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V i'...V : T".ao Mam p p if (firm hapgood & adams. j $ MIq arailq Sonrnal, Uucl?i) to fmhm, Sgririiltiir?, Xtffrafnir. (B&nraHon, Xoral Intrlligmrr, ani. trt Htnw nf lt 3)aq. $1,50 pes ajtsum, dt adtajtcs.. vi .... VOL. 45, NO. 18 WARREN, TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 13 60. WHOLE NO. 23 0 6. V'; - " ' 1 1 1 " ' " - " COMB !!! BARXUH'S HARDWARE STORE, At Warren Trumbull Co., Ohio, IS now filled with ample stocks, and replete with the latest stylet or HOUSE TBIM atlHGS aad moti desirable colon for painting blinds. Carncm intends to supply Paints, Oils. Vanish, ate, Inclusive of A. No. 1, Tip T.p, Ex tra Cine Pry and in Oil; also, a. superior quality ground la Whit Tarnish, for Parlor ns s. Barnum will sell Merchants at jobbing sates, and denes competition to marts entside of New York, and he herewith sends his compliments to dealers that he is prepared to duplicate the prices f Sow York Houses, including the transportation only on those classes of goods where it forms a great per centum of the cost. Now on hand and shortly to arrive noes, Scythes, Sickles (not Daniel,) Bcythe Atones, Rubbers, Rides, Bakes. Knives and Forks, Barings, White Lead, and Oil. Barnum keeps a fresh stock of SADDLERY. Notice this ye who want to buy goods low : Harness Trimmings sold low Patent Leather old low Brass Bands sold low Carriage Truuuings and lloss sold low. Barnum has some fine Pistols, Fire Barrell Shooters, Rite Barrel Is, Locks. Triggers and a general lot of Gun Trimmings. Barnum would make further mention of the Saddlery trane, by remarktng that he has laid ia his entire stock of that class or goads from the head dealers and importers, and he will sell every thing ia that lias at lowest rates. Barnum invites attention to his Card herewith anexed : ROLLA H. BARNLM, HU9T OF THE "AJiVIL," WARREN, O. DEALER IN Hard ff arc, Nails, Paints, Oils, and N. B. Job Hbavilt is every Depart ment, AFF0RDIN6 MERCHANTS GREAT FACILITIES FOB FILLING DP CHEAP. Ob hand and to arrive i setts Baggy Sprint. Si setts Axles, 4000 lbs. Daady Tire. BARNUM IS. SELLING HOUSE TRIMMINGS CHEAP. '. G. BROOKS, is at the Anvil. SM sett Brass and Silver Bands, S8 do. Door Locks, ICSS - Latches old and new styles. i - Tip Top scythes, 46 Oood Uaad Rakes. K.T; THE SIGN OF THE "ANVIL," PAINTS ARE SOLD LOW. . , )9t Kegs assorted Nails, 30 " Spikes, 4 " Sad Irons, IbO " White Lead, li Snow Zinc' BE SURE AND BUY YOUR IROU OF BARNUM. TY GLASS AT THE "ANVIL." BCI TARNISH AT THE "ANVIL," BUY SPBLSGS AT TUB -ANVIL," 190 setts Blind Hinges. " S93 - Knives and Forks, S " 8. S. Tea and Table Spoons, 189 Oood big Iron Spoons. 4XWATS IN THE MARKET, . ALWAYS READY TO SELL LOW, tXWAXS HATE A KIO STOCK, ALWAYS KEEP CHOICE STYLES. Warren, O., May 2G, 1859. Co Hard .rare Buyers Desirous of building up and maintaining a heavy TardwareKrade. I shall ever be found ready to sell goods st fair prices, and intend to keep choice styles f goods so that my easterner, will be fully satisfied, that, as regards cheapness, auality and lateacss of style, their pvrcha.es at the Sign of the "Asvii." caaaot be excelled by any rival establishment on the Reserve. ROLLA II. BARNUM, 6ICV OF THE "ANVIL," WARREN. TRUMBULL COUNTY. O., Dealer in IT AILS, PAINTS. &c. &c. Finui P. Woooscar. W. Fuauaa Surra. WOODBURY & S3I1TH, COMMISSION MERCHANTS, FOR THE SALE CP BUTTER AM CHS232,- , NO. U, WATER STREET. , SEW YORK. REF K KEN C KS: or'. T. Cet-ru.u at Co. Fassi..)tr. Serines sc Co. S.'Cctt. aswasu ez C. Pisses de Duvuuus. Dibble, Woti dt Mooes.. Saturn k Dillwoetii, Pittsburgh. Pa. I.dixcs t Moccax, Warren, i . fAag. M.IWW,6m WATGSSES&JiWELRY NEW STCCS AT Yautrot's Jewelry Store. THE SUBSCRIBER has just returned rra the East, with a larger stock of Jewelry and Motions tnan he ever brought, before, and has ateo re ceived a large Case of Wstches from Pwitserland. of .Kwii tost trom rf do ISO. Having made arrangements to ooerr. S4MM wwth of WmUkf. MontUf. snd being rblised ie setiJaeaa. aalorsaad -others will find that will sell at very tew prices. I have sio. a very large stock of all kinds of Jewel ry. Faae goods. Spoons, A..; that I will sell to Ped dlers sad Watch Makers, as low as tbey can buy at New Y ark. Also a awe? fax of Ajoerieaa Watches sod aonbie wight Bpectacles. - - - Please call and see my stock. W - June 1h6o -tf JTJLE3 TACTBOT ef for in in oil oils our As the THE NEW YORK BOOK STORE basbeea removed to tfca asw building oa Alain flt , wain tho subscriber would be happy to see all his'old friend, .fit a. ho has on hand a good assort- Beat of ol Books and wtatlo.ery. laj 1, leoe.J W. M. PwRTEHt Poetry. For the Chronicle. THROUGH THE STORM. BY E. J. ADAMS. Thro the full drifted vales, o'er the tempest swept hills, For full many a long league to-day. Since the first early dawn, have I wearily toiled, All alone, on my desolate way. But still happy was I, for my heart was un chilled, Altho' wildly the merciless storm Sent the blinding drifts