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HORSES FOR MARKET AND BREEDING. By James Wilson, Secretary ot Agriculture. e Perhaps in no other ine line of work has there been such a lack of syste matic study among farmers in Amer ica. and in the practical application of known principles, as .n horse breeding. Farmers throughout the entile country have practiced haphazard methods of breeding for many years. They simply bred and reared horses without any re gard to the demands of the consumer. In any business which is carried on without any definite purpose or object in view sooner or later a crisis will come. Horse breeding, when judic james wir.sox. lously can-led on. has always been and is likely to be a reasonably profitable business for the American farmer. If horses are bred with a definite object in view the breeder will not be seriously affected by overproduction. There has always been and there always will be a fair demand for any of the recog nized market types of horses. Under existing conditions there are at least four distinct classes of horses which most farmers can profitable pro duce. The first and most Important is the heavy draft horse, next the carriage or coach horse, then the roadster horse, and the saddle horse. There is a market for other classes of horses at the present time, but none of them | commands high prices and most of them are the misfits which are bound to appear from time to time in the effort to produce horses of the first four classes mentioned. The heavy draft horse is one of the most profitable classes of horses that the farmer can breed. The draft colt can be bred with less risk and liability to accident than those of the lighter classes. Some of the essential points to be considered in selecting a draft horse are: Good feet and legs, pleptv of weight, a well developed body, and good style and a<-lion. A draft horse should weight from 1,800 upward, the more the better, provided It is com bined with quality ami good feet and legs. Next in importance to the draft horse is the carriage horse. Some men who are naturally adapted to educating and training horses can produce carriage horses much more profitably than draft horses. The ideal carriage or coach horse is an animal of high excellence of form, style, action, speed and education. lie must be of good size, standing from 15.3 to 10.2 hands high and weighing in the neighbor hood of 1,200 pounds and upward. Another class of horses In good demand at the present time Is the gentleman’s driving horse, or more commonly known as the roadster. A good and valuable roadster should not be considered as necessarily a racehorse. Few racehorses ever make satis factory roadsters. The saddle horse is always in good de mand. The real, high class thoroughbred p <ss.*ses more quality tha-. any other breed of horses. Horses of this class are often called combination animals, being useful as a scddle or harness horse. THE USE Of ELECIRICITV AS A MEDICINE. By Slegmund Saubermann. Electrical engineer. Berlin. mn A noteworthy fact and one much debated In WJ professional circles is the little importance at- Lf tached to the numerous electrical phenomena KjJ with which the human organism comes In con y tact, and that the application of electricity for W medical purposes should be restricted to only a JL few cases. The French and Italian men of the medical profession are a laudable exception in thi3 respect, for they do not hinder progress In this direction by refraining from the use of electricity in their practice. On the contrary, they not only favor investigation tice. On the contrary, they not only favor investigation along that line, but themselves use this natural force in their practice whenever possible. With these facts before us it Is to be expected that flectro-therapeutles, as the new science is calk'd, should be 3RIGHAM YOUNG’S BEGINNING. Had a Hurt Strugrele as a Carpenter Near Uochester. About the year 1830, Brigham Young and family settled iu Port Byron, says the Rochtster Post-Express. It was Mien known as Bucksville, and boasted •of 100 inhabitants. There was no ca nal or railroad in those days, and the oettlers had to hew down trees in or -ler to make n clearing in which to build a house. During the first few yearß of Young's stay he made his home with Squire Pin*, who lived in the corner of Pine ami South streets. The Pine house is now about 100 years old. It is now owned and occupied by Mr. and Mrs. James D. Dixon. Brigham Young was a carpenter, and old residents of Port Bryon say that lie was an expert at his trade, but work was scarce and he was always hard up. It was a long time before he saved money enough to buy lumber to build his own house. It was his intention to build himself a fine house,' but it turned out to be a very ordinary frame structure. It was built soon after the Erie canal was put through, and was located near the heel path side of the canal. Till Young house has long since been moved. A part of the original structure now stands back of the Newkirk livery stables, and is unoccupied. Brigham Young's family comprised his wife and one son. Brigham, Jr., who died recently at Salt Lake City. Young at that time was a firm be liever in Mormon ism. He left Port Byron, or Buckville, in 1850. and went to Utah, and subsequently became ;a mous as the lender of the Mormons. In after years, when he was famous, one of his oid acquaintances wrote to him and asked him If he was the Brigham Young of Port Bryon. and If he were could he pay Squire Pine for a large b aid bill. 