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Qet the Republican To Do Your PRINTING. Paper Of the City, WO VOLUME XLIV. BELLEFONTAINE, LOGAN COUNTY, OHIO, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER .2 1898. NUMBER 70. DR. W. Q. STINCHCOMB, 1 1HYSIOI AN and Burceon. 8dcU1 atten JL tioii given todiaeaars of the eye and fitting slaatra. 120 North Main atreet, Bcllefon- JOHN C. HOVER, A TTORXEY-AT-T.AW. Hpeelal tttntlm J aien all offio praHloc, arttiement of VKintea, ooupotion. and loana. Office and 8, Lawr.oo. Block, BellefunUlne, Oblo. iprl- S A. BUCHANAN, MVH.. ENOINEFR. Over 20 .ar ' ence. All kinds of urTejrln and civil en g'neerlng prot'titly done. Alo contractor and hnllderof all kind, of atrnctnral work in Portland cement. Better than either atone or brick work. Correspondence solicited. Ad dress Bellefnntaine, Ubio. . A. JAY MILLER, ATTORNEY AT LAW. Bpectal attention riven to collections and settlement ot ta'ea. Rooms 8 and 9, Empire Block, Belle octaina, Otilo. DR. C- W. HEFFNER, rHYTCIAN ABnrgeon. No. 11 F,as Co- Inmbna Ave. Treatn fitting gl Treatment of the Evea and lor defective vision, a specialty J. W. YOUNG, M. D.. PFIYRTCIAN and Rnrgeon. Reneral prac titioner of medicine. Have special teat lenses for accurately fitting glasses for those who need them. Office IMS West Columbus Ave. Residence 402 Et Sandusky Ave. W. H. ROWAND, -KNTT8T. Office over W. Morgenroth a-r 'clothing store. Main House. st. oppaciic Court . TAT. CHAMBERIIK. K. HBVILL CHAMBERLIN db NEWELL, TAWYKRS. General and commercial prao I tice. Settlement of estates and collections. Opposite Court House, Main atreet, BUlefon Uine, Ohio. west . West, ATTORNKY AT LAW. Collections riven prompt attention. Partition and settle ment of estates a snecla'tv. Prartice In th But and U. 8. Courts. Offioe on Main atreet, directly opposite front entrance of the Court Bouse, Bcllefontalne Ohio. W. W. RIDDLE, v A TTORNET and Counseler at Law over People's taie, Ohio. Office National Bank, Bellefon- M. Q. BELL, ATTORNBY AT LAW, Bellerbntafne, Ohio. Office in Lawrence' New Block. . HOWENSTINE & HUSTON. ATTORNEYS and Counselors at Law, Belle lontaine, Ohio. Particular attention riven o collections and settlement of estates. Offioe In the Watson Building. Entrance oa main St. HAMILTON BROS ATTORNEYS AT LAW, and Real Estate AgenU. Office iu Hamilton's Building, ea.t of the Logan House, Bellefontaine, Ohio. Particular attention given to collections and settlement of estates. Will practice la State and U. S. Courts. All business promptly at ended to. SPAIN J. SOUTHARD. ATTORNEY AT LAW. Special attention given to abstracta of title, loaning money aad drafting of all legal instruments. Prompt attention paid to all easiness lett with bira. Collections, fire and life insurance. Office Uonth Mala street over i. M. Abraham Co.'s grocery. DR. J. H. WILSON, I IOMEOPATHI8T. Soeolal attention given I to diseases of the Nose and Tlfoat. Office on South Main Street, Bellefontaine, O. JAMES O. WONDERS. MIVTL Engineer. Booms 6 6 Empire Block, L Bellefontaine, Ohio. F. S. DEFREES, O. A TTORNEY AT LAW. Bellefontaine. J Room 1 and 2, Bellefontaine National Bank Building. Honey loaned and secured at reasonable rates. CHEAP MONEY. I make loans In sums of BOO to SSO.OOO on nrst mortgage at straight 6 per cent. Loans closed in a few davs alter application Less expense for commissions and abstract man neretotore cnargeo DVDroaera. Privilege of making partial payments. No gold olause. . The most liberal terms to the borrower. You will save money by coming to me. Ben. S. Johnston, Attorney at Law. Room 5 over Bellefontaine National Bank, Deo. 31, ltttff. .1" 'tif'tHill.' Ms) HERMAN K. HORN Boa. Lamb, Pres. J. B. WitLUMi, Yloe Pres. is. it. aJUis, uasuer. THE PEOPLES NATIONAL BANK. BaxLapoirraias Capital, $100,000. DIBBOTOaS Mrs. O.G. West. Win. M. Riddle. J no. M. Riddle. OHIO. Surplns, fBS.OOt. Robt. Lamb. J.B. Williams R. B. Keller, FLOUR n EXCHANGE, We handle the Michigan Steam Salt, that will not get hard in the barrel; also Rock Salt, we are agents lor The Ohio Farmers' Fertilizer Co nil line of all kinds on hands. The best of Spring and Fall wheat flour for sale or ex change. W. W. BARTON, 124 Columbus Ave. Executor's Notice of Appoint ment. Uotice Is herebv riven that the undersigned has been duly appointed and qualified as ex ecutor ortbe will ot eamuei a. myers, late oi Logan county, Ohio, deceased. Aug. 19, 188-3t ELLEN MYER9. THE BEST West Columbus 8treet, BELLEFONTAINE, O. rj i rsi i r--si rjsi .si rjsi mmm &i r i In I 11 111 m WE WILL 8DIT YOD. ' We have opened to the public one of the finest tailoring establishments in this section . of the State. All theLatestNovelfies In Woolens," both Foreign and Domestic, Our Prices Are Right, Consistent with woodwork, and our work is not excelled anywhere. Call on us and we will show you a line of goods that will be sure to please you. m S ii 51 Doty & Greg to pi i fin lei" 1 Iff The Leading Merchant Tailors. West Columbus Avenue. 130 July 29, 1898. IEADTNG FOR BLIND. UNIQUE FEATURE OF THE CON GRESSIONAL LIBRARY. of THE HOOSIER Fan Mill, Seed Separator, Cleaner and Grader, PATENTED MAY 18, ia7. V T will clean, separate, and grade all kinds V seed or grain. It will senarAt Rn dats Barley, Cockel, Mustard and Cheat from Wheat. ! It will separate Buckborn, Duck. Pigweed, Plantain, Sand, and all other impurities from Clovsr Seed. Will Separate Clover from Tim othy, and any other separation desired. It will clean and separate Wheat into two grades at one operation, at the rae of one bu-sl every minute. It has a motion diffiirenp from all other machines, and will not dauce about the floor. It is smaller, neater, and lias a greater screen capacity than any mill o'a the market. ,.ln.1,8 ""le Riant sells for f20 at the factory. It will pay for itself in one season. Ca.'l at the factory and see this machine work. DeGrafF Manufacturing Co , Bend for Catalogue. July 22, 1898-em. GRAFF, OHIO. Agents Wanted. MONEY TO LEND. 1 am prepared to make loans of money In any snm, upon either city or country real estate at as low rates, (8 per cent.) and upon better terms, with more privileges, than any ittaer person In the county. Viz: six per cent. nterest, payable annually, or aemi-annnally, desired, and with the privilege to borrower Df returning the principal in partial payments of tlOOor more. FRANK DBFKHBS. May II, 1881. AUCTIONEER! H. F. Kanyon is having, great sneenra In crying sales, and is ur?iTiard t,,.naw.n calls on short notice. Kates given on applicat'ioa. Address me at DegrafT'nr leave orders at Re publican office, Bellefontaine. liasnre Taken by the Sightless In the Room Set Apart for Them Fields of Literature Open to Them A Dally Sys tem of Readings. All good Americans should hope to visit the Congress Library before they die. It is one of the world's wonders. ell worth a trip aeu-oss a continent to ew. A sign points a directing hand to- the reading room for the blind, and following it you enter the strangest room in the library, and. Indeed, the trangest reading room in the worll. for this is the only library known to contain special provisions for the blind. The idea of having reading room for the blind was sus-irested to Mr. Young, the librarian, by a woman whose heart had been touched by tha plaint of a blind girl friend that there was so little opportunity for the most helpless class of persons In the world have access to the literature for which they longed. ' The room dedicated to this purpose of good proportions, shady, cool, with great windows filled with growing plants, ttie touch and scent of which are a constant delight to the readers. The furniture suits the room and num bers among its pieces an unusually fine carved desk of historic value and a table to match. The blind appreciate this furniture very much and are proud of It, often feeling of the carv ing tnd speaking of its beauties. Around the walls of the room are rang ed the cases containing literature for the blind, and the room is divided in the center by a large screen, behind which the readers can retire and so es cape the observation of casual visitors. On the carved table is a beautiful vase. gift from a Washington woman, and it is daily filled with cut flowere, which come as offerings from seeing people to their less fortunate friends. The special attendant in charge of this room has a large responsibility resting upon her. She is Hiss Etta Josselyn Giffln. The privilege of read ing In a room by themselves meant two things to the blind. It afforded an op portunity to read books' that had hith erto been unobtainable, and it was an acknowledgment of them as a clasa. This acknowledgment is especially dear because their complete dependence on the good will of their seeing friends has made them looked upon as objects of charity, and this public recognition of them as a class possessing the in telligent needs of seeing people is sooth- ing to their natural desire for inde pendence. The collection of literature at their service embraces all the stand ard works, the Bible, encyclopedias, Dickens, Thackeray, Eliot, Emerson, the great and minor poets, &c, and many musical compositions. The cost of printing for the blind is so great that only the well-to-do can attempt the collection of an individual library; hence the benefit of a reading room to them. The Bible, for instance. which can be condensed into a pocket edition for ordinary readers and bought for 2 cents and even less, when publish ed in finger print covers a series of eight volumes, and .costs $100. A pray er book sells for $20, and a common writing elate for J1.25. This slate con sists of a table, guide and stylus, and the rapidity with which the blind write is marvellous. As they read, they fre,- auently pause to Jot down cjh the slate some comments on the book they are studying. Their writing Is done from right to left, though they read from left to right. The correspondence among themselves Is a great source of entertainment, education, and comfort. and where several are gathered In the reading xocm, after the reading is fin ished, v smart interchange of elates goes cn, each reading with his fingers the thoughts Jotted down by the oth ers. After the reading room for the blind was opened the library officials were anxious that everything possible should be done which would tend to ward its successful and permanent op eration. One suggestion that has re sulted in constant and Increasing pleas ure came from David Hutcheson, su perintendent of the general reading room. It occurred to Mr. .Hutcheson that if each day a good reader could be secured to read aloud to the blind visitors for an hour, they could become acquainted with much literature that has not yet been reproduced in the publications for the blind. With the co-operation of Miss Giffln, this plan was worked out. Mr. Hutcheson was a little timorous of its continued success, fearing it would be difficult to secure leaders for each day, but, on the con trary, more readers have offered their services than dates can be found for, avnd very . celebrated readers at that. The first person to read aloud was Mrs. John Russell Young, wife of the Libra rian. Thomas Nelson Page, Kate Doug las Wigffin, Grace Greenwood, Frank Stockton, and many other authors have contributed their quota to the da-lly reading matinee. On several occasions celebrities have given little talks rath er than readings, and these are espe cially appreciated, particularly when they relate to travel. These readings have proved a most interesting fea ture of the reading room, and greatly extended the scope and opportunity of the room's frequenters. Many blind persons desired to avail themselves of the privileges of the reading room, and were unable to do so, because they had no one to bring them to the library, so Miss Giffin interested a number of wo men who were willing to act as escorts tli the afflicted ones, and these escorts day by day bring their charges to ths readings. , ' It is interesting to note that their la mo distinction of color or. nationality. The first reader was & colored man, and the second a young white girl. Who asked for Emerson'e Essays, say ing she was "hungry for Emerson." The literature called for by the read ers is of a remarkably high order. The very concentration required of the blind for their reading creates a high order of intelligence, and a desire to learn of the best. The roam is well patronized every day, even in bad weather, though on wet days more men than women are observed. Many pleasant and lasting friendships are formed among the readers, and a sys tem of correspondence maintained Many letters of inquiry about the room are constantly received from residents of other cities. New York Sun. THE THREE KRUPPS. BROCADES BIDDING FOR FAVOR. Pink Is the Desired Co'or Vndi-r Thin Muttrtitlit. (By special arrangement wilh the N.Y. Sun.) Brooaded materials of all sorts are making a bid for favor, and the pros pect now is that autumn will bring thij particular variety of dress goods to the front once more. Fashion, like his tory, is sure to repeat itself, even though it is never quite on the same old lines. Venetian guipure lace and insertion is the trimming on the bap tiste gown, and a pretty touch of color is given by the belt and collar band of pale yellow green satin. And Their Wonderful Gun Works at Ea ten, Germany. The city of Essen Is located in the center of a hilly valley, which abounds in coal and iron ore, and the digging for both and the melting of the ore and casting the metal into ingots and roll ing it into bars have been the occupa tions of the inhabitants for centuries past. Frederick Krupp, the founder of the Rreat works bearing his name, was born in 17ST, and when crucible cast steel was first introduced into England, and its importation from there into Germany had been made im possible through the edict of Napoleon, called "the continental sperre," F. Krupp began to produce crucible cast steel, first in small quantities for files, stamps, rolls for coins and shears, but only slowly could he convince and per suade German manufacturers to use his cast steel, and after a life full of disappointment and hardships, he died in 1826, after a long and severe illness, leaving to his son Alfred little else than the old homestead, which still stands in the midst of the great works and the secret of his invention. Alfred Krupp's energy and enterprise soon conquered. His first success was to be' able to furnish a cast steel of a varying degrees of hardness, thereby increasing Its adaptability for many new purposes. Next came the Inven tion of the weldless car wheel tires, which were patented in 1853 in all countries, and furnished him capital for enlarging his plant. In 18C5 he in terested himself in coal mines, Iron ore mines and furnaces, which should fur nish the material for his own works, and in 1867 he began to reap' the har vest from his experiments, inaugurat ed long since, with steel cannons, and the great Franco-German war of 1870 71 proved beyond doubt their superi ority as against the old bronze can nons. Since then the success of these works and their growth has been phe nomenal, and when Alfred Krupp clos ed the busy and successful and philan thropic work of his life in 1877 at Villa Huegel, his princely 'home on the side hills of the valley of the Iluhe, the city of Essen, in recognition of his great work, erected in his memory a beautiful monument on the most prom inent square of the city, and deputa tions from many nations mourned at his grave. Essen is a city of ninety-six thous and inhabitants, and over twenty thou sand of this population are employed In the works of the able and energetic son of Alfred Krupp, Friedrich Alfred. Over 1,200 acres of ground are covered with buildings and machinery. Many coal mines furnish fuel for the works, over 400 iron ore mines furnish the metal and large iron ore deposits In Spain, near Bilbao, have been purchas ed In addition, and a special fleet of Steamers has been built which bring over 300,000 tons of this Spanish ore from Spain to the German coast and up the Rhine. Twenty furnaces at Dulsburg and Neuwied-on-the-Rhina art reducing this ore for the Krupp works and ,are owned or controlled by them. Iron Age. FUTURE OF CUBA. Major General Lee Discusses the Situation in the Island MILITARY OCCUPATION. The Necessity for It and the Purposes of the United States. ITS EXTENT AND IMPORTANCE. General Lee Does Not Anticipate An; Opposition on the Part of the Cubans. A delicate shbde ot yellow pink is one of the most favored colors for the silk linings under transparent materials of white, ecru, pale blue and gray. Some of the light India silk gowns are quite as pretty as the muslins, one model dotted over with tiny tea rose buds and lined with pink silk being especially charming. WASHINGTON NOTES. Special Correspondence- Major Joseph W. Wham, paymaster In the United States army, has been un der a strange and distressing sentence since 1891, when President Cleveland, in mitisatins a sentence of dismissal, de cided that Major Wham should be sus pended from duty until 1904 at half pay. Recently Major Wham's friends brought forward a bill to re'store him to duty, which could only be done by setting aside the court martial finding. The bill was passed by the House, hav ing been recommended by Secretary Alger, who had examined the history of the case and concluded that the man had been too severely punished. The House took that view of the case, for it seems from the accounts of it in the report which was made to Congress that Wham's army record was good from the time he was a private soldier during the rebellion; that he had since that time distinguished himself for sol dierly qualities, and that the transac tion for which he was court martialed was one with a private citizen involving the question of the payment of a note of $1,000. Wham neglected to make' the proper defence In the case brough against him for payment of the $1,000, and he was very vigorously prosecuted as soon as he ventured to Decome candidate for paymaster general of the army. During the debate this was alluded to, and there was also some rather vague criticism of the compos! tion of the court martial. Some mem bers of the House objected to paying Major Wham his full salary for the years he had not served, but Mr. Ray of New York very quickly suggested that if he had been improperly or wrongfully sentenced, the government ought to pay him, in justice, as the re storation to the pay roll was an ad mission that he should never have been taken from it. , , .... ... A series of broad tucks, sloping to ward the front to give a pannier effect without the old time pufflness, is one the modes of skirt decoration seen on thin gowns, wiae Dias imos are sometimes substituted for the tucks, as they can be arranged in the various de sired forms much more easily. It Is evident, too, among the latest gowns, that folds are a decided feature of dress trimm'ng, an example of which i white crepe de chine, trimmed up the knees with wide folds of-the same stun put on m wavea lines au around. The bodice is similarly deco rated with bands of Venetian lace be tween the folds. A contrasting color sometimes employed for this mode of trimming, white taffeta being used with striking effect over figured fou- 1 je-Subscribe for the Republican. lards. The folds may be put on to lap a trifle over each other, or separated bv their own width with a row of lace insertion between, as you fancy, and still another pretty mode of using them is to head each one with a tiny ruche of chiffon or satin ribbon, bearing a narrow space between the folds. Kudolph Why did you insist on ner returning your letters after the en gagement was broken? Algernon I was afraid she would charge me storage. Atlanta Journal. Jacksonville. Fla., August 24. In the Florida camps and cities the war is no longer discussed. The qnee ion of cupreme importance now con terns the plans for the reconstruction oi 'Duba. "What will be the political falnre of the island?" "How extensive is the military occupation to be?" and itqufries of a similar import are the first to be put by every man who has le turned from Cuba since the signing ot the protocol. There is probably no other man in th country who can speak with so mucl authority or so interestingly on this sub ject as M.jor General Fi zhugh Lee Since the probability of his appointmen as military governor of Cuba daring th period of American occupation became ell-di fiaed certainty, General Lee hac maintained a dignified silence, refusing to talk for publication. Before he wai iummond to Washington, however while still in command of the S.vntl Irmy Corps at Jacksonville, he talked freely with the Commercial Tribune' i correspondent in regard to the euVjctol Cuba's political future, as he was then ible to do in an unofficial capacity. From the tone of these ntterancea, the t a no doubt that General Lw under stands and is in complete accord with the views of the administration with re gard to the treatment of the Cuban situ ation. General Lee said: General Tree's Views. "The rules and regulations prescribing the coarse to be followed on the island oi Cuba, now that the war is over, will bt lecided upon by the Gsvernment of the United S ates, bat only so far as to em brace a provisional control upon the part of the United States, pending the forma tion of a government which will have th approval and consent of a majority of the voters of the island, as decreed and set forth by their representatives assembled in legislative conference. ' Wit hoot, of course, being able to fore- hadow the policy of the Government ot the United S:ates, it may be said tha during the transition state from Spanish to 'home' rule this Government will in sist upon peace and order everywhere upon full security to human life and upor strict maintenance of property right f all classes and nationalities. In order o effect that purpose U will be necessary o have an armed occupation by tb United .States troops as a sort of con itabnlary, or, in other words, as a gnar- tntee to the people who are now on the island, and to those who mav hereaftei tome, that law and order and pe;ce will le insisted npon in all portions of Cuba "Of the People, for the People,' In taking this action' the United States can scarcely be accused of an in ention to interfere in any way, snare or brm with the government of the island, which it is perfectly willing to leave to the people themselves, proyided the suarantees s before stated are satisfac tory. " Whether Cuba ill ultimately be ;ome a republic or later be merged into m American colony, and later still pos ubly into an American S ate, is a ques ion for the future and for the people ol he island to determine. By proving to he Spanish soldiers and residents who lect to remain there, and to Spanish nerchants and property holders and nhera, that a safe and suitable govern ment will be assured them, and that their rights will be respected in every particular as strictly as the rights of all ther classes of citizens, it is to be hoped hat their assistance may be obtained, with that of the conservative Cubar s and Americans, in forming a govern ment which will be sufficient for all purposes and which will remain as formed until those interested, nnder forms of law, shall proceed to change it "The solution of the problem of es tablishing a fair and stable government in Cuba does not present any ud sur mountable difficulties. It is almost cer tain that the interests of the people from the United States and other coun tries who are in Cuba now, or who set tle there in the future will soon become too great to be exposed to revolu tionary riot 8, even should there be found an element disposed to them. The Spaniards and the foreign born in habitants of the island will undoubtedly realize that ic is to their advantage to work in harmony with the conservative and law-abiding portion of the natives for the strict observance ot the rights of all. Military Occupation. "It is difficult to say how. many American troops will be rt qn'red for the occupation of Cuba during the period pending the organization of a stable and efficient local government. Thennmbtr should be sefficient to in spire confidence in the complete preser vation of order, so that capital and enterprise will not be afraid to invade the island and do their part in the work of its restoration to peaceful prosperity. Toe change no doubt will be gradual, the United States troops taking the p'ace of the Spanish soldiery as fast as the latter are withdrawn from the various garrisons. As the mission of the Americans is to preserve order, and not to wage war, it ' will scarcely be necessary to move them into Cuba in numbers equal to those of . the retiring Spaniards. It may seem wise, however, ' to the Government of the United States to take advantage of this opportunity to give some of the volunteer soldiers who did not have the opportunity to par ticipate in the active hostilities a chance o secure a somewhat more the rough military training than thev have thus far obtained. This consideration may lead to the employment of a larger body of men than would otherwise be used, and to the taking of some of the newer voluntee.s regiments for this service. "It is not coDceivable that the native inhabitants of Cuba will receive the troops of the United States in any un friendly or hostile spirit. They most real'z that it is to the arms of the United States that they owe their speedy deliverance from Spanish rule, that the mission of the Uaited State in the island is not one of conquest, but of friendly concern for the establishment of order, and that it is to their advan tage, as well as to that of the other resi dents in the island, to makj the task as light as possible. A Hopeful Condition. 'An encouraging factor in the problem f Cuba's political future is presented by he attitude of the provisional govern- ment, as explained by its representatives in this country and by the emissary who iaa j '1st come from its headquarters in luba. From this it appears that those vbo now control the administration of ivil affairs in the island are willing and inxicaa to assist to the fullest extent of their power in bringing about the estab lishment of a suitable and satisfactory -government. It seems to be no part of their plan to seize the reins of govern ment, or even to hold the authority that has already been entrusted to them, as was attempted in the case of iome oi the eonin American countries , on the achievement of their indepen- ience. O a the contrary, the terms un der which the present civil administra tion exists, and which it has declared its intention of respecting, provide for the calling of an assembly representing, as nearly as possible, all classes in Cuba and to tarn over to this assembly its present authority and leave to the task of constructing a new government. Worth Clipping and Keeping, When the historian of the present American-Spanish war comes to the story of Dewey's sea fight at Manilla, be caa do no better than to simply quote the following account from The Oatlook. : is a model of English as well as of statement of great facts in little -com pass. The later reports of the naval engage ment of Manila show it to have been, ia the combined sagacitv and boldness of Commodore Dewey, unsurpassed and in the results achieved unequaled in the naval history of the world. Never be fore has an entire fieet been destroyed without the loss of a ship or even of a single life on the part of the attacking 'orces. The silent sail at midnight past the fort which was supposed to com rr - d the entrance to the bay, the al- mcv. contemptuous disregard of the mines placed in the inner harbor for i'a protection, the calm pushing forward after two mines bad exploded just in front of one of the vessels, happily for our forces harmlessly, the silent receiv ing without return the earliest fire of the enemy, the terrible fire poured npon fleet aad shore batteries hen the Com modore bad reached tha point where he could make the fire moBt effective, the stopping after two hours of cannonade for breakfast and then the reeamption of the battle, the sailing in closer to the shore by the aid of the lead to make the fire more effective, the brave but hope less resistance of the Spaniards till every 1. : U 1 .. . 1 A I nlaiuul entirely hors de combat, the quick and chivalrous attention to the Spanish wounded by Commodore Dewey as soon as the victory was complete, the laconic message to the Spanish authori ties on shore, after he had destroyed the fieet and anchored off the city, that one shot fired from shore would be the sig nal for a bombardment which would lay the city in ashes, the report wired to his government at home, as modest as the achievement reported was herorio all combine to make this naval engagement one of the most romantic as it is prob ably quite the most decisive in its im mediate results of any in the world's his- tory.