thick in my face, as I rode. And beat rudely my shivering form; For some fond hearts there are that go ever with me, And they keep mine own warm as I roam; And some faces that shine, like the stars, thro' the storm, To illumine my pathway toward home. Now the night, cold and dark, has closed over the plains, From the height sweeps a still fiercer blast; But I'm now almost there; for the line of hills, And the last gloomy hollow is past. And I'll cheerfully on; and the firelight that gleams Thro the windows along by the way. Though it to the chilled wand'rer shine tempt ingly bright, Shall not cause me a moments delay. For I know that my wife waits the supper for me. Ever anxious and sad while I roam; And my dear little children impatiently watch, To be first with their fond welcomes home. From this point on the hill I can plainly be hold, Just ahead, through the darkness, the light That gleams out, through the locusts beside my own door, Like a beacon, far into the night. Now my dog's friendly bark and thy welcom ing neigh, My poor steed, tells them we are quite near, And, with curtain uplifted, a fair face looks out, And what laughing and shouting I hear, As a group of young forms rush in haste to the door; Sure 'tis almost a pleasure to roam. When we alwayi are certain, upon our return, To receive such a fond welcome home. A"ebxo, O. Miscellaneous. THE ROCK OILS OF OHIO. exposition of this subject can be com- The last Repoet of the Obio State Board of Agriculture contains a valuable paper on this subject, from rrof. J. S. Newberry, of Cleveland. "We clip the following extract The mineral oils which have of late at tracted so much attention in different parts our country, and have assumed to im portant a place in the resources of Ohio, arc not new substances to science, the arts, even commerce. Under the names of "Seneca oil," "Barbadoes tar," "Naptha," &c. the different forms ef Petroleum have long been known, and extensively employ ed, especially in medicine, and will be found described in most treatises on chemistry and mineralogy. In larger or smaller quantities, Petrole um has been found in most countries, but hitherto in the greatest abundance in Cal ifornia, Trinidad, Persia, Circassia, and India. A district a few miles in extent in latter country contains over five hun dred wells, which yield more than 400,000 hogsheads of oil annually. It is there used for fuel, light and painting. In the United States, oil springs were discovered in many localities by the first settlers; and the existence of those on Oil Creek, in Pennsylvania, and those of North ern Ohio, which have recently become so famous, has been well and widely known half a century. It is only lately, how ever, that the value or abundance of the material which they supply has been sus pected, o o o o o Already the amount of petroleum daily drawn from the wells bored to procure it Pennsylvania and Ohio, may be safely estimated to be at least five hundred bar and the business of raising it is only its infancy. Covering so wide a range of uses as this does, and produced so cheaply, it seems destined to supersede a large part of the both animal and vegetable, now con sumed in the country, and to become a most important element in the resources of State and the revenues of our people. such it claims something more than the historical notice I have given it; and even demands as full a description of its char acter, uses, modes of occur rcnoe, and pro cess of manufacture, as may be given in present state of knowledge such, in deed, as will best enable our people to dis cover and make available all the deposito ries of this useful article which exists with in the limits' of our State. Nothing like a a of It in pressed, however, into the space which pro priety assigns to this article, and the cir cumstances of its publication. I shall con fine myself, therefore, to the briefest possi ble Bketch of it under the different heads enumerated above. of are the in In not the from and to this NATURE AND ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM. Petroleum is the common name for min eral oU, whatever its color or consistence. These vary greatly; sometimes it ia dark, the oil viscid, and tar-like; from other localities, almost transparent, very fluid and volatile. More generally it has an oily consistence, a brown or greenish color, and a strong characteristic odor. It may be regarded as a compound of several of a large group of bituminous substances, whih differ much in their physical characters, while they present a striking similarity of chemical composition. Of these, the two extremes Asphaltum, a hard, black solid, and Naptha an exceedingly light, volatile and transparent fluid; exhibit a marked con trast of form, yet they, as well as all the intermediate members of the scries, are composed almost entirely of carbon and hy drogen. These hydro-carbons are consid ered by all chemists to be of organic ori- agiu that is, to be derived from the deconi position of vegetable or animal tissues. Ordinary coaL which may be included in the same category, is of purely vegetable origia, while some canncls and bituminous shales contain a portion of animal matter. Petroleum has usually been produced from bituniinizcd plants, but those varieties of it which arc obtained from rocks filled with animal remains as highly fossilifcrous limestones and which have a peculiar strong and disagreeable odor, in virtue of the sulphur and nitrogen which they con tain, arc probably for the most part of an imal oriiu. The precise process by which petroleum is evolved from the carbonaceous matters contained in the rocks which furnish it, is not yet fully known, because we can not in ordinary circumstances inspect it, we may fairly infer, however, that it is a distilla tion, though generally performed at a low temperature. o o o o These changes in the hydro-carbon sol ids are but necessary preparatory steps in the process of their combustion. By the application of heat we produce them at will, and rapidly. They also take place spon taneously but slowly. Barburcttcd hydro gen is rapidly produced from bituminous substances by artificial dry distillation. So it is evolved in nature, at low tempera tures from submerged (an2 doubtless emerg ed) vegetable matter. It is also thrown off in immense quantities by the spontaneous distillation of bituminous coal in mines. Doubtless the same is true of the liquid hidro-carbons. Though less observable than the gasscs I think they may often, if not always, be detected among the products of decomposition of submerged vegetable tissue. This, at least, we may safely af firm: that their spontaneous production on lanre scale in nature may generally be traeed to extensive accumulations of bitu minous vegetation from which they have been derived. From this they are evolved by a kind of distillation, which differs from our artificial process in wanting (in many cases at least) the condition of high tem perature, but including the perhaps no less potent elements of time and pressure. It The Distribution' of Petroleum. A knowledge of where and how rock oil occurs in nature, will be a useful guide to the repositories of it, which, without doubt, exist, though still unknown, within our State limits. I have already briefly allu ded to its general distribution over the earth's surface, and to the great quantities it obtained from the shores of the Cas pian 6ea, the banks of the Irrawady, &c. is ?lso found in various parts of Europe, where it has been long made an article of commerce. The New World furnishes it still greater abundazee, and the most are the of bly remarkable accumulations of petroleum and i ami asphaltum known are those of the Island Trinidad, West Indies, and of the south ern coast of California. In Canada West springs from which enormous quanti ties of petroleum issue, of which, however, value is impaired by its almost nnsup portable odor. Within the limits of the Lnited States, it occurs on the shores of Seneca Lake, N. Y., whence the name, "Seneca. Oil," which has been given it in Albany, Cayuga, and several other eoun ties in the same State in nfeny localities " northwestern Pennsylvania, western Virginia, in Kentucky, Illinois, &c. &c. Ohio, it has already been found in No ble, Adams, Franklin, Medina, Lorain, Cuyahoga, Trumbull, Mahoning, aid oth er counties, and. will doubtless be hereaf ter discovered in many places where it ia now known to exist Tetroleum occurs in the scdementary rocks of all ages, from the drift deposits to base of the fossiliferous scries; where ver, indeed, there is carbonaceous matter which it could be formed. In Gneiss Mica slate it is also eomctimes discov ered, but only in such as are evidently of mctamorphic character. The great bitu minous springs of California and the West Indies issue from Tertiary rocks, which al so contain beds of lignite. He.-e volcanic agencies have, at a recent period, been in intense action, and the bitumen is appar ently distilled from the lignites by subter ranean fires. In our more immediate vi cinity, the oil springs are mostly confined the upper Devonian rocks, and in O hio is emphatically the oil horizon. am it but oil, t in coal, Its than so a will in which have oily odor, great use that such them any The has and, The On. Bocks of Ohio. I have said that the Waverly series1 or Chemung and Portage rock s are the rocks of Ohio. By this I mean that the of of they arc the principal respositories of oil the source from which we are mainly to de rive the millions of gallons which will be annually used in or exported from the State the geological lavel along which we must look for new discoveries of petroleum. That the oil originates in this group of strata, is, however, by no means certain. On the contrary, it seems more probable that it merely accumulates in them, as a convenient reservoir, when flowing from an other source. These rocks are mechanical sediments, which are in Ohio, generally destitute of organic remains whether ani