The herald. [microfilm reel], February 01, 1893, Image 1

About The herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1893-1900

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in Country Real Estate Ad
vertised on The Herald's
Sixth Page.
VOL. XXXIX. NO. 113. .
20 pi m_wm\
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The Herald.
LOS ANGELES: WEDNESDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 1, 1893.
OPENING OF PARLIAMENT.
The New Regime in Eng
land Begins Work.
Reading of the Speech from
the Throne.
Opposition to It Immediately Voiced
iv Both Houses.
Balfour and Gladstone Lock Horn* In
the Commons and Salisbury and
Klmberly in the House
of Lords.
By the Associated Press.
London, Jan. 31.—Parliament reas
sembled today. The queen's speech
contained no points of special interest
beyond those outlined in these dis
patches yesterday.
At the close of the reading of the
queen's speech, parliament adjourned
till afternoon. On reaseembliug Glad
stone took the oath as prime minister,
and was followed by his colleagues.
In the house of lords Beveral peers,
including Lord Playfair, took the oath.
The prince of Wales and his Bon, the
duke of York, had Beats on the crocs
bench. Lord Brassoy moved the adop
tion of the addresß in reply to the
queen's speech. His motion was sec
onded by Lord Thring. Both the mover
and seconder spoke in general terms in
support of the government.
Lord Salisbury, who today appeared
io opposition, passed a compliment on
Lord fhring. Touching upon the Ques
tion of home rule for Ireland, Lord Sal
isbury said one object of the government
the paßt six months had been to get the
support of a class of men whom, hith
erto, no politician in England had tried
to conciliate. The keynote of the Irish
policy of the government wae supposed
to get the support of the criminal classes.
The prerogaiive of the crown had
been us-ed to Bhield murderere and re
lease dynamiters. All the acte of the
government caused the impreeßion that
they were* much more in eympathy
with criminals than desirous of
vindicating tbe law. (Cries of "Hear!
Hear!"] The reference in the queen's
Bpeech to home rule was the moßt pecu
liar sentence he ever had seen in a pub
lic document. It eeemed to indicate
that tbe government's opinion of the
whole Irißh question with which parlia
ment had to deal was that it was right
for one port':on of the Irish to place
their heel upon the neck of the Pro
testant population of Ireland.
With regard to other measures indi
cated in the queen's speech. Lord Salis
bury declared nobody believed they
would ever be undertaken. There wae
eimply a repetition of the programme
adopted by the Liberal conference at
Newcaetle.
Lord Salisbury alluded to the agricul
tural depression and eaid agriculture
suffered most from want of coulidence.
Political partisans now preached doc
trines that were filling the minds of the
owners of capital with apprehension.
There was no country in the world. Lord
Salisbury added, where property was
now so insecure as in Great britain, in
consequence of erroneous legislative ac
tion. [Cries of "Hear! Hear!"]
The earl of ICimberly mildly remon
strated with Lord Salisbury for accusing
the government of having sympathy for
Irish criminals. He promised to intro
duce the home rule bill in the house of
lords as soon as it passed the commons.
When the promise was heard fnint
laughter rippled over the benches. The
debate then adjourned.
In the commons, this evening, notice
that Gladstone would introduce hie
home vile bill Monday, elicited pro
longed Liberal cheers.
At 8:30 Lambert, Liberal, rose to
move an address. He spoke to empty
benches, as did Mark Beaufoy, who sec
onded the motion. The house filled like
magic, however, when Balfour arose and
amid a storm of opposition cheers began
in a eneering tone a general criticism of
the government in the Egyptian policy.
Balfour eaid the ministers could rely
upon the eupport of the opposition so
long es they upheld British righte. He
tiu-ited the government would, at its
earliest convenience, let parliament
know the causes which led to the recent
troubles iv Cairo. Among the cauies,
undoubtedly, were the rash utterances
made by tbe prime minister and chief
secretary for Ireland when they were in
the oppoe'tion.
Balfour denounced theevicted tenants'
commiSfion as bo unfairly constituted
that they were incapable of presenting
a trustworthy report. He demanded
that the borne eecretary should say
whether or not the release of Egan and
Callan, the Irish dynamiters, was part
of a policy of amnesty intended to in
volve the release of all the Irish dyna
miiers.
Gladstone was cheered loudly when
he rose to answer Balfour. He re
proached Balfour for assailing with in
flammatory criticism a bill not yet in
troduced arid for doing hia utmost to
prejudice the minds of hia followers
against a plan of home rule of which he
was still ignorant. Balfour had aßked
wbere there was an empire which had
been strengthened by the adoption
of local autonomy. Gladstone
replied that as Lord Salisbury
bud done come yearß ago, he would
point to Auatro Hungary. He would
also point to the British colonies which
60 years ego were ruled from London,
but demanded separation until self
government wee finally granted. He
would not reply to Balfour's invective
against Morley's administration in Ire
land, except to say the wise policy of
clemency had been simultaneous with a
great decrease of agrarian crime c. Bal
four's attack upon the evicted tenants'
commission recoiled upon himself.
Gladstone said he did not believe that
in his long parliamentary career he had
ever uttered words to rash and danger
ous as were those uttered by Balfour
concerning the difficulties in Egypt'
These words seemed to suggest tbat tbe
government would lose no time in get
ting out of Egypt.
Balfonr arose and repndiated the
charge that he had suggested the proba
bility of a hasty evacuation.
Resuming, Gladstone said the govern
ment had not time to consider the ques
tion of occupation, but merely the main
tenance of order.
In conclusion Gladstone repeated hiß
appeal to the house not to be moved by
premature denunciations ol the home
rule bill.
The Westminster Gazette, a Liberal
organ which appeared today. Bays the
purchaser of the Pall Mall Gazette, for
merly a Liberal organ, but now support
ing the Conservatives, was William
Waldorf Actor.
AN ADDRESS TO THE IRISH.
Gladstone's Home Itnle Bill Denounced
as Worthless.
New York, Jan. 31. —An address was
tonight issued to the Irish people by
"The Irißh National League of Amer
ica." In speaking of the home rule bill
to be introduced in parliament by Glad
stone, it Bays: "We have carefully
studied ite provisions, and are
of the opinion that the measure
is a mere mass of legal verbiage
intended to give no satisfaction to any
party. Even should tho bill pass, it
would only place Ireland on a Btill lower
level. We Btand today at the parting of
the waya betwixt resistance and concil
iation. We have advised the latter
until patience has ceased to be
a virtue and further temporizing become
a crime. We advise the formation of
clubs wherever there are Irishmen hon
estly desirous of improving the condition
of Ireland. We call on you to join with
us bo wo may be able to round out the
century by tbe fulfilment of our hopes."
CANNIBALISMAT SEA.
THREE SAILORS SUBSIST 16 DATS
ON 11 11 nAN FOOD.
One of Fonr Selected by Lot to Die
That the Others Might Live.
The Victim Strangled and
Eaten Kaw.
Hamburg, Jan. 31. —For 16 days three
sailors rescued from the Norwegian ship
Thekla subsisted on human flesh. The
three etrangled their fourth companion
and lived on raw strips of meat cut
from his corpse. From the time of their
rescue until today the three unfortu
nates had b3en insane from their suf
ferings in tbe rigging of the foundering
ship. Two of them recovered sufficient
ly today to tell tbe story of the Thekla'e
vcrage.
The Thekla wae in heavy weather
from December 2d, when she left Phila
delphia. Her decks were flooded almost
constantly, the deck houses and rails
were swept away and the steering ap
paratus was broken. When it wae
found that there was no hope of bring
ing the ship into port, the master, mate
and eight seamen got away in a boat.
The other boats were Bmashed by the
waves before they could be lowered.
Nine men were obliged to remain in the
rigging. They were unable to get food
from below, and five of them were made
insane by exposure and jumped over
board.
The other four remained aboard from
December 22d till Janusry 7th, the day
of their rescue. On the thirteenth day
lots were drawn to determine which one
of the four should be killed and eaten.
The lot fell twice in succession to a
Dutch sailor and ho was strangled and
devoured raw by the other three. The
only drinking water the seamen got was
the dew they"licked from the ropes.
ENGLAND HOLDS THE KEY.
How Senator Junes Sixes Up the Silver
Situation.
New York, Jan. 31. —Senator Jones of
Nevada, a delegate to the monetary con
ference, eaid today: "One important
fact impressed me in my observa
tions while at Brussels, and in
my talks with public men since
tho conference adjourned, namely, that
the key to the whole situation was
with England. France and Germany
and the other couutries interested will
be willing to come to a bi-metallic
Btandard with a uniform fixed ratio be
tween the two metals if Eng
land would take the same posi
tion. I attribute she hea-v gold
shipments from thia country to Europe
to a grab for gold on the part of the na
tions of Europe, rather than to the sen
timent of the natural balance of 'trade.
Evidently the nations of Europe are
trying to accumulate gold."
TO IK'-in A i' THR STAKE.
Awful Punishment to Be Inflicted on a
Kape Kiend.
Paris, Tex., Jan. 31.—Henry Smith, a
negro who outraged the 4-year-old
daughterof Henry Vance has been caught
nearClowon the Louisiana and Arkansas
railroad. He has been pursued by a
mob of citizens and will be brought
here where his crime was committed.
The mob has determined on the most
awful punishment possible to inflict,
and tomorrow he will be burned to
death at the Btake.
A Time-Worn Canard.
Berlin, Jan. 31.—A report of an at
tempt upon the czar'e life was circulated
here late tbis evening. The czar and
several members of his suite were kaid
to have been injured by a bomb. No
further details were given. At the Rue
sian embassy all knowledge of the at
tempt was denied. The report is be
lieved to be a canard.
Collision of Trains.
Omaha, Neb , Jan. 31.—A Burlington
east-bound passenger collided with a
Kansae City and Omaha paßsenger at a
crossing at Fait mount this evening,
owing to an error in semaphone signals.
Both locomotives were demolished, and
Engineer Green of the Turlington en
gine waß fatally scalded. The passen
gers escaped with a severe shaking up.
Vlaltlng Cards Engraved
At Langttauter's, 214 Welt Second. Tel. 702.
THE WORK OF CONGRESS.
An Interesting Session of
the Senate.
Chandler's Hawaiian Resolu
tion Taken Up.
The Author of the Measure Explains
Its Purport.
Senator Dolph Also Speaks on the
Subject—The Anti-Option Bill
Passed by a Big
Majority.
By tho Associated Press.
Washinoton, Jan. 31.—1n the senate
today Harris reported the senate quar
antine bill, with the appropriating
clause omitted, as a substitute for the
quarantine and immigration bill passed
by the house. Hill objected to immedi
ate consideration, as he wished time to
examine it, and the bill went over till
tomorrow.
The senate then took np Chandler'B
resolution requesting the president to
transmit to the senate any convention
he may inako with the provisional gov
ernment of Hawaii.
CHANDLER EXPLAINS niS MOTIVES.
Chandler explaiued his motives for
offering it. He had Dot intended, he
eaid, that it should be acted on without
consideration by the committee on for
eign relations, and he intended yester
day to move its reference to that com
mittee. It occurred to him. however,
that it would be wise for congress to
initiate action on the subject. The
commissioners from the present provis
ional government of Hawaii would not
arrive in Washington until the end of
the week, and it was fair to presume
the rest of the week would be occupied
by the executive in considering the sub
ject. The 4th of March would then ba
near at hand, and so he thought a subject
on which there was such unanimity
of opinion among the American
people, that congress might well initiate
action. Americau interests were very
extensive in the Sandwich islands, and
lln property of those islands was main
ly owned by American citizsne. The
United States government had never
shown any disposition to destroy the na
tive government of Hawaii. On the
contrary, it always maintained euch
government and attempted to keep iv
pow4r the existing dynasty, but, ut t.he
same time, there had been a feeling
that if the native government Bhould
fall an American solution would be
found for the difficulties on the islands,
but if it should appear that a stable, in
dependent government could not be
maintained, and the support of any for
eign goveriimentsbonld be required,then
the sentiment whb that the United
States would be willing and desirous to
annex the islands. In view of the short
ness of the session and the desirability
of avoiding au extra session, he thought
action should betaken on the subject by
congress. He thought it due to the
commissioners on tbe way to Washing
ton, that a full and complete etatement
should be made to them on the Ameri
can policy, and that congress should be
prepared to state fully and frankly the
position of the United States with refer
ence to Hawaii to such foreign govern
ments as might take interest in the
question. He moved a reference of the
resolution to the committee on foreigu
relations.
Dolph (Rep.) of Oregon said the time
had arrived ior a well-defined aggressive
American policy, and proceeded to read
a long statement on the population,
trade and commerce of the Hawaiian
islands. Before he had concluded, the
resolution was laid aside without action,
and the anti-option bill was taken up.
THE ANTI-orriON DILI, PASSED.
Various amendments were offered and
rejected and the bill passed—yeas, 40;
nays, 23. Following is the vote in de
tail :
Yeas—Allison, Blackburn, Call, Carey,
Chandler, Cockrell, Cullom, Davis, Du
bois, Faulkner, Felton, Frye, Gallinger,
Gordon, