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UNITED STATES WILL NOW TRY EXPERIMENT OF PROHIBITION Astonishing Action of an Individualistic People With a Strong Sense of Personal Liberty Is Brought About by Lessons of the Great War-Additional Legislation Planned to Enforce New Law—Will “Wets” Contest?—Ratification Details. The United States of America has entered upon the tremendous social ex periment of national prohibition of the manufacture, sale and use of alco holic drinks. There will be abundant time to give the experiment a fair test since the prohibition is by constitu tional amendment. To all appearances this mandate by the American people against the use of alcohol is intended to be absolute and final. We have written it into organic law —into mag na charta —in the form of the eight eenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The experiment is a tremendous de parture from previous tendencies of the American people. We are an Indi vidualistic people, with a strong sense of personal liberty. Yet here we have set out to regulate personal habit, not by statute, but by constitutional amendment. And the manner of the passing of this constitutional amendment is quite as remarkable as the amendment itself. Action on the seventeen previous amendments to the Constitution has taken between nine months and forty three months, an average of about two years. The resolution providing for this eighteenth amendment was passed by congress December 17, 1917. On January 16, 1919, its ratification by the states is accomplished. What has brought about this ratifi cation so quickly? Obviously the Na tional Prohibition party has had prac tically nothing to do with its accom plishment. The answer evidently is that the war has brought it about. Prohibition is both an economic ques tion and a moral question. The war set the American people to looking at prohibition from both viewpoints. We got accustomed to the thought that grain was better eaten as food than swallowed as liquor, inasmuch as we were told that food would win the Map Showing in White First 36 States Ratifying Eighteenth Amendment. war. We saw what the enforced so briety of military service did physical ly, mentally and morally for young men who had indulged in liquor in peace times. Some of our allies got into the war in a hurry because they had to —Bel- gium and France to save their lives, Great Britain to save its national hon or. America took its time —a long time —and gradually worked itself up to the determination to fight. Doubtless much consideration of prohibition was a part of this slow process. So that when the opportunity came the states of the Union went over the top just about as the American marines and doughboys did in the Argonne. Text of Amendment. Following is the full text of the pro hibition amendment on which state legislatures are voting: JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTI TUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Resolved by the senate and house of representatives of the United States of America, in congress assem bled, two-thirds of each house concur ring therein, that the following amend ment to the Constitution be, and here by is, proposed to the states to be come valid as a part of the Constitu tion when ratified by the legislatures of the several states as provided by the Constitution: Section I—After one year from the ratification of this article the manu facture, sale or transportation of in toxicating liquors witnin, the impor tation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is heve by prohibited. Section 2 —The congress and the several states have concurrent pow er to enforce this article by appropri ate legislation. Section 3—This article shall be In operative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Con stitution by the legislatures of the sev eral states as provided in the Consti tution within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the congress. CHAMP CLARK, speaker of the house of representatives. THOMAS MARSHALL, vice pres- CLEAR VERDICT OF MAJORITY Country's Decision to Abolish Liquor Is Thus Summed \Jp by Prom inent Journal. Ten years ago, despite the already notable successes won by the prohibi tion movement up to that time, few impartial observers would have ven tured to predict the result which the United States contemplates today. The victory of the advocates of nation wide prohibition is little short of amaz ident of the United States and pres ident of the senate. I certify that this joint resolution originated in the senate. JAMES M. BAKER, secretary. The amendment was passed by the senate on August 1, 1917, and passed by the house on December 17 of the same year. It was passed by the sen ate with the house amendments on December 18. The vote in the sen ate was 65 to 20 and in the house' 282 to 128. Ratification by the States. The next step was ratification of this amendment by the states through their legislatures. This called for af firmative action by thirty-six states within seven years. IVftssissippi was the first state to ratify, both senate and house taking action January 8, 1918. Three* other Southern states followed in January—Virginia, Ken tucky, South Carolina. Then came North Dakota. Other states followed in the order named, Nebraska being the thirty-sixth and completing th 6 ratification. Maryland. West Virginia. Montana. California. Texas. Washington. Delaware. Indiana, South Dakota. Arkansas. Massachusetts. Illinois. Arizona. North Carolina. Georgia, Kansas. Louisiana. Alabama. Florida. lowa. Michigan. Colorado. Ohio. Oregon. Oklahoma. New Hampshire. Idaho. Utah. Tennessee. Nebraska. Maine. While the amendment under its pro visions does not become effective un til one year from the date of its rati fication, it seems likely that the coun try will become permanently dry July 1 next. This is the date on which the special war-time prohibition recently enacted by congress goes into effect. That law prevents the manufacture and sale of intoxicants for beverage purposes and remains ip force until the demobilization of the nation’s war armies is completed. Doubtless that emergency war-time measure will be effective over the several months that will elapse after July 1 until the con stitutional bone dry act, now adopted, becomes effective. Additional Dry’Legislation. During .the year following ratifica tion congress and the several states will be called upon to pass legislation to enforce the amendment and to pro vide penalties for violations. It is probable a large force of agents un der the direction of the commissioner of internal revenue will have to be ap pointed to enforce the law*. Each state will have to provide machinery for the enforcement of the law in addi tion to the machinery provided by the federal government. It is likely this additional legislation will be pushed through as fast as the drys can push it. In some parts of the country at least they purpose to take full advantage of their victory. For example, in Illinois a forecast of the Anti-Saloon league is this: In addition to the “search and seizure act” an act rigidly restricting the han dling of liquor for medicinal, manu facturing, sacramental and scientific purposes; legislation covering doctors’ prescriptions, which must be issued by a bona fide physician in writing, dated, diagnosing the illness and the purpose of its use; all railroad rec ords of liquor shipments must be kept; drastic legislation regulating sale by druggists, with heavy penalty for violation. The drys presumably will not con fine their efforts to enforcing the law. They will doubtless take the question into politics of all kinds and make it an issue. They announce, for instance, in Chicago that they will ask all can didates for mayor to declare them selves on the strict enforcement of dry legislation. They will make it an issue in the spring campaign and will oppose apy aldermanic candidate who does not toe the mark. Will the Wets Contest? Will the wets contest the legality of the whole proceeding from the start? ing. But nothing is more eloquent, more conclusive, than an accomplished fact, especially when the process of accomplishment is morally so free from objection as is the democratic process of legal agitation, discussion, voting and legislation. At any time in the past decade many a thoughtful, public-spirited citizen must have said ;o himself something like this: “If I were a benevolent despot I should deem it my duty and prerogative to prohibit the manufac ture, sale and consumption of intoxi- They may. January 14 in San Fran cisco a court order was secured tem porarily restraining Gov. William D. Stephens from signing the ratification of the amendment. It was indicated that similar action might be taken in certain other states. It was said at the office of the California Grape Growers’ association that such action is possible in 12 other states. The states, according to the association, are: Arkansas, Colorado, Maine, Ne vada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Missouri and Ne braska. In these states, it was said, all legis lative actions can be, under the law, referred to the people, and that in many of them the people have 60 days in which to take a referendum. Anti-Saloon League. The dry side of this legal proposi tion is thus set forth by the Anti-Sa loon league: “Article V of the federal Constitu tion provides that the legislature or a state convention is the only body which can ratify an amendment to the Constitution. Congress is given the power to say which one shall have the authority. Congress had chosen the state legislatures as the bodies to rati fy the federal prohibition amendment. A state referendum therefore would be illegal and void.” The Anti-Saloon League of America has probably had more to. do with bringing about prohibition than any other one agency. It was founded in 1895 and is nonpartisan and nonsec tarian. Its purpose is the extermina tion of the beverage liquor traffic. It is a coalition of the Anji-Saloon League of the District of Columbia, the Anti-Saloon League of Ohio and 45 other national, state and local tem perance bodies. It has branches in all states. It is expected to have an active part in providing legislation for the enforcement of prohibition under the eighteenth amendment. It is possible that the wets may also attack the legality of the action of congress. By some the view is held that the amendment was not properly submitted to the states by congress; that it was adopted by two-thirds of a quorum present and voting, whereas according to the Constitution it should have been adopted by two-thirds of all members elected. If the resolution submitting the amendment were to be declared unconstitutional it would lead to much questioning, for virtually all of the amendments to the Constitution have been adopted by a two-thirds vote of the members present rather than a two-thirds vote of all members elected to congress. Amendments of the Past. The first national prohibition amendment was proposed by Senator H. W. Blair of New Hampshire as early as 1876. It provided for the prohibition of the manufacture, sale, importation and exportation of spirit ous distilled liquor for beverage pur poses. He introduced such a bill nine times between 1876 and 1896; in 1886 he changed it to include all alcoholic liquors. Senator John D. Works of Califor nia introduced into the senate in 1914 a bill providing for the prohibition of ! spiritous liquors, excluding wines and i beers. It received no support from j the national prohibition advocates. December 19, Congressman Hobson of Alabama introduced the famous “Hobson resolution.” The original resolution placed the enforce ment of the law in the hands of the national government, but it was so amended as to divide the responsibil ity between the state and federal gov ernments, in order to secure the sup port of certain advocates of “states’ rights.” The original resolution was amended eight times by Hobson him self and was finally voted on Decem ber 22, 1914, receiving 197 votes, 258 being necessary to carry through the house. It never came to a vote in the senate. When Does Prohibition Prohibit? Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas, author of the amendment, holds that national prohibition will go into effect j ippi lit • \ Senator Morris Sheppard. January 16, 1920, certification and an nouncement of ratification being merely a matter of form. It is needless to say that the wets do not accept this view and that effort to delay the formal proceedings will be made, prelimi nary to contesting the legality of the ratification. At any rate, it is formally an nounced that such a contest will be made. It is likely that the wets rely more on the referendum proposition than on the question of votes. cating beverages. Drink is the cause of much misery, vice and crime, and even the most temperate user of alco holic liquors, w*ho sees no personal reaspn for prohibition, should be will ing to subordinate his comfort and pleasure to the welfare of the com munity. If prohibition means a ma terial decrease in crime, semi-criminal vice, pauperism and destitution, then we should all acquiesce in that policy as a lesser evil, if not an absolute good." The United States Is a great and THE WASHBURN TIMES, WASHBURN, WIS. FOUNDED HALF A CENTURY AGO 4 / National Prohibition Party Organ ized in Chicago by 500 . Delegates. EARLY STANDARD BEARERS Eighteenth Amendment Has Never Been Favored by Leaders Because of Odds of 10 to 1 Against Its Passage. The National Prohibition party is just fifty years old, its semi-centennial falling on September 1, 1919. It was born in Farwell hall, Chicago. The convention numbered about 500 per sons from 19 states. The formation of the party was probably ftyst discussed in public at a Pennsylvania state temperance con vention in 1867. Temperance leaders had failed to get much consideration from the Republican and Democratic parties and were feeling the need of independent action. The Good Tem- James Black. plars, an order of total abstainers or ganized in 1851 at Utica, N. Y., were also working to this end. The call for the Chicago convention originated May 29, 1869, in the grand lodge of the Good Templars at Oswe go, N. Y., which appointed a committee to convene a national gathering to organize a political party favorable to prohibition legislation. This commit tee consisted of John Russell, Detroit, Mich.; Daniel Wilkins, Bloomington,* 111.; J. A. Spencer, Cleveland, O.; John N. Stearns, New York, and James Black, Lancaster Pa. At this conven tion the party was organized, a plat form was adopted and a national com mittee was appointed, with John Rus sell chairman. The first national nominating con vention assembled in Columbus, 0., on Washington’s