'Squire Pine was then an old man and in poor circum stance*. In n -diort time 'Squire Pine received a letter from Young, and in closed was the money In full for his board with Interest. Young was then a rich man and said he was very glad to pay up his old debts. A BRILLIANT AMERICAN WOMAN. Conntras Von Waldenre, Who Has Keen a Power in German Politics. One of the most influential Ameri can women in Europe is the Countess Von Waldersee. who is now on a visit to her early home in this country. For years she lias been a power at the German court and in times past was pitted against the great Bismarck. The countess was Miss Esther Lee. daughter of David B. Lee. a pioneer wholesale grocer on South street New York. When her father died her moth er took her and her sisters to Paris. There Esther was educated. In 1857 she married Prince Freder ick Von Schleswig Holstein. She was very young then, while the German prince was an old man. The prince gave up bis titles snd made her his bride. Six months later he died of apoplexy, leaving his girl wife $4,000,- 000. The princess, who held the hon orary title of Princess De Noer. was at Weisbaden in 1858. when she met Count Alfred Von Waldefee, whom she married two years Utter. The countess became s eonfldant of the Emperor and was said to have ca ed Bismarck’s overthrow. She was s! odious ss well as brilliant and she wished that her husband should sac . -ed the "iron chancellor.” Daring the , os ng years of Bismarck's life she ■ ai identified with every movement Uat seemed to weaken his bold on 'mperiai favor Dr. Stoker, the coart chaplain whoa Bismarck distnlsssd. successfully developed in those countries and our own tists outdone in this Important field. Already they succe s fully treat certain skin diseases and other disorders with the electrical bath and the Roentgen ray. France is in the lead, and at the universities of that country much experi menting is done with the new method. Much is expected to result from an experiment per formed by Professor Stephen Leduc, of Nantes, a mem ber of the French Academy of Science, which proves with certainty that a small alternating current acting on the body will Induce sleep and put the body in a sta e of abso lute freedom from pain. That is, the acth fty of the brain can be stopped by means of such a c;.-rent without the least pain being experienced or the Impairing of the func tions of the respiratory organs or the circulation. So far the experiments have been conducted upon ani mals only, but the results are nevertheless conclusive. The successful experimenter used a small electrical machine with a small current at first, but which could be grad ual’J increased In strength. A rabbit was first used to experiment upon and later a shepherd dog. Neither animal seemed to experience any unpleasantness from the experi ment. Pinching, cutting, pricking, or burning did not seem to cause the least pain. As soon as the current was shut off the animal awoke, jumped up, and ran about contented, apparently suffering no injurious effect either ns to hit physical or mental condition. Indeed, the duration of this electrically induced sleep could be protracted for hours with the same result. Furthermore, It has been proved that tie human body when under the influence of the Leduc electrical current is totally Insensible to pain as when cocaine Is Injected. Eminent specialists declare that this harmless method will supersede the use of chloroform and ether In performing those operations upon persons with a weak heart which so often prove fatal when these anes thetics are used. DON’T MEDDLE IN LOVERS’ QUARRELS. _____ By Helen Ola lie Id. '"jJ Love affairs, to all appearances, possess an ir- B resistible attraction for outsiders. “All the world LJ loves a lover.” Love stories are the most popular mjj class of literature with the masses, and gossip PJ about other people’s love affairs, real or sus jr pected, is sure to be afloat whenever men or JL women engage in social chat. The “love pie” is jMSu one into which, more than any other, people who have no visible connection therewith are sure to attempt to Introduce a finger, and with which curiosity, meddlesomeness, and mischief making frequently busy themselves under the cloak of good nature, friendly’ interest, and general kind heartedness. Of all 111 advised, meddlers the most idiotic are those who take part In lovers’ quarrels. Even the part of the peacemaker is not al - ays blessed In such case, while those who fan the flames of discord cannot be too severely cen sured. When lovers quarrel It Is the part of wisdom to stand aside and let them settle the matter between them selves. If they cannot agree together !t Is far better that they should agree to disagree, while if the quarrel be merely a lovers’ tiff it may act as a thunder storm to clear the air or as a summer shower which sweeps away doubts aud misunderstandings which huve clouded the sky. It Is not well to try too hard to persuade dissenting lovers to kiss and be friends. The wounds of love do best without a surgeon; if they do not heal by the first inten tion they rarely or never heal at all. There are i few tactful people who can “stand by,” in the naval sense, and see fair play without intermeddling. Such people know by intuition just when to soothe, without seeming to do so, or just how at the right moment to turn the tiff into a jest persuading the lovers, each, that the other was only in fun and meant no harm. Usually It Is w-ise not to take lovers’ riffs too seriously; it is far better to treat them tenderly, but lightly. In most cases the quarrel is more of a comedy than a tragedy, and probably will do good in the end by showing some tender spot which affection will avoid wounding In future. was her coadjutor and adviser. Her salon was a hotbed of anti-Bismarck intrigue. Count Von Waidersee was raised to practical command of the army and In 1900 was appointed to the command of the allied forces