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12 THE ELECTRIC LIGHT. Eow It 1b Now Being Utilized In Paris and Throughout France. Its Immense Superiority to Gas for Hie Purpose of Street-lllumi* nation. Employm*nt in IntorioM a ««l»iclitlxiff of Circuses, Theatres, Stores, Factories, and Foun dries. Cie at Harbors, on Fortifications and Ships, in tbe Military Smiff, and at Kail road-Slallons.' Successful Application of the Light to Photography—Altogether a Won derful Success. SpfHrtl Cnrrttpontltntf «f The TrfAuns. Pxnts, Jan. 21.—Innovations In the shape ot Intentions seldom Pave a smooth nml uninter rupted mail to success. The exceptions arc very rare, because nearly all beneficial Invcn tlcuis clash with existing Interests. If not, there j« a hard crust of drowsy conservatism or Indif ference to penetrate before the beauties ot the discovery ore made apparent to the masses, who, no doubt, but for tbe pertinacity of the bold and original few who tlilnk out and drive on Idea Into their head, would eventually sim mer down Into a condition analogous to that In which Dr. Ox found the sleepy Inhabitants of Kcckendene. No matter what it lias been, every great enterprise In the way of progress ha*had A MOUNTAIN OF IMPEDIMENTS TO Ct.lMO before It reached the point of acceptance. This assertion needs no proof. You know the op position raised when the steam-engine was put upon a railroad; you recollect the tempest cre ated and the wall of the seamstress when tho sewing-machine was talked of. The inventor of the stereotyping process was bounded through England by compositors, nml tbe Ger man who gave blith to the steam pnnthig-press had .to travel to the Lou don 7Vme» olllce beforu ho found a listener. Until the advent of gas our grand fathers were content tu take ns a substitute for sunlight, In thHr homos nml in their streets, olt and candle. The most bitter opposition greeted the discovery of gns: Indeed, feeling ran so high la Paris that tho Introducer, Lelmud, dur ing the First Consulate, was brutally assassinated in the Champs Elysco by the c.imllemakcre, who imagined that, jf he succeeded, their occu pation would bo gone. Every obstacle was thrown la the way of those Innovations; but Hie steam printing-press came mid printers still f ixlstcd; stereotyping was introduced, the cheap dcwspaper was made a possibility, and type setting Increased; the sewing-machine amcllo . rated the condition ot the seamstress; gas came to the front, mid, in spile of nit the hue-and cry, candles continued to bo made, and will con tinue to be made,—lamrs continued to bo manu factured, and will continue tu be manufactured. The candiemakers made a hard fight. The makers of gas oro* struggling quite as vigor ously against tho Introduction of electricity os a medium of Illumination; but these protests, I am confident, will ho gUiTB AS INEFFECTUAL to chock tho coming revolution as were those of tho candiemakers; ami Directors of Gas Com panies, If they do not desire to stand opposed to their best Interests, would do well tu investigate Hie subject calmly mid without prejudice, util ize tho electric light, and “ run the machine ” iu the same old monopolizing way. Within the past tlx or chrut months extraordinary ad vances nave been made In the matter, a correct estimate of which It Is exceedingly dlllleult to make (rnm the discursive ellusluns In nlnu tenths of the English, French, or American pa pers. Generally these notices amount to little else than Irresponsible chatter, strongly fiavored with the splco of prejudice In favor of Hie Gas Companies, or In favor of this or that lump. Figures are generally omitted, or, if inserted, ere confilctlng. Your correspondent lias de voted considerable care to the collection of a few facts und figures, uml the Investigation of tho prominent apparatuses lu London and Farts act forth by each Inventor as Ihe rival nf gas, from which you can form some Idea, I think, of the probabilities of electric lighting. In Uie present letter, I shall endeavor to tell you the extent to which Ihe light I* utilized hi Faria, und popular opinion concerning it; in my next, 1 will speak ot the cost in comparison tu cas, mid will endeavor lu give you an Idea of tho latest Improvements on this skin ot Hu> water. In spite of Hie nonsense written In con nection with the experiment* In Faria,—gener ally set down aa failures,— they have been suc cessful enough to make Hie Municipal Council not only renew the contract with IhcJnbloch kolt Company for the lighting of the Avenue do I'Opcra and tho apace In front of the Theatre Franealee, but they are now negotiating with the owners of the Werdermann lamp for the Illumination of tho Rue do Caillgllone, Fluco Veiidome, the Hue do lu Falx, along Hie Boule vards Caperciues, dcsltallcus, and Montmartre, the Place do lu Rtalilc, uml a number of oilier streets and squares: so you sco Unit Hie utiliza tion of electricity as a means of Illumination, and Its more than favorable competli ion with gas in regard to brilliancy, steadiness, etc., A 1(8 ACCOMPLISHED FACT*. The other duv I saw it itutcd It# u London paper that upon cverv light in Hit* Avenue de FOpcia tlie Jahlochkoff Company lost about 1(1 cents per hour.- This Is absurd, although (hero is no denying the fact that Hml corporation liuh lost money with the contract, Hie renewal of which they sought moro for adveitishig purposes than for Immediate profit. It should ho eluted, in passing, ilmt they labor under great disadvantage in competing with the Parisian Gas Companies In the matter of street lighting, because lu them, like nearly ev erything else started under the Empire, thu Government has a hand, and supply Hie dtv with gas at one-sixth the price charged the pri vate consumer. For each gas-jet the city pays one cent per Hour; thejirlvule consumer, seven cents. The Jaldochkofl candle, so far us pricu Is concerned, cun nuver compete sncccsiiully whit the Gus Companies of the City of Furls so )> ng us Its charter reads us It dues. Tim ma chinery U too cumbrous und expensive. There lure tfic Jablochkoft oeoulo do not seek tu en large their territory, but allow the Werdwnmnn parties tu apply for the right upon the streets 1 have mentioned, the latter claiming that Hicv cay compete with the Parisian gas-makers oven at their figures, uml make money. Standing in the Place de I’Upera, and looking alternately up the boulevard, with ita row of ilcklv-ycilow lit tle gas-jets, nuking thu darkness almost mors Intense, uml up Hie avenue, with its brilliant pale-blue light, reminding one of a bright moon light night, no one can hesitate as to the beauty and INFINITB SOHEIIIOIUTT OF TUB BI.RCTHIO LIGHT. The avenue Is nearly 1,000 yards lu length, nnd Is lighted by tllty-two lamps, some of which hum two caudles at once. Tlie latest estimate of the candle's strength is twenty-two gas burners; but, owing to the opaline globes nec essary, CO per cent of (hut strength Is lust. Five randies are placed lu each lamp,which give light from 5 until 13. when gas burns fur thu re mainder of the night. Four sleoui-englnea give the power necessary. Tlie Ruede la Falx,which runs from the Flacu de l'();>era to tlie Flaco Veudoioe, has been studded with gas-jets,— three tu six having been placed befars each house,— by way of contrast tu thu electric illumination lu the Avenue de FOpero. lu a distance equal to one large American block I counted 14U gas-lights; and yet. with this enormous attempt of the Gss Company to rciipso “the light of Hie future” In Hie adjoin ing avcuue, looking at both from the Opera- House at the junction on Hie boulevard. Hie llgnt ol ihe gas Is sickly and luellectual lu cou ■ tra»t to the rcfulgcuce ol the electric. Thu is the most remarkable outdoor exlilbl . tioa iu Paris, yet it la used iu many other places. S OR JNTKKIOn USB itiaaj be Men at a great Dumber of public as i well os private bulldloi;#; but, uuliko the Wer- I dermauu, the Jabloctutoll lamp eauuut be ud* 'J taulsyeouiljr lutruduced lulu dwellius-buuaes. I except iu rare ca»c*. Lately, lu ibu evening 1 I visited tlio buuau ul a uuuble Kuitlemau Ui Puri*. ulio.'C salon—some sixty liy thirty foot wa« brilliantly Ht hv one .lahlocnkoff candle. Tin- extensive gardens surrounding this mansion were illuminated hv three candles: nml at tin? entrance, upon two brackets, were liuttsc o'bcr two. Tlie whole picture looketl like a leaf from the Arabian Nights, enchanting In Ha beauty. I may here state that it has become the fashion throughout France to Illuminate with Ibis clec trle light the mansions nml grounds of the great when a fete occurs; at the various Ministries, Embassies, nml at Important gatherings. Ihe candle for Interior use Is ntrhaps seen to the best advantage at tins nfi-podronic. on the banka of itie Seine,—a building considerably larger than, but of a similar jliaoe l*>, that hearing tin* same name In New York tlty, It is lighted hv eighty candles,—shortly, I under stand, to be Increased to 100. Ihe effect Is grand In tlic extreme: and It Is difficult to Im agine how nnv other light than that now In use eunld be efficient In such an enormous struct tire, the seating enpacitv of which Is over 13,000, and In whose arena It Is not unusual to see over 000 helnffs, bipeds and quadrupeds, assem bled. Viewed through tho brilliancy of the electric light, the spectacle, with Us glittering appointments, and dresses, mid banners. Is of . TIIK MOST UOIUIISOU9 CIIAIUCTBK. The Illumination by gas of this vast circus was found to bo inadequate. The outlines of those in the arena were only dimly visible, while Hm electric light brings each outline out In hold re lief. No straining of the eye is necessary. A spectator at one end of the arena can easily dls tincuifU llic leatnrcs of those at tin? opposite end. In the Clmtelct Theatre the electric light Is utilized in the auditorium, on the stage, mid In front of the budding. Fur my own part, I do not hlnk U a perfect success us n theatrical Illumination, although opinion seems divided. Perhaps, however, my dis inclination arises from the fact Unit I have always been accustomed to look at the artifici ality of the atagu through the yellow gas-glare, in St. Petersburg tho Uraml Opcm-House has been Illuminated with electricity, and from all accounts It gives satisfaction. 1 have reason to believe that shortly thu Paris llrand Opera, the Theatre du Vaudeville,'the Theatre des N'ou veautos, and probably two other theatres, will adopt the Wcrdei'mann svateni. In the case of the Grand Oiteru iJ .sc, comparative test* led to the adoption ot tb* latter system. So much lor tU.*s*w-i. IN MANY I.AHUE STOKES electricity has been adopted wllh most satisfac tory results. Thu lighting of the Magnzln tin Louvre ond the Ron Marube, each with about clglitv candles, has been already spoken of In American paper*. Each of these stores has over 2.IXW employes, mid Uicvarc the emporiums of fashion and fancy wear of the French Capital. A lady need no longer wait for daylight to match colors, but, upon the sun’s going down,can elder those stores, and with perfect accuracy distinguish the rainiest and most Imperceptible nuance. And not only is the new process an advantage on this score, but the oppressive, vitiated atmosphere consequent upon Ihe burning of a large number of gas-jets is completely avoided. The manager of the Magazin du Louvre kindly conducted your correspondent, the other day, through the vort ous dep.it I molds, showing Hie electric apparatus of the concern; mid assured mo that, in addi tion to the light giving universal satisfaction. Its Introduction had etleeicd a saving of -10 per cent In contrast to Hie former expenditure for gas. The good* are shown to better advantage than by daylight. Gas-light steeps everything In an artificial glamour; electricity exhibit* silks, tapestries, carpets, laecs, ami other tis sues, jewelry and silverware, to the best advan tage,—not only showing the articles In their natural colors, hut Intensifying those colors. Tl.o light Is also u*cd in Inc Untie Jardiniere, tbe largest gentlemen's clothing and furnishing establishment In France, mid a number of other large establishments of that order. IN TUB LARGEST FACTORIES AND POUNDHIB9 throughout France the electric light Is being very rapidly introduced. Among Hie first to Introduce it were Messrs. Hotchkiss A Co., the American manufacturers of cannon for the French Government; Mcnler & Uo.. the famous manufacturers who turn out 1b,000,000 pounds of chocolate annually: Chrlslolhlc, of Paris, the largest metal-plater ot the world; Vnl d’Osnn, an immense foundry In the Honlcvard Exterior; and Claoarcele, the great shipbuilder at St. Denis The immense humor-works now being curried out at an expense of many hun dred millions of (nines by the French Republic, and which will make of Cubits, Ruiilognc, Dun kerque, Chcrnounr, and Lu Havre immense pons, making access at nil times possible for the most powerful vessels ulloa*, mid abolishing the tidal services, always a nightmare to Chan nel travelers.—nils gigantic undertaking,which, it Is estimated, will take about leu years for Us accomplishment, is being curried on day and night. Tuts would have been an utter Impossi bility DUT FOU TUB Bf.BCTKIO LIGHT. 1 It has been derided by the Minister of Public ' Works to iurnlsh all three harbors, as well as those on the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea hoard, with powcrlul electric lights. I learn from u gentleman In high position in the De partment of Defense that most powerful elec tric machinery lias been constructed, mid Is now J being placed in Hie fortification* on the coast, to |>u lined in connection with the torpedo-service, i These lights are sullMeutlv powerful to ilistln- 1 guUU, with the aid of telescopes, smalt objects | at u distance of nearly forty lulled. All Hie I shlps-of-wur are being tilted up with electric 1 lights, which will bevond a question revolution ize even the modern system of naval warfare. Rut not alone lu the naval service has Hie French Government dcchleu to utilize the electric arc, but its use has already become A FEATUIIB IN FRENCH MH.ITAItT TACTICS. Each corps d’armeu possesses u number of out fits. comprising a portable engine, tu which Is . attached a Gramme machine (generator of the electric current), from which Hie wires run to Hie lump. With this light the enemy's position becomes plainly visible. The tmmvnsu strength of the light hampers him in hlf operations. It may ho here staled that the various auctions of Hie corps d’arnieo are directed by the use of the telephone from the point at which the light U • situated. The adoption of the light hi passenger-vessels Is being strongly agitated, both lu France and ; in England, it bus already rendered valuable service In Hin French Transatlantic hno;aiul,asl hear the matter considered pro and con, 1 should not at ul) be surprised It laws were shortly passed, both hv Hie English and French Legisla tive Rudies, compelling passenger-vessels tu car ry electric light*, The frequency of accidents through log (ihe dread ol Captain, sailor, and passenger alike) would beyond a question be greatly diminished—probably obviated—bv Hio use of the electric light us It Is to-day. Then the Hunger and dillh nlties of navigation around the English and French sculmurds would he much lessened, Hie coast being discernible at all limes. In. regard to ITS APPLICATION TO HAILUOADS, 1 may sav that so successful have been the testa already made time, tl.o number of depots illu minated by this new process is rapidly increas ing. 1 will mention a few of Hie most promi nent; they arc: thu depot of Hie Clicmln-dc- Ferdu Nurd; Hie Chcmin-dc-Fer tic Funs, Ly ons, Mediteransu; Chemln-de-Fer St. Lozuru Western Railway). Lu Chapcllo, In I’aris. and the Northwestern ami the Paddington & Charing Cross, at Loudon, are now. 1 understand, being fitted up.—Hie former wllh Ladd's and Hie luticr two with thu Werder munn apparatus. In Furls experiments are be ing made dally In Its adoption, not onlv a» a head-light, but as a mean* of illuminating the various sections of Hie curs,— cmploylug a frac tion of (he locomotive's power, Hie loss of Which Is nulurullv Imperceptible. The application of the electric light TO PHOTOGRAPHV is destined to play a considerable rule in Hie fu ture. At Hie celebrated photographic studio of the American l.clhcrl, lu the Rue du Lundrus, a gathering of prominent Americans occurred tho other night, to witness amt lake tail in a prac tlcsl application of the electric light tu photo graphic purposes. Among Hie gentlemen pres ent your correspondent met Gen. Grant; Gun. Noyes. American Minister to France: Fairchild, our Consul-General; Vice-Consul R. M. Hooper; Mr. Henry Hpuuldiug. of thu Furndau branch of TtlTanv Co., New York; John Bigelow: Col. Fred Grant; llcaly, Hot artist: and Flm-Srcrc tary-uf-Lcgatlon it R, Hitt. The apparatus con sisted of au ordinary Gramme continuous-cur rent machine, with regulator. Ju /rout of the voltaic arc la placed a small, circular, trans lucent substance. The light furnished was mellow, radiant, und sufficiently strong to tske Hie place of the solar rays; Indeed, Mr. Leibcrt stated thotfor photo graphic purposes Hie electric light was infinitely superior to that given hy thu sun, because there was uo difficulty on account of shadows caused by passing clouds. Whether HiU is so or not, Hie fact U Incontrovertible that the photographs lakeu at night * AUS qUITS AS GOOD as those taken during the day. Gen. Grant ex -1 audited Hie apparatus In his usual quiet und thorough way. had his picture taken, and ex pressed Ithtmdf as thoroughly satisfied. Mr. la-hurl la the first tu start nocturnal photog raphy. Fashion has taken It up, und now, if you cuter the stualo of HHa artist between Hie hours ui U und 13 vou will find groups of ladles, r uu tlii'lr way to parties or balls, anxious to get their pictures while they arc dressed lu Uuuuccs ami finery. i From what 1 have stated, you can form some Idea ot the favor bestowed upon the electric - light uu this side of the water. There i» no . question as to Hs power; uml, in the mutter of I street-lighting, it be.me very lung will entirely A supersede giu. The lighting of UwcUlug-hotuca THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: FRIDAY. FEBRUARY 7. IH<U—TWELVE PAGES. Is merely a nucstlon of time. Mr. Wcrdcrinann has demonstrated practically its economy and Us superiority over gas. !»• LOUISIANA. Lpßlftlntnm and Official* Anxious to llrpudl atn St»to Debt*—The Coalition. GirttuDnnittnre .'V»r r>r* IhsaM. Washington, 1). U.» Feb. 4.—T!ie condition of political affairs In Louhdnn* would teem to be post finding out, so varied nml contradictory ore tbc statements made by persons either con* trolled by prejudice, or mure anxious for the success of the political party with which they oro affiliated than that the exact truth should be known. That tbc tic which binds the pres ent dominant parly Is little more Ilian a rope of sand, liable to fall to pieces the moment any other Issue Is presented than opposition to car* pet-bog itcpubUcanlsm, Is an admitted fact: that the heller element In the Republican party in the Plate is endcavorlmr to break away from those who have made the mime odious to the Intelligent mid properly-holding citizens, ami form a combination with those who have acted with the Democracy as the choice of two evils, ami with a fair chance of success, Is equally certain. Among the Republicans of the State there Is no one, IK-rlmos. who has n belter knowledge of this movement and the general political condition of this State than ex-.Marslml Vitkin, now in this city. In a recent interview with the Marshal ho khnliv expressed himself at length on the sub* Jeit, ns cnuio.iled In the following conversation: Correspondent—As you are n native of Louisiana and have long been actively Identified with her Republican politics, i would like to know whether your party can regain there Its asccinleiU'V In ISSOI Mr. Vitkin—l have no doubt tlmtltcnumid will, hut It must bo under different conditions from those which prevailed la our three national elections since reconstruction began, else a lie publican success would ho Impossible to achieve, or. If achieved. Impossible to maintain. We have a vast voting posse, but we need something be sides numbers. Corresitoudent—What new conditions do you look for} Mr. Vltklu—Well, 1 look especially to certain responsible elements, comprising 'merchants, planters, and oilier*, that have already detached themselves from the Democracy, and that in their Initial experiment last November elected In New Orleans a goodly number of their can didates. The fact that these candidates wore wantonly defrauded In the count, which was at the exclusive mercy of Democratie Commission ers, bus served to quicken n distrust which had Impelled tliem to antagonize the Democracy, to a determined enmity. These men dared much In arraigning their old party hy Conservative mid National platforms; they meant reform and retrenchment. Rut they found themselves thwarted in the count by the very *• Ring ” they sought to break up. They are left two alter natives: either to succumb to the Democracy and Its exactions, or to persist In lighting it; mid they have clto«cn the latter. The Republic an numbers are vital to this end, and tin* Con servatives will in the coalition prove a valuable leaven to those numliori. A certain class of small Republican " lenders," so tailed, will be eliminated, much to the advantage of the Re publican partv. Their ob|eetbcing spoils, they will naturally betake themselves to the “short hair’' Democracy, against which the Nationals and Conservatives stand arrayed. Tho spoils men are naturally dumped together, and the coalition Is thus largely reasons In its personnel for reproach. Correspondent—Duvet tin: Federal olflccrs nf Louisiana Joined the coalition of which you speak! Mr. Vitkin—l have reason for saying that, with perhaps two or three exceptions, those ollleers would scarcely he welcomed by the Con servative and National Democrats, mid certainly could not, If they were welcome, take any forces with them Into the coalition. Men with clean characters and honest purpose arc welcome. The Conservatives and Nationals express hearty confidence that the National Administra tion will exhibit a disposition to promote their worthy purpose so far as It can legitimately. The contUlnn is Louisiana’s only hope and the Stale creditors' onlv hope: It merits prompt encour agement, both because of Immediate Issues at slake, and because of ISSff, when we mav readi ly reclaim the Stale and have a pucille election, in which the Conservative dement shall Inter pose between the violent and the colored ele ments. Correspondent—lt Is reported that It Is tho purpose of the Louisiana Democrats to repudi ate the State debt, and that for tills object fiddly thev have called a Constitutional Con vention. Wlmt position do (he Conservatives and Republicans of Louisiana occupy an this question! Mr. Vitkin—These dements aro entirely hos tile to such action. It Is believed bv Ihcm that tin* State, though poor. Is abundantly able to Kav Us debts, and ought to do so. They do not dleve tlu- people of the State could derive even a temporary advantage from repudiation. They believe that such action would not be thought of except os a means of increasing tho fund available for (be support of party hacks and general plunder. Thu Income of the Stole Is tetterous. Too large a part of It Is spent In exorbitant salaries and the molnleuatico of use less ollleers. A better and more equal system of assessment mid a more business-like mode of collection would considerably increase this In come.' Thu Republicans and Conservatives ngn-e In demanding tin su. They agree Unit the number of ulllccs should tie diminished, and the emoluments of many It Is desirable to retain should lie much reduced. There Is no reason why Louisiana should pay her Governor a salary of iS,O(K) per annum. There is no excuse for the continuance of u svstem under which two Sheriffs for the same Parish of Orleans cun cadi lay by profits of 170,000 or s£o,ooo hi a single termor two years. Taxation should bo simpli fied. The State, instead of levying Us assess ments upon each individual taxpayer, should levy its quota upon each city and parish, ns in oilier States, and leave to the local authorities its collection and payment to the Slate Treas urer. Rv