mals or plants. They are, however, often quite porus, and strong currents ef water flow through them. The Hamilton Shales, on which they rest, contain an amount of carbonaceous matter probably equal to all that included in the coal measures. Here, I suspect, most of the oil originates. From this bituminous mass, as distilled by na ture's process, it would rise through every fissure by the pressure of the incumbent rocks, or water, which is, specifically, hea vier. A few layers of the VTaverly series are highly charged with the debris of veg etable and marine shells, and these may generate some oil; but for the most part what they contain is of foreign origin. The source to which I haYc referred it is so en tirely sufficient, both as regards its posi tion ana character, that it seems unneces sary to look farther. Over nearly all the northern part of the State, where the Por tage and Chemung rocks arc exposed, pe troleum may be found exuding then in greater or less abundance; but it is only at comparatively few points that it is found in a "paying" quantity. The Oil Creek region in Tennsvlvania is one of these series of oil centres. There the wells arc sunk from 70 to over 300 feet often to, and sometimes apparently through, the Portage group. The oil oc curs at all depths. It is frequently found saturating the surface deposits, and the deepest bore has not reached beyond it flews in fissures with water, and that from neighboring wells differs much in quality: all of which facts seem to indicate that it is derived from a somewhat remote source dciow. ine on ot iitusville is very thin, varying shades of brown in col or, and linu ft KTwfirt (rmrif v nf ."i in ' r - e J " Bcaume. Not very far distant from the Oil Creek region is that of Mecca, Trumbull county. Ohio. Here some 200 wells are being bor ed, and a dozen or more have been success fully pumped. The geological level of the Mecca wells is the same as that of Titus villc, but they are generally less deep; va rying from 30 to 200 feet, while most are about 50. The rock is a soft, bluish-white sand stone, with partings of clay shale, sometimes quite saturated with oiL The yield of the wells is from 5 to 20 barrels each per day. The oil is much thicker than that of Pennsylvania, has a greenish brown color, and comparatively little odor. specific gravity is from 2Sa to 30. For many miles around Mecca, signs of oil found in the wells sunk for water, on surface of streams, &c.; and th aggre gate production of oil from that district will unquestionably be very large. be 2d. ate and oil Uses of Petroleum. 1. As an Illuminator. The lighter varieties of rock oil may be burned with a proper lamp in their natural state, but all yield on distillation from 50 to 85 per cent burning fluid, which affords a remarka- powerful, and at the same time, soft pleasant light No lamp, as far as I aware, Ias yet Decn invencca in whicn can be wC.U burned without a chimney; those now so generally used for coal are equally well adapted lotits use. I ,. , ... . .... t. I inese it nums wun a Drmiancy iuuy equal to that of the best oil distilled from with less tendency to smoke, and with no offensive odor, and lasts as long. light is superior to that of the pur est sperm oiL and at present prices cost less half as much. Affording so brilliant, portable, and so safe a light at so small price, it possesses every requisite for a popular illuminator, and must ultimately supersede all those now in use except gas, which though more expensive, is less troub lesome, than any lamps can be, and henee continue to be used to some rCxteut towns. 2. As a Lubricaler. The ro.-k oils, like those of Mecca and Grafton, in their natural state, a thick and consistence, and not a very offensive are excellent lubricators for machin ery as they come from the wells not be ing liable to "gum," and retaining, to a degree, their fluidity in the coldest weather. Care should be taken in the of the crude oil as a lubricator, to' see it is free from fine sand, which is some times mechanically mixed with it as it is pumped up. It is even probable that all oils would be improved by subjecting to a hasty distillation to rid then of foreign matter they might contain. Mecca oil, when thoroughly washed, been used by a number of engineers, J so far as I heard, to their cntire sat isfaction. In the process of refining, all varieties of petroleum yield a portion heavy lubricating oiL The quantity of this ia proportionate to the specific grav- and has This 4th. $325 ly who j and the be such gained, being dict the so must only ity of the crude oil and its nudity will de pend on the quantity of burning fluid ab stracted from it Among the crude or manufactured petroleums, then, we may obtain, at a comparatively small price, lubricators of any degree of consistence, from that of lard to the finest oil, which, if properly prepared, will not gum nor corrode metal, and will keep journals cool. The consumption of petroleum for this purpose must be immense. There are some railroad companies whose annual ex penses are more than $25,000 for lubri cators alone. A single manufacturer in England (Young) testified in Court to hav ing manufactured and sold over 400,000 gallons of lubricating oil in one year, at about one dollar per gallon. This oil was from coal. The "white oil" of New York, and several patent lubricators used iu this country, are sold in large quantities for a dollar or more per gall en, while the mix ed lard, fish and coal oils, largely employ i . .... . ea; ana, luacea, an the luoncators in general use, .c'Oramand a price fully double what an equally goou article made from petroleum can be furnished for. 3. As a Paint OiL Petroleum has as yet been used for painting, in this country, but to a very limited extent and the experiments made, though very satis factory, as far as present appearances go, have not had the test of time applied to them. In the old world the rock oils have been quite extensively employed in paint, ing, and have served a very good purpose in that connection. The Mecca oiL in its natural stale has been used in painting several houses, outside and withim, white and brown, and apparently with entire success, lhe oil was boiled with "drven, precisely as linseed oil is treated, and mixed with lead and other paints. It ! 1 formed a good body, covered the wood ' wclL dried rapidly and perfectly; and now I seems smooth and hard, and has no odor. is All that can be asked is that it shall hold out as it Las begun. The lighter petroleum as that of Titu3- villc and Lowellville are not as well suit ed to painting, as the?" come from the wells, being too thin, like spirits of tur pentine; the heavier portion of them, how ever, when separated by distillation, may be, and indeed, has been successfully ap pl cd to that purpuse. It is highly prob able, therefore, that some portion of the! rock oil raised from our wells will find a market as a painting oiL 4. As a Fuel Should petroleum ever produced in such abundance as to glut fifteen cents a gallon, it will be used as fu- on steamboats, locomotives, and else where wherever, indeed, a highly concen trated, portable and manageable fuel is re- juired. The superiority of oil over coal for generating steam consists in: 1st Its greater heating power, pound for pound. a I market and the price be reduced to in all r Its more complete oxydation in the ! furnace. 3d. Its combustion in immedi contact with the surface of the boiler flues. rnODUCTS op Distillation. As yet the attention of refiners of coal and petroleum in this country has been confined to the products most readily de rived from them, viz: burning fluid, lubri cating oil, and parafHne; but the European manufactures have demonstrated that the process may be profitably carried much further, and that other and more valuable secondary products may be derived from those first mentioned. By the re-distillation of the "light oil," they obtained: 1st Betizole, worth from 10 to 20 cents per pound. This is extensively used as a sol vent for India rubber, gutta pcrcha, &c, for extracting oil from wool before dyeing' it, grease from clothing, carpets, gloves, &c. &c. 2d. Nitro benzole, which the taste and smell of oil of bitter al monds, and is used for the same purposes. is worth one dollar per pound. 3d. Aniline, a dye used for producing the fash ionable color Mauve " to $3 per pound. Pure violet Aniline powder, 250 to per barreL There are two question which will hard lau to suggest themselves to any one shall read what precedes: These are 1st what will be the relation of supply demand in regard to the rock oils in future; and 2d, will tho oil wells be individually permanent? These questions are of not only high scientific interest but of such practical importance that thousands of dollars would cheerfully paid for full and truthful answers to them; Unfortunately, however, answers cannot now be given by hu man wisdom; all the knowledge hitherto and all the experience of the past insufficient to enable any one to pre with certainty the issue of a case like present in some respects without a precedent The supply of rock oil is evidently des tined, for the present at least to be large, large that the business of raising it come down from a speculation to a common sense practical business. The market though prospectively al most unlimited, is for this product not new, but in great measure yet nncre atcd. Time must elapse before the sub stitution ia made by society of this article but any of Tin . is ,. to , ., the . incur pact ure. may it pact i it it with if league ally one; there and by is and law is and made the for that new in use. Meantime, and per haps permanently, the supply will so fully meet the demand, that only those who are favorably situated, who have wells which furnish a good article in large quantity, and pay little or no rent will make large sums of money by them. When we reflect that some 50,000,000 of gallons of oil, of various grades, arc used annually in the United