BY E. B. MUKKA
T^A?H?'?OLUMN.
J. G. CLINgSCALES, Editor.
HISTORY OF ANDERSON.
Having been fecf?ested by our Teacher
to obtain some facts regarding our City
and County, we have visited (and, as the
reporters say, "interviewed") all the
oldest inhabitants. Arranging in order
the facts thus given us, we obtain the fol?
lowing history of Anderson :
Anderson County is situated in the
Jfofthw'estern~part of South Carolina.
It originally formed part of Pendleton
District. By an Act of Legislature in
1826, this District was divided into An?
derson and Pickens Counties. The most
important rivers in the County are the
Seneca and Saluda. There are other
smaller streams, the origin of whose
names is very interesting. When our
forces were encamped and fortified against
the^my at Cambridge, they formed a
friendly alliance with*a settlement of In?
dians near Walhalla. - These Indians bad
obtained valuable information for our
troops at Cambridge, and tradition says
an Indian woman from this settlement,
in order to convey this information to the
whites, made the trip in a day and named
these streams as she crossed them by the
distance she had traveled, viz:. Eighteen,
Three and Twenty, and Six and Twenty.
Five Commissioners were appointed by
the Legislature to locate a County seat
for Anderson County. We have only
been able to obtain the names of three
of these,: Messrs. Bobt. Norris, Jas. Har?
ris^ Griffin. Mr. Asa Clink
scales was the County Surveyor." These
Commissioners could not pgree upon the
exact place for the town; some wishing
it located at a place two miles north of |
Anderson called Whitehall, and others
thought a point three miles south the
beat location. There was at that time a
blacksmith shop and small country store
where Granite Bow now is, and here
these Commissioners met to continue the
dispute about the spot to locate the town.
The blacksmith proposed to treat them to
a gallon of liquor, if they would decide
upon this place; whereupon they got
gloriously drunk and declared this spot Vi
be the very best place for the new town. |
This was in February, 1827. The town
was immediately laid off by Clinkscales,
the pqdhty Surveyor, North Boundary
Street was the one now known as Orr
Street; South Boundary, now called Bel
ton Street; West Boundary, the street
running east of the Presbyterian Church ;
and East Boundary, running in front of |
the Depot and extending to Belton Street.
Lots began to be sold about the 1st of
April. The contract for building the
Court House and Jail was given to Ben,
Denhan, of Greenville; he afterward en?
gaged Mr. Boht. Wilson to take the con?
tract, and this Mr. Wilson immediately
moved to Anderson with his family. His
son, Jeptha Wilson, (who is now our
oldest resident) was ten years old when
he saw the.first brick made for these
buildings. The Jail was built near the
place now occupied by Wilhite's Drug
Store. The first store on the Square was
built of pine poles and kept by Mr. M.
Webb. He afterward built a hotel and
large store room where the Benson House
now stands. Other Btores were soon after |
built, as follows: by Jas. Thompson on
the McCully lot, Elias Earle where Wat?
son's store now is, Christy Orr near where
the Bank now stands, Jenkins Hammond
on the spot now occupied by Maxwell's
store.' Among the first dwellings maybe
mentioned those of Dan. Cochran where
the.. Jail now is, Leroy Barr on the lot
now owned by Mr. J. A. Daniels, Daniel
Brown on the Masonic lot, and the old
house .still standing, lately owned by Mrs.
Leak.. ....
The first Church bnilt was a Methodist
Church, on what is now Mr. Jno. Moore's
lot. Bev. Whitefield Anthony was its
first pastor. Next the Baptist Church
was built, third the Presbyterian, then
the Episcopalian, and more recently the
Catholic. The first graveyard was the
Presbyterian, and the first person buried
was a Miss Oaborne.
The first school of importance was the
Presbyterian Female College, built on
the lot now owned by Mrs. Crumley.
Profs. Moss and Pressley and Miss Mc
Quern were at the head of this school.
Next the Baptist Seminary was built on
the 'lot adjoining the Baptist Church.
Mrs. Daniel, the two Misses Payne, Prof.
Wagstaff and Dr. Johnson were mana?
gers of this Seminary. Later the name
of this school was changed to Johnson
University, and it was removed to the
buildings on University Hill, now occu?
pied by Patrick's Military School. There
was also a Male Academy built on the lot
now owned by Dr. Johnstone.
All the first store rooms built in Ander?
son were one and two story wooden
buildings, most of which were 'destroyed
by a fire.?i^;ioro."Stlh:of April, 1845. The
principal buildings destroyed by this fire
were Earij Evitas and Griffin, on the
north corner of the block, the Postoffice,
Seed's law office and the Anderson Ga?
zette, which was owned by J. P. Eeed,
Bice & Cater's store, Dr. Cater's drug
store, Judge Whitner's law office, and the
store of B. F. Crayton, on the south
corner, with Brown's Hotel and the Ben?
son House. After the fire the property
holders had a meeting and decided to
rebnild with substantial brick buildings,
and in the course of two years this was
done. In 1853 the railroad was com?
pleted to Anderson. Before this time
onr merchants all hauled their goods in
wagons from Hamburg or Charleston,
and shipped their produce in the same
way. After the completion of this rail?
road, the town grew more rapidly, and at
the commencement of the civil war it bad
a population of over two thousand, doing
the largest mercantile business north of
Colombia.
When the call for volunteers was made,
Anderson responded with true Southern
spirit, and the gallant "Palmetto Rifle?
men," of Anderson, under Capt. J. H.
Whitner, was one of the first Companies
organized in the State. As the war pro?
gressed, business in the town was almost
suspended, all the men who were able
having joined the army. The few stores
were kept by elderly men, one of whom
was one of onr present merchants, Mr.
Y & CO.
Leaser. -There being at that time few
factories in the South, the goods obtained
from these stores were very costly. Cal?
ico was worth from five to fifty dollars
per yard ; flour, fifty dollars per barrel ;
coffee, fifty dollars per pound, and very
scarce even at that price; and all other
prices were in proportion. Calico dresses
and "store coffee," with sugar, were
among the luxuries enjoyed by but few.
