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A PROFESSION That Has a Most Splendid School for the Instruction of Those Who Would Follow in Its Noble Path—Law, Medicine and the Sciences Are but a Part of This Great Study of the Whole—A University of Learning Unexcelled—A Great House of Learn ing. The North Dakota agricultural col lege, like others of its kind, was creat ed and endowed by tlie federal govern ment to fill a long felt want in the edu cational system of the country. From the primary grades in the dis trict school up to the university course by wav of graded and high school curriculums the course of study Is made continuous and natural with ev ery facility and encouragement for thorough scholarship, but with no spe cial facilities for the farming or in dustrial classes beyond general edu cation. To remedy this, agricultural colleges were provided. Normal schools are encouraged by the state to equip the student teacher with the requisite gen eral knowledge for the duties of the school room, and the necessary tech nical instruction and drill in pedagogy to be able to instruct the youth natur ally and effectively. All other profes sions support schools for technical in struction in the principles they em body, thus professionalizing each avo cation and giving the student, in the Tery morning of his career, the advan tage of the best thoughts and ripest experience of the veterans of his chos en profession. Thus equipped the amateur has a liberal foundation upon which to build his experience, and his possibilities for success are Immeasurably increased. It is time that farming should be con sidered and treated as a profession, with equal educational adjuncts as have been long enjoyed by other branches of human labor—mental or physical. The agricultural interests of North Dakota being paramount, especial pains are taken in this college to acquaint the student, in the agricul tural departments with a knowledge of the chemistry of soils and plants, the principles of plant and vegetable growth, as well as the climatic condi tions affecting them favorably or ad versely to make the tillable portions of the state a land of homes, beautiful and home-like, and to encourage the most profitable diversity of products to farm systematically, economically and scientifically, that the maximum of profit may result from the minimum expenditure of money and labor, as well as to give instruction in those practical branches of industrial art —necessary adjuncts to the farm—is one of the leading missions of this college. What the university is to the scholar, what the law school is to the student lawyer, or the theological seminary Is to the student clergyman, the agri cultural college is to the student farm er or mechanic. Provided with ap paratus to determine the constituent elements and to learn their functions and economy in the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms to classify the members of the vegetable families and by analysis and dissection to un derstand their anatomical structure and physiological conditions to un derstand the relationship of light, heat, moisture and soil in the production of a plant is not only pertinent, but Interesting, and is calculated to lend an interest to agricultural pursuits hitherto unfelt. The farmer, above all other industrialists, should work in harmony with nature, and to do this he must understand nature's laws. This is also true of the ranch-man and stock-grower. The same money, labor and feed will return twenty* five per cent greater profit if bestowed upon the proper breeds and they are given intelligent care. The agricul tural department of this institution possesses the collated experience of all the pioneers and veterans of the agricultural and stock-raising indus tries, and the student has but to famil iarize himself with what others spent wealth and labor to discover and dem onstrate, to know as much as they. True, to some extent, the student's knowledge is theoretical, but is must be remembered that the graduate from normal school is not a teacher, neither is the graduate of a medical college a physician. The foundation In either case is only laid upon which the fabric of experience may be built. For an individual in either medicine, law or agriculture, to build himself up solely by experience is impossible dur ing a short lifetime, and generally those who boast their triumph thus over the unattainable are only experts In their own imaginations and quacks In the minds of knowing men. "Ex perience is the best teacher." True, but why each man devote his life to discovering the discovered? Why not accept the known discovered—demon strated and proven by experience of others—upon the threshold of a busi ness career, and devote the energies to somthlng new? Why not utilize the experience and observation of eminent predecessors as our capital, our stock In trade, Instead of attempting the same feat as they, in the same manner and often with less ability then when attained we have simply spent years for what could have been had for the trouble of memorizing? Every other profession has for de cades collected the wisdom of its devo tees and proffered each student appli cant to Its ranks their ripest thoughts and accepted discoveries. But the farmer has scouted the idea of an edu cational basis or professional standard for agriculture, and has made himself alike the subject of common prey and ridiculous carricature in the funny papers and though agriculture is the oldest occupation known to man, yet It remains the least systematic—a verita ble child among adult professions. If a man is not fit, or was too negligent to equip himself for any other busi ness by common consent, he can farm. If a child is too dull for law or medi cine or business be is only fit for the farm. But us a matter of fact to be a successful farmer requires not only skill, but a higher order of tact and talent than is required in that of al most any other business and a broader and more practical education than re quired by most other professions. Dther professions co-operate and cul tivate professional skill and profes sional pride farmers seldom co-oper ate, except at times to elect a blatant demagogue to office as the "farmers' friend," and who, after election, gen erally demonstrates his friendship only for himself. A farmer requires, for his happiness and social Influence, as much educa tion outside his profession as the law yer does outside of law—as every pro fessional nan does outside of the nar row groove of his professional Inbor. General education relates less to facts memorized, than to a mind trained to think and to reason. Recognizing that Airlealtarc. Is working with nature, those branch es of learning which unfold and make plain the mysterious forces of nature and awaken an interest in the organic structure of plants and animals as well as explains the functions of each component, are given paramount at tention. A farmer raising grain and vegetables should know nature's pro cesses In their formation, and the con ditions required for their most suc cessful propagation, and also to under stand the natural enemies of each and the cure. By text book and lecture the student In the agricultural department gets the benefit of all that has been discov ered, demonstrates much of it for him self in the chemical or botanical labor atories, and is prepared to go out aiffl enjoy his labor because he under stands it, and to work at a profit be cause he works with and not against nature. Horticulture. Is also of the utmost importance where trees and shrubbery should and can be grown on our vast treeless prairies, and is given a special department in this institution, and equipped with everything necessary to master the intricacies of this interesting science. The farmer should also understand the use of machinery and steam, and should acquire at least a fair degree of workmanship in wood and iron. Recognizing this the department of Mechanical KnglncerlDK Is maintained and equipped witli tools, machinery and other material and ap paratus, where the student, under the direction of skilled operators, is taught the use and care of tools, and is given Instruction in wood and iron work, the application of steam and electric ity and the principles involved in each. While it is not designed to teach a trade, yet the useful recreation the mechanical laboratory affords, will give the student a technical knowledge and manual training that makes the road to any ii-.dustrial pursuit easy and familiar. A knowledge of the breeds of domes tic animals best adapted to this cli mate, how to diagnose and treat dis eases to which tliey are subject, and how to feed and care for them to the best advantage is of such vital import ance that the department of Veterinary Science Is sustained and supplied with such apparatus, models, drawings, etc., as to afford the student thorough and practical instruction in this science. Lectures, text books, models and prac tical operations and experiments com bine to elucidate this subject. Dnlrylnar Is also taught by "precept and exam ple." The student assists, and from weighing the milk to the finished prod uct, every process necessary to learn what enters into making butter and cheese is fully imparted. The new creamery donated to the state by the enterprising citizens of Fargo and Cass county is the most complete in its equipment of any in the Northwest. Chemlntry Is acknowledged to be one of the most valuable sciences when practically ap plied, and is inseparably connected with agriculture. It furnishes the key to nature's mysteries, unfolding not alone her beauties but her laws, what she works with, why, and for what purpose. It divorces from success the sovereignty of chance, and guides la bor to sure results by directing it into harmonious relations with nature. This department is under the direction of a practical chemist of acknowledged repute. Next to this, and not less Important, is the department of Botany and Zoology, also under the direction of a special ist of distinction. This department Is fitted up with microscopes and other necessary apparatus to thoroughly elucidate the subjects that belong to It. Plant anatomy and physiology what causes plants and vegetables to grow favorable and unfavorable cli matic and soil conditions their dis eases and enemies and how to destroy them, and a hundred other essential inquiries are explained in the class room by the aid of scientific investiga tion. To accommodate the young ladies of the state who desire a more thorough domestic education tlinn academy or high school affords, the department of Domestic Economy Is made a part of the regular college course. In addition to painting, mu sic, and a good English education, the young lady students are instruct ed (those wh desire it) in all the mys teries of baking, cooking, cutting and fitting garments, in short ail the essen tials of good housekeeping with a view to health, economy, and home comforts. This department, needs no argument for its existence. It is found ed upon the logic of necessity. Hitherto the patronage of the agri cultural college has not equalled the facilities of the institution, nor has ltd mission been popularized. Too many looked upon it as an institution, as its name to some seems to indicate, where plowing, sowing, planting and digging alone Is taught. Such is not the case. The course of study is com prehensive, and the instructors able and efficient. As its mission becomes more apparent, the patronage in creases. The present term makes a gain of fully one hundred per cent over any former opening, and the future of the college is assured. With five full courses of study of four years each, viz.: Agriculture, mechanics, science, and literature, domestic science, sci ence and industrial arts, besides sev eral short special courses of one or two years each, as well as military drill, the graduates of this college are thoroughly equipped for life's emergencies, and the more able to enjoy their work because it will har monize with their individual tastes. —J. H. Worst. Cardinal Paul Melchers is dead in Rome. He was a German, born in 1813, and was created a cardinal in 1885. Ktrth Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo. THE INSANE HOSPITAL AT JAMES TOWN. On the 9tli of March, 1883, by an act of the territorial legislature bonds to the amount of $50,000 were issued to establish a hospital for the insane, within a five-mile limit of the court house in the city of Jamestown, Stuts man county. The first trustees received their com missions In May, 18S3, organized and held their first meeting in June of the same year. The act provided that the trustees elect a superintendent, who should le consulted in locating grounds, and who should formulate plans for said hos pital. In compliance with this, by unanimous consent at their first meet ing I was elected superintendent of the North Dakota hospital for the insane, at which time I was serving as post surgeon in the United States army, and stationed at Fort Abraham Lincoln. The act also provided that no less than 640 acres should be purchased. Fourteen proposals were received in response to advertisements for loca tions. The lands described varying in distance from said court house from one to four miles, and In price from fifteen to thirty dollars per acre. Aft er due and careful consideration of said proposals, the present location was selected, which lies south of tlie city of Jamestown one and one-half miles, for which the board of trustees paid $20,000. Sufficient building stone was obtained upon the institution premises for the construction of the basement and first stories of our pres ent buildings. Aside from the fact that the price paid for this section dt land now seems exorbitant, the loca tion has proved everything that was anticipated or hoped for. This institution is erected upon what is known as the segregate or detached ward building plan, and embraces in its general plan numerous buildings of different kinds, such as administra tion, receiving and close wards, assem bly hall, kitchen, inundry, store-house, boiler-house, barns and other out buildings. The general plan was drawn in view of additional ward buildings to be erected from time to time as the necessities of the hospital require. At present the institution consists of the administration or office building, two male and two female ward build ings, having the capacity for about three hundred patients. In addition to this we have kitchen, laundry, store-house and boiler-house, with a capacity suitable for present needs, from which all our apartments are lighted with electricity and heated with steam, lignite coal being used entirely for said purposes. The buildings have underground communication seven feet in depth and eight feet wide, above which the corridors connect all our buildings from basements, which are comforta bly utilized for passage during disa greeable weather, and on pleasant days the top Is used for said purpose. This system of corridor connections extends only aliout four and one-half feet above the ground, and in no way detracts from the beauty and home like appearance of what was originally intended, the family cottage. The law provided at the time of tin opening of the Jamestown hospital for insane that it provide for all in sane persons living north of the 46t.h parallel, which number at the time amounted to eighty patients, who were sJ/ .. 5 .-r ,1 -1 'j -w .""Vi wm W North Dakota Penetentiary, Bismarck. then at the hospital for insane at Yankton. On April 1, 1SST, we admitted our first two patients from Mandan, uow Nortli Dakota. At this time the only structure was one ward building with out any of the necessary conveniences whatever for the admission of patients of this kind. In June of the same year thirty-five patients were removed from Yankton, and not until the following year were the remaining patients placed in this hospital. For the first two or three years the institution suffered greatly for such necessary conveniences as water sup ply, sewerage, etc. At present, how ever, we are supplied with all the lat est improvements, giving comfort to our household and the best water sup ply, in my opinion, that any institution In auy state enjoys. We have a deep well which furnishes good, pure wa ter, used for cooking and drinking purposes, also an artesian well, sup plying about G.000 barrels of water per day, respectively. The latter is most ly used for sewerage cleansing, etc. This duplicate water supply leaves us a reserve in case of accident occurring to one or the other at any time, which, in the management of an Insti tution of this kind is a most important matter. Since the opening of the hospital 1.0(50 patients have been received, of which number ."(50 have been dis charged and 1S(i have died, leaving in tlie institution Oct. 31, 1805, 307 in mates. I herewith add a tabular statement showing number of patients admitted, discharged and died, togeth er with the number now remaining, during the institution's history: Number of PntlentN Ailiulttnl From Oj»onli,4- of Hospital to Oct. 31, 181)51 Male 624 Female 400 Total 1,024 Readmitted 36 Total 1,0(50 Number of Patients Dl*ck»ri« From Openinir of HoapHal to Oct. 31, INUSt Male 301 Female 208 Total 569 Number of Putleuta Died From Opening of Hoapltul up to Oct. SI, 18U.1l Male 110 Female 76 Total 186 Noting the number of discharges, deaths and number remaining, we can show a very remarkable number of recoveries compared with other 'nstl tutions of this character, 25 per cent being admitted as a large number. Our institution shows something over 50 per cent. Of the number of patients treated •ince the hospital was opened in May. 1885, until Oct. 31, 1895, 53.T per cent recovered, 17.5 per cent died, and 28 per cent remain in the hospital. The amount of money expended since the organization of the institu tion for permanent improvements, pur chase of land, etc., amounts to $303, 618.26. The organization of the institution at present comprises a board of trustees, as follows: S. K. McGlnnis, presi dent H. Cornwall, secretary Alexan der Montague, J. W. Mitchell, Halver Johnson, E. P. Wells, treasurer, to gether with the officers of the internal management, viz., Dr. O. W. Archi bald, superintendent Dr. E. A. Ander son, assistant superintendent Ogden Lovell, steward S. A. Archibald, matron. In addition to these we have a corps of subordinate officers, nurses, employes, etc., which aggregate In number about fifty-five. In the early establishment and or ganization of the institution much credit is due to N. G. Ordway, who was then governor of the Territory of Dakota, and the Hon. Johnson Nick eus, formerly of this city, but now a resident of Tacoma, Wash. Too much praise cannot be given to Maj. L. Lyon, F. E. Jones, Oapt. S. K. McGlnnis and Col. W. E. Dodge, all of whom devoted much time and gave their energy to the upbuilding and fostering of every interest of the work while in its in fancy, and when the institution most needed their care and assistance. The internal organization and man agement is perfect. None but compe tent and trustworthy employes are tol erated, and all officials and subordi nates work together with absolute har mony. The foresight necessary to se lect competent help is far more Im portant in the management of an In stitution of this character than is gen erally supposed. One of the peculiarities of this insti tution is its cottage and home like apartments. Almost free from re- strain't, the patients are given every home comfort, and all their surround ings are conducive to cheerfulness. Pictures adorn the walls and flowering plants bloom in every ward, and musi cal instruments are at the convenience of such convalescents as can find past time and amusement in their use. The government of the institution Is mild and gentle. Harsh treatment is strictly prohibited in every depart ment." Under no circumstances is any thing that savors of cruelty or chas tisement tolerated. Patients are regarded as sick people and handled and cared for as such. Everything in appearance, and in fact, of the nature of imprisonment is ban ished, and the cheerfulness of the home is thoughtfully cultivated. Wholesome food and plenty of It, healthful exercise, absence of restra'nt, amusements adapted to their under standing. and light labor where they prefer it is afforded to these peculiar un fnrtunates. The farm, the garden and the stables afford suitable employment for a num ber of men physically able to do light work, while the laundry, the kitchen and other departments afford light labor for a number of women. Amidst all the gloom of mental dark ness and beclouded minds incident to a hospital for the insane tlie one ele ment of cheerfulness is constantly cul tivated. The several boards of trustees since the establishment of the institution have labored with signal ability in pro moting the welfare of the inmates, and have, without an exception, been loyal to the original plan of internal govern ment and of fostering home-like and plea sn lit environ men ts. Fverv cn-ernor since the hospital was established has given it the sanc tion of his approval and in no instance sought to change the management or j. the methods that haveprevailed froas the beginning. Each successive legislative assembly deserves unstinted credit for their on swerving loyalty to these wards of the state by appropriating what they could for their comfort and oare. And, though overcrowded and with reduced appropriation on account of necessity, the disposition of each official and em ploye is to do full justice to the hum blest patient, and, aa Car as possibly dispel the mental darkness by restoit lng reason and make glad some sad dened home. —Dr. O. Wellington Archibald. NORTH DAKOTA PENITENTIARY. The legislature of 1882 authorise# the construction of the North Dakota penitentiary at Bismarck, and appnn prlated $50,000 In bonds for the pui^ pose of construction. Maj. A. W. Ed wards of Fargo Col. C. A. Lounsber ry, John J. Dunn, John A. McLean and Alexander McKensle, Bismarck, and Judson Lomoure, Pembina, vfsre appointed as the first board of direct ore. They secured forty acres of land, a donation from the clt yof Bismarck, and proceeded to the construction of the building. It was built by con tractor Meigen of Fargo and was built wholly within the appropriation. The prisoners were used to make further Improvements, and with very slight additional appropriations it became one of the model institutions of the state, not only as to the prison Itself, but in all of its surroundings, includ ing barn, stables, pig pens, stalls for cows root cellar garden and farm. They rent 320 acres adjoining the prison forty. They raise all of the vegetables required for the prison, for nish feed for all of the prison stock and to fatten hogs for the pork re quired for prison use. They make a portion of the butter required, and have all of the milk required. All of the work is done by the pris oners, and In addition they have worked on the roads between the pris on and town, and between the capltol and the city. They have planted and care for a large number of trees on the prison grounds and about the capltol, and last year built the addition to the cap'tol. At this writing the number of In mates is 102, wi'h a dozen more quite certain to be added before the fall terms of court close. Fully 90 per cent of the prisoners are transients^ who come to the state in connection with the harvest. There has been ft increase of 23 per cent since the last harvest commenced. Twenty are em ployed in the harness shop under con tract. The average number working on 6 the farm and garden during the past summer has been thirty. Ten have been employed about the capltol, ten in the care of horses and other stock. There are others employed in the prison, making shoes and clothing for the prisoners, and as carpenters^ engineers, lauadrymen cooks, ete. There are no Idle men and only twen ty employed in competition with free labor. They had this year 175 acres of corn, and furnished one firm 1,000 bushels of seed corn for next year, at SO cents a bushel. They had 50 acres of potatoes, 60 in oats and the balance In roots and garden. They had 3,000 bushels of corn, 3,000 bushels of pota toes. 2,200 bushels of oats and a pro portionate amount of onions and othen roots and vegetables. There are 110 hogs 20 head of cattle and 10 horses on the farm. Thirteen guards care for the prisoners, and these, with the warden and deputy, complete the pay roll of the institution, which Is now run at an average expense of less than $2,000 per month. During the first six months of the present year the ex pense was $1,000 less than the year before, but is increased now by In creased numbers. The present board of directors is Roderick Johnson, chairman: Col. C. A. Lounsberry of Fargo, F. H. Register and W. H. Bratton, Burleigh county and Ole C. Wing of McLean county. E. H. Wil son is warden and Murdock McKenzie deputy warden. The clothing is made in the prison of North Dakota-grown wool, manufactured into cloth in North Dakota. —C. A. Lounsberry. GRAIN RAISERS. Ther« Should be Various Sorte of Them—The Things That Will Grow in North Dakota Should be Grown There In a Sclentlflo and Farmer-Like Manner —The Subject Treated by One of the Most Thorough and Suocessful Farmers in the Northwest, All farmers Should diversify their crops, but no one should undertake to raise all the farm crops on one farm. The grain raiser should raise wheat oats, barley, flax, and potatoes, if near a large town or railroad station, in con nection with grain, hogs and hens are sometimes profitable. A few cows can also be kept to furnish milk, cream and butter for the use of the farm. If any part of the farm is rough or unfit for cultivation suoh land should be made to furnish beef for the use of the farm and some to sell In case there is a surplus. Wheat will, however, for a long time to come be the principal crop in North Dakota and Northwestern Minnesota. Dairying, cattle raising and hogs la entirely a separate business from grain raising, although barey and corns ould be raised in a limited amount in con nection with dairying. Stock raising goes well with dairying, ss quite a number of calves oan be raised on the farm from the dairy cows hogs can be fed partly on the skimmed milk and buttermilk left after making buttee. and in case a separator is used, the milk can be fed sweet, mixed with barley meal, corn meal, or wheat bran, and in mv oplnfon It is better to feed the milk sweet, although some people still believe it is better to let It sour before feeding. At this time the prod ucts of the dairy are the best paying of all the farm products. A farmer should determine which of the two lines of diversified farming his farm Is best adapted to, then govern him self accordingly if the fsrm contains much rough land, more stock should be raised: if hay Is plenty and pasture good, dairying can be carried on profit Ably: but on the other hand. If the lanil is smooth and high, with wild hay and pasture scarce, then grain should be the principal crop. —•James Hole* •Ktl