In China, succeed ing Vo9 Moltke as a field marshal, a position he now holds. The marriage to the count was one of the foreign alliances that proved happy, the count and countess having been devoted to each other. SENATOR PLUMB S COURAGE. The Smallpox Marks ia the Kanaan’a Face Were a Badge of Honor. C. R. Snyder, who Is writing a his tory of Kansas, gives a chapter to Sen ator Preston B. Plumb, and quotes Jo seph Bratton, one of the Osage pio neers. as saying: *‘l fought and licked a man once who said that Plumb was a cow'ard. I knew that be was no coward from a Bur lingame Instance with which I was familiar. Along about the spring of 18d0. when we were running the hotel, and the stage from Lawrence to Em poria stopped flt our place for meals, "'reston B. Plumb was on It one night, and during supper heard talk of small pox having broken out here. A man stopping with 1. B. Titus came down with the disease, and as souu as it was known what it was he was car ried off half a mile up on the hill to an empty hut and left there alone to die. “No one being willing to nurse him, Plumb, hearing of the ease, resolved to stop off and go and look after the man, even at the risk of his own life. He got George Bratton to fix up a bas ket of toast and eatables, take his light and a roll of blankets, ar.d show bhn to the sick man. Mr. Bratton did so. going near enough to help Plumb all he could. Plumb fouhd out the sick man's condition, and cared for him that night. The next morning, learning that Abel Policy had once had the small-pox. he got him to admit the sick man to his cabin, because it was more comfortable. They two eared for the man the best they knew how he died. “When all was over Plumb cleaned up, changed his clothes, and continued his Journey on to Emporia, only to be taken down with the dreadful disease himself and to be carried off to one side snd undergo the forcel absence of friends’ care; ana ot last, when he was over the disease, to oe branded with the marks the balanc* ■ of his life. That was true courage." Sea’s Bottom Is I-v.ilin* Scientists tell us that, counting fr m the sea level, the lowest body water on the globe Is the Caspian sea. For centuries its surface has been gradual ly settling down until now it is elghty- five feet lower than that of Its near neighbor, the Black sea, which also lies far below the level of the oceans. The common conclusion all along has been that the Caspian w-as simply los ing its waters by evaporation, but re cent investigation shows that this is not the case. Soundings made and compared with records of soundings made over 100 years ago reveal the astounding fact that there is even a greater depth of water now than th'-n. This leaves but one hypothesis that would seem at all tenable—that the bottom of the sea Is actually sinking. GIANT BLOCKS OF GRANITE. Pillar* of the New York EpiacopaX Cathedral the Largest in World. The cathedral of St John the Di vine, which Is now in process of erec tion in New Y’ork, near One Hundred and Thirteenth street will be one of the most commodious and imposing houses of worship in the world. Some idea of the character of the edifice may be gained from the figures of the pro portions of a couple of granite col umns received in New Y'ork on Fri day last and which are to make part of an arc of eight about the altar of the cathedral. They were brought from Rockland, Me., on a lighter spe cially built for the purpose. Each column is in two pieces. The lower piece is six feet in diameter, thirty-six feet long and weighs about eighty-five tons. The upper piece Is eighteen feet long, six feet in diameter and weighs about forty tons. The contractor who had the job of carting the four pieces of granite from the lighter, at the foot of West One Huudrea and Thirty-fifth street, to the cathedral site is having a wagon built especially for the purpose. The wheels will have tires twenty inches wide to keep the burden they will car ry from damaging the pavements. The rear axle is a solid steel forging eight inches square, and the front axle a solid steel forging seven inches square. The wagon will not be hauled by horses, but by steam engines anchored at Intervals along the route. To place the columns in position a pair of what builders call “shears” will be used. These shears will be of Oregon pine, twenty Inches in diameter at the smal ler end, and ninety-six f eet long. It Is estimated that It will take six weeks to get the columns in position. Grecce Has Permauent Executioner. in Greece the death penalty is said to be often pronounced, hut the diffi culty of obtaining executioners was for a long time almost in-uperable. It was at last surmounted by giving to a murderer the choice between his own death or acceptance of the office of permanent executioner. The man lives alone in an old tower built by Vene tians on an islet outside the port of Nauplia, where necessaries are taken to him every morning by the boatman, who Is careful to exchange no word with him. Twice a year a steamer calls for him and his instruments of deatn, rnd he leaves upon a towr of executions. Volcanoes Interfere with Telegrams. Since the great volcanic disturbances In the Windward Islands it has been impossible to maintain unbroken cable connections between the islands of Martinique and Gaudaloope and the French government has established a wireless telegraph service between the two. The distance exceeds 100 miles. Small Motor Cara. Motor cars are to be introduced oh some of the local railways in lower Australia. Each will carry forty, per sons and ba divided In two eissaea THE FttUIT OF IHE FDIURE. IT IS THE MANGO THAT GROWS UNDER ALL SORTS OF CON DITIONS. In the Tropics i: Outranks the Banana and is t Equal Favor With the Orange--rhe Fruit Sometimes Weighs r our Pounds. Uncle Sam’s experts are pushing the mango, it is said, with the expec tation that when it becomes as well known, it will be as popular in this country as the banana. In the tropics it outranks the banana, and is in equal favor with the orange. Whether the department's expectations for it in the temperate zone will be real ized Is a question to be determined henceforth. It is said that European residents in the hot belt almost always acquire a fondness for this fruit. As yet, noevever, it is little known In tne Uni ted States, being represented only by small amounts in our markets, which the experts claim, give no sug gestion of the qualities of the better sort, and tend rather to discourage than increase demand. If an effort similar to that which brought the banana to favor in this country could place an adequate sup ply of mangoes before the public, It is believed that this tropical fruit would repeat the history of its popu lar predecessor. Already the tree which bears iv has been planted to a considerable extent in Florida, seeds of fine varieties having been brought from India, an i soon planters in Flori da expect to be sending mangoes iu large amount; to market. Some of the Florida trees are yielding as many as 1 0,000 fruits per tree in a season, so it is said. The mango tree grows under all sorts of conditions, and requires little cultivation. It is so prolific that with 25 t.o 100 trees to an acre enormous quantities of fruit may be pro duced on a small tract. The mango varies, according to variety, from lit' tie more than a bush to a tree 50 co 76 feet high. Its flowers are small, and reddish, white or yellow. The fruits of some kincte are only two or three inches in diameter but others are three or four times that size, weighing as much as four pounds. Iu shape they vary from nearly spheri cal to long and narrow, like a cucum ber. In the best varieties fiber is al most entirely absent, and the entire fruit consists of a mass of juicy or ange colored pulp. In some kinds the pulp is so firm that it may be sliced with a knife; in others it is soft enough to be eaten with a spoon. The mango is said to have orgimit ed in Southern Asia and the Malay archipelago. It is now found wild in the forest of Ceylon, and in regions at the base of the Himalayas. It was introduced first in Brazil on this con tinent, and thence was taken to the Barbadoes in 1742. At the present time it is common throughout the tropics all around the world, but is finest in India. There are over 500 varieties. It is the most highly prized fruit of the Island of Guam, receives more attention in Ha waii than any other fruit, and flour ishes with special luxuriance on the south side of Porto Rico. The mango Is used principally as a fresh fruit, but is also employed green for jelly and sweet pickles. It makes an ex cellent marmalade. In Porto Rico one may buy 100 mangoes for 5 cents at which price their cost for jellies and marmalade is normal. They are one of the chief ingedients of the fam ous chutney sauce of India. The un ripe fruit, peeled, cut from the stone and dried, is reckoned superior to lime juice as a preventive or cure for scurvy. In India the bark and leaves are utilized for dyes, and Indian yellow so familiar as water coior paint, is a product of the mango, as has recently been accertained, through previously its origin is unknown. The gum of the tree is a good substitute for gum arabic. In fact, the mango may al most be said to rival the olive in re spect' to the multitudinous ways in which it is serviceable to man.—New Yory FYuR Trade Journal. Harvard’s Increasing Mail. Harvard University is to have six mail deliveries daily, beginning with the opening of the college in the fall. At present there are four deliveries, as in the business portion of Cam bridge, at 7:45 and 11 a. m., and 3:15 and 5:15 p. m. To enable this in crease to be made, “Billy” Prentice, the college carrier for thirty years, will be given an assistant. The fa vored section will be only the route now taken by “Billy,” a small sec tion of the business portion of Cam bridge on Massachusetts avenue and the buildings within the college yard. The change has been granted through a request of the university authori ties. —Boston Herald. Dolls M;.de of Steel. A novelty that promiroa to become a staple in toy’and is the doll made entirely of steel. This innovation is of American origin and manufacture, and, although samples are out, the quantity manufactured the first sea son will be limited owing to the dif ficulty of getting the required steel. The parts of the doll are fastened together with wire springs, and the foot is made flat, so that the doll can stand alone. The body and limbs are hollow and the doll is lighter than the ordnary doll of the same size, as the steel shell is thin. It is also very durable. —Philadelphia Record. The Fashion Spreads. “Oh, doctor,” moaned the suffering young woman. “I have such an ex cruciating pain in my side.” “Urn —yes. What seems to be the nature of the pain?” asked the phy sician. “Does it cover the side, or is it confined to one spot?” “It seems to he scattered all over,” explained the patient. “Just as if it were in a hundred little spots all at once.” “Ah!” mused the physician. “This corroborates my theory of the in fluence of current fashions upon the human system. You have what we would colloquially term a drop-stitch in the side.”