The ladies of Anderson formed work?
ing societies for the purpose of helping
our soldiers : besides knitting socks and
making clothing, they took all their linen
sheets, table cloths, &c, and prepared
bandages for the wounded. They also
appointed a committee to go to the Depot
every day when the train arrived, and
carry such refreshments as could be ob?
tained to any sick or wounded soldiers
who should be passing through on the
way home.
Since the war Anderson has steadily
and substantially improved, and is now
one of the busiest 'and most progressive
towns in the State. In fact, it is no
longer a town, but a city, and a very
pleasant one, indeed: at least, this is
what our visitors say, and we Anderson
ians think so, too. We now have an?
other railroad, the Savannah Valley.
There are now in oor city fifteen gro?
cery store;:, thirteen dry goods and groce?
ries, three dry goods, four ladies' and two
gents' furnishing, four confectionaries,
two book stores, two jewelry and silver?
ware, four drng stores, one hardware, two
stoves and tinware, two furniture stores,
sash and blind factory, cotton seed oil
mill, eight doctors, eighteen lawyers, two
dentists, seven schools, five white and
three colored Churches, a beautiful Cem?
etery on Silver Brook, National Bank,
Building and Loan Association, Masonic
Lodge, Knights of Honor, Sons of Tem?
perance, Telegraph, Telephone, and, in
the near future, will have a cotton facto?
ry. We also have two of the best news?
papers in the State. New streets have
been opened iu all directions, and on all
sides we see evidences of continued
growth and prosperity. We have many
liberal and public-spirited citizens, who
are actively interested in the improve?
ment of our city. Anderson is sixty
years old this year; what the next sixty
years will accomplish, we cannot tell.
Judging its future by the spirit shown in
the past, it will be fully in keeping with
the nineteenth century.
Gena Benson, Minnie Wilson,
Lizzie Haebison, Scotte Beown,
Aechie Todd.
'[Having heard that the pupils in Miss
Hubbsrd's school had written a historical
sketch of Anderson, we prevailed on the
teacher to allow us to give it to the read?
ers of the Teachers' Column. We find
it quite interesting, and are sure it will
be of interest to many of our readers.?
Ed.]
Mr. C. P. Kay says he is very sorry he
has not attended all the meetings of the
Association. Hereafter he begs to be
considered a "full scholar."
Mr. T. W. Seigler, of Hall, makes a
good start. Abont the first thing he did
was to send for the Carolina Teacher and
the Teachers1 Institute. He means busi?
ness and shows it in the outset.
The trustees of Centerville request us
to announce that they will meet in this
office at 2 o'clock p. m. every first Mon?
day. Let the teachers take notice and
govern themselves accordingly.
Mr. McEhoy, of Generoslee, called to
see us recently. Mr. McElroy makes a
good start with his school, and, we are
glad to know, is heartily in sympathy
with Institute and Association work.
We congratulate the Association upon
the acquisition of so valuable a member.
Women In Mourning-.
In driving or walking, says Clara
Lanza, in the Savannah News, the streets
an attentive observer cannot fail to be
impressed by multitudes of feminine fig?
ures dressed in mourning. Emblems of
woe are to be met on every side, some
graceful forms, indeed, being so complete?
ly swathed in clinging black draperies
and impenetrable veils that they resemble
shadows from the inferno. Certainly no
fashion is carried to a more ridiculous
excess than the wearing of mourning, and
for many women there seems to be an
especial and unconquerable attraction
about crape and dead jet. They like to
wear mourning, just as they invariably
exhibit predilections for military uni?
forms and bargains. The phenomenon
might be moderately reasonable to the
wearer. B=it they are not, and the wo?
men whose coloring and complexions are
least suited to Henrietta cloth and nun's
veiling are generally the one3 who wear
mourning longer than any one <>!<**>.
When a death occurs in a family the
dressmaker is instantly summoned and
everything that human ingenuity can
deviee in the way of hideous and mourn?
ful raiment is instantly ordered and worn
indefinitely. In Europe the custom is
different and much more sensible. Six
months 13 considered a sufficiently long
period for anybody to wear deep mourn?
ing, and deep mourning abroad means
simply anything black. A widow in the
first days of her grief will wear a costume
of glittering black silk covered with bril?
liant cut jet. And pray, why should she
not? How much more elegant and suit?
able, not to say sensible, is 'a gown like
this instead of the dense sombreness of
our own mourning costumes that are
enough to afflict every one with chronic
blue devils? In this country people are
beginning to show more common sense
than heretofore about the length of time
moorning ebonld be worn, hut there is
still much to be desired in the character
of the dress itself. These inky phantoms
that parade our streets are neither cheer?
ful nor edifying spectacles.
? It ie a great mistake to set up your
own standard of right and wrong and
judge people accordingly.
? There are 600 caseB of typhoid fever
in Cincinnati, and there is much anxiety
about the continuous spread of the dis?
ease.
? If you would relish your food, labor
for it; if you would enjoy your raiment,
pay for it before you wear it; if you
would sleep soundly, take a clear con?
science to bed with you.
THE FARMERS' MOVEMENT.
Chancellor Johnson Moots Ben Til I in an
in Dehnte.
Marion, November 12.?The farmers
of Marion for once have had an opportu?
nity of hearing both sides of the agricul?
tural college question thoroughly dis?
cussed. The speeches of Capt. B. R.
Tillman and Chancellor W. D. Johnson
on last Friday, under the auspices of the
Marion Fair Company, were full and
exhaustive, and no person who heard
them went away without having his fund
of information considerably enlarged,
and a better appreciation of the argu?
ments for and against the establishment
of an independent agricultural school in
South Carolina.