such a change Uie State would save very nearly 1100,000 per annum now fa Id in commissions to Tax-Collectors, .ocal interests would then antagonize the tox-rcslsilng schemes of lormer years, mid the general laxity In this respect which lias been their trull. The collection-ex penses of parishes need nut be substantially In creased, mid peculation would become more dilllcult than now. Reform lit this particular would dispense with Die ino«t powerful mid cor rupting patronage of (lie State Executive,—not among the least of the accruing iwneliis. Tho Htutu would derive unoiber l>t-ncllt in a saving of nearly SIIO,OOO per year which might then be made in the expenses of the Treasurer’s mid Auditor’s olllccs. Thu mate and Varlsh Judi ciary should be greatly reduced. Nearly ninety Judicial oillcers are employed by us to discharge duties which about thirty such perform, for in stance, In Massachusetts, with twice uur popu lation and iilnctmo Bonr wealth. Munvof these are excessively paid. The system Is cumbrous, mi'utisfaetoiv. mid an onerous chutgu upon the people and taxpayers of theHiale. In uu depart inenlof ihuGiVerr.mcut Is u rclorm more neces sary or can economies be effected more important. The heavy fees now applied to building up private fortunes for tlm Sheriff of Orleans. Harbor Board, Recorders of Mortgages mm Convey ances, etc., should chlcliy go into the Slate ami City Treasuries. Properly of the Slate now idle and useless should be applied to some prulltahle use or sold. Valuable franchises, which have been alienated without substantial consideration lor corfitpi or private ends, should be resumed. Very considerable reductions should bo effected In the legislative expenses. From all these sources of economy a saving of nut less than $750,000 a veur cun be made,—a sum more than ample to meet all existing de ficiencies. The Conservatives uml Republicans Intend to accomplish these reforms, mid to re store ami maintain the limuiclal honor of the State, i ought to add that very great numbers of men now remaining in the Democratic parly are too honest to upproveof the outrage of repu diation,and will doubtlessseverthelrcuimecilon with that party rather than ratify the action of tho coming Convention should repudiation bo Its result. 1 do not now believe that this result, however desirable it may be to the Ring man agers of the Democratic party, cun be reached. It is not at present likely that these men will be able to control a majority in the Convention. If they cannot Huy will retire to private life, and the finances amf honor of the State will be safe henceforth in honorable hands, i am satisfied liiut tur Senators ami our members of Cougress, the last all members of Hit- Democratic party, will be found Jealously defending the honor of the Statu, mid Unit each ami ull will heartily concur in the reformatory measures necessary to support her credit mid good name, w Correspondent—Vour Legislature bos now been in session some four weeks, has it not I and is U nut very largely Democratic! Mr. Vitkin—Yes. ami no resolution has yet been offered to assist the buteuutof the slough in which tier recent default in her annual Inter est has lett her. The Democratic ami Republic an vote Is respectively nluetv-lbrcc and thirty eight. Tiie especial object of the Democracy seems to be to abolish the present fitsie Consti tution, which, among other things, limits the State debt to $16,000,000, and dcelaics all appro priations lu excess of auniiHl revenue to be null and void. Hut the Legislature has just passed an act providing for a convention to trume a new Constitution, ibis, following rigid upon the recent default in interest, excites grave misgiv ings. The election of delegates, us you will sec li um Uie official copy of Urn act* is to be held on ihe ISih dav of March next, and on the 31st day of April ihe Convention Is to o-svmhlc, with an appmprinttoti of s■!(),Ut'o to meet Its expenses. I lie Interval Is certainly very short, and Utc con sequences extremely momentous. JACKSON’S SENTIMENTS. XVlmt Old Hickory Thought of the Union nml of Nullification nod seeertllnn. Wdirilnninn CorrenKinrfnee Onctnnnll r.minereinl. Mr. F.llls’ remark, that the South went Into the War In obedience to Democratic teachings, renders it still more ponding to understand what Democracy really Is. In conversation lately with a gentleman who served In Congress forty years ago, ho observed that he had voted the Democratic ticket all his life, since he was eli gible to vote, but he sadly realized Ihe fact that the party has ceased to be Democratic, except In name. “John Thompson (‘who made and sold hats, 1 according to Dr. Franklin's anecdote) Is still over the door, but Hie business has been changed, and John blmself Is wllh his father*. 1 drop into tin* old shun oc casionally from long habit. The Democracy of Ja/ksoii/uml Van Rurctt, and Polk Is ns much a thing ot Hit* past a* John Thompson.** Mr. Ellis certainly never found anything In the leadlines of the first-named of these worthies justifying secession. Hi# celebrated proclama tion to ihe Ponth Carolina nulllltcrs In ISW. and his messages to Congress during that period, express hfn vlewssQii that subject very clearly and unmistakably. In examining, recently, » largo number of his Idlers and papers, hitherto unpublished, 1 came across the annexed mem orandum In the General’* handwriting, winch has so decided a bearing upon litis point that 1 respectfully Invite Mr. Eli!*’attention toll. I give lb precisely ns It was written, stvu to Insert or amend a punctuation mark hero and there, to prevent ihe sense being confused: “ rite people possess the sovereign power. It was the people by States who formed the first confederation of perpetual union, <kc., which carried them triumphantly thro’lhe ({evolution, mid established the freedom ami independence of these United States. On a full experiment of the confederation of Stales and perpetual union, llio People found that the conditions on which this perpetual union wfts founded, hy which the people bad reserved to each Slate Us sovereignty, freedom, and independence, mid cverv power. Jurisdiction, nml right, not ex pressly fiurretid[cr|ed, It was found that litis confederation was not adapted to the great cuds of regulating commerce and revenue. Upon n full experiment, It wa* found Hint Iheso powers were necessary to be lodged In n Federal head to complcat a more perfect union of the people of these United States of America. It was therefore why the present Constitution was formed to give authority to the national will uu these subjects of trade and revenue. The Con stitution of these United States shews Hint it was formed by the people to operate directly upon the people, and nob upon the Icgis- Islatlvo power of the States. The Con stitution commences, ‘We, the people o! the United States, to form a more perfect union, 1 Ac. What peoplel Why, Ihe same people who had lohned the confederation mid perjujlual union of the States wanted to make lids perpetual union more perfect; appointed tbefi* delegates who met in convention mid formed a Constitution to make the union moro perfect by granting to the Federal Government more power, amt, amongst the rest, to regulate trade and raise a revenue. This was the net of tlie whole people by their agents: it was ratified by the people Inhabiting each Slate bv their agents, mid was the act of the whole people of these United States. The people are the sover eign power: this was their sovereign act. and the power of a State to secede from Ihe union without the consent of a majority of the whole, or to dissolve >he Union, never did exist since the adoption of the confederation of the States, and the formation of our present Constitution upon that confederation of perpetual union hv which It (the Union), as the Instrument declares, was made more perfect. If a mere majority of the people Inhabiting a State has u right tu sus pend the Revenue laws and stop the wheels of Government, and to secede, then has any less portion of Hie people who Inhabit a Stale or Ter ritory. Then, Indued, our Government Is uropo of sand. Nullification la revolution; and