States, for pur poses which may be as well and more cheaply secured by rock oils, and that Eu rope offers a still wider market for them, quite as good as our own, we shall see that there is little prospect of the reck oils becoming wholly valueless, even if every well should continue to flow with its max imum yield, and their number should be greatly multiplied. j "Whether each well will continue to yield . constant quantity of oil if steadily pump- ed through a series of years, is a more dif- ficult question than that of the market . f or the aggregate supply. Its solution , must be a matter of experiment The wells of India, and the banks of the Caspan, have afforded a very large and!1 constant supply of oil for several hundred ' years. The Petroleum springs of Hit I from which the ancient 2?bylonians took ; the imperishable cement for their Cjdo-, pean walls, still continue to flow; and the ' same may be said of the oil springs of Zan-jtneir te, mentioned by Herodotus. They yield apparently as much to-day as they did 2,500 years ago. The steam pump may, and probably will, drain local reservoirs, and its power of suction may exceed the generative ca- ' pacity of limited areas. We must expect that some wells will fail, but the history ' of those largest and most successfully pump- ed in the oil resrion so ncarlv constant in ! - I their yield, and affecting each other so lit- , tic, gives satisfactory evidence that theirs no ephemeral function, and has inspired confidence in the permanence of oil wells which is stronger than ever before. GEN. JACKSON ON SECESSION. When South Carolina threatened se- 1 1 : t: i: r tool t uuiuuuuuou, cc, tu Aoo-r, Aral- A-mrA dent Jackson issued a proclamation which 1 1 . . 1 1 . 1 ff i .1 . i pmccu a suauen ana eneciuai quieius upon tue traitorous aitcmpr. x rom u we ex- ff'lif T n il I ,-TPi r iv I 1AWV Ulv Vt kULL. I ... .. , ., T- .. , Q, , The Constitution of theLnited States . , th.n 4 1 T-T-il a f .-!- rtl Hiff Tint A rtomia and whether it be formed by compact be tween the states, or any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government which all the people are represented; which operates directly on the people in dividually, not on the States; they retained the power they did not grant But each state having expressly parted with so many rwTr-r na tt pnnflf lfiif lmntW with flip nf Ti 0l , . . . - . period possesslny right to secede because, ' , ' such secession does not br;ak a destroys the unity of a nation, and injury to that unity is only a breach which would result from the contravention a compact but it is an offence against t1Ma I "niAn Tn ci tt fli i f nnv fifnfo . , , , -rr . I we . . . ' i to say mat tne cnitea states is not a , .. ... , . . nation ; because it would be a solecism to , , . . , .. contend that any part of the nation might 1 . -.. dissolve its connection with the other parts, . ...... . .... .... der tneir injury or rum, witnous commuting , ' . ... . . . . ,, . ... , . ! ers, nlntinnfiw nnr Tnfivrut vri Am 1 1 v niQri h 1 hv . , . , . . .... it extremity of oppression; but to call it a i ... . , ... , , couButuuonai rigui, is eumuuuuiux me , , . v i a9 ,n . i - a. r ! through cross error, or w deceive those who 1 . . . . , , , . 1 1 : , . , ... i pause Dciore tney maue a revolution, or i , , , . . ... t the penalties consequent upon a fail-.,, A ( tft J i it is said the parties to that compact; 1 i ! Pact when they feel themselves aggrieved, depart from it; but it is precisely because is a compact that they cannot A cm- i : i v: i: i.i:: i is all uiirwuiciib ur uiuuiii uwitauvu.. f v r may ny its terms uac a mui;uuu vi a penalty for its breach, or it may not If contains no sanction it may be broken no other consequence than moral guilt; have a sanction, then the breach in curs the designated or implied penalty. A between independent nations gener has no sanction other than a moral or if it should contain a penalty, as is no common superior, it cannot be enforced. A government on the contrary, always has a sanction, express or implied ; in our case, it is both necessarily implied and expressly given. An attempt force or arms to destroy a government an offence, by whatever means the con stitutional compact may have been formed; such government has the right, by the ot self-defence, to pass acts for punish ing the offender, unless that right is modi fied, restrained or resumed by the consti tutional act In our system, although it modified in the case of treason, yet authority is expressly given to pass all laws necessary to carry its powcrs into effect under this grant provision has been for punishing acts which obstruct due administration of the laws. 'It would seem superfluous to add any thing to show the nature of that onion to this that to this the Can their the that by their port exists Every in wrnen connects us; but as erroneous opin ions on this subject are the foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our peace, I must give some further development to my views on this subject No one, fellow citizens., has a higher reverence for the re served rights of the States, than the mag istrate who now addresses you. No one would make a greater personal sacrifice, or official exertions, to defend them from violation, but equal care must be taken to prevent on their part an improper inter ference with, or resumption of the rights they have vested in the nation. The line has not been so distinctly drawn as to avoid doubts in some cases of the exercise of power. Men of the best intentions and soundest views may differ in their con- struction of some parts of the Constitution; Dut tnere are others on which dispassion a at reflection can leave no doubt Of this nature appears to be the assumed right of Secession. It rests as we have seen, on At. 1 l l ! lne aucSta nnuiviueu sovereignty oi xne States, and of their having formed in this sovereign capacity a compact which is call- the Constitution, from which, because maJe thcJ have tne riSnt to Bcxde- 150111 of thcsc P0811"" ar erroneous, and 301116 of arguments to prove them 80 have anticipated, "Tbe States XfcnlI na not retained cntire sovereignty. It has been BD0Wn that in becoming parts of a nation, not members of a league, they surrendered many of their essential parts of sovereign- lJ- S0 to make treaties, declare war lcyj tes. exercise exclusive judicial and legislative powers, were all functions of sovereign power. The States, then, for a11 these important purposes, were no longer sovereign. The allegiance of their citizens was transferred in the first instance t( the Government of the United States; tueJ became American citizens and owed obedience to the Constitution of the United States, and to laws made in conformity with the powers vested in Congress. This last position has not been, and can not be denied. How, then, can that State be said to be sovereign and independent whose citizens owe obedience to laws not made by it and whose magistrates are sworn to. !, V V : with b aBotfcer? What gLowa wnduaiTelj that the States to Lave rc,cmd an nndivy .. 1 11 cd sovereignty, is, they expressly ceded the . ,.x ... : ..... right to punish treason, not against theirscp- craic jwwer, out treason against ue c iuku States. Treason is an offence against sove reignty, and sovereignty, must reside with the power to punish it But the rights of the States are not less sacred because they have for their common interest made the final government the depository of these powers. The unity of our political charac- ' commenced with it3 very cxistanca Un- tUJ gmment we had no scp- erate character our opposition to its op Icague, . . ... .... ui-asiuu m-gau aa uuiteu colonics. it were the United States under the confed eration and the name was perpetuated an the Union more perfect by the Federal Constitution. In none of these stages did consider ourselves in any other light than as forming one nation. Treaties .... , . n and alliances were made in the name of alL . , ,. . . , , , Iroops were raised for the joint defence- 1 ., ... ., ' . . now, wen, wun an tnese proois, mat un . . ... ... all changes of our position we had, for . . , - designated purposes and with defined pow- created national governments how is c that the most perfect of these several ... ; , . , , modes of union, should now be considered , ,, , , ,. , , , a mere league that may be dissolved at pleasure? It ia from an abuse of terms, , vompaci is uscu as synonymous league, although the true term is not cm- . , .. , . . . ., ployed, because it would at once show the . A, . Tl , . . . fnlairw nf 41ia M4mnmiT Ir wnnlil tint tin B9V rlmf. Aiir fVinafif nttnTi vraa rtnlv o lrfifTTuv hnr it ia InhnrfMi fn rtmvA it a mm. . , . (which in one sense is,) and then to . - . , . ment every sovereign power has a right argue that as a league is a compact, every compact between nations must of course be league and that from such an engage recede. But it has been shown, that in sense the States are not sovereign, and even if they were, and the National Constitution had been formed by compact there would be no right in any other State exonerate itself from the obligation. "So obvious are the reasons which forbid secession, that it is necessary to al lude to them. The Union was formed for benefit of alL It was produced by mutual sacrifice of interest and opinions. those sacrifices be recalled? Can the States, who magnanimously surrendered titles to the Territories of the West the grant? Will the inhabitants of inland States agree to pay the duties may be imposed without their assent those on the Atlantic or the Gulf, for own benefit? Shall there be a free in one State, and enormous duties in another? No one" believes that any right in a single State to involve all the others in these and countless other evils, contrary to engagements solemnly made. one mast see that the other States, self-defence must oppose it at all hazards." or its Use your wit as a buckler, not a sword. the the ns that w not ef mon just in MRS. JONES ON ELECTION. Nov. 22, 1860. Messrs Editors of the Chronicle: Weir ""lection" is over; the great commotion is ended, the boisterous waves of political life are Lushed to a momentary calm, and I, feel like breaking forth in the sublime lan guage of a Western Orator " 'feller citizens hurrah, a now crisis have arriv" &c. If any poor creatures in this great nation have cause to rejoice, it is the women, not only because Lincoln is elected, but because the great question is fiually settled, I. declare it has been enough to provoke '. well anything but a woman, the kind" of life we have bees compelled to live for the past few months. Just think of it;, when enr other halves come home from town, and we were half wild to hear of a fight or fire, or runaway, or anything but politics, we must have or poor brains crazed and our ears wearied with a con glomerated mass of "obcrdedicta, popular sovereignty, irrepressible conflicts, pacifica tion bills, Dred Scott decisions, comprom ises," and a long list of other big words thai have little or no interest to us. . Then too, we have lived in perpetual fear, known ing that the poor fellows were liable at any hour or moment to sudden attacks of" a rush of politics to the head, which was sore to cause a burst of eloquence, or in dignation; and how did we know what the consequences might be? But the worst feature in the case is this, when they have have been off Wide Awaking around the country and we have been obliged to form a kind of growling company of go to sleeps at home, without even being invited out in midnight procession, or a torch light march. WclL as a writer says, "tiauks to the Constitution, there cannot be anoth er presidential election for four years." I am sure I wish it was forty. I do sup pose if there was ever a human being who Reserves pity it is the man who looks for- ward to election day as the ' day that de- ciJcs his political fate for the time being; it is that man whose hopc3 of office are based upon the minds of the masses, a foundation that a breath of slander, or false hood will sway until his frail hopes are, scattered, and fall like dead leaves at hia feet Such has become the custom of our country that in order to obtain any of thc thousand places of trust in the gift of the people, a man must often comprom ise his feelings and self respect he must throw off hia dignity, disguise hia contempt and diavf likes, he must graduate his thoughts and language down to the capacity of the nned- ucated, in short he must be all things to' all men, and then lays sleepless of nights" thinking that he has not done np the agreeable sufficiently to some bloat or loafer. But it is well for the weal of our nation that we have men firm and true, who will neither sacrifice principle, or man hood, or virtue upon the altar of fame, though such are like angel visits. But after all it cannot be a more trying posi--tion to be an office seeker than to be tha wife of one. I suppose I have a faint idea of what the feelings of Mrs. Liucoln and Mrs. Douglas were, during the late cam- ; paign, for 1 shall never forget what I suf fered with alternate hopc3 and fears the time that Mr. Jones permitted the people of our town to use his name as candidate for constable. I told him, then, I hoped when his term of office expired, he would retire from public life, and pass tho re- maindcr of his days in peace and quiet- ncss. I am not certain, after all, that our r rejoicing on account of the excitement being over has not been a littie premature.. now we hear nothing but wara and1 rumors of wars, secession, nullification. and disunion, and our peaceful dreams must be disturbed by nightmare visions of . armies of red coats, of booming cannon and clashing stceL But we mu3t hope for tho t best Perhaps were the shade of a John Brown, or a few northern men, and a cow two, to appear in South Carolina, and Georgia, that they might exert a soothing influence on the warlike preparations, and cause the spirit of disunion, like a dove of peace, to smooth its ruffled plumage, fold ' half fledged wings, and nestle for Ha ' eternal rest in the heart, of thosa irey southerners. George Tether is held for bigamy at Hart- ford, Ct His reply to the charge ia that first wife "treated him wrongfully," and . , second "would marry him anyhow. . .. Charles Dickens, story, "Hunted Down,' . which the London Critic prenounoca a fe-; . c emanation, had a 6ix months' run with , before it was printed in All tho Year Round. It occupied precisely ten pages ia, periodical, and, aa the author is said " i e (via rV.. : r it,. Utivu revtuvuu vf,vw WC 4. UUIU w . Harpers, it netted him $ 500 per jageJ Reputation ia money.. ..,..,,-. Fashion, with all hex absurdities, can-. manage always to oppose the dictates. , reason; but ia compelled by her love "of . change to come round to nature and com- . sense about once in seven years- for variety. , - - . , . What is tho oldest piece of furniture in the world? The multiplication tabta.