Capt. Tillman's speech was divided
into two divisions, viz: bis advocacy of
the establishment of a college for farmers,
! separate and distinct from the agricultu?
ral annex of the South Carolina College,
and a general arraignment of the bureau
of agriculture for maladministration in
office and for their indifference to the
needs and interests of the farmers, for
whose protection its organization was
designed. He said that ignorance on the
part of the farmers of the principles
underlying agriculture was one of the
chief causes of the financial depression so
prevalent throughout the country. The
students that are annually turned out
from the literary colleges consider labor
dishonorable and take up the law, or
medicine, or the mercantile business as a
profession and means of support, leaving
agricultural pursuits to those who have
but little education, aud are consequently
ignorant of their own needs. The estab?
lishment of a school where practical
farming is taught and a love of farm work
is cherished and encouraged is the great
need of the farmers. Other professions
have their institutions of learningintended
for practical training in the great princi?
ples essential to success in the particular
vocation chosen. There is no reason
why the farmers should not have their
schools. They pay the taxes, and the
State owes it to them to provide for tbem
a separate agricultural school under their
own management and control, so as to
insure the best and most practical results
therefrom. The expense necessary to
build such an institution was urged as a
great objection to the proposed college,
but however great the expense, the
farmers of the State are entitled to it,
and ought to have it even if some other
interests have to suffer. Tbe Mississippi
College was doing a wonderful work for
tbe farmers of Mississippi. The numer?
ous dairy farms that are now in that
State were the direct outcome of its
establishment. People there have turned
their attentiou from the production of
cotton to the raising of stock. The stu?
dents of tbe college that are being yearly
graduated go back to tbe farm with a
proper knowledge of tbe underlying
principles of agriculture, and the whole
State of Mississippi is improving, all
attributable to the great success of her
farmers' college.
Mr. Tillman then vigorously attacked
the present board of agriculture. He
said it was not composed of farmers, as it
should be, but was dominated by lawyers
and professional men who did not have,
neither could have, the interests of the
farmers at heart. One of them is a rail?
road commissioner, with a salary of
$2,100 and another is a clerk in the pen?
sion office at Washington. The balance
are, in the main, broken down aristocrats
who have ruled and ruined South
Carolina long enough. They are extrav?
agant in the expenditure of money. They
paid $7,000 for attorneys' fees in the
phosphate litigation, when tbe State
already bad a sworn and salaried officer,
tbe attorney general, whose duty it was
to carry on the suits without expense to
the department. They had paid $12,000
for a Hand-book that was not worth the
paper it was printed on. They were
paying a State chemist $2,100, and other
expenses connected with labratory work,
to analyze fertilizers, when they could
get the whole work done for $5 for each
analysis made. The chemist is engaged
only one-half of the year in his work.
He alleged that the board did not prose?
cute violations of the fer'.ilizer law, but
seemed to wink at them. Confiscation
in certain cases is not the remedy, but
indictment.
The commissioner had started out in
1879 with only one clerk, but now he has
to have two for the fame work. It is the
duty of tbe commissioner himself to take
all the eamples of guano, instead of
sending agents, who are liable to collude
with the rich guano companies to cover
up their fraud and cheat the buyers, to
attend all the agricultural meetings and
make it his business to meet the farmers
in all the counties.
The bureau had made haste to establish
two agricultural stations; one in Spar
tanburg and another iu Darlington,
notwithstanding several agricultural
meetings had requested that the work be
delayed until after the passage of the
Hatch bill. There ought to have been
but one only, and that in connection
with an agricultural college. He said
that it was very strange that Dr.
McBride, who was now overworked,
should have been asked to take charge
of them. There must have been some
concert of action between the board and
the trustees of the South Carolina Col?
lege, because the trustees; very soon
afterwards met and consented to the
appointment.
Divested of the jibes, joke3, witticisms,
sarcasm and ridicule, the above is about
the substance of Mr. Tillman's speech.
He appealed to the farmers to stand
in the assertion of their rights, and all
their grievances would be redressed. He
told them that the poor man paid the
taxes and the rich man enjoyed all the
benefits of the Government. It is now
with the farmers like it was in the war.
It was then "a rich man'B war and a poor
man's fight," and now the farmers were
the innocent victims of the rich man's
wiles. It was time, he claimed, for them
to throw off their shackles and assert
their manhood.
Chancellor Johnson began his speech
by Baying that any man, whether he was
a farmer or a mechanic, a doctor or a
lawyer, was entitled to the respect of his
fellows, who did his duly nobly and made
the very best in an honest way out of hiB
DEESON, S. C, THU
profession, and that in his Bpeech it was
not his purpose to attack any man, or
class of men. In 1879 there wa3 a report
of a committee appointed by the Legisla?
ture, stating that the interest of the State
in her phosphate deposits were not well
protected. When the board of agricul?
ture was organized it was made its duty,
in connection with its other duties, to
take charge of the phosphate interests of
the State. One of the phosphate com?
panies and several private individuals
were in possession of and claiming a
large extent of creeks having phosphate
deposits and marshes underlaid with
phosphate rock. The Legislature, to
which body the comptroller general had
referred the matter, had failed to take
any positive action to secure the State's
rights. The attorney general did not
recognize the right of the board to
require him to institute a suit to protect
the rights of the State. The board,
feeling it to be their duty to act at once,
employed A. T. Smyth to make a thor?
ough investigation of the State's rights,
not only in the creeks but in the
marshes. Upon the coming in of his
report upon the facts, and his conclusions
of law thereon, the board had three
suits instituted, one against the Pacific
Guano Company, one sgainst-Pinck
ney and one against-Davis. A large
amount of territory claimed by these
defendants was decided to be the prop?
erty of the State, and in an accounting
with the Pacific Guano Company for
value of rock they had mined a decree
was rendered by Judge Cothran for over
$53,000 in favor of the State. This
decree was afterwards set aside by the
Supreme Court, not because the State
was not entitled to it, but on account of
the method of arriving at Judge Colh
ran's conclusion.