If a State attempts to nullify the laws of the Uulted States by force It is rebellion, and If she pos sesses the pblslcal power to resist successfully, then she has the right to establish berown Gov ernment; mid If the bulianco of the States have the pblMcid power, they have a perfect right under tills# confederation of perpetual mid per fect union to coerce her tu obedience. Fora State to go out of the Union peaceably she must obtain the consent of Unit number of the States which the Constitution given the power to alter and amend It. Thu people being the fountain 1 of all sovereign power, have a right to alter nr 1 change their government, and the confederated and perpetual union formed by themselves upon * which the inure perfect union, the Constitution - of the United States, Is bused, provides how It 1 can bo allured or dissolved; any oilier mode to alter It is revolution and war.” 1 Gee. Jackson might not have attended many “spelling bees'* in his carlyyouth, but Ids Ideas ■ arc Bullklcnlly clear, mid tersely and forcibly ' expressed. GUESSING AT TILE RESULT. Figuring that Hendricks XVIII lie Nomi nated for President hy the Democrats In IHBO. CVncfnnotf Sun. The Evansville (hid.) Courier has been specu lating on tho probabilities of the next Demo cratic Convention, and has reached the con clusion that (ho contest will be between Hen dricks, Tlldrn. Thurman, and Bayard, with thu chances decidedly favorable for thu nomination of Hendricks, though “ Mr. TUUon will bo a very formidable candidate.” Tbe Courier of Sunday morning presents some figures Intend ing to show the positive strength which cadi of these gentlemen will carry into Hie Convention. The adage that “figures never He*' has given place to the other adage, “There Is only ono thing more false than (acts,—that is figures.” Hut the Courier'* estimates nru Intci'caiing, If not reliable. It says Mr. Hendricks will go into tho contest with the following delegations: Arkansas......... Cinchona ......Ift ,21 Michigan, ft Nebraska, ,!.*> Fcmisylvanio. , :i,Tennossov.... 10, , ll Total Mlikonrl.. Grouim.... Wisconsin. California. Mr. Tlldcn’s strength will almost certainly cmhracu tho delegations from thu following Stales: L'oimcctlciit 0 Minnesota .... ft Ma**acim a ciu .... ..llKNcyoda. H Colorado :i Now Jor»t*y D New Hampshire ft Hltmls Island.. ... ..'4 New York..,. ...lift Maine 7 • r '\ ,U| Total. Vermont. lowa Mr. HatnrU comes next with blxty-lho voles, ns follower Ddrmuro.. LmiUlumt.. Mlifmuippt Virginia.. Kentucky . II Maryland , hSouili Carolina. . K-'iVxua , ,lli ,r,i Total . Mr. Thurman, according to tho Courier, may count on 1 1 to following delegations! Ohio 10 North Carolina ...10 Florida.... 4 tieorgln 11l Wed Virginia o| Total 0:1 These tlcure* give Kendrlcka Ihc lead on Hus Arat ballot; am), assuming tlml a majority will hereafter be sullleiunt to nominate, tlio Cuurer predicta that It* favorite will receive thu noml iiutluuuii the aeeond ballot, by tlio additional vote* of Alabama, (ieorgu, Florida, Miaaiado* fit, Kentucky, Louisiana, uml Texas, slxty-uno n all.—Ldvinj’ Hendricks u total of lUT vole*, twelve more than necessary. We have a sus picion that our contemporary underestimate* Tlluey’a strength in ibe Smith, and omo.ll mates Hu* strength of Hendricks m tlml section. Probably liayard will also take a Statu or two here nut down fur Kendrick*, as well ua two or three of the State* given to Tllden. Political guess-work, however, ia usually very unsatisfactory and unprofitable. Karoo tirunt’a Dllllcullles. London, Feb. B.—Usron Albert Urunt hailllcd anetltlou in bankruptcy, with llabilitiva «»ll mated at HWl.m ,V«u> York IFurW. Grant, who became well known in ibis country on account ol his connection with tin* Emma* Mine swindle, way burn In Dublin In ISUO, ami educated at London uml Part*. 110 early became known in lamtlou lluanciul circle*, (or be embarked In Im mense epcculaltuua which at least (or many year* enabled him to command Immense auma of money. Uu was Lieutenant-Colonel o( ihu 'lower Hamlets Hide Volunteers, uud lu lbtis was returned to Parliament as member (rum Kidderminster, In lobti be wa* created bv Hie King of Italy an beredltarv Uaron of the Kins* dom of Italy and also Commander of the Order ol til. Maurice and L&zare, uud iu 1471 was made Commander o( the Order ul Christ by the Kin# ol Portugal. iu 1»71 be was again returned to Parliament br the Conservative electors o( Kid* dertulnsler. Iu IS7G Uaron Grunt’s remarkable defense ol himself (or bis participation In the Emma-Miite affair will be treucrally remem bered, (or that uu(ortuuaie enterprise ollceled so many Americans In high station that it had given to it much prominence by American Jour nals. Just before bis last election to Parlia ment hu purchased Leicester Square, and, adding tn.mv wonderful decorations to it. presented It to the Cltv of London. About the most recent thlntr heard of Huron (Irani wa - . when his elegant house at Nmith Kensington whs for sale. The house, which cost upwards of AV.GO,OiXJ, surpassed any thing in London, urn! was a lar nobler edifice tlnln citlur Uncklngham or Kensington Palace. .Standing ns It does In ahont the same relative position to London that Mr. Vander bilt's proposed home will stand to New York, It had seven acres of ground around It. filled with fine 010 forest trees. There was also a lake, a skating-rink, nml an American howling alley. The principal feature of the grand house, however, was the carving of the wood-work, which wan dcscrllied ns “so worthy of Hu* palmy rims of that neglected art that Grinling Gib bons himself would not have been ashamed of much of It.” GEN. GRANT’S SPEECH. The One Delivered nt lies Moines, la., Sept. an. iß*o. Sprrfrtt CorretpomUnte of The Tribune. Des Moise*, la., Fch. f».—ln Tttc Tiuiuinb of the iKMh utt. appears an authoritative nml correct report ot President Grant*# speech de livered here on the evening of the 30th of Sep tember, 18*5, before the Society ot the Army of the Tennessee,—with ono or two exceptions. At the close of the first paragraph, where it soys: “Itis a fair subject for our deliberation,” It should rend, “fair subject for so'aler*' delib eration.” With this correction, It will ho seen that (lie word “they, 1 * in the last Hoc, makes Rood 81‘USC. A comet history of this speech, which has created so much sensation throuahout both Coj.tlucnls, and the causes which led to it, should bo put on record. That President Uraot should moke such a speech at such a time, and on such on occasion, has hecu deemed some what singular. Tbcdavwas crowded with events. Tlicrewas an Immense crowd of people here. The PresL dent and illustrious General was ttic central at traction. Everybody was anxious to see him. Various places were assigned for public recep tions. He met ttic soldiers at tbc State Arsenal, beneath the tattered and war-worn battle-flags; and citizens at various other places. On such an occasion the children could not be omitted. It wos, therefore, arranged Hint ttic public schools should bo dosed thu afternoon of that dav, and tho children bo gathered at Moore’s Opera-House at 3 o’clock, when the President would incut them. The house was packed with not less than 2,500 children. It was an In spiring and beautiful scene. When tho Presi dent arrived, It was found impossible to get through tho crowd from the front, and it was necessary to go in at tho stage-entrance. As the President was entering the house, he said to Judge Colo, bis escort, that under no circum stances would he make u speech to the children. This was u surprise to Judge Colo, who, with cvcrv citizen of the Capital City, Is proud of our public schools, and who fully appreciated the disappointment that would c-omo if tho Presi dent did not speak, ile therefore resorted to the Ueneral’s tactics, to capture him by strategy, and, introducing him to the children, closed with a remark which left the President no way of escape, ile made them ashort, good speech, which the children responded to with rousing cheers. It was a scene to ho remembered during thu lifetime of all present. Tho Presi dent returned to Judge Colo’s carriage, and