—Judge. Population of Germany. The latest statistical estimates for the German Empire place the popu lation on July 1, 1903, at 58,549,000, an increase of 841.000 over the pre ceding year. Since the formation of the German Empire the population has increased 17.500.000, and dating the last ten years alone by nearly IjOOO.OOO. TO PREVENT BURGLARY. Tool* Guarded Day and Night, Though no Burglar Could imitate Them. We have tools for opening safes,” said the foreman of the machine room of a safe factory, “that no burg* lar could imitate even if he got them. But it would be one of the most diffi cult things in the world for him to get even a sight of them. The tool room is guarded as closely as a bank vault. A watchman stays in it all night. We are very careful about em ploying our men. They must give bonds and have the best of references. The chances of a burglar getting into our employ for the purpose of learn ing our methods is scarcely worth thinking about * “Very frequently we have hurry calls for a man to open a safe where the clerk has forgotten the combina tion. Yon can readily imagine that with a bank or trust company it is an essential thing to have tne safe open before business begins. When we send a man out he takes a wagon load of tools, for lie must open the safe without ruining th<. lock, and he does not know precisely what the trouble Is. He carries a photograph of himself, with our credentials on it. Nor will he open the sale while alone. Some bank official must remain with him, no matter how- long tue Job takes. That is for our own protec* tion. Some very queer alleged rob beries have been charged to men sent out to open safes. “To mechanics in our business it is laughable to read that a full kit of burglar’s tools have been found be side a safe. A3 I have said, it would require an express w'agon to carry them, and burglars don’t work that way. If they care to take chances by blowing up a safe with dynamite it is another matter; but these fol lows nearly always get caught. “A police officer told me that burg lars make their own tools. The big crooks are all spotted and are afraid to go out and buy the material for them. Some of them send their wives and children. Asa general thing they don’t work in New York. A man making tools in a flat or tenement would be likely to attract attention. They get a house somewhere in tho suburbs. Philadelphia, '“'here they can get a brick house for S2O a monta, is a great iv-ice for them.”—New York Times. The Wcrid’s Toy Republics. Of the forming of republics there is no end. If contemporary models be sought, there is no lack of infoYma tion, whether the Constitution be for a State embracing only half a hundred souls or twice that number in millions. The least of all republics sterns *0 be that of Tavalora, established in the Island of that name off the coast of Sardinia. It has a population of fewer than sixty, including the President and his Congress of six. Originally the island was owned by the Barto leoni family, the head of which ruled as King Paul I. from 1836 until 1882. In his will he made over the island to his people, who were to proclaim a republic for ever. Hardly con siderable in point of size is the Re public of Goust, which consists of six hundred acres perched away up in the Pyrenees, where 140 free independent Republicans glory in their immunity from liability to any other race. By comparison with these hamlet com monwealths, Morsent, with its three thousand residents, is quite imposing. But there are only seventy acres of its territory. It marks the debatable land at which the boundaries of Belgium, Prussia, and Holland converge, and the Morsenetians declining all temp tations to belong to other nations, re main self-governing and a useful buf fer. Andorra stretches itself over 175 miles of territory, and six thousand souls own itfl republican rule. San Marino, whose consular representative in England, Mr. Le Queux, has just been receiving recognition from the Parliament there, is twenty-three ■miles square, and rather fewer than ten thousand as to numbers. When one comes to San Domingo, then Ser via’s level as to territory is reached, pretty well, for we have to reckon with over eighteen thousand square miles, although the comparison does not hold good as to people, the black republic being still on the wrong side of three-quarters of a million. —Phila- delphia Telegraph. The Curse of Mar. Lord Garioch’s engagement reminds me of that most remarkable tradition, “The curse of the house of Mar,” which whatever its origin undoubted ly dates back several centuries. It predicted that the “proud bouse of Mar” should become very great and then should be brought very low, so low that horses should be stabled in old Mar Castle, the castle itself be come a ruin, and a tree should grow on the highest part. All these pre dictions have been fulfiled even to the fact that a young spaling sprout ed from the turret of the ruined keep. The prophecy concludes with the pre diction that the family shall regain somewhat of its ancient state, but its honors shall be doubled and the line shall be broken. The first two parts were fulfiled in the last reign, when the family were allowed' to shake off the taint of their Jacobite treason and return to cCgr* and when in order to settle the Mar succession dispute a second earldom of Mar was created, so that there are now two. With regard to the last part time will show, but there seems to be no immediae prospect of its fulfilment as yet.—London Tatler. The Idea of Culture. The Idea of culture has always in cluded a quick and wide sympathy with men; it should hereafter in clude sympathy with nature, and par ticularly with its living forms —a sym pathy based on some accurate obser vation of nature. The bookwoem, the monk, the isolated student, has never been the type of the cultivated man. Society has seemed the natural set ting for the cultivated person, man or woman; but the present concep tion of real culture contains not only a large development of this social ele ment, but also an animate creation and to those immense forces that set the- earthly stage for man and all related beings.—President C. W. Eliot, in the World’s Work. The Kongo Free State has an area of 800,000 square miles and a popula tion of between 20,000,000 and 30,- 000.000. M. Curie, the discoverer of radium, has found that the rays of radium color glass a violet blue. REORGANIZATION OF ARMY AND NAVY. HEAD OF THE NAVY. HEAD THE ARMY. FOR the first time in the history of the United States army Its method jf administration has been radically reorganized, and if Congress at its next session takes the now expected of it, a similar re organization will be applied to the navy. In this respect we have followed, and not, as has been our custom, led, Europe. By the terms of the measure known as the general staff bill, passed at the last session of Congress, the army will henceforth be controlled by the President and Secretary of War through a general staff, and not through a general in chief, as heretofore. This measure, which went into effect a week after the retirement of Lieu tenant General Miles, will have far-reaching consequences, especially in time of peace, but while this is appreciated by the people at large, they are somewhat in the dark regarding the workings of the new measure and the duties devolving upon the general staff and upon its heel, Lieutenant General Young. In the language of the bill itself, "the duties of the general staff corps shall be to prepare plans for the national defense and for the mobilization of the military forces in time of war; to investigate and report upon all questions affecting the efficiency of the army and its state of preparation for military operations; to render professional aid and assistance to the Secretary of War and to general officers and other superior commanders, and to act as their agents in informing and co-ordinating the action of all the different officers who are subject under the terms of this act to the chief of staff; and to perform such other military duties not otherwise assigned by law as may be from time to time prescribed by the President." The terms of this section may indeed be considered sweeping. Under them in time of peace the general staff will make a rigid investigation of all branches of the service, will gather data regarding the military resources of the powers, will plan Imaginary campaigns and will study the climate, topography, etc., of foreign countries, so that, should occasion arise, the head of the army will find available all the information necessary* to the conduct of a cam paign abroad. The theory on which the general staff will work is that pre paredness for war is the best guarantee of peace, and that the powers, know ing that we have taken steps to put the study of military defense on a scien tific basis, will be restrained from any hasty action. HAMDY WHEN YOU GO CAMPING. jQpif nt 1 J rut Jiv The average American boy often feels the desire to get into the wild. Sometimes he is able to fulfill the de sire. When he is, he should be con gratulated, for tho life of the well regulated camps is * Joy unknown to the cooped-up city man. The tent is the important feature, and a good one is absolutely neces sary. Otherwise the camper will be subject to unexpected duckings, or may wake up to find himself without cover in a windstorm. The camp fire is another Important consideration. Several styles are used, depending on the locality. A good fire place is built of stones, piled one on top of the other in circular shape. The spaces between tho stones furnish draft. The stoDes retain beat and the ifire will give greater heat and burn 'longer than in the open bonfire. To 'hang kettles, uprights and crosspieces, as shown, will be found useful. A simple table can be made from fence boards or from the cover of a packing box. as shown. Cots suitable for all requirements are made by driving crotched sticks into the ground and placing the stretcher-made cot (a piece of canvas sewed on two poles) Into the crotches. Another simple cot Is shown in the Il lustration. BUILD UP GREAT EMPIRES. B ail roads the Instruments ot Creat ing Wealth and Power. Jutrt fifty years Lave passed since the ground was platted on which the Seattle of to-day stands. Just about the same length of time has passed since the state of which It is the me tropolis was organized as a territory. In the case of each of them, how ever, the real growth lias been but re cent, and It has been largely a crea tion of the railroads. Although Wash ington was organized as a territory in 1853, it had only 11,000 inhabitants in 1860, 23,000 in 1870 and 75,000 in 1880. Then came a Jump to 340,000 in 1890 and to 518.000 In 1900. The spring from the 75,000 mark to 349,000 be tween 1880 and 1890 was due to the fact that Vlllard's Northern Pacific railroad, which was completed in 1883, had connected that State with the out side world in the interval. Throughout the whole of the West — and of course through the East and South also —the railroads have exerted a beneficent influence, although its ef fects arc not quite so marked on ail communities as they have been on Washington’and its leading city. At the outset Beatties expansion was so slow that as recently as 1880 Its popu lation was only 3.500. It has a fine location on an arm of Puget Round, through which the Asiatic and Alaska trade of a large part of the continent is pouring, and through which in Im measurably larger quantity will pour a few years hence. The lumber indus try, which has had much to do with the growth of its State, also contrib uted greatly to Seattle's advancement. It is the railroads, however, which have been the chief Instrument in that Northwest city's expansion. The North ern Pacific road opened in 1883, sent that