In 1882 the Legislature passed an Act
that royalty should be paid, not upon
kiln-dried rock, hut upon the crude rock,
bnt notwithstanding that enactment, the
Coosaw Company, and perhaps others,
continued to make'returns of kiln-dried
rock, alleging that it would be almost
impossible to comply with the require?
ment of the Legislature, and that in
addition, under their chartered rights,
they could not be compelled to comply.
Attorney-General Miles wa3 requested to
enforce the law, and an adjustment was
finally reached by which the company
paid for back royalty $4,986.40. The
royalty from that company has been
$5,000 greater per year than it was at
any time before, and it would have been
so all the time had it been paid on crude
rock.
Between 1872 and 1879, inclusive,
inspectors, fees on fertilizers amounted to
$86,632.14; inspectors' commissions on
royalty amounted to $28,646.66; salaries
of special agents were $1,709.20, aggre?
gating $117,008. The receipts of royalty |
during the eight years amounted to
$527,665.75. The total royalty under the
board for the same length of time was
$1,189,411.63, the expense of collecting
which was paid by the board out of the
amount received from tags, and really
not costing the State or the consumer 1
cent, if the position of the manufacturers
bo correct, that they never charge any
more for the fertilizer for having to pay
the privilege tax, as it advertises their
goods and is a guarantee of their value,
and is much more reliable than the old
method of advertising through almanacs.
When the board was organized it
regarded the protection of the farmer as
its most important duty, and secured
Prof. Shepard to do the analytical work,
with the understanding that he was to
receive $15 for every analysis. He was
not to know what brand he was analyz?
ing.
The board also decided that no sam?
ples should be takeu at tbe factories or
in the cities where the fertilizers were
manufactured, but in the towns and at
the depots where it was marketed. The
chemist was appointed by the board on
the recommendation of Prof. Sheppard,
on the ground that be would be directly
under the superintendence of the board
and the commissioner, and in order that
heshould not only aualyze fertilizers, but
also eoils, mineral water, or any other
thing that would benefit the State. In
the judgment of the board it was best
that the chemical work should be done
by one experienced chemist, and his
evidence would be much more conclusive
in case of litigation than if done by stu?
dents. The correctness of his work,
which has occupied all of his time, has
never been questioned.
The work of the department has very
much increased, and its correspondence
greatly enlarged, and it would be impos?
sible to keep up with it if the commis?
sioner were going all over the State
making agricultural speeches and gath?
ering up samples of fertilizers. The
board is not responsible if guanos are
sold in violation of tbe law, as they have
invariably reported such violation, if
known to be wilful, to the attorney gen?
eral. Under the law of 1883, they have
no right to institute suits except under
the authority of the attorney-general. If
railroads, steamboats and manufacturers
violate the law, the farmers know it, and
it is their duty, as in every other case of
violation, to report the same, and have
the penalties imposed.
With regard to the establishment of an
agricultural college Chancellor Johnson
insisted that he had the right to speak
from his own experience. He said he
was put to herding cattle in an adjoining
county when he was about six years old.
In a year or two afterwards he was
required to feed hogs for miles up and
down the Big Swamp. At fifteen he was
sent to the Donaldson Academy, a man?
ual labor school at Fayettevillc, N. C.
It was in charge at the time of Dr. Cul
ton, who, previous to his removal to
Frtyetteville, was for years in charge of a
similar institution at Amherst, Mass.
The same ideas were then being advanced
in favor of it as are being urged to day
in favor of the establishment of an agri?
cultural college for South Carolina. At
first the attendance was very large.
Instead of the work required being of
such a character as to he honorable and
instructive, and the training calculated
to induce a love for outdoor labor, the
very reverse was true, though it was
composed of much better material for
Buch purposes than could now be pro
KSDAY MORNING,
cared. Tbe students shirked their man?
ual labors in every way and finally the
system was abandoned. In 1S37 he was
sent to the manual labor school at David?
son, where the students were required to
work three hours daily, as they are said
to do at the Mississippi Agricultural
College. The same disposition was man?
ifested by tbe students there,and manual
labor was soon abandoned by the trustees
as being wholly imcompatible with
student life. Tbe same experiment was
tried by Furman University, with like
results. The school at Cokesbury was
turned over into the hands of the South
Carolina Methodist Conference as a
manual labor institution. Jos Travis
and Stephen Olin, two of the very ablest
men of tbe Conference, were successively
placed in charge of it. But notwith?
standing it was backed by the whole
influence and power of the Methodist
Church of South Carolina, the manual
labor system proved en titter failure, and
it was given up. About the same time
John C. Calhoun, Col. Ben Sloan and
Gen. Bee were infatuated with the idea,
and established a similar school at Peu
dleton, under a Mr. Kennedy, an eminent
teacher and disciplinarian. The manual
labor system proved to be a complete
failure, and nothing more of the kind
was beard in South Carolina until 1879,
when the Legislature converted tbe old
South Carolina College into an agricul?
tural college. The farmers gave no
encouragement to it as such, and the
trustees, in order to preserve the insti?
tution, had it converted by an Act of the
Legislature into the South Carolina
University, wherein are taught the dif?
ferent courses that are taught in all
universities. One of these is a course in
agriculture and mineralogy, and another
one in mechanical engineering. In the
agricultural course all the studies under?
lying agriculture which are taught in
Mississippi are taught there, 2,223 hours
being spent in each session in teaching
it. In the same studies in Mississippi
only 1,375 hours are spent, 1,125 in the
Kansas Agricultural College, and 1,703
iu the Michigan College. In the branches
underlying the mechanical arts, 1,823
hours arc devoted to tbe same in the
South Carolina University, ISO in Mis?
sissippi, 513 in Kansas and C85 in Mich?
igan. This clearly 6how3 that in agricul?
ture and the mechanical arts there is
more teaching done in the agricultural
department of the South Carolina College
thau in any one of the only three
agricultural colleges that are claimed to
be successful, and instead of being
anaexes they are part and parcel of the
university course. The only difference
is that the students at Columbia have
the right to elect whether they will take
an agricultural course or not, while those
in the other agricultural colleges are
forced to work, whether they wish to or
not. In the Mississippi College the
requirement for entering the preparatory
class is tbe ability only to read, write,
and a knowledge of the four elementary
divisions of arithmetic. There are two
years in the elementary course and four
in the collegiate. Applicants for the
Freshman class must be thorough in
arithmetic, geography, grammar, reading,
writing, spelling, and United States his?
tory. These requirements arc a year
less than those of ordinary colleges.