was driven about the cltv. During tho drive ho said to Judgu Cole, “ 1 suppose 1 will ho culled upon to make a speech this evening, and I have made no preparation. I think wo had butter return to tho house, so that 1 can make some preparation.” The party at once drove to Judge Cole’s residence, mid dm President went to his room. la less than furtv minutes alter ho entered the house he was called to supper: and ft was during that time ho wrote tils speech, lie got Ids inspira tion from the school-gathering In tho afternoon, and from the costly and elegant sehool-hulld lugs, prepared by a progressive and prosperous people, which bo saw on his route through thu In tho evening, when ho was called out, ho quickly stcppniT to thu extreme right of the stage, instead of thu front,—lt being character istic of the man not to do a thing like anybody else,—and, with considerable manifest embar rassment, said: “ I suppose I have been called on for a speech for two reosous: First—Tho Army ol tho Ten nessee) was the first army I commanded, and I was Us first commander. Second—Because I am known to make short speeches, and thu audience will sooner get rid of me. But I had It In inv mind to say something to-night, mid. to make sure of It, 1 have penciled a few lines.” lie then drew from his pocket the manuscript, adjusted his eye-glasses, and, arranging thu pages tn order, which In Ids haste to prepare ho had omitted, he read it rapidly, very much like aschoul-boT’s first eflurt,—lds hands trembling visibly. He mailc no display of oratory, and made no stops lor the eturins of cheers which frequently arose. lie wan as totally oblivious of Hie vast thronß before him as If Ihu house had beenvacant. At Its close ho quickly took his scat, while the whole audience rose mid fair* ly made the walls crack with applause. The manuscript of the speech was handed Immediately to your correspondent by Gen. Belknap. It consisted of three sheets of com mercial-note paper, on which the st»cech was written hurriedly and badly, with a lead-pencil. There was but one Interlineation in the whole, mid, if I recollect aright, it was these words: “ Certainly not partisan politics.” From tlie manuscript two copies were token,— one fur the Jhtily Jlcqaler mid one for the Jhiily Juunutl,— and from those have come all the copies heretofore published. Owing to thu rush of matter and pressure of reports of the day, serious errors appeared in both papers. The next day Hie manuscript was relumed to Cot. Dayton, Secretary of the a pledge given to Ucn. litlknnp that it should not go out of my possession until delivered to Dayton. Subsequently a garbled photographic report appeared in the New York (Jntnhie. This Is the whole history of this speech. It was popular when it was made; it is popular now, and it will come to the surface frequently, mid thu niteuer the more Curkouians attempt to bury It. lUwkbtb, THE EUROPEAN STEAMERS, Homo of tho Companies Haiti to lie on th Verge of llaiikrii|>try— Cause of Their D« clluß_C'omlUitm of tho Huvural Lines. Xeie i'fk Sun. Tim falling oil in immigration and tho estab lishment of railroad freight lines have had a depressing effect upon thu old European steam ship companies. They stand Dack-to-huek in tho elfort to retain a fair uml paying shore of the freights. Of all tho lines in the combination thu National has probably suffered tho least. Its steamships were built for freighting, the carrying of passengers bring a secondary con sideration, and in tho future it ts less likely than the other lines to be affected. It has been managed with great prudence uml skill. Every thing baa been dune in uu unostentatious man ner, uml there has been no luuks. Tho increusu in its Heel was made witli an eye to the future. While ita vessels can com pete wlih uuv first-class freight line, they have ample and expensive passenger ac commodations. In tho face of the crisis Urn lino probably stands at tim head of tho list, its steamers are adapted to all classes of passenger uml freight trullle. including live stock, ami Pave a speed suitable for ordinary mall service. The svrnnd in the list is the Union Line. It lias a tied of superior freighters, with good passenger accommodations, and a speed that at one lime gave them the muds. Under its Amer ican management it has been, considering the circumstances, a success. Its mistake was lite construction of the Montana and Dakota, very costiv vessels, which tailed to come up to the standard of their designers. Thu loss of the latter was not mourned. Thoshljs were very fast, and many thought a new era had dawned in transatlantic travel. Thcv will not, however, be duplicated. Tho Uulon Company Is said to he building a large freighting steamer, with ap eye to speed and economy. Its managers are conservative. ilie Cunard Line U now working on the|“ lim ited ” plan. Iu Immunity (rom accident* It Is thu ohlcst and luckiest o( all, but It baa orob ably lelt ihu oressuro aa much as any of Ihe others. In the last (our years Us earnings have steadily decreased. It has always carried the cream u( the passenger irailo to and (rum Brit ish purls, hut o( late years thu While tilar Line, offering better oeeuiumoduttuus, bus cut iu u|>- un its cabin lists. A new steamer, the Gallia, has recentiy been launched. It Is reported Unit the Pennsylvania Railroad Company bus agreed no take the Cunard freight across thu river tree, uud to pay them a money subsidy be sides. The French line would quickly die were It not (or the assistance it receives from the French Government. It never was a paving freight or passenger line, and it never was under the man agement of a practical steamship mail. U re ceives liberal passenger support, and formerly bad a largo toward freight list. The Hamburg la probablv ihu most successful and best paying ul the German Hue*. It boa always followed thu chart laid down by Us pro prietors, and not hunched oil Into West India, New Orleans, mid Baltimore ventures, ns did Km* limncn Hue. Tin; old Hue# lute been troubled hv tin* lesser German, Duteli, and Bel gian Hue?, which Appear to do a fair business In coarse freight*. The White Star Line grew rapidly In public favor. The apeed mid luxurious accommoda tions of Its steamer? drew heavllv from the pas senger lists of Its rivals. Bnt It has not been a paying concern. It cost a mint of money, for Us proprietors aimed at carrying the mails nnd Sassongor* at a lush rate of speed, and sacrl cod freight capacity to gain their ends. They have found that malls mid passengers alone will not par. They thought that quick trips would control flrst-cla«s freight, hut it was a mistake. The passenger business, also, did not do ns well ns expected. It onlv paid about a quarter of the year. The managers of the line apparently never dreamed that they were to en counter an Deposition In chcao-built freight ships, the rates being cut down to starvation prices, and their ships must rank among the most unprofitable In the trade. The Anchor Lino has had Us aliare of suffer ing, Imt Its* vessels arc small and Its manage ment Pcotchv. Its Mediterranean trade has enabled It to bull along without any serious dinicutty. Many of Its vessels como here bal last-laden with mud from Hie bottom of the Clyde. Some of this mud Is said to have been used in filling in North River piers. The de crease In Immigration is a severe blow to this The Inman Line, next in ago to the Cnnard. has probably been the greatest sufferer. It has been one of the most lavish In the expenditure ot its earnings. It was the first to attract Im migrants to steam vessels, nnd It lias always controlled an enormous amount of - steerage travel. It has built a fine fleet of ves sels, but it has lacked a discriminating head. No precautions for the future were taken. All was for the present. It battled energetically for the fleetest shins, and lost sight of its freighting Interests. Each new ship was an Improvement upon Its predecessor, hut speed, and not space, was the objective point. Everything was sacrificed to speed. A change tn policy was demanded. The Company was reorganized upon the limited plan. Some of the ships were sold, and others