birthday, 1872. It named James Black for president and John Russell for vice president. Black was one of the founders of the Na tional Temperance Society and Pub lication house, an organizer of the fa mous Ocean Grove (N. J.) Camp Meeting association and a prominent Good Templar. Upon his death in 1893 he left his “temperance library” of 1,200 volumes to the National Tem perance society. Russell, the “Father of the Prohibition party,” was a Meth odist minister and a leading Good Templar. His newspaper, the Penin sular Herald, was the first to advocate the formation of a separate political party for prohibition. Notwithstanding the worthiness of the cause and the candidates, the pub lic support at thW election of 1872 was not enthusiastic. The total of the vo*es received by Black and Russell was but 5,607. In 1876 Green Clay Smith of Ken tucky and Gideon T. Stewart of Ohio were the candidates. They polled 9,737. votes. In 1880 Neal Dow of Maine, with H. A. Thompson of Ohio as running mate, appealed to the country. General Dow was widely known as the author of the Maine pro hibition law, but he succeeded in get ting only 10,366 votes. Candidates and Their Vote. The Prohibition convention of 1896 split the party over woman suffrage and money. The “free silver” minor ity formed a Liberal party, with Bent ley of Nebraska and Southgate of Illinois as its standard-bearers. They polled about 13,000 votes. The feature of the Prohibition cam paign of 1900 was a tour of the coun try by the candidates and a corps, of speakers by special train. In 1912 the Prohibition convention renom inated the candidates of 1908. The candidates since 1884 and their vote are as follows: 1888, Clinton B. Fisk, New Jersey, and J. A. Brooks, Missouri, 249,945 votes. 1892, John Bidwell, California, and J. B. Cranfill, Texas, 270,710 votes. 1896, Joshua Levering, Maryland, and Hale Johnson, Illinois, 130,753 votes. 1900, John G. Woolley, Illinois, and H. B. Metcalf, Rhode Island, 209,469 votes. 1904, S. C. Swallow, Pennsylvania, and George B. Carroll, Texas, 258,205 votes. 1908, Eugene W. Chafin, Illinois, and Aaron S. Watkins, Ohio, 253,231 votes. heterogeneous democracy. It has no benevolent despot and wants none. The democracy has decided to give nation wide prohibition a thorough trial. The ratification of the “dry" amendment cannot be attributed by fair-minded opponents to prohibition to accident, hasty judgment or minority coercion. It is too manifestly spontaneous to ad mit pf such Interpretation of the re sult. True, there has been no actual national plebiscite or referendum, for our federal constitution provides no such method of ascertaining public 1912, Eugene W. Chafln, Arizona, and Aaron S. Watkins, Ohio, 208,923 votes. 1916, J. Frank Hanley, Indiana, and Dr. Ira Landrith, Tennessee, 214,340 votes. The National Prohibition party, curiously enough, has been rather op posed to prohibition by constitutional amendment. In the last Year book (1916) we read: “Although the Prohibition party may be said to be committed by plat form declaration to the adoption of a national prohibition amendment, when placed in power, the program of the party has never contemplated agita tion for a nonpartisan amendment to be enforced by administrations not fa vorable to prohibition. . . • The general opinion seems to favor admit ting the desirability of the amendment as the end to be accomplished, at the same time emphasizing its impracti cability as a method, and denying its necessity as a condition precedent to securing national prohibition. . • • The odds are so overwhelmingly against the ratification of an amend ment that they cannot possibly be overcome through any reasonable ex penditure of time, money and effort so long as the liquor traffic exists to fight for its life.” The National Prohibition party is certainly right about the apparent odds against the adoption by congress of a constitutional amendment aid its ratification by the states. There have been 1,757 amendments to the Constitution proposed and 18 of them have been passed. Heffein lies the mar vel of the ratification of the eighteenth, amendment in about thirteen months. It has been figured that the chances against the passing of an amendment are 10 to 1. The case is put thus: The chances against ratification are 2 to 1 in the house of representatives, and 2 to 1 in the senate, and, there fore 4 to 1 in congress. That is: Should the measure pass either house by unanimous vote, the one-third op position in the other house would block it in congress as a whole; in other words, the resolution must be supported on the two chances in each house, while if the opposition scores on its one chance in either house, the measure fails. The chances. in the state legislatures are 6 to 1 against the resolution; hence, in the congress and the legislatures combined t-he chances are 10 to 1 against passage. In other words, the measure might pass both houses of congress unani mously, and be defeated as a whole by the one chance in the states. It might pass either house of congress and all of the legislatures unanimously, and be defeated by the one chance in the other house of congress. St. John Makes a Stir. John P. St. John was the first Pro hibition party candidate to make a real stir in the political world. What he did in the campaign of 1884 was long remembered. St. John was born in Indiana and in the Civil war was lieutenant-colonel of the One Hundred and Forty-third regiment, Illinois vol unteers. He was twice elected gov ernor of Kansas on the Republican ticket and was defeated for re-elec tion to this office ii*l&B2 b* anti-pro hibition Republicans', who thought him too warm a friend of the temperance cause. Frances E. Willard and a delega tion of women presented an enormous petition to the Republican national convention, urging consideration for the prohibition forces. The story of that time was that the petition was not only laid on the table but thrown John P. St. John. on the floor, where it was found the next day, much the worse for wrear. Anyway, Miss Willard took her grievance to the Prohibition party. The Prohibition party offered the nomination for president to St. John, with William Daniel of Maryland for vice president. St. John accepted the nomination. He was an effective speaker and campaigner and he went out after blood—and especially Re publican blood. He carried the war into New York, considered a “doubt ful” state in the exciting struggle of that campaign between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland. St. John jumped the Prohibition vote from 10,366 votes to 150,626 votes. What is more, he polled enough votes in New York to defeat the “Plumed Knight” in that state and, as it turned out, in the nation. The feel ing of the time is indicated by the fact that St. John was burned in effigy in more than 100 cities. opinion; still, It would be unreason able to maintain that the legislatures that have been vying with one another for the honor of precedence in ratifi cation have been acting contrary to the wishes and sentiments of the peo ple or in obedience to threats or or ders from unrepresentative, aggressive minorities. Prohibition ns a policy may or may not be as wise and expedient as its sincere and resolute champions assert. Time will tell. But the people have resolved to make the experiment un- U. S. LED MOVE FOR TEMPERANCE Many Societies to Fight Alcohol Organized Early in Nation’s History. WOMEN ACTIVE AS LEADERS John B. Gough, Reformed 'Drunkard, First Crusader to Win Fame by Success at Home and Abroad. When the movement which has now brought about prohibition began in the United States it was called the “tem perance movement” and the phrase “temperance question” embraced all the problems in connection with the use and abuse of alcoholic drink. Tem perance, of course, primarily means moderation, while prohibition, as used in this connection, means a form of sumptuary legislation abolishing the manufacture and sale of alcoholic li quors. In the early days “temperance” was loosely used; sometimes it meant moderation and sometimes total absti nence. Many of the first crusades were against “spirits”—distilled liquors as distinguished from wines and beer. Early temperance pledges were often framed to draw this distinction. How ever, the word temperance as used in the titles and constitutions of reform organizations soon came to mean total abstinence. This temperance movement, which shows signs of bringing about prohibi tion in many parts of the world, be gan in the United States. The tem perance pledge was in existence before 1800. Yossibly the first temperance society was organized by the farmers of Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1779. In 1808 a society was formed in Saratoga county, New ¥ork; the 43 members were pledged not to drink rum, gin, whisky, wine or distilled spirits except by a physician’s adVice, in illness or at public dinners, under' penalty of 25 cents. The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance was or ganized in 1813., The American Tem perance society was founded in 1829. Thereafter organizations of various kinds came thick and fast, many of them securing large memberships. Among them were the Sons of Temper ance of New York (1842), Order of Rechabites (1835), Society of the Washingtonians (1840) and Good Tem plars (1851). In 1873 began the Woman’s Tem perance crusade in Ohio. Women held prayer meetings in saloons in this campaign against alcohol. This move ment grew so strong that in 1874 in Cleveland the National Woman’s Christian Temperance union was form ed. The same year Francis Murphy’s Blue Ribbon Temperance mission at tracted public attention. John B. Gough. Prohibition or temperance has made, many men and women famous; probably some of these foes of liquor and the saloon will be remembered for all time. Among the names familiar to most Americans in this connection are those of John B. Gough, Neal Dow, Frances E. Willard and Carrie Nation. All four made their mark in widely differing ways and the personality of each is interesting. John B. Gough attracted public atten tion first. He achieved world-wide fame and furnishes a remarkable ex ample of what in these days is called a “come-back.” He was born in Sand gate, England, in 1817, and died in Frankford, Pa., in 1886. A Quaker in Worcester, Mass., in duced him to sign a total abstinence pledge. This was the turning point in his career. He set out to tramp New England, lecturing on temperance at 75 cents a lecture. He delivered 386 lectures the first year—and found him self locally famous. He mingled the pathetic and humorous so successfully and mode his lectures so entertaining that thousands w r ho had no interest in temperance went to hear him. For the next 17 years he spoke only on temper ance and addressed more than 5,000 audiences, making two long temper ance campaigns in England. He had the power over an audience that comes from experience, purpose and natural eloquence. Robert J. Ingersoll at his best could sway an audience no more completely than this reformed bookbinder. Next Gough turned his attention to general lecturing and made a fortune. His books have been translated into many languages. der the most favorable legal conditions —under a constitutional provision that is proof against attack. To the ver dict of the majority as rendered under the existing law of the land all good citizens will cheerfully submit. The people rule In the United States, and in the course of a rather short period of time their will, expressed by the legislatures of more than a necessary number of states to make it effective, has prevailed in this important mat ter of prohibition.—Editorial in Chi cago Daily News. GIRLS!' LOTS OF, BEAUTIFUL HAIR A small bottle of “Danderine” makes hair thick, glossy and wavy. Removes all dandruff, stops itch- Jng scalp and falling hair. To be possessed of a head of heavy, beautiful hair; soft, lustrous, fluffy, wavy and free from dandruff is merely a matter of using a little Danderine. It ig easy and Inexpensive to have nice, soft hair and lots of it. Just get a small bottle of Knowlton’s Danderine now—it costs but a few cents —all drug stores recommend it —apply a little as directed and within ten minutes there will be an appearance of abundance, freshness, flufflness and an incompara ble gloss and lustre, and try as you will you cannot find a trace of dandruff or falling hair; but your real surprise will be after about two weeks’ use, when you will see new hair—fine and downy at first—yes —but really new hair —sprouting out all over your scalp —Danderine is, we believe, the only sure hair grower, destroyer of dan druff and cure for itchy scalp, and it never fails to stop falling hair at once. If you want to prove how pretty and soft your hair really is, moisten a cloth with a little Danderine and carefully draw it through your hair —taking one small strand at a time. Your hair will be soft, glossy and beautiful in just a few moments —a delightful surprise awaits everyone who tries this. Adv. Those who dodge w r ork are apt to be dodged by the reward. y . Cur# pimple#, headache, bad breath by taking May Apple, Arne, Jalap rolled Into a tiny augar pill called Doctor Plerce’a Pleasant Pelleta. Ad*. NOT THE EXPECTED CAROLERS Youngster Merely Mistook Dulcet Voice of Domestic Animal for the Music Looked For. She had placed a lighted candle in the window because, the instructions said to do just that thing. A lighted candle on Christmas eve would notify the carolers that music was desired and they wrould stop to sing. It was all quite simple. So the candle burned ever so brightly while the members of the family were busffy engaged in in specting Christmas presents and wait ing for the community singers. Finally the little boy began to play on his toy piano and there was consid erable noise in the house. Above the din, however, there came a sound from out of doors. “Listen, mother,” one of the children insisted, “make* baby be quiet. Don’t you hear the Christmas carols?” Suddenly all was silent —that Is, all was silent with the exception of the neighbor’s cat. Apparently it was sing ing something in German. At any rate the little boy went on playing his piano and the carolers never did appear. The Inferior Male. “Hello, Dubwaite. What are you doing slipping out your bock gate?” “Just beating a strategic retreat. I gave a friendly huckster at the front door the high sign to keep Mrs. Dub* w T aite engaged until I put a few blocks between myself and home.” —Birming- ham Age-Herald. Save Sugar by eating Grapefluts as your cereal dish This standard food needs no added sweet ening for it: is rich in i*ts own sugar, developed from wheat 1 and barley by the special Grape-Nufs process of cooking. ** There's a Reason*