The students are required to remain only
four years, and do not have to study or
recite during the afternoon, that part of
the day being devoted to military drills
and compulsory labor. The only agri?
cultural colleges that have heretofore
attracted a large attendance have required
very little previous study, have a low
curriculum, and a system of paid labor.
It is impossible that studeuls, knowing
so little upon entering, should within
four years, devoting but half their time
to study, acquire anything like a decent
education. Shall the State, with its
University, possessing all the necessary
building, a first class labratory in every
department, a library containing 27,000
volumes, with an able faculty, especially
in those department underlying agricul?
ture and the mechanical arts, the latter
of which is not taught in Mississippi, its
Citadel Academy in Charleston, with
five denominational institutions well
equipped for educational werk and their
professors distinguished in every depart?
ment, attempt to build up another college
when it is admitted on all hands, even in
the report for 1884-85, that only three
out of forty-seven colleges that were
instituted under the Act of 1863 can be
regarded as in any manner successful, to
wit: Michigan, Kansas and Mississippi,
these out of fourteen or fifteen that were
originally established as purely agricul?
tural? Have these been successful? In
the Kansas College, according to Frof.
Sanders, of Cauada, a considerable por?
tion of its work is in the line of prepara?
tory training, a portion of which, in the
older States, would be required before
entering college. It is composed of boys
and girls and is, perhaps, a very good
preparatory school. In tbe Michigan
Agricultural College at first a tract of
land was given to each studeut, from j
which he was required to support him?
self while getting his education. This
was soon discussed out of existence.
The next idea was to have it purely
agricultural, as a theological seminary, a
law, or medical school, with a two years'
course and strictly professional. President
Abbott says tbe result was disastrous.
The farmers themselves became dissatis?
fied with the course. A committee
appointed by the State Agricultural
Society reported that the sons of farmers
Hhould not be content with anything less
than a full education, including science
and literature, and that the college
would be better if the students were
required to have a knowledge of German
and French. In 1SS4, the studies in the
senior year were made elective, and a
course of mechanical engineering added,
and the amount of compulsory labor
reduced to 3G0 days at three hours a day
for the entire four years. The labor
required is almost entirely instructive.
President Abbott, in advocating the col?
lege, virtually admitted that an agricul?
tural college was more expensive than
an ordinary collrge and in reply to the
objection that it turned out so few
farmers, he naid that that should not be
regarded as an objection, as it showed
that the education there received was of
NOVEMBER 24, 186
such a character as to enable its students
to be successful in other departments
than farming. The President of the
Michigan Agricultural College is an
ex-member of Congress and a lawyer,
and has no practical knowledge of agri?
culture. It exists now only on the
defensive, and has its agents at work all
over the State as a means of self
preservation. After over twenty years of
experimenting on the part of the Massa?
chusetts and Michigan colleges they find
it difficult to exist. Fur a long time the
college of Massachusetts excluded the
languages and required compulsory
education. Although supported by most
liberal appropriations from the State, it
was not a success. Four years ago the
board of trustees, to meet the demand for
more liberal education for the farmers,
introduced in connection with the course
a scientific and literary department.
The course now aims to give a practical
knowledge of horticulture and agricul?
ture, and .at the same time educate the
whole man. The students should not be
mere artisans, but liberally educated, so
that as farmers they might take rank
with those who choose what are generally
called the learned professions. It is very
plain, farming will never take its place,
nor farmers have the influences in the
Government which they ought to have,
until they take their place with those in
other professions, not only as men of
power and practical ability, but men of
learning and culture."
The Chancellor then showed that a
large majority of the graduates of the
best agricultural colleges went into other
professions.
He said that the best agricultural
school for a boy was during the period of
infancy uuder tbe guidance of practical
parents. That a boy could learn more
about farming in that way than all the
wisdom of all the agricultural colleges
could teach in a life-time.
Cap!;. Tillman in his reply said that an
agricultural college was a necessity to
the farmers of the upper counties. The
hills had been washed so much by the
rains that in a few years it would be im?
possible to make cotton.or other produce.
If for no other reason than to benefit the
up-country an agricultural college
should be established. He said that the
low-country owed to them to give them
an opportunity of bettering their condi?
tion. P. B. Sellers.
Prehistoric Americaus.
Washington, Nov. 7?A correspon?
dent in to-day's Post, writing from Tuc
soti, Arizona, says that some very impor?
tant discoveries concerning prehistoric
races have been made during the past
year by Professor Frank Cushman, who
has charge of an exploring expedition in
the Salt River Valley in Southern
Arizona. The remains of an ancient city
were found. Investigation showed that
the city extended out in all directions
from a palaee or temple. The foundation
of many of the houses had beeu exposed,
many of them consisting of but a single
room, but now and then there would be
one of larger and more ample proportions,
and in most of these larger ones there
had been found burial vaults and skele?
tons. Two thousand of these skeletons
had been exhumed. There was a general
burial ground, where tbe dead seemed to
have been thrown in promiscuously.
Large quantities of pottery were found
in tbe tombs and dwellings. The finer
pieces were of many different shades, but
were all of light color, with black mark?
ings and figures, reminding one greatly
of ancient Egyptian pottery. The infe?
rior specimens look much like that made
by the Arizona Indians at the present
time. No iron, copper or metal instru?
ments of any kind have been found, but
great quantities of stone axes, stone
pestles and mortars, bone needles and
knives and other such materials as belong
to the stone age. But the skill with
which these articles were made was far
superior to that shown by the Indians
found in America by the whites.
Mr. Cushman had found a good deal of
wheat and barley and other grain, all of
it, of course, in a charred and blackened
condition, and he had also traced several
canals and had found the ruins of a large
reservoir, so that he had no doubt that
extensive irrigation had been carried on,
and that all the valley had been under
cultivation. He thinks there must have
been a population of at least 25,000 in
the ruined city he was exploring, and that
most of the inhabitants lived by cultivat?
ing the soil of the surrounding country.
Mr. Cushman thinks that these ancient
dwellers suffered from great calamity,
like the inhabitants of Herculaneum and
Pompeii. It was probably an earthquake,
as skeletons have been found under tbe
walls of houses, lying as if the walls had
suddenly fallen upon the persons and
crushed them to death. They were no
doubt a religious people and strongly
superstitious, ao that they saw in the
calamity that befell them a warning to
seek some other abode. They probably
moved south, and it may have been their
descendants that the Spaniards found in
Mexico. They were certainly equal in
intelligence and general advancement to
the Aztecs.
Specimens of the houses and imple?
ments have been gathered for the Smith?
sonian Institution, in the interests of
which the investigation has been con?
ducted.
"Where's Tour High Calif j
Mr. Lawrence Jerome Btands alone in
New York as a story teller and wit. He
can literally tell funny stories by the
hour, and the peculiarity of his case is
that it does not matter in the least what
company he is in, he is equally happy.
He has been known to amuse a party of
ladies, a crowd of workmen and a club
of practiced wits all in one day. As for
children, they think no one uuderstands
how to please them so well as he. lie
told a story at the Chamberlin dinner of
a dude running for Congress in a down
town district and saying to a lot of 'long?
shoremen that he had never been in that
locality before. This incensed them to
a strange degree. "Low entity ? Low
cality, is it?" said one of the angry men ;
"F'what d'ye mane by insulting dacent
people that way ? If this is a low cality,
I'd like to know where you'il find a high
cality."?New York Sun.
57.
CAPTURING CAROLINA.
IVIcLane'd Bravado and the Besult.
Editorial from the Boston Journal.
I There is an evident disposition in the
North to look on South Carolina as the
mightiest stronghold of BourboDism in
the entire country, and the fact that there
is a strong and growing Independent
party in that State, which, sooner or
later, is destined to hold the reins of
power, will not be accepted in this region
without some cogent proof. Such proof
Hon. J. Hcndrix McLahe, the Indepen?
dent candidate for Governor in 1SS2, and
perhaps the most conspicuous leader of
the new departure, submits in another
column, to the Journal readers. The one
thing which the South Carolina Inde?
pendents most keenly fael the need of is
the generous and active sympathy of the
Republicans of the North, and in return
for this they are willing to do all they
can toward the election of a Republican
Presideut in 1SS3.
Mr. McLane mair 'ains, and gives the
figures on which bis belief is based, that
South Carolina on a free ballot and fair
count will reject the Bourbons by an
overwhelming vote. Without Northern
Republican assistance an honest election
is regarded as a sheer i possibility, so
strongly are the Bourbons intrenched in
power, but their very audacity is hasten?
ing their overthrow by alienating the
best elements of the Democratic parly i i
the State. It is the widespread and
shameless corruption of Bourbon rule in
South Carolina which has made its de
feat actually easier to accomplish there
than iu neighboring States. Tennessee,
Georgia and North Carolina, for instance,
whose Democratic administrations are
fur less objectionable.
If the Republicans are to make an
effort to break the Solid South next year,
the State of South Carolina, in the light
of Mr. McLane's experience, would
surely seem to offer the greatest chances
for success. One thing is well worth
noting, and that is that the Independent
movement, which Mr. McLane represents,
springs from the soil of South Carolina,
and has its strength among the best class?
es of the State. It is no diversion of
Northern adventurers anxious to be car?
ried into office by the negro vote. Mr.
McLane in a few weeks returns to his
home after a abort stay in New England.
He has succeeded in interesting iu his
cause several of the foremost Republi?
cans of this section, and is preparing to
begin at an early date a vigorous cam?
paign. It is more than possible that the
Bourbon Gibraltar may be the first point
in the Solid South to yield.
SOME SPECIMEN STORIES.
Mr. McLane was asked, " What excuse
do the Democrats offer for this wholesale
fraud V He replied:
"None at all, except that their party
claims that they must and will hold pow?
er in spite of law or right. The Bourbon
used to claim that wealth and intelligence
should govern the State ; that ignorant
negroes should not hold office nor rule in
public affairs. The Northern people
seemed satisfied with this excuse, and
were willing to accept this Bourbon plea
as somevhat of an exoneration for fraud
in elections. But this was a false prom?
ise, a lie to begin with, a Bourbon device
to deceive. The colored people never
did clamor for office, and as a race are
now and always have been in favor of
good and competent men filling the
offices. There was never a time since
they have been voters but when the best
white men in the State could not have
been elected'to office by the help of col?
ored voters if the whites had been wise
and fair. Tn 18S2, when the greatest
frauds that ever had been known were
committed, they were not committed
against ignorant negroes, but more
especially against native white men. In
respect to the intellectual ability, social
standing and financial worth, the Inde?
pendent nominees would not suffer by
comparison with the Democratic ticket.
Had it been left to the educational qual?
ification of the voters the number of
votes for the Independent ticket would
have far surpassed the cumber of votes
for the Democratic ticket. The vote of
the most intelligent and wealthy man in
the State is not any more secure under
Bourbon management than is the vote of
the most ignorant and penniless negro."
"Do you think the Republicans could
carry the State in '88 ?"
"They can, and I speak advisedly when
I say that the Independents throughout
the State think the same. South Caroli?
na can be carried for the National Repub?
lican ticket next year easier than any
other State in the country. In voting
for Congressmen and Presidential elect?
ors we can provide against the wholesale
frauds described in the Bourbon methods
of carrying State and county elections.
The United States statutes provide for
the appointment of supervisors from each
party in Congressional elections. Thus
the Independents would have supervisors
to look after their interests at the polls
and assure an honest vote. The Bour?
bons, knowing this, have separated the
State from the Federal election, and have
thus shown that they know they cannot
hold the State in a national contest if
the Republicans of the North encourage
the Independents to make a campaign.
To got down to figures, I know that in
that case the vote would stand about as
follows: The whole strength of the
Bourbons does not exceed 50,000 of the
85,000 white voters, and this h less than
one-fourth of the voting population.
There are about 120,000 colored voters,
at least 100,000 of whom can safely be
c muted on to go with the white Inde?
pendents. Allowing that 20,000 negroes
and 10,000 whites do not vote, from
various causes you see there would be an
opposing vote of 100,000 negroes and
25,000 Independents as against 50,000
Bourbon votes, which would make a
clear majority of 50,000 for the Inde?
pendents. Such an overwhelming ma?
jority cannot be counted out if the
National Republican party stands by us,
The Southern Bourbons dread the North?
ern eye as they dread nothing else, and
if it should become known that the Re
publican party would demand fair play
in Federal elections, their attitude would
change from that of bulldozing to one o:
fear. I have witnessed some of th?
worst outlawry they have ever attemptec
VOLUMI
in any election, but have never seen the
mob that could net have been easily
quelled by half a dozen brave men,
wearing as a sign of authority only the
miniature flag of the United States at
their lappel, if it were known they were
earnestly backed by the Republican
party of the North. Such a determined
backing would, without question, secure
the electoral vote of the Stale to the Re?
publicans and also bring them several
member of Congress."
Laying the Foundations.
An old man, aged eighty, died in a
cave in a range of mountains in Pennsyl?
vania last summer. He had subsisted
for years by begging, living on broken
victuals, and carefully hiding the money
given him. After his death, a large
amount of silver was discovered buried
in the cave, with government bonds and
certificates of stock. Hid son, who was
a cripple, be allowed to die in the county
almsbouse.
An old roan who knew him in his
youth,said:
"His father taught him to cheat at
marbles for penuies. He was trained to
believe that there was no value in educa?
tion, in religion, in the affections, in the
decencies, in the happiness of life,?in
nothing, in short, but money."
Tbe heir to one of the great ducal
estates of England was disposed, when a
boy, to be extravagant and sensual. His
mother would not allow his tutors to
curb him.
"It is the effervescence of youth," she
said. "It will pass away in time."
Last summer the palaces, galleries of
famous pictures, and lands renowned in
English history, belonging to an old and
honorable family, were sold under the
hammer to pay his debts, while ho, a
broken-down-^aflrfrfer and voluptuary,
crept out of sight to France.
If a young man could but look forward
thirty or fifty years, and see himself
when the passions which seem so harm?
less now have done their work upon
him!
A so called magician in London has
been coining money lately by showing to
each visitor who consults him the picture
of his own death. One young lad saw
himself as a bloated old man, dying of
apoplexy ; another lay on a field of bat?
tle, shot to tbe heart; a gay girl saw a
wrinkled, gray figure stretched upon a
bed, surrounded by weeping friends.
The trick was the result of an instanta?
neous photograph taken as the visitor
entered, with the addition of costume
and background.
Cut if each boy could in reality so face
old age, but for one moment, there would
be little need of sermons to warn him
from his besetting vice.
More than one man has been saved
from final ruin by a single observing
glance at himself in a mirror. He wss
turned from, evil courses by seeing what
he had already become. Tbe lesson
would be even more startling if one could
see what still further indulgence in vice
would make of bim.? Youth's Compan?
ion. ? ?_
Had Enough of Liberia.
Mr. Taylor, the colored Democrat from
Kansas City, Mo., whom the President
appointed minister resident and consul
general to Liberia, has left his post of
duty in digust, and proposes, so soop a3
the sixty days' leave of absence he has
obtained has expired, to resign his com?
mission. He has prepared a report of
one hundred and fifty pages, which will
not be pleasant reading for Mayor La
troble, of Baltimore, and other enthusi?
astic originators of the Liberia coloniza?
tion scheme. "It is the toughest coun?
try," he says, "I ever struck. They
have no mules, no ploughs, aud tbe
average wages are $4 88 a year?4.88 a
year," he repeated. "They have some
rich gold mines, but tbey will shoot any
one who actempts to develop them. My
God! I exclaimed, if this is the country
of my fathers, it is a good thing they
left it, and any negro who wants to get
back ought to be hanged, and any white
man who wants to go there should be put
in an insane asylum. There is no busi?
ness for a consul general to do. Only
four American vessels come there a year,
and all from Boston. The general of
the army is a feed consul for Belgium,
the postmaster general is a feed consul
for Hayti. The Liberian Brass Band,
consisting of one drum with a hole in it
and cracked fife, came and serenaded all
the night of the Fourth of July, and
next morning sent me in a bill for $20.
They have their bill yet for their pains.
I was earning a good living in Kansas
City, when my friends urged me on
Secretary Bayard for this place. I want
to go back to Kansas City again. I have
hid enough of Liberia."?Washington
Lett:,' vi New York Times.
Conveying an Idea Delicately.