town's population up from *3,500 in 1880 to 42,000 in 1890. and it was •80,000 in 1900. Probably the increase in the current decade will be greater than it was in the past ten years. The entire West is growing at a r?te not touched in the decade which bad *he 1593-7 panic in it. The new North west is getting a large share of this growth, and as the trade with Asia and Alaska is bound to increase with great rapidity in the approaching time Washington. Oregon and California, es pecially Washington, are sure to ac quire a much greater importance among the commonwealths than they possess now. and this ascendency will be shared in a particularly large de gree by their great centers of industry and commerce. —St. Louis Globe-Dem ocraL MISERY'S MILLIONS. Lt Religion* of “the Great Aby**” . in London. London’s wealth, says Men and Women, la ever before ua. It tak*s care that it shall be. But London’s poverty is hidden away In vast areas of agony with which rank and wealth and fashion are as unfamiliar ss they j j are with Franz Joseph Land or Cen- I tral Africa. The moment that a small | contingent from the mean streets of working class London reveals itself to the eyes of the west there is an outcry. Fashion turns shuddering away and complains of the men with the begging boxes; wealth buttons its pockets and calls upon the authorities to withdraw their countenance and the bodyguard of police from “a pack of impostors.” And fasnion and wealth are perhaps wise In their protest If these unemployed workers are allowed to parade in search of sympathy we may one day see all the lost legions of “the great abyss” crawling forth from the alleys and the slums to give the west an object lesson on the poverty that the great city hides away in its nooks and crannies. The women and the children, the one room helots of unspeakable slums, the diseased and desperate outcasts of our great guilt gardens, may form up in one mighty mass of misery and surge Into the crowded thoroughfares and aristocrat ic streets, which fashion regards as its own. Ficture, if you can, London given up for one day, not to the gay page ants w'hich on great occasions gladden our eye® and make our hearts swell with pride at the vastness of our em pire and the splendor of our court, hut to a dead march of London’s lost ones. Crowd balcony and windows with rank and fashion, with the world of wealth apd the middle class well-to do, give^ to the fair maidens and ma trons who lead a life of pleasure and of ease the front places on the line of route. Then let the millions of Misery Land creep by! Such a spect acle, if it could be arranged, would be a revelation which would shock the national conscience as It has never been shocked before. From the win dows and the ba'conies the women of luxury would shrink back trembling, white faced, terrified. And the men, the busy gatherers of gold and the idle squanderers of it, would feel a shame that no written story of the city’s want and woe has ever made them feel before. Even as one pic tures what such a scene as this pro cession would mean, one feels the hor ror of it. For the comfort of the pros perous citizen that sort of thing must be kept within its own area, to be looked upon only by those who are of the compary of woe. AIiTOMOBIIE LAWN MOWER IN USE AT THE CAPITOL What is believed to he the first auto mobile lawn mower a ed in this coun try is employed on the grounds around the Whitehouse and the Capitol in Washington, where It may be seen almost every day cutting grass. The statement is made that it does its work neatly and expeditiously. And at the same time does no damage to the beau tiful lawns. Seeking A.j Everlasting Ink. Government chemists are much in- j tercsted m obtaining ink which will be lasting. Many government doru- I incuts have to he written In ink. and it is desirable that the ink should remain legible as long as the document re mains intact. Notwithstanding the popular idea that everything made in j the olden tim<*s was perfect the oldtime ! inks were by no means perfect. The j original copy of the Deck ration of Independence l* almost undecipherable. Only one signature, that of John Han- j cock, stands out clear and bold. All acts of congress are filed with j the State department for safe keeping and registered. Up to a few years ago it was customary to engross the acts j of congress by band wkb pen and Ink, but now they are printed. It is claim ed that printer's ink will outlast writ- ! lng fluid and that there wi'l be no ! trouble for future generations to read the acts of the present congress. A number of farmers were today j discussing the merits of different plows. “Well, men.” one lazy looking j man said, “nr notion is that any rid- 1 lng plow is good.” If you propose to do as you please, i why ask advice? CANAL TREATY LEAP. COLUMBIAN CONGRESS FAILS TO ACT IN TIME LIMIT. Time for Ratification of the Hay-Her* ran Convention Has Expired— Xear’i Delay in bight—Washington Nov* Awaits u New Proposal. j -'-t midnight Tuesday the lluy-Herras Panama canal treaty became a thing ol the past. As Tuesday was the last daj for the exchange of ratifications of lth treaty, under the terms of tho conven tion. that instrument may he considered as dead. For several weeks, some news papers assort, the treaty has been used as a blackmailing device for forcing the i', ench Panama Panal Company to giva ui> a port: of the 40,000.(M)0 it wa* to receive the United Sl.itvs for its plant, concessions and composed chan nel. The report that the Colombians se riously contemplated “holding up’ the United States for a larger bonus has m v er been fully authenticated, although thexe was doubtless a disposition to do mand better terms from this govermne-.t until they were advised by the State De partment, through Minister Beaupre, that no better offer would be made for thu canal concession. The expiration of the time limit for the ratification of the treaty, and the discus aion ot the probable course of the Presi dent and the future status of the Panama route, naturally call public attention to the act of Congress under which the treaty was negotiated. This act was passed at the first session of the Fifty seventh Congress, and was approved June 28. 1002. It anthorizes the pay ment of $40,000,000 to the Panama Canal Company for its plant, concessions and unfinished work, and the acquirement by the President from the republic of Colombia “upon such terms us he may deem reasonable” of a perpetual control of " canal strip. It provides for the ap pointment fa canal commission to have charge of construction, for preliminary appropriation and for the bond issue to defray expense*. Section 4, which is now the bone of contention between those who favor the Panama route and those who wish the President to turn to the Nicaragua route, provides “that should the President be unable to obtain for the United States a satisfactory title to the property of the Panama Canal Company and the con trol of Che necessary territory of the reo'ih’.le of Colombia, and the rights mentioned in sections 1 and 2 of the act, within a reasonable time ami upon rea sonable terms, then the President shall,” after having negotiated a satisfactory treat" with Nicaragua and Costa Rica, direct tho canal commission to proceed wibh the excavation of a canal by the Nicaragua route. It is contended by some that the lan guage of this section makes it obligatory upon the President to open negotiations with Nicaragua and Costa Ilica at once, and that tho Panama route must be abandoned. It is difficult to see how such a construction can be put upon the plain langurof this section of ths canal net. It says that should the Presi dent bo unable to secure the control of a canal strip “within a reasonable time and upon reasonable terms” he shall open up negoti it ions for u canal treaty with Nicaragua and Oosta Rica. What i- meano by “a reasonable time,” whether six months or two years, is left to the judgment of rhe President. Tim Colombian government has signified through l)r. Herran a desire to renew negotiations. Washington correspondence: . The conservative view here is that no ' good can ootne from introducing tilie i negro question in Congress, mid it is prci ty certain that Northern Democratic Sen ators will exert their influence to pre vent Carmack from introducing a repeal ing bill. It has been well understood for a year that Janies K. Jones could not hope to continue at the head of the Democratic national committee through another pres identin! campaign. Furthermore, he does not want the honor any longer. As for the chairmanship of the committee, that will depend wholly on the wishes of the nomineo for President. Federal office holders come lwick 1o Washington from Kentucky with a story that the Republicans may carry that State, but it does not receive credence. Interest attaches to the contests in the States west of the Mississippi. They have been gradually increasing their Re publican vote, and the politicians are anxious to see whut this year’s eontiWs will show. The cause of good municipal govern ment will be tried fit several cities in October and November, and some of tliese elections will attract attention. A most interesting situation is developing in New York City. The reuomination of Mayor Low by the fiisionists is now as sured. Tammany has not yet made up its mind a to a candidate. Congress man George B. McClellan seems to hove the cull just now. Edward W. Carmack, the junior Sena tor from Tennessee, has started a lot of talk, by his announcement that he pro poses to precipitate a general discussion of the negro question in the Senate by proposing to repeal the fifteenth amend ment, which confers the right of suffrage on the colored man. Ot" course, no Con grecs would seriously consider such a proposition, but under the rules of tbe Ben ate, there is nothing to prevent the Tennessee Senator from introducing his bill, and nothing to prevent him and his associates from the South talking on the negro question until they get through. The fall elections in various Btafo*Vnnd cities will present some interesting con tests. The battle in Ohio, just begun, is attracting most attention. A full State ticket is to i? elected, and the teat in tin? United States Senate now held by Mr. Hanna is at stake. Possibly the fact that the chairman of the Republican national committee is the candidate for the Senate tends to add interest to the contest. It is also true that the political future if Tom L. Johnson, the Demo cratic nominee for Governor, is involved in the result. If he should be elected he would immediately be placed among the list of presidential poo?abilities. A crushing defeat, it is believed, will end hi* political career. As for Myron T. Herrick, the Republican nominee, hr election by g large plurality wili mak* Mm a conspicuous figure in national poH tic*. Next to Ohio, Maryland’s election will attract most attention. The increasing boom of Senator Gorman for President tends to add to the interest outside the State. It is announced that Gorman in tends to do hi* utmost to carry the State for the Democrats, and thereby still fur ther enlarge hk presidential boom. On the House ride. Representative Crumpacker of Indiana will cotne back prepared to offer agahi his proposition that the representation in Congress ol those State* that disfranchise the negr* by State legislation la* cut down. If Con gress doe* enter into a discussion of *** general problem, there is no telling wbeg the talk will end.