altered; but business grew worse, Immigration decreased, and frelghlsdropped down toasong. The railroads began a ruinous cutting, ami, worse than all, transient steamers came here, taking freight away under rates. The Hull Line was started with steamers that had been used in the Suez Canal trade; then Hie State Lino levanted In, tapping a heavy Irish trade: and now the Unicorn appears. Things look blue all around the horizon. The great question Is: (Tow long can Die old Inca stand the pressure} Time alone can tell. THE PACIFIC RAILROADS. KflTdcl of tlio Ilrcent Decision of the United Hinton Kupromo Coart—The Question nt In* suo Considered—Their Settlement Substau tialty la Favor of the Government* A’sie York RaUroait Gnutte, Ftb. ,1. The decision of the United States Supremo Court in the case ot the Company against the Government! for tho payment of one-half of the earnings from Government transportation withheld, finally settles a question which has been in controversy ever since the roads were opened, nml which affects to a considerable ex tent tho value of tho shares of the Pacific Com panies. It would affect them still more but for the Thurman bill passed last year, which puts tho matter on a new basis from tho Ist of July, 1878,—0r will, If it Is held constitutional hy tho Court, as the Companies contest Us validity. Tho law under which tho Pacific Railroads were organized and granted their subsidies in Government hands required that they should pay to tlm Government one-half of the earn ings from tho transportation which they might do for the Government, imd 5 per cent on the net earnings from the date of the completion ot the road, toward pa>ing tho interest on the bonds, and tho principal when it becomes due. Hereupon two questions arose. The Union and Central Pacific Companies claimed that tho road was completed, not when It was opened through for business, in 1860, but llvo years afterward, when the Government finally accept ed the road as completed, and made over to tho Companies tho remainder of the lands to which they were entitled. This would make a differ ence ot about 91,100.000 in the amount now duo to tho Government from the Union Pacific,— that being, approximately, 5 per cent on the net earnings from the thuo the rend was opened un til October, 1874, when the Company claimed that the payments first became chargeable. Tho Court decides that the 5 per cent ot net earn ings must be paid from the opening of the road. The other chief question was the Interpreta tion of the term tut earning* us used In the act. 'Hie Government claimed that It meant there what It commonly means in railroad-reports; tbaUs, the earnings of the Company’s business lesslhg cost of conducting It,—gross earnings loss working expenses. Thu Company, on tho oilier hand, claimed that the Interest paid by tlto Company on Us bauds should be deducted, as well us working expenses. In order to arrive at the tut earnings from which It was to pay 6 per cent per year to the Government. - The interest on the Company’s first-mortgage bonds (which Is the only mortgage on Us road on which it pays Interest) amounts to 81.033,800 a year, so that the difference due to this in tho amount of the “5 per coni of net cnrnlugs” would be 981,0 W per year. With respect to Us land-grant bonds, wo believe that the Company did claim that (he interest on them should be deducted, they uot being a lien on the road. The decision of the Supremo Court is sub stantially in favor of tho Government’s inter pretation. Net earnings uro held to bo tho gross earnings of the road, including tho earn ings from Government transportation (half of which are withheld), but not the receipts from Us lands, less <4 tho necessary expenses ot op eration and ell expenditures fur ordinary im provement and repairs, but not expenditures arising out of the Company’s land-department nor Interest upon Us ponded indebtedness. Tho latter, the Court holds, is not properly charge able against receipts in coinnuliug uot earn ings.’” But tho Court also holds that, though the Interest on bonds must not bo deducted from receipts in order to ascertain tho nut earn ings from which 5 per cent is due the Govern ment, still tho interest on tho flm-raorlgjgo bonds Is a claim prior to tno Govermout’s. and, II u,u net earnings aru uot sufficient la any year to pay both, then tho 6 per cent need not be paid tho Government that year. This, however, is not a practical ques tion with tho two great Companies, the Union Pacific ami the Central Pacific, as their not earn ings. calculated os the Court directs, utter pay ing first-mortgage interest, have always been several times as great as the 5 per ceot of net earnings. The ippllcatlon of tills decision to the Union Pacific Railroad is mtdo approximately liclow. The rviKirta are fur the calendar years, and wo have no figures for the fraction of the year 1809 during wlikh the road'was worked, nor for tho first half of 1878, at the close of which the Thurman bill terminates the operation of the piovlsiunsof the bill Interpreted by the Court. Thu Company’s re|>orts Include no earnings from the laud-grant (which are all applied to re ducing the lund-grunt mortgage); neither do they Include thuee of the Omaha Bridge, which we believe another decision makes It necessary to Include. In 1870 (lie net earnings of this bridge were 92ftf1,9U0; hi 1877, 8190,(XXJ. Below we give the net earnings. the 6 per cent on them due the Government,and the amount of uut earnings after paving Interest (91,683,809) on the first-mortgage Ponds for the eight calendar years ending with 1878: A<l tarntnai, yn Hrt vercent due lui m-Mi'.rf. Year. earning*. Oonrimunt, Innmi. 1870. |2,t)17,H02 $147. .’UKI 91.U1U.U72 1871 i),021,11ft lOO.Oftfl 2.287,22 ft 1872 4,002.082 201,002 2.4ft8,142 1870 fi,2ui,2i:i 2iu,«J2 u,u.v7.aftu 1874 1t, 70.7,170 2K.Vi.**U 4,071,280 187 ft 7,011,784 JJftO.OHO 6,977,804 1870 7.018,048 IWl).ll.Tl ' 6.084,7ftH 1877 7,100,782 950,080 6,606,802 The sum of the 5 per coot of uut earning* for these eight year* is 92,189,881, to which must be added (lie amounts (or (he part of 1809 that the road was open, and fur half of 1878, which will bring up the amount due on this acyuuut, probably, to about 92,400,009. Against tills the Government held st the end of Juno last 91,747,691, which it bad withheld from the amount earned by the toad on Government business. (The law makes one-hull of this ap plicable to current interest paid by the Govern ment, and die above amount was withheld (rum the other half lu consequence of the non-pay muni of the S per cent of net earnings.) Ap parently, then, something like 9650,009 become* due iminedate i/ to the (Juvernment from the Union Pacific Kallroad Company lu consequence of the Supreme Court’s decision. Tho addition of the net earnings of the Omaha Bridge may make the sum somewhat (but uot very much) larger. Under this decision the amount duo from this Company to the Government, on account of its advances, was, lu 1877, nearly 91,000,009, namely: (Ido-hsif ot Government transportation..9927,ll7 Five percenter net earning* (including bridge) 800.700 Total Under the Thurman bill. If It bad applied to that time, (or the year ending June, hi), 167& ac cording to the report of Mr. French, the Gov ernment Auditor of Kailroad Accounts, the payment, would have tmounlnl iTfirnTT lor the .amcOscal year Mr. Freari. V Jlicforc Util , ileclalnn, hut <m ! «amß bail, as the, dnl.lun makc.l , h l!'•’ ', k > ttiu old law—llio law actually thru , lll ti'hr amount duo was »91W,0T. From thro, the Thurman lull require? K. n f tl,eTl ' arm “ n Uw dccl ‘‘'“J u5mS,5 We are not able to trace the effect of «. . clslon on the Central Pacific, berausL- ?I,1« pnny reports, with the cnrnln"s „f«>l Cortl * from Ogden to San Francisco, f , a subsidy and owes anything t.» thJr * ,IM ment. those of a great number of "f' of greater aggregate mileage, which various parts ol the State of Cnlifornh k u- tt have no means of knowing what lugs of the main lino hv Itself have hJSi^I*’ 1 *’ lteiJS aa i»*m opencd -. Uut * ,n ca«cof t» W Union Pacific, nearly two-thirds of the?L. t i e dues under ihe old law arise from vJ.? rt? from Government Imaiues*. NowtwlS 11 * 1 are very much greater on Ihe Union PaSP I!" on the Central Pacific. Thcom-half m s“’ that had accumulated down to dnne.Ti V£? amounted to sHlo3,nu for the former ..i'* but SI,f)2U,:UW for the latter Conn"",.’ ,'*.!* Central Pacific’* main Hue net same per mile us the Union Farifi-TO R per cent on them in 1877 was abf.nt s.Vft? but the one-half of earnings from transportation was leas than total due this Government under year was but one-half the amount due ijlr Central By llmTlmrman i™ {JS «J It would have been about sLikhum). operation of Hie law increases tk* paviara!.* the Central Pacific 127 per cent where It cs those of the Union Pacific but !ff that Hie former has more reason than tjT e |3 to prefer the Supremo Court’s Interpretation 2 the old law to. the provisions of Hie Tbnt™? bill. The .5 per cent of net earnings dJJSS the Central Pacific down to the end of* ft? lost probably amounts-to hut little Imih. that due from Hie Union Pacific,-weihonii say that It cannot well bo less than pimy Against this the • Government had wiihhJi down to Juno 80. 1878. from transport,tl2 dues, the sum of $814,858. ’wwuoj. The application of the law to the other kul dlzed Pacific Railroads has little Interest, v™. of them are in condition to pay anything toil! Government without withholding Interest fnil some of Its bondholders. - - Ills five 3 cars that this question astothsin. tcrpretallcm of the orlelnol Paclitc Rallront it has been pemUntr, niaklmruouhlfulall that tin* the exact flnancial position of the Comn»Di*r And, when the decision comes, the law‘thS tt Interprets has been superseded ahead? lor six months by a new one, the validity of »aa the Companies contest, and which win doubtless, have to rnn the gauntlet ot tu Courts. It la to bo hoped that It will not be u long lu reaching a Anal settlement. ENGLAND AND AMERICA. The Threatened Itotnltatory Tariff I’ohcyot the Former. , Ctecelamt Iltraid. Tlie Protectionist movement Is beginning t» assume ileflolto form In England. Tliedennn.l Is nut for absolute Protection ss a gentrU policyi but for reciprocity, or application of the International-copyright principles to other branches of Industry. By tbe present English law of copyright all that Is required to cite lie authors of auv country copyright of their pub* llcatlons tu England is for their own country tf> extend a simitar privilege to English authors. It is argued that the same rule should be miJa general, nml that countries opposing a bo»uU tariff to tlio Importation of English products should Imve a similar lanff-birrto erected against the ailmission of their products to England. This demand meets os yet but with little favor in London, but Is (miteml; beard in the Provinces. In fact, It Is naldlr advancing to thu dignity of an issue, tbi.oei neither of the two great parties Ims assumed i dellnlto attitude toward it,—Liberal tnmiilic tutors Insisting on the need of reciprocity—cr retaliation—lf English Iron and cotton mm fneturers ore to live, and Conservative fsrmm urging a similar policy for their own delta*, ami leading members of both parties online strong opposition. The crest difficult; Is how to curry the proposed rculli torv policy Into effect. England’! Industry is chiefly employed la the conversion of the raw products of other couth tries into manufactured articles. IU Import! aro mainly such raw material and articles of food. Just now Its manufactures are sullericg from competition in thu world's markets tlu other manufacturing nations,chief amongvtii>t is thu United States. It Is against the litter that Protection is demanded. The United States, once the best market for English o«a --factored Iron and cotton, now takes but awry small quantity; and Us own Iron and eottoa goods not only supply its homo markets, but aro drilling the English articles out of the bed foreign markets,ami oven compete adviotagtouh ly with them in England itself. A relaJlsiorr policy id, therefore,demanded against theloltcd States. But how to gtvo practical effect M such a ]>oticyt A duty on Amcrlesn tniaa faetured goods would not hurt us seriously, ss the exports of this kind to Orest Britain *re net as yet very large, and their total cessation would ruin no American manufacturer iolobc as ail the rest of the worlif remain* open tow enterprise. The only way in which the Unttri States could bo “ punished” would beto dim bcuvv duties on corn, breadstuff*, food-ms tcrlals of all kinds, and cotton. Such s runb> merit would fall most heavily on the Enjiha themselves, for a duly on raw cotton would wt still more hamper the Lancashire minofidut urs, and adutyonbreadstuff* wouldlncreueiM present almost unbearable misery of the unem ployed or underpaid people. . The difference between the United States »m England Is just this: The United Subs pro duces Its own food, and has an enormous sur plus to export. It produces all the raw ante rial required for Iron and cotton raanufactunrt, and Is now ablo to supply Us own wsmi is manufactured articles and have a surplusJw other markets. England must Import w greater portion of Its food-supplies and »t materials tor manufactures, and isoepeoom 100 its export of manufactured goods for rami Vllh which to purchase food and raw pKwuai. A retaliatory tariff against the United autcaui therefore, an absurdity. Lodlir and the Ltttle Olrl. The Princess Louise is exceedingly’ {□ cimrch-wom In Sunday-schools, aua “ schemes for the relief and comfort of tlwtwr Shu recently entertained at Htdcnu lull J teachers and pupils of the Sunday-school* netted with the church which she attends. »» servants were dismissed and the dreu were served by the Princess, the and their suite. Addressing a pretty lm |e ». the Princess asked her If she would o«»i»» moro cake. The little guest declined *h“ ‘ *J ami her hostess, fearing that liashfulntss sluudiniriiitlie wav, pressed her again. Aesin declined. Ucr Jlhrhncss. struck by the »«* modesty and ehlld-llke simplicity of the pit, creature, cut a large slice from the «* e L said, “ Well, mydoar, you must, at h‘«h B this homo as a present from me: let me v- . in your pocket." The child hesitated, Uwmw and exhibited a decided uuwhluurnces to* £ Die proffered gift. And tho more utmlhms» seemed, the more charmed the I f ullC ?* lfl with her Innocent look and blushing Using u gentle force, she found the I* her young visitor, when 10, to her bmu> tunluhiucut, she discovered that It tilled to nvcrllowlug with cake which tm» little Heathen Chinee had stealthily sutrsew from the table. A N«w System of Khnrthuml. Prof. J. D. Everett, who published * a new system of shorthand, explained 11 assembled members of three of thf P associations ol shorthand writers iu 1 ~, . [on ir other day. The tests spoiled were s f , 7 ,^ I[tli oi met bv Prof. Everett. The following tu sentcoee, which was dictated ritll t r ...j rtid was written by him on the blackboard a . oil correctly: “Head the rude reed the rcuily-wriling wrlght wrote Hunt' . v j on the ruddy Reading road to rid the r * rJ f rad. Kodd,.armed in red, from a %, and a writ fur taking a reudisti r ‘ l ‘ ,ls ;'si a rat in a rut. n As Prof. Everett cii needful vowel sounds at the time o* and not by subsequently add*! Jj7 0 4i» strokes. It must be confessed that «« Jr „*> a step In advance. For a rough--*" ll * \a,Li tem of shorthand writing, U has r power ef expression. Stable Drainage and |»li*hlh* r * 1 * Diuta » TrunieriM. . p U bW Tlie diphtheria jd tho \Ntal h°*, h , |Jj school, which hss caused nine deal » lindslu since Dec. 19, the of *s the orcseot week, is traeeatoihe*"** ..j, m extensive but lonk*dlsused atal>j«» saturated a portion of the ground e * *• Cliarles fiuiuncr school-house •**". f ur ib» something to think of for peob‘ e f “Jj sake of thick lawn grass, bury Uie nr [ Ut u* their windows with stable manure w thick, for several months lu the ye**- Busan's lieUidtluu of M “ rr ‘* 8 * 0 f ter Susan B. Anthony enforced the riK A4Sti nii| sex with all her old vim iu the m hL A il*« ir Chamber at Albany the other ula w llued marriage as binding one s »vii tuau for board and clothes. .$000,007 I