A prominent Albany clergyman, who
lived for some years in the South and is
quite familiar with the typical plantation
darkey, tells of a gentleman of his quon?
dam acquaintance who had a faithful old
body servant whose word, with his mas?
ter, was law. Before making an impor?
tant purchase, or in fact taking any step
which might have serious consequences,
the old darkey retainer was consulted
and hi? opinion was usually final. One
day, however, the old servant was away
from home, and in hisabsence the master
made a purchase of a horse. Whether,
or not the animal was a fine bargain the
story does not explain, leaving it rathei
to be inferred from the old darkey's
comment upon the matter when he re?
turned. With some qualms of conscience
and an inexplicable feeling of insiguifv
cance, the Master led the old servant intt
the stable and exhibited his equine pur
chase. "Well, Sara," he said finally
breaking an awkward silence, "whj
don't you say something? What d(
you think of my bargain?" The ol<
darkey scratched his white woo.'y heac
and answered slowly : "Well, rrr^sa, '.
war tryiu' tcr t'ink ob a varse from Scrip
cba dat 'pears ter me tcr be applicabli
right heah. I can't somehow, git it inh
my ole head, but I know it ends wid di
words, 'An' his money am soon pa'ted V
?Albany Journal.
? The bird that flutters least is longes
on tbe wing.
3 XXIII.- -NO. 20.
Col. James Edward Calhoun,
Late yesterday evening a messenger
came from Colonel James Edward Cal
houn's, stating that he was extremely ill,
and that he had requested his kinsman,
Mr. E. B. Calhoun and Mr?. Calhoun,
to go to see him. Mr. E. B. Calhouiu.
was not at home at the time, but Mrs.
Calhoun went last night to his home on
Savannah River, some twenty miles dis?
tant.
Although living in perhaps greater
seclusion than any other man ?H^?bbe
ville County, yet, because of his wealth
and his eccentricities, his name has been
familiar to this generation from their
earliest recollection.
He was a descendant from the earliest
settlers in this County, aud was remotely
connected with a large number if not all
men in this country who bear the name
of Calhoun.
In his early manhood, perhaps in 1820,
he joined the United States Navy as a
private, but afterwards received a com?
mission. While in the navy he travelled
over mnch of the world, and bis love of
literature and his ambition prompted
him to study and become familiar with
the language of every people with whom
he was stationed. Colonel Calhoun was
distinguished for the excellence of his
deportment, his soldiery bearing, his
abstemious habits, his retirement from
public affairs, his fine executive ability,
as well as for his power of accumulating
money. He was never a lender of mon?
ey nor a speculator in property of any
kind* When he once become the owner
of property he seldom parted with it,
and he was never a prodigal with his
ready cash.
After he resigned his pesttion in the
navy he came home, and" married:Mys
cousin M?riah" Simkins.fan aunt of Mrs.
M. C. Butler, who lived only a short time
after their marriage. Since then he has
lived alone on bis lands, miles away from
the settlement of any other white per?
son.
Johu C. Calhoun'married bis sister.
Only a fow weeks ago he presented a
library of curious and rare old books to
the Greenwood High School, some of
which were two hundred years old.
While the library iu reality can be of
little more worth to the Greenwood
High School than specimens of curious
print, yet we doubt not that there are
places where these old books, like old
wine, would be more valuable for their
age.
Colonel Calhoun was never a professor
of religion, and was by many, considered
an unbeliever. His eccentricity in pro?
claiming his disregard for the religious
beliefs of Christian people was no doubt
a bar to his preferment in the political
world, and hence his sensitive nature
caused him to withdraw from the world
in his earlier life to devote himself to
the work of building up a great fortune,
while there are none nearer than a single
grandncphew, Mr. E. B. Calhoun, of
this village, to inherit his vast estate.
He was the largest tax paper in Ab?
beville County, and the largest landown?
er in the up country. Besides owning
eleven thousand acres on the Savannah,
he owned an immense body of land in
Oconee and Pickens Counties. Trotters
shoals on the Savannah, it improved,
would afford more power than it is pos?
sible for an unlimited amount of capital
to utilize. The Georgia, Carolina and
Northern Railway runs across these
shoals and through his estate on both
sides of the river for a distance of seven
miles.
The belief has existed for some time
that he had made a will, but of this, we
have no definite information, but various
speculations have been made with refer?
ence to the disposition of this property
which may effect Abbeville County for
years to come. Some believe that he has
mace a will directing that his estate con?
sisting almost wholly of lands shall re?
main in tact, and that only his favored
friends and their children shall receive
the rents for generations yet unborn.?
Abbeville Press and Banner, Nov. 16.
Marriage as a Partnership.
Marriage is still only too often a bar?
gain, but at least it is no longer an en?
tirely one sided bargain. It is tending
toward the only true idea of lifelong
companionship?a partnership on equal
terms, with equal give and-take on both
sides. Women no longer feel bound to
render that implicit obedience which wa3
considered de riqucur in our grep.t-graud
mothers' days, and men no longer uni?
versally demand it.
Husbands, moreover, are beginning to
learn that their prime duty is not "to
look after" their wive3. The very sen?
tence is indicative of the most ghastly
misapprehension of the whole idea of
matrimony. Tho general feeling of
society condemns a man who lives to
rule his wife on the same principles as a
Pasha rules his harem.
And indeed the whole scheme of
modern life makes it practically impos?
sible for him to do so. A married wo?
man enjoys, as a rule, complete liberty
during the livelong day, and even at
night it is frequently impossible for a
busy man to escort his wife. Thus
everything turns on the relationo be?
tween the married couple.
If a girl is really in love with the man
she marries, she may be trusted with any
amount of subsequent freedom. If not,
not; and therefore we say that the inju?
dicious and worldly parents who are re?
sponsible for the great majority of ill
assorted unions are also responsible for
the many evil results which are to be
seen in society at this day.
For it is a fact that rows of English
girls are as much forced into marriage as
the French girl, whose husband is select?
ed while she is in her convent. Not by
main force, no?but by the whole tone
of her education, by the exaggerated
fear of being an old maid, by the obvi?
ous necessity of making way for a young?
er sister, by the persistent scheming of
her parents and by her own - longing for
emancipation.
For marriage undoubtedly does mean
emancipation to most women ; and it is
precisely those who look forward to it
most who are likely to make the worst of
it.?Pall Mall Gazette.
? To day is thanksgiving day.