juuuury, and completed iu May, 1827, from the coal mines of Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, to the Lehigh river, a distance of nine miles, and, with turu outs and branches, tho length was tliir teon-and-a-half miles. The elevation of the mincB above the river where the boats received the coal was 93(5 feet, and down this continued*descent the loaded cars were carried by gravitation, and drawn by mules. Fourteen cars, each containing half a ton of coal, were connected together, aud a conductor rode on ono of the cars and regulated their movements, ono of the cars being used to convey down the mules, who drew back the empty cars. The rails were of wood, strapped witji iron. In 1828 the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company built a railroad from their coal mines in Luzerne county, J'a, to Honesdule, a dis taneo of twenty-four miles. The first railroad, either in this or any other country, constructed exclusively for the use of locomotives as motive power, was a road to counect Charleston, 8. C. with the Savannah river. Six miles of this road was tiuished in 1829. It was built on piles, often very high above the ground, and this fact is conclusive that horses wore not intended for the motive power. Their engineer was Horatio Allen, who had been Uj su tho engineer of the Delaware and Hudson Road in 1827, and who was sent abroad in the autumn of that year by the Delaware and Hudson Company to pur phase the railroad iron and three loelo tives. Tho first laud carnage propelled by steam * in America was . constructed hy Oliver Evans, in 1893-4, in I'hiladelphiu, It originated as follows : In 1392 the Hoard of Health of that city Mr. Evans to oonstruet the first steam dredging-machine ever used in Ameriea. It was a flat scow, with a small engine to work the machinery 1er raising the mud. When tho machine was ready to be launched upon the Schuylkill, Mr. Evans, as an experiment, fitted it upon wheels, and, steaming up tho engine,, the establish ment propelled itself a mile and a half to the river. It was there placed afloat, ami with a puddle wheel in the stern, it steamed down the river to the junction of the Dela ware. The machine was named the Eruc ton Amphibolis. Mr. Evans atthis period was confidently predicting tho time when sneh carriages would he propelled on railways, and urging upon capitalists to build a railroad from New York to Philadelphia. He was u native of New pert, Delaware, and died in New York eity in 1819, at the age of (11 years. The construction of » land carriage, to bo pro pelled without animal power, was the sub jeet of his thoughts, aud employed his grout inventiv powers throughout bis en tire manhood, commencing when he was an apprentice boy to a wheelwright. It was not uutil about 1799 1809, however, that his moaus and circumstances permit ted him to embark in earnest to build a uthoiised steam engine. Tho namo of John Stevens, who in the same year in which Evans built his dredg ing-machine at Philadelphia constructed a steam propeller at New York, deserves especial mention iu this connection. In 1812 ho published a pamphlet urging the overnment to make experiments iu rail ways traversed by steam carriages, and it astonishing to road the details of struetion of the railway, the locomotives, and tho carriages, and their operation, while we remember that the whole thing hud an exismnoe only in his ftu-scuing, inventive m|nd. Tho endfooB, he thought, might trav ersq the jmad at a speed of fifty miles an hotfr, tjfough twenty to thirty mijes would li'imd the practical speed. Ho propos ed, at this time, if his plan should, on ex periment, be found to operate well, that a railway be built connecting Albany and Lako Eric. IIo was regarded as a vis ionary, and ft was left to his son, JohnL. Stevens, who inherited his father's groat cou inventive powers, and who was the prosi dent of the Camden and Amboy Railroad many years in its earliest history, to see the dream* of-his father become a wonder tul reality. The father built a locomotive as an experiment, and it worked well some two ar three years after his pamphlet was published, about 1814. The first use of a locomotive in Ameri ca was on the Delaware and Hudson Ca uni Company's railroad, in Luzerne county Pa. to which we have alluded. One of the engines purchased in England by IIo ratio Allen arrived in New York in 1829, and of this machine Appleton's Encyclo pœdia, to which, and to "Mitchell's Uni ted States," published in 1835, mainly indebted for these facts, thus says : " One of the engines built by Clcorge Ste phenson at his works at NewcuMile-upon Tvne arrived in New York in the spring ot 1829, and was to be seen for some time in the yard of E. Dunscomb, in Water st. its wlieels raised above the ground, and kept running for the gratification of those interested. Another engine built by Fos tor, ltastwick AOo. arrived soon after, and was put on the road in tho latter part of the summer of 1829." The Encyclopaedia docs not inform us when nor where the first mentioned engine was put to use, but says that tho other one was a four-wheeled nmltitubular boiler and exhaust blast, The first American steam locomotive put into use on the road of which wc have spoken, running from Charleston, South Carolina, to Hamburg, on the Savannah river, late in the summer of 1830. engine was built by the Kembles, at their shop in West street, New York, from a plan made by E. B. Miller, then a resident Charleston. It was a small four-whecl engine, with upright boiler, and water fi ues close at the bottom, with the flame circulating around them. It was called " Best Friend," and worked successfully about, two years, says the authority already mentioned, when it exploded, and built with a fine boiler. Upon this road, in 1831, the great American improvement °* ^ w0 four-wheeled trucks for locomotives alu * l°»g passenger cars was first intro ^ueed. They were planned by Horatio ARcn, who had become the engineer of fc bis road. This .system of double track ru, *ning gear, including thisr application of ^e pedestals to the springs, have, with 110 essential change, ever siuce been uni vcrsally adopted in this country. Charleston und Hamburg Company offered a premium of £500 for the best plan of a horso locomotive, and the award was given 1 ij • Detmold, afterwards uf New York, v; * i0 constructed a machine to carry- twelve Passengers ut the rate of twelve miles an hour, the horse workiug on an endless c haiu. There has been recently some controversy aë 40 the oldest locomotive in America, ^P on this que, stun the Fkiladclphiu Ledger 8ll J 8 : Maine claimed recently to possess the oldest locomotive in America. It was broken up die Ælïïd was one ot the early machines built iu Ka^rund by Stephenson, the inventor of the locomotive. U h .ï H ' ,il Ncw«.stle-upon-Tyne, in 1835, Zl ZneAug.ltXZâ 18M ' ^ we are machine, with a The was re The The Trenton (Inzctte. in allusion to this item from the Ledger, adds : In tlii* paragraph there is either ft mistake of dates Dull' Railroad • facts. The locomotive known as " John vas running on the Camden and Amboy ' ns early as 1S32. It was built by Steph enson, at Newcastle, and is, we believe, still in use. .Sonic time ago it was running regularly on tlie Jlocky Jlill Load, and is probably still run ning. Ju 1834 a lococomotive was running on the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, making a trip each way daily. Only two trains were then run over tlie road daily, one drawn by horses, and the other by tho only locomotive engine owned by the company. • The (jrttziKc furtlicrsays that tbe "John Bull " is still in existence. In relation to the C&mdeu and Amboy railroad, "Mitch ell's United States," a statistical work, compiled with extraordinary care, and pub lished in i S35, says : " This railroad being designed lor steam locomotive engines, is to be eventually constructed in the most substantial manner ; but at present wooden rails are used for tbe most part of the line, in order that the embankment may be con solidated before laving the permanent track, to bo completed the present year. Upon this road, so far as finished, passengers and merchandize have been carried since Feb ruary, 1833." This would seem to be in conflict with the statement of tho Gazette , that the John Bull was i mining so early a« 1832. Tho first steam propelled cars, running igularly with passengers and freight, ap pear, so far as our researches inform us, to have boon on the Charleston and Ham burg road, or, as it is now known, " The South Carolina Rail Road," connecting Charleston and Augusta, Ga. , the latter town being on the opposite side of the Sa vannah river from Hamburg. The'Raltimore and Ohio road, of which the first stone was laid July 4,1828 in tlie presence of an immencc multitude, by the venerable Charles Carroll, of Carrolton, though active operations wore not com menced till the autumn of that year. 1830 the road was finished as far as Elli ootts Mills, a distance of thirteen miles, and was originally designed as a horse rail road. The successful introduction of Fteam motive power in this country, as well as in England, however, encouraged the attempt to use steam locomotives here; and in 1830 & small locomotive, built by Roter Cooper, in Baltimore, was put upon the road. Horse-cars were also used, and in these ways trains were regularly run in that year. "Mitchell's United States" says that in the first eight- months of 1831 this road transported 81,905 passengers, In : and 5,931 tons of freight, yielding an in come of $31,405, and involving an expense of $10,994. The rails were of wood, fas tened to timbers or stone imbedded in the earth, and were covered with iron plate from four to five-eighths of an inch thick, and from two and a half to four aud a quarter inches wide. These plates often became detached, and occasionally, caught by the wheels, were thrust up into the cars —a danger and a terror to the passengers, and known as "snake-heads, not peculiar to this road at that period, ns the most of the early roads wore constructed in the same manner. From 1831 railroads multiplied in every direction, and in glancing, as we have, backward to the origin of these enterpri only over the short space of forty years, the mind is filled with inexpressible ment with the stupendous strides of im provement which have been made in that time. In round numbers there were com pleted iu 1855, in the United States, forty thousand miles of railroad, at an average cost of forty thousand dollars a mile, in cluding equipment, aud one-third as much more projected. The total number of miles of railway open to traffic in Great liritaiu in 1859 was, in round numbers, ten thou sand miles, at an average cost per mile of twelve thousand pounds sterling, or sixty thousand dollars. At the same period there were completed on tho continent of Europe ten thousand five hundred miles, and in the Asiatic countries some four hun dred and fifty miles ; making a total tn the woild, completed, about sixty-two thou sand miles. We have no space to speak of the improvements in railroad machinery of every kind—in the engines, the car riages, and the rails—which are no less marvelous than the extensions of the roads. This was : - , Anecdote of Q,uecn Victoria* Grace Greenwood says—An anecdote il lustrating Queen Victoria's admirable good sense and strict domestic discipline, came to me directly from one who witnessed the occurrence. One day, when the Queen present iu her carriage at military review, the Princess Koyal, then rather a wilful girl of thirteen, sitting on the front seat, seemed disposed to be rather familiar and coquetish with some yong officers on the escort. Her majesty gave several repro ving looks, without avail—" winked at her, she wouldn't stay winked." At length, in flirt ing her handkerchief over the side of the carriage, she dropped it—too evidently not accidentally. Instantly two or tlireo young heroes sprang from their saddles to return it to her fair hand —but thu awful voice of royalty stayed them. " Stop, gentlemen !" exclaimed the Queen—" leave it just where it lies. Now my daughter, get d tho carriage aud pick up your handker chief." There was no help for . it. The royal footman let down the stop for the little, royal lady,who proceeded toliftfrom the dust pretty piece of oambric and laee. She ihed a good deal, though she tossed her own from 1M bluB_ head saucily, and she was doubtless angry enough, but the mortifying lesson may have nipped in the bud her first impulse towards It was hard, But it was whole ow many American mothors would ho equal to such a piece of Spartan discip line? quetry. some. H Co How the Newa Is Collected. For some years past the leading journals in the different cities have combined in an arrangement, under tho title of tho * 'As hy means of which— through the agency of tlie magnetic tele graph—the news of the day is interchanged throughout the United States and British Provinces. Though all huvo tho full benefit of this organization, still tho system of special agents and correspondents is maintained as heretofore; and during the sessions of Cuugrcss and the various State Legislatures, the special dispatches by tele graph, costing thousands of dollars per week, will often fill several columns. They have also correspondents, regularly employed and paid, at each of the leading points for obtaining news, in Europe, Asia Africa, and America. Either a letter a news summary is fowarded by every mail; in consequence, where steamers rive from Europo, California, and Havana, on the same day—as lias frequently hap pened of late—intelligence from all parts of tho world, from London to the interior of Australia, appears in their columns the following morning. Tub Pyrenees Disapeabinq.—A Ma drid paper laments ovor the fact which sci entific researches have established, that the range of the Pyrenees mountains dur ing the space of twenty years has lost about one hundred feet in altitude, and proceeds to make a calculation whereby it appears that after the lapse of one thousand years the chain separating France and Spain will bo no more, in which oase the Ebro will empty into the Bay of Biscay instead of the Mediterranean. ot first try sociated Dress, in ed . a r the all and American Tin. —For a few weeks experiments have been conducted by *Dr. T. R. doubling, of St. Louis, to decide upon the proper flux for, and the best manner of roasting and smelting tin from the Missouri minet. As a final result, on the 18th inst. was produced the t pic of pure tin ever made in this coun Thc yield of pure metal was eight per cent of the quantity of oro. t ^ it one the the same if on The rumor that Secretary Seward has bought Saturn's ring-, Jupiter's moon and half a dozen asteroids, is contradicted. What ÎH tho difference between a baby and coat ? O you tree se-f you Kcre, ami the other w. V a . !lgriailtural £L'p;irfmcnt. To Prevent Weevil let Wheat. The following article ts of great impor tance to farmers, them will give the experiment a trial. It appeared first in the Southern Cuhiratw, which is good authority on agricultural That paper says, through one of its c rrespondents : Wc hope that some of matters. " Let wheat be salted, and weevil will never infest it. I have followed this plan trom 1834 till now, und have never lost any wheat with weevil after suiting it. 8u certain is this plan to save wheat, that l never sun mine at all. I let it stand in the fields in dozens for twelve days, then thresh, fan aud salt away. I use half a pound of salt to a bushel of wheat. As it is measured into garners I sprinkle the salt and stir after each measure. If the house be dry wheat is sure to keep well on this plan. Now, all farmers know that wheat di minishes in bulk as it gets older (». e. tho grain gets less)and that it will not yield as much nor as good flour as when fresh (Bin the held. This change is prevented by salting. If you examine it eight or ten days after salting, it will be found damp, with dissolved salt on" the surface of the grams : but some weeks afterward it will be found dry, having kept cool all the time. Ihe salt enters into the grain and makes the flour saltish, but not enough to interfere with- any of its culinary uses. Let us sum up the advantages of this mode ot saving wheat : 1. It preserves the wheat with certainty than sunning. 2. The wheat docs not lose in volume or weight by long keeping. 3. It makes more and much better flour. 4. It costs less labor. 4 1 ■ Ihe wheat is better for seed, because it is preserved iu its perfect state. There is not salt enough in it to prevent it from germinating, but there is enough to stimu late it to sprout vigorously. "I suppose that after nil the of labor cost • sunning, near one-fourth of the nil wheat produced in the valley of the Missis sippi is either lost hy weevil or badly dam aged. This is no small item of less who the average crop is considered. Were all farmers to salt their wheat, this enormous annual loss would he prevented ; and then one would ever make bread of wheat not quite spoiled enough to give to pigs, and yet too had for any person to cat. have scon wheat weevil were in it. In 1830, for want of honsc room, my wheat was put in hand stacks as it was hauled up to threshing. When about half done hauling, it occurred to me that the woevil might get into it before we shoald get ready to thresh it ; I therefore salted the remaining wheat as it was pjit in the stacks, and it was fortunate it was doue because-the weevil ruined all which was not salted, while those stueks which were suited remained uninjured. In 1852 there were four separate parcels of wheat put in my barn: three of them were salted, and one was not. All three of the parcels which were salted kept perfectly sound and free of weevil hut thu one not saltod was ruined by the weevil. I think Indian ght be saved by salting. It is best to unite the two so »ore I saved by salting after the corn principles hero set forth in saving wheat ; that is, it should bo kept dry and saltod too. Dec&nse if it be put up too moist, so mueh salt would be required to save it that it would make the Hour too salt for any use, and the vitality ot the grain would be destroyed, so that it would be unfit for seed. Tl»o Cure olio. Fhe editor of the Germantown Telegraph, says:-—"YVe know of no other - way to les sen the number of the curenlio than hy jurring the trees anil entehing the rascals in sheets. Removing u limb and Itriking the stump smartly with a mallet, is a good way of doing the jarring. All the so-call ed remedies are failures. ... . We have tried everything likely to be effectual and found them to be worthless, and decline to try Others daily being discovered, which the face of them absurd." are ou To Prevent Smut In XVl.ct Take one pound of blue oil of vitriol_ dissolve it iu two or three quarts of boiling hot water, in some earthen vessel. Then put it in a pail and fill with cold water. . Now take ten bushels of seed wheat, on the barn floor, and sprinkle this solution all over it, and shovel it thoroughly so that every kernel it wet, and it) two or throo hours it is ready to sow. Yon may keep it longer just as well, if yon dry it and keep it fron, heating. This receipt is effiricn*^ hut if you have very smutty wheat^u may raise a little smut the next year, but none after that. New Dixtnsc In Apple Tree«. ^ The Gardener'* Monthly speaks of a now disease in apple trees, in the shape of what it calls a new species of cryptogamie fungi, one not kown to exist gn apple trees in the United State's before. prevent the spread of this disease, the editor says it is only necessary to un derstand that these parasitic fimgi rhn the same course as other plants, and.therefore, if tho knot is destroyed before it pomes to maturity, it will tic prevented from propa gating its Jf. The scat of t.Hiij is on the c nds of tkoWjjdfôl, To veuld thrive, Aim 11 or tfrive. IIo that 1-v the plow se-f must citni