TIE BATTLE OF
EBBTEST LUSTRE
(An Incident in Chancellorsvilh
Campaign and What Grew
Out of It.
?OPERATIONS OF CAVALRY
;tThe Story of General Averett's
' Interview With a Confederate
Prisoner Retold.
I
K?
No battle, probably, in -which the Fed?
eral and Confederate armies were engaged
reflected moro lustro on Southern general?
ship and Uio valor of the Southern sol?
dera than the bloody struggle of Chan
eellc-rsvlllo. The events which took place
Cm that historic Hold and at Salem
Church, May 1-3. 1SG3. were of a nature so
Important and brilliant as to eclipse and
?obscure the co-operating movements and
detached services performed at the timo
lti connection with the two contending
armies. Tho operations of tho cavalry
(having covered a wide extent of territory
end issued In numerous skirmishes with?
out any regular battle, have claimed but
(light attention In comparison with tho
desperate fighting and signal successes
on the chief scenes of action.
And yet, according to the well laid
?ilan of tho Federal commander, the oiiv
llrv of the Army of tho Potomac were
Earefully prepared, cautiously despatched
Snd confidently expected to add in no
?mall measure to tho success of tlint
?rmv. This force, comprising all the cav
lry under General Hooker save one bri?
gade, were In two bo*U>?, on.- under Gon
Iral George Stonoman and the other un?
der General W. W. Averoll, and weru
designed to operate on two distinct lines.
The destination and objecta of -the move
menta were set forth In orders from
General Hooker as early as April 13th.
1'hese orders arc noloworthy, as showing
not only the work assigned to the cav?
alry, hut the aplrll and manner in Which
It was to II. done. "You will march."
10 the orders read, "on the 13th instant
With all your available force except one
brigade, for tho purpose of turning thu
enemy's position on hla left, and of throw?
ing your command between him and Rich?
mond and isolating lilm from his supplies,
checking hla retreat, and inflicting on him
??very possible injury which will tend to
Jiis discomfiture and defeat." * * "If
flic enemy should endeavor !o retire by
Culpeper and Gordonsvllle, vou will en?
deavor to hold your force in his front
nd harass him day and flight,? unceas
ngly. If you cannot cut off from his col
jimnB large slices the general desires that
iou will not fail to take small one.?. Let
J-our watchword be light, and let all your
driers be light, light, light, bearing In
Jmind that time is m valuable to the
reneral as rebel carcasses. It Is not in
lie power of the rebela to oppose you with
more than 5,000 .saliera and those badly
?mounted, and after they ?cavo Culpppi-r
without forage or rations, Keep them
irom Richmond and sooner or later they
?must fall in our hands. ? ? It devolves
??upon you, general, to take the initiative
In the forward movement of this grand
Army, and un. you and your noble com
jmand must dwpend ,ln a great measure
the extent ?rand*' brilliancy of our suc
" s." Tin'- orders-"closed with this em?
ule caution: "Bear in mind that ce
ity, audacity ami resolution are every
iiiing in war. and especially it Is the
pease with the command you have and the
rfiit'.rprisa upon which you are about to
?embark.'.1
Such were the orders under which, two
Ave^ks or more pit- r than was first pro?
posed. Generals Stoneman and Averell
crossed the Rappniiaiinnr-k from Fau
Jlufer into Culpeper county, and blvouac
jb? near tho above river, The passage was
made on April 23th and that evening, as
peneral Srtonemaii slates, the division and
.trinado cominandprs aflsemoled together
and "wo spread our maps and had a thor.
.ough understanding >>c what we wer,, to
t?o and where wu were to go."
Early on the following morning Stone
man with, his command set out for the
(?Rapldan at Raccoon Kord and a. ford be?
low, and pushed on without serious oppo?
sition to destroy the Control Railroad, the
James RJVer Canal and the Richmond
and Frederldibburg road.
Averell moved towards Brandy .Station
.'Culpeper and Rapld.au Station, for the
.purpose of masking Stohoman's movement
and cutting L?'s communications towards
.Gordonsvllle. Ills Instructions s-ald: "In
(the vicinity of Culpeper you will be llkoiy
?to como against KiUhugh Lee's brigade of
.cavan*, consisting of about 2,000 mon,
fiwhioh it is expeoted that you will be ?
abl,, to dispers,} and destroy without delav
'/to your advance. At Oi.rdnnsvill-s the
enemy have a small provost guard of In?
fantry, which it Is expected vou will
destroy, if it can be done without delay?
ing your forward movement."
General Averell's command consisted of
the two brigades of his division, Davis s
prigadc ot Pleasanton's division ami 'I'ld.
Hail' Hbatiery, numbering in art about -1,1,00
tuen, while opposed to him on the lino
trova Brand* to Happahannock Station
WOfl Gei :??! \'. H. I'*. I..:e w'th t.WO ret?.
?rut, (NMh .- ,:?; T, irtr? nih Vln; n . (,7v
Ury) a ... o h gun,
'?';?? . his ?niall force, fell
buck i * ?: Averell's'advance, one squad?
ron ? ttly li g i.ept n?ar ihn enemy to
retard n grass, until the Raphl?n
was ci . . en he disposed his men
and .'-ove the ford near the
illation, to give battle. If the attempt
was made to cross. The approach of
tie. enemy wai announced by the dis?
charge f his i innon, u? also by a feeble
atti ' : l u ford n. mile or two
The day following <*en?ral Lee accord?
ing to his own report, wan engaged all
day with ?ve- or two brigades of cavalry.
One charge mad? by Colonel Heal? with
one squadron to draw thsm out, took
80 prisoners, but could noi bring them
c-ff; was pre.v. ,-i very hard.
Tho chamo thus Bententioualy started
by Gen. U-o was rnnde for the purposo
of developing tj)e enemy's itrangth", ami
?was'made by a rapid trot to tho river
and dash through It, under tlm lire of
the enemy's sharp-shooters, who were
forced back on their main line n ! ??If unie
or more distant. Nothing but tho tem?
porary confusion and turji!,-., caused by
the laiddenness of this flash pormllted
tho squadron to wheel ami retreat .suc?
cessfully. )
Two m*n at th? Oth regimm, ?a. -ij, f.
nnd J. C. Wright, (brothers), borne too
far by tho Impetuosity of their ohargo, or
overtaken In recreating, were inndo priso?
ners, and tha youngor one was basely
shot and sovorely wounded after his sur?
render. The elder of the two, M. U. F.,
was takoti into tho prosonco of GonornI
Avoreli, who riunstlonod him closely au
to the troops opposed to him, tholr num?
ber, etc "Wright replied to the inquiries
thnt there was no cavalry In front of
him except W. II. F. Lee's brigado, but
thut tho trains had boon hurrying down
all tlio morning from Gordonsville crowd?
ed with enfantry and artillery. Pre?
cisely what effoct this answer had on the
mind of G?n?ral Averell, cannot bo defi?
nitely stated. All the clroumstnncos
seem to Indicate that It hud great
weight, for no attempt was made to
push his commnud farther.
At 6:80 P. M. that day, the day of
the Chancollorsvlllo battle. General Hook?
er sent a dispatch to Averell, through
Captain Chandler, which read In part:
"I am directed by tlio Major General
ccmmandlng, to Inform you thnt ho does
not understand what you aro doing at
Rappahannock Station." To this mes?
sage, Averell replied at 7:20 A. M. next
morning: "I have tho honor to state
In roply that I have been^engnged with
tha cavalry of tho enemy nt that point,
and In destroying communications," On
tho day following General Hooker Issued
nr. order as follows: "Brigadier-General
Plcasnnton, will assume command of tho
division now commanded' by Brigadier
General Averell. Upon being relieved,
Brlgndlcr-General Averell will report for
orders to tho Adjutant-General of the
army."
In explanation and Justification of the
above ordor Gen. Hooker on May 9th.
in a report to the Adjutant-General of
the army, stated: "General Avcrell's
command numbered about 4,000 sabers
and o light battery, a larger cavalry
forco than can be found In the rebel
army between Froderlcksburg nnd Rich?
mond, and yet that officer seems to have
contented himself between April 29, nnd
May 4, with having marched through
Culpeper to Rapldan, a distance of 28
miles, meeting no enemy deserving the
name, and from that point reporting to
mo for Instructions."
? ? *
"I could excusa General 'Averell Inbis
disobedience If I could any where tils-1
cover In his operations a desire to find I
and cngago the enemy. I have no dis-1
position to prefer charges against him,
and in detaching him from this army
my object has been to prevent an active
and powerful column from being para?
lyzed by his presence."
In a report written by General Averell,
whilst stung by the order revelling h'm,
ho explained his delay at R.ipldnn Sta?
tion on the ground that, "All the Intel?
ligence we had been able to gather from
a captured mail and from various other
sources, went to show that the enemy
telieved tho Army of the Potomac, was
advancing over that line, and that Jack?
son was at Gordonsville with 25,000 men,
to resist Its approach." When he penned
that sentence, he must have had well
In mind utnonir the intelligence which
he had been able to gather, what young
Wright had told him.
Tho two Wrights, named In this com?
munication, are still living (at Oldham's,
Westmoreland county, Va.,) nnd retain
vivid recollections of the Incidents here
recorded In their lives as soldiers. It
is'a pleasure to testify to their singular
gallantry as soldiers nnd their substan?
tial worth as citizens. G. W. BEALE.
Roll of Company E, Thirteenth
Virginia Cavalry.
Captain, Junlus A. Goodwyn. First
Lieutenant, J. J. Gee; Second Lleutennnt,
?.. Grlsoom. Privates?William Agen,
- Apperson, W. W. Aldrldge, O. W.
Aldridge, P. R. Akers, H. 1). Akers, A.
I). Alfrlend, Henry Bowman, Peler Beach,
P. O. Brittle, W. J. Bryant, Hurwell Bel?
cher, C. D. Blanks, R. C. Bland, Thomas
Brummcll, T. W. J. Baptist, David Bis
set, Herbert Crnwdor. Norvll Crowdor,
Jacob Crowder, Boiling Chandler. George
Chandler, W. W. Chappell, M. R. Clayton,
Thomas Clark, Jos. T. Carter, Chas. W.
farter. J. W. Coin, X. W. Collier, Thomas
Dewel, W. .1. Kanes, Robert Falser, Dnnlol
B. Finn, Wesley Flttz. George Garrett.
r. J. Godfrey, D. E. Goodwyn, Robert .13.
Grigg. John Henry. Jeff. T. Hiulglns. W.
J.- Hite, W. T. Harris, Robert Hudgln?,
Littleton Hudglns, R. B. J'Anson. Chns,
W. Jonps, James Jnmlson, George W.
Jonn.s. Henry C. King, R. P, Lnmhoth,
O. W. Llvesay. B. Lufsey, Edward Lufscy,
Gpo. W. Ledbottor. Thomas Lufsey, -
Lewis. W, T. Mason, O. T. Mlngcn. Sam?
uel p. Mann. W. H. Meredith, Ben.l. T.
Miles. T. B. Mlze. Geo. C. Owen. W. B.
Perklnson. I. B. Perkins, T. E. Parish,
Phocean Rnlfo, Herbert Snoddy. J. C.
Snoddy, William Spain. G. O, Spain. H. E.
Spain, Abraham Spain, A. B. Spain, W.
H, Spain, Uenry Spain, Simon Howard,
James Smith, Cnnnon Stewart, W. W.
T?te, R. W. Tally. D. A. Triiylor, James
Tattim, A. Tucker, Mnek Wntts, E. B.
i Wright. Cenrgn W. Watson, ,leff. Watson,
G. W. Wininnvs, W. P. Williams, Alhert
Williams, W. C. Womlson, P. W. Wells,
William Weeks. Henry Whifleld, W. R.
Willies, Win. II. Wldglns, J. W. Wllllamn.
Thirteenth Cavalry's Flag.
Editor .TJme?-DIspatch:
Sir?-Roferlng to statemput ,n a recent
I iBstie of your paper, that tho hsttlnflnir -if
I the 13th Va. Cavalry, captured at Pool
vllln, Md.. In 1802. had been returned to
| tho state, j bag to stnto that the 1'Jth
Va. Cavalry didn't portlclpnto In the
I Maryland campaign in \wv. that Ho fine
' service with the army of Northern Vlr
glnla proper, was In the fall after thnt
campaign. The companies for most part
?1 Ins ?oper?te duty between Petersburg
and Norfolk, a battalion, doing duty on
James river, an a body,
1,. R. UPWARDS.
i.-it.. Lieutenant, Company A 1.3th Vlr,
; glnla C?ln,vry.
Franklin', Va.
PLANTS HAVE MYSTERIOUS
METHODS OF MIGRATION
Rambling over the downs In late cum?
mer or autumn, you may often see the
short, smooth turf veiled with n ?oft,
moving mist, it 1? th" down loosened
from tho ripened heads or the little dwarf
plum? thistle rinatlni; ;iT>out In the br?ese,
So It ?nils along hither and thither Until
It finds a re?Mni,- place where It may
grow and reprpouoe Its kind. Sitting in
this garden, ?Hnln, which here ?lopei
down to lhe willow fringed river, the
south wlmt wafts toward you the sioft
white down of Hie willow's ripened ?sed?,
Thus, making the wind their travelling
ear, many plants travel round the globe,
Baya an English writer,
The ?cods of the,locust tree- have been
carried from Africa to Italy. On April 2<,
1897, a thnndor storm paused over tho lat?
ter country. Mlnglod with tho rain Uiero
oamo tho sand of thn African desert and
tho* Booda of tho loouiit tree, Tho familiar
dandelion Is ono of tho greatest wind
travellers. Eaoh need, mirmounted by n
Httlo dftlloato parachuto, is almlrably
adapted for un aerial voyage. Crossing
rivera, seaa and mountain mnirea. It hau
travcrsod tho wldo world.
With tho adventurous Peary It has en
tcre.d tito Arctic ragions, and with th<
sailor It has crossed tho lino, nppcarlm
In both Nortiiarn and Southern hcmls
pheras. ;
phnres.
Tho roso of Jericho utilizes tho wind H
a peculiar way In soaking "fresh woodi
and pastaros new" for Ils offspring. I
Is an annual, and ns its eood? rlpon thi
lonvos wither mid the branches dry ui
and curl Inward, a ball l.<i thus tormoi
Inslda of which aro the seed pods. Thli
Is soon loosened from tho sandy sol
and tiecomea thn plnythlng of the wind
in tho deserts of Syria and Egypt man;
of these balls may be seen drifting ?bout
"When tho rain comes thoy uncoil am
tho Boeds inny g-ermlnato.
The "Wind Witch" of the Russini
> stoppes Is a plant which travels In i
i similar way. This Is a sort of thistle
! which, after flowering, curls up Into ?
I ball. Then the stem rots off and th
] plants start off on the wlng3 of tlv
J wind. Thoro they go, careening ove
.tho plains, outstripping the swlftes
horseman. Now they riso suddenly inti
the air, hopping and dancing along th'
erratic and fantastic courses. Sometime;
thoy hook on to each olher and go spin
nlng off together. A dozen moro Joli
them, and tho mass rolls lightly aloni
before the brisk oast wind. Some day
ot tho gentle Invitation of the rain
they will uncoil and the seeds grow,
CRACKING- OF THEFODQ.
As you wander by the crumps of furzt
and broom In August and Septembor n
little sharp crack! crack! resounds or
BVery side. It Is tho bursting open of thi
seed-pods and the scattering of the seeds
Each pod, in fact, is a Uttlo gun, and th<
seeds are the bullets. Tho oontraetlon ol
tho pods by drying Is the firing of th<
gun. The outside of each division of tn<
pod contrncts most and tends to curl nut
?ward. In time tills force overcomes thn
which keeps tho divisions of the pod to?
gether and they spring apart. The seed!
are thus shot out.
Crane's bills, or natlv? wild gornnums
adopt the principio of tho sling. You cai
Illustrate thn method thus: Hold a atom
In each hand, the arms being hold dowr
to the Bides. Raise tho arms sharply ant
at the same timo open the hands. Thi
stones fly out to some distance
This is precisely how tho gcranlun
scatters Its seeds, only It has five armi
Instead of two. Examine a ripe head o
seeds. The five seeds are. arranged a
the cases of fivo arms round a centra
axis. The outsidea of these arms con
tract more quickly as they dry than th
lnsides, and this gives them a tondenc
to curl outward. This is restrained b
the detachments at tho bnses until tr.
force Is sufficient to break them. The
tho arm liles suddenly out and throw
away the soed. Selecting a seed at tr
right stage mid giving it a little assis
nnce. you may seo the slinging away c
.the seed yourself.
The seed of tho dandeloin may bio
anywhere and not Infrequently reachi
places where the young plant canni
grow. In other plants, however, thei
are special provisions for getting tl
seed Into a suitable place. The mai
grove Is ono of the most Interesting i
these. It grows In salt water ewam]
and shallow sea water, and thn vom
plants require to be rooted In the mu
If the seeds simply fell and floated <
the water they might be carried out
sea and perish.
To meet this difficulty tho seed begir
to grow while still on tho tree. It sent
out its embryo root In tho form of
thick, solid spike, eight or ten inch?
long, and pointing vertically downwar
When the seed falls Its weight carries
to the bottom of the shallow water, ar
the spike Is driven firmly Into the mu
Tho young plant has set Itself and hi
simply to go on growing.
Two Interesting examples occur In tl
British flora. The pretty little Ivy leav?
toadflax, which grows on old walls, wan
to lodge its seeds In tho hollows and ca?
illes of tho mortar. But It must nee<
keep Its flowers on the outside to bask
the sunshine and spread a banquet ?
the bee. So as soon as the flowors gl
place to seeds tho flower stalks turn rig
bnek and carry the seedpods Inside
that they may shed their seeds Into t'
wall. And then thero is that pr?t
water buttercup, or crowfoot, who
white flowers star the ponds in spring.
The seeds must be sown In tho mud
the bottom of tho pond. So as soon
the flowering Is over the atalks tu
right over and carry tho seeds down In
thn required germinating placo.
Tho mangrove Is not the only plant
which the problem of dispersal Is solv
by the seeds beginning to grow on t
parent tree. In East Africa thero is
tree known as tho Nylka, the seeds
which germinate on the parent pi.ti
Here It Is tho seed leave? which gn
first Instead of the root. Thoso form
sort of parachute, by means of which t
young plants are wafted through the t
to suitable spots.
Sumo plants prefer to do their trav
ing by sea. If they are good sallori
that is, if they can float and stand lo
Immersion In salt water?this Is a ye
effective way of reaching the ends
tho earth. Thus the seeds of a \V
Indian plant have'been picked up in t
Hebrides, having traveled thero on I
Gulf Stream. They have even be
picked up on tho bleak shores of Spl
bergen. In these cases tho locality 1
proved unfavorable, but they show h
far plants may travel this way.
Coeoonut palms fringe tho shores
tropical regions,' Blown from tho tre
tho coooanuts float about In the watt
And when, through tho labors of
coral polype, or tho exertions of thn s
marine volcano, a new Island rises
tho ocean, then, sooner or later, one
these ocean waif? lands on ItB sho
It takes root and grown. Is Joined
others and presently the new land
Its fringe of palm trees. The great d
ble cocoanut. tho 'Coro-do-Mer,
known as an ocean traveler long bc|
thn discovery of Its native land am
the Seychellen. Stranded on bleu
northern lands, t)u?He travelers from
tropics liavn not lost their power of f
initiating.
Tho "nsa-boan," a waif from thn V
Indies, often cast on our shores by
Quit Stream, has been raised |rj I
duden? from seeds picked Up on
A 7 0 res.
Ltiinanuii, the Swedish botanist, ng
knew of cases whore plants had 1
reined from seeds of tropical plants
iinh/irn on his own northern land,,
seed? of other plants arc provided '
hooks or bristles, by which they ndher
Hie fur ot nnlmsl.1. Among native pli
burdock, common ovens and goose g
trnvi-l In this way. The wool stapler
Blboouf, In France, used b> rind Rood
medicaga entangled In the fleeces w
tb'-y imported from Brez.il. On boina H
these seed;., in spie of their long Jour
wore found to grow oilier plants tr
with bird?, Ami wince In their annual
migration* many specie? riiver liu-n
distance! In some clises from N'ortli 1
in south Polar distritos -seeds ma*
scattered far and wide by their men
Again, or,<- of tho most puzzling fac
the botany of Ireland In the pciiurrem
one or two American plants. And at
Intervals certain specie? of American ?)
urn shut lu the Hamc country. But I
two facts together and thu forme.
perhaps, explained.
Washington: A Spectacle.
Representatives of the Railroads Passing an Anti-Railroad Bill
How the Systepi Works in Congress?No Bribery?No
Scenes?But it's a Big Business System.
By LINCOLN STEFFENS.
WASHINGTON, Mnrch ..-Some orlt
l._ have boon complaining tint th-so
lutlors aro moving too swiftly toward
conclusions; otliors that thov gro loo
slow", Fast or slow, they ar? (?reti'nij
along pretty much as I cxpoctod. "SuJ
; den" or "IgnoMnt," I am going tibout
Ihlu Job au I havo gone about certain
cities and stntos, blundering, pcrhnp.,
and groping, but (In splto of all I don't
know; t sometimes think because of
I my curious Ignorance) I have found out,
! finally, -what I wanted to know; to-wlt;
j Who governed those cities nnd states,
how; for whom and nt whose cost?
Washington Is moro complicated than
Chicago. The Speaker, Mr. Cannon, told
mo I ought to stay hero ten or twenty
years ' -?eioro writing a line, but I am
afraid to; I'm afraid that If I remained
In this atmosphere as long as "Undo
Joe" has 1 might como to accept things
as ho accepts them, nil ns matters of
course; like a butcher who can't see the
blood at Ids killings. No, I'm not quite
ready to tile for my country, not even
morally. And that Isn't necessary. Tho
National Government may he deeper to
bottom than tlio State of Illinois; thero
may bo more graft nnd better gratt,
but I am not after graft. The System
is my subject?tlio ordinary, every day
business methods by which the Ameri?
can government (and a part of tho
American press) has been brought to
represent, not all men, but a fow men,
and not the host few, but tho worst:
thoso that contrlbutn most of tho cor?
ruption of our Institutions and our llfo.
Not tho hidden Bins of political organi?
zations, but the open, rather arrogant
bcncvolcnco of tho business system back
of our political corruption, that Is the
Thing which 1, personally, want to un?
derstand, and Unit, apparently, Is tha
same here as In Illinois.
Thore are differences. A little whilo
before "our" rate bill came up in "'our"
House, a word floated Into tho lobbies
of tho Capitol. It was u name: "Tuttle."
You heard it again and again. Somo
men whispered It, others spoke It aloud,
but It was "Tuttte this" and "Tuttle
thnt," till at last I asked:
"Who tho duce Is this Tuttlo you all
are talking about." J
"Tuttle?" ennui the astonished answer.
"Don't you know tho President of tlj|!
Boston and Mnlno? Why, he has taken
hold of tho railroad end of tho rate
right and tho New England members
are going to lead tlio debate in opposi?
tion."
Now, In "Uncle Joe's' grent State -
In the good old days beforo tho reform?
ers went "too far" and "hurt business''
?If It was reported that a railroad presi?
dent was going to take a hand In a
fight against "anti-railroad" legislation,
the barkeepers would havo polished up
their bars and the hotel servants would
have duste<I the poker taille?. In a day
or two the "game" would be "on";
there would be much drunkenness; every?
body would be "Hashing tho green;"
and drivers and newsboys would bo
disputing over the price of the last
legislator landed.
Nothing like this occurred here. When
Yerkes went to Springfield, 111., to fight,
he took a chair and ?at himself down
at the head of the great stairway In
the Capitol. Tuttle never showed him?
self. He never even came here.
And sure enough, a few days later
the linn. Samuel W. McCall, of Moisa
chusetts, rose in the House, and he
rtnd a very finished essay along tho lines
of that old-fashioned political economy
which counted tho wealth of nations and
forgot, like a miser, the character of
men and of peoples. It was against our
"un-American" bill t_? regulate railroads
by governmental commission?
It wns for liberty. Liberty for whom'.'
For Lucius Tuttlo. Mr. McCall talked
as though he would rather see a rail?
road kill off any number of little ship?
pers than risk a check upon the HlAirty
of ono Tuttle. Tho Hon. Charles 13.
Llttlefleld, of Maine, balled once as a
reformer, followed sadly the next day
with mi amendment which was to make
perfectly sure that the "differentials" In
favor of Now England were not to be
Interfered with. And. after a leisurely
Interval, the Hon. ll?nry Cabot Lodge,
tho senior Senator from the Common?
wealth of Massachusetts, stood up in
the Sonate, and, to tho manifest delight
of Senators like Aldrlch and Forakor
(who knew that the public would think
"tho President'! friend" was speaking
for the president), Mr. Lodge delivered
a masterly argument for rate regulation
?by the courts. Ho would keep the Inde?
pendent coal miners of M'est Virginia
hanging about the courts till they got
tired fighting and) became, like New
Hampshire, patient under abuses that
would mako Wisconsin, for example, ns
"mad" as Tuttle himself. And Tuttle
is very high spirited. The Boston and
Malno kept out of tho Senate one? (yes,
oilt of "our" U. S. Senate) a Senator
whom several other railroad pr?si?
dants advised forgiving.
However, as I was saying, this 1b very
different from Illinois. But it's the Sys?
tem. Men like .McCall and Llttlefleld
and Lodge don't tuko bribes. But bribery
Is not essential to tho. System. Most
people seam to think It is, but scandal
and drinks and poker and all tho sights
and sound- of tho good old days at
Springfield, III., are but tho signs of the
beginning of political corruption. By nnd
by reformers correct those evils. By
and by legislatures como to represent
nnruially thn ibuslnessos that have spent
money ?nd years to corrupt them. Every?
body hatos bribory. Tho Presidents of
railroads themselvoa deploro It; somo of
them have told mo bo. All they want
In to have our representatives represent
their railroads, and take thnlr view of
^usinons legislation. And Messrs Lodne
and McCall nnd Llttlefleld took tho rail:
road's vinw; thoy stood on tho side of
tlio men who represent Busi?
ness with a capital B. Why not?
Because whilo big business is making
Koine of un vory rich and many of
of us mighty moan. Big business
was the roiircft of the corruption of
Urn men and the government of every
city and ?tato that I havo studied, and
when those, gentlemen from New Eng?
land spoke up for .the railroads (as "cor?
rupt" politicians from other states dared
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not do) those gentlemen were speaking:
In dofonoe of that business which Is
one of tho sources of the corruption of
tho men and of tho government of at
least on0 of tho New England States.
Politely, honestly, excellently, Messrs.
Lodge, McCall and Llttleflcld represented
the system.
And, so far as the system is estnt/
llshed Inire, that Is tho way It Is served
?polltoly, "honestly," most excellently.
Oh, tho Hnuso "gets senrod" before elec?
tions, but oven then it Is not bribed.
?'The House is too big to buy," I hear.
As In stato legislatures, tho System, hav?
ing-the Senato. leaves tho lower branch
to uo handled by tho disciplino of party
organization or "checked up" by the
Senate. And, na for the Senato, Senator
Aldrlch said (ho told a colinaguo Who
told me) that there wore in that body
only somo "halt dozen men who took
money. So wo aro through with bribery
nt last; whon wo enmn to Washington
wo roso to a higher plane.
But wo are not above business. And Wh
should bo above business. I can hear
tho good business mnn exclaim "Why?"
And I think I can answer him: Our
government should bo nhov? all of u^.
11 Is sovereign and It should dominate
nil other Internats, not absolutely, but
genially and Justly and finally. If WO
clash, cither an Individuals or as Inter?
esta, and if the laws and the courts In
tho courso ot their routlno, cannot and
do not Judge fairly between us, wo should
appeal to tho representatives of all of
us hero nnd In our Btates, for botter
laws and a bettur enforcemont of laws.
Evon the railroads should be freo to
como hero to get laws or to prevent
legislation, but?and hero is tile point
-th? rallrondB shou.J lind hero not rep?
resentatives of railroads, but represent?
ativos of all of us. At this very mo?
ment, tho hired counsel of railroad?
should be freo to como here to ask
that the Hepburn-Dollivor bill bo not
passed. Hut that Isn't what I boo. The
spectnelo, as I see lt-nnd it is a spec?
tacle?Is this;
Wo, the people of the United States,
aro the petitioners. We are coming her?
asking through the President that that
bill be passed so ns to relieve us from
certnin abuses practiced everywhere by
our chartered common carriers, the rail?
roads. And tho representatives of those
railroads and their allied corporations, sit
hi re enthroned; and they decide upon our
case. They may decide In our favor, but?
tho Intolerable fact of it all Is?thoy de?
cide. They rule; they may bo good rulers;
but they rul?,
i Taku tho rat? bill, which we havo fol?
lowed through tho House. Maybe It should
bo defeat?!; maybe it is bad to let a
government commission llx tho prices of
transportation. But somebody must. The
railroads have failed to do It properly:
they have failed purposely and Intelli?
gently. And they have failed because,
having corrupted our politics, th< y havo
dominated our. government; and because.
having put themselves above governmen;
control, they have been unablo to sub?
ject themselves and their agents to self
control. In brief, they havo abused their
power, nnd they aro abusing their power
now, over men nnd over cities of men.
Among tho petitions before Congress
Is one from "tho city ot Danville," Vir?
ginia, which illustrates this pretty well.
The Southern Railway Is the common
carrier down there, and 'Samuel Spen?
cer, Its president. Is fho man who man?
aged tho railroad's light till "Tuttle"
appeared. Danville was all right up to
1888; It liad two railroads In competi?
tion. "But In that year tho Southern
Railroad purchased tho Virginia Mid?
land, and," says the petition, "deprived
Danville of tho competing lino and of
its equal freight rate advantages." nan
vlllo had Bomo spirit, however, and in
1S90 it subscribed a largo sum to help
build a new competing rnllroad. "Then."
says tho petition, "after operating a few
years as an Independent line, It was pur?
chased by tho said Southern Rnllroad,
and since said purchase the petitioner,
tho city of Danville, has been subject
to the will and mercy of said Southern
Railroad Company."
Thero we havo a city of 38.000 inhabi?
tants confessing Itself in tho power of
a railroad. What does tho railroad
do with Its power? Tho petition tells.
It saya that tho railroads In agreement
established favored "points" to which
they deliver goods for less than they
"demand and receive for tho transpor?
tation of similar commodities under simi?
lar conditions to other points In tho
State of Virginia, the haul to said other
pointa being shorter than to the favored
points. Two of these favored pointa
aro Lynchburg and Richmond," com?
petitors with Danville for trade In tho
name territory. Then the city given ex- ?
amplc8 of rates: by tho long haul,
through Danvlllo to Lynchburg, the rato
on sugar Is 21M? cents a hundred-weight;
to DttJivlllo, 20% conts; on loathor, 47
cents to Lynchburg; to Danvlllo 111 conts!
The president of a rnllroad In tho
northwest "got mad" at a city on his
Jino once, and ha'declared that he would
make tho grass grow in the streets of
that town, and ho cuino pretty near aoln-r
it bofore ha died. I don't know what
Samuel Spencer has against Danville.
Cittzons of the town ?ay tho rnIN
road men "got mad" at thorn for build?
ing their independent line and trying to
ho freo. This may he Imagination; the
true reason for the discrimination
?gainst Danvlllo, mny be merely a mat
tor of tlio business convenience of tho
Southern Railroad. Rut that doesn't
matter,. That doesn't help Danville.
Danvlllo doesn't want gras? to grow In
Its streets, and tho city's petition says
that the advantage given by its common
carrier to tho rival cities, "is depriving
It (Danville) of its trade, cutting down
Its population. Increasing tho cost of
living to Its people, furnishing the
value of Its real estate, nnrt Increasing
the burden of tnxatlnn on Its citizens.
New business Interprises nnd captnllats
seeking Investment will not look at Dan?
vlllo on account of the freight discrimi?
nation agnlnst it." Thoroforo the city
of Danville asks Congress to empower
the Interstate Commerce Commission to
estop the Southern Railway from "build?
ing up ono community ?it tho expenso
of another" or from "oppressing tho In?
habitants of ono community wltti bur?
dens In order that favors may bo be?
stowed upon others.' '
Tills, "thon. Is the way this railroad
abuses Its power. And this is tho way
the railroads aro abusing their power in
WusL. Virginia, and In othtr States. For
this petition of Duiivlllo, Is but ono of
many complaints that, oomlng from all
over tho country, havo made, tho Presi?
dent undertake to "Jnm through" a rat?
hill of some sort. And boiiiq rato bill is
going through. But who- pusses It?
"Who .decides what sort of a bill? Tlui
representativo of railroads and oth?r
big "business: , Wo havo- followed . .the,
bill to the point where It disappeared
into tho secret' sessions of tho Senato
Cominlttea O" Interstate Commercu, to
bo "fixed." Who ar8 tho members of
thnt committee; who are tho "fixers?"
Take i ho majority party (Republican)
meimbors:
Senator Elklns la chairman. Wo saw
lust week that ho represents the "ling
Combino" of West Virginia, which bun
bo corrupted tho Stato that tho Governor
had to appeal lo tho Senate to save ills
little shippers of coal from his rnlljpad-.
And I said then that Elklns committed
as a railroad man, Just such acts of
oppression as tho Governor complained
of. Hero is a case In point: A man
named A. C. Fulmer lensed from tho
owner" of tho Morgantowu und King
wood Railroad a small piece of coal
land near that rond. Tho Baltimore
and Ohio made It hard for the Mor
frantnwn and Klngswood till Bikini
bought It; and, later, tho land leasoil
to Fulmer. By tho terms of the loasn
Fulmer wns bound to ship so much coal
a year and lie was keeping his contract
till Elkin? got the road. After that,
Fulmor says (and the caso Is a mattet
of rocord) ho couldn't get ca??. Ht
failed to ship ns much coal as he should;
this was called a breach of contract;
and Elklns wanted to take his mine
Fulmer roslsted, but Elklns ordered
tho tracks to tho mino torn up, and
that put that ''little shipper" out ol
business.
"Did you do that?" I askod Senator
Elklns.
"Yes," ha answered, '?but," and hit
foco brightened, "I hnd un order from
court."
Tho System doesn't hnve to buy El
kins. He is tho System. Mr. Elklns ?
u big business man. lie snys ho Is foi
"a" bill now; but h? was one of thosi
i. at wanted to "fix" "ofir" hill by hav
Ing all rato fixing reviewed by thi
cou its!
Senator Cullom is the second mombe
of "our" committee. Ho is the hoad of
tho so-called Federal Bunch that has ro
slsted tho reform movement out in llll
nois. But ho Is with tho President am
tho party for "our" rote bill.
The third member or "our" committal
Is Nelson W. Aldrlch. Tho bought voter:
of Rhode Island sent him hero to ropre
sent that sort of business, and he re
presents that sort of business: Th?
Standard Oil, Sugar-all the prlvllegei
businesses that look upon you and me a
consumers, not ns citizens. Senator Aid
rich can be trusted to stand,. wit Inu
hitching, '"between tho public and the
results of hasty and Ill-advised legisla
tlon."
Sinntor Kean, tho fourth me:ut>"r, can
not he bought. Ho la a gentleman (I;
the American senne), descended from ;
line of privileged business men, he own
nlxnit all tho public utilities not ye
bought up by the Prudential Life In
surance crowd of Jersey. He Is not a
able as AIdrf.li, hut he represents rail
r<ads and. big corporate business, cynl
cally, but honestly (In the America
sense).
Dolllver, the fifth man. Is a big, blacl
politician from Iowa. Iowa is for rat
regulation; so is Dolllver. At least Dolli
ver is fox the Hopburn-Dolllver bill
Dolllver doesn't believe you can rcforn
men by Inw; ho thinks our solo hopo lie
In the moral regeneration of the race, an?
ho seems to be an "optimist," becaus
that Is obviously Impossible. A few year
ago Dolllver wasn't against rnllroadB; h
was for Dolllver, and, though he listened
he couldn't hear the voters of low;
"clamoring for rate legislation." Bu
when Iowa changed. Dolllver, like Hep
burn, changed, and, like, Hepburn, he <:u
his name on the bill, and now ho Is fo
that Hopburn-Uolllvor bill. For It? Whj
some of the men who also aro for rat
regulation and who wanted to mnko
few chunges In tho bill just to porfec
It, complained. In my hearing, becaus
Dolllver wouldn't let anybody touch ll
They had to promise to take the blam
In his 8lnte beforo he would consent I
verbal correction. You couldn't lnclud
express rate discrimination to save you
soul; not in the Henbufn-Dolllver bii
Might lose It some express company'
senator's vote. No, sir. Senator Dolllve
Isn't for the* regulation of rates; ho .1
election out In his State next winter.
Foraker Is number six, Fire Alarr
Foraker, of Ohio, "demagogue" In hi
younger days, he I? now a railroad d?rec
tor nnd a consistent, able repr?sent?t!v
of corporations.
When ho "got" the Legislature while
elected him lo the United States Senat
for tho first time; when the good pcopi
of Ohio still hung upon his silver tongi
and hnd faith In bin pusslonato lovait
to them, hj> turned around and gave tl
street railway companies of Clnclnnn
a law to enable Uienr to extend the
franchise for fifty years. Tho people <
Ohio were so enrHged that they competir
tho repeal of that law at the next sei
slon, but "his pcoplo" (tho Clnclnnn
street railway men) were secure, Fo
akor's Arm was counsel und Foraker
son Is a vlce-prosldont. Senator Foraki
Is a great lawyer; nt least, ho wi
very successful In the higher courts i
his. Stato. Ho wants rato regulation i
be reviewed In tho courts. Indeed, ho
said to have been tho first man to suj
gest "that way out," which tho genth
man from Massachusetts led the peop
to think (for two days) tho Presido
had been Induced to ' necept. Foraki
Is nigainst "our" bill and us..
Clapp, of Minnesota. Is the next i
tho last on tho Republican list. Borer,
th? paragraph on Dolllver, and you liai
Clapp, Ho says ho wns tho ? t torno
Oenerat of Minnesota who enforced tl
rate-regulation laws of that State, hi
his people suspected him when ho wi
returned to the Sonate, and somo of the
mado h'm sign a pledge to vote for ra
regulation. He says It "wasn't exact
a pledge '; It was a "paper"; ha had
sign "lotB of pa\pers."
So we'll say, ho had to sign a "pape
Instead of n "pledge," but" whatover
was, ho Is keeping It, llko DolIJvor, mo
literally. Ho was mentioned with Dol
ver In tho conversation I hoard about t
necessity to explain to his people ai
changos In the bill, oven to porfect It. 1
also goos back to his pcoplo this wlnt
for re-election to tho United Slates So
ate,
Tho last man on tho Republican side
Senator Crane. Ho took the place
Senator Mlllard. Mlllard Is a bank?
and his natural sympathies are wl
railroads, hut the people i)f his 8ta
Nebraska, aro, strangely enough, "an
railroad." Tho sight of a rate bill cot
Ing towards ids committee compel?
Mr, Mlllard to tako a side, so bank?
lllto, ho fled, (He also comes up for'i
olnctlon this wlntor.) Ho got o?r t
Intei'stnto Commerce'Committee, and b
Crane tool; his place. Mr. Crane is n
afraid. He comes from Mnssnohusei
He luis been something- of a boss thet
not a boss In the crudo New York soni
but a nice, dignified New England par
leader. A business miin, he believes
business.
Such are tho senators to wjiom "ou
rate bill hnd to bo. referred. Oh, th<
are somo others on the commit ten: Dei
ocrais; nnd they uro Important. X Ucn
understand their democracy yet, but th
nie said to bo against the Republic
purty and for "our" bill, Indeed, wit
out their help, Dolllver and Clapp coi
hardly havo got the bill mit with u win
skin. But we?tho most of us?didn't vt
for those Dem?crata. Wo voted for. t
Republican party, unit tho majority n
tho strongest members of "our" Hont
Committee represen led "Tho Purty."
a matter of literal fact, they represe
the' very Interests wo are potltlonl
against." Isn't It absurd?
"Everybody Is ulamlnjr the Sonate," t
M.l?im', v?,'!,"?P*|nato?comp|aln. I don't
;.V,,? ?1.? x,'.-...r,,,lj!1.[,,'..';'l,l''i''ii of Ids HtatS
disnnviintago of the d"lltero'nif?l Bi!tmies?
And"'* ","1 ??"?*??'"??? "'m no. ffi
adV?nt"Kntove,.K!Tft: ,}?av*"* a business
m 5?; ?, Oanvlllo, thoy 'probably
,< ?? Vu" ?' T''ny Probably don't mind
i e?s" ?' ^"""?n" thrU lfl "hurting bus
All,, -/et Vu"? TO ***" ^??tl't
?f Vlralnfa? rcmet|y from tho State
Danville ionka to Congres? Manv
Zt f?n.'V'n1""1""'' ,0 Con? for ro?
here ?lw ?U,n "P .".'" .'?? <"" Stnto?, nnd
liern tlioy fl,,d "( ,0 r" represen tu livra
Ho.m, 1 ID' r" 8t&l" ?npresen'ting 11.0 ,.a
JT. r.-?8""11' WhOBO fault Is It? The
only oltljtons who have a right to ex
whn h??fJ"? r8Pr?5?>nted liere are those
,...,? .* fnl,"f'11 '"<* representativo gov?
ernment at home, nnd, like Texns and
Wisconsin, having solved their own rate
Problems, have sent "nere senators like
11 alley and Ciilbersnn nnd La Follette,
who come from sovereign States. And
they represent nil of us. not our whining
public opinion, not the cry of tho mo?
ment, but the true Interests of nil of us.
At least, thoy are under that suspicion.
(Copyright, liinfi, by j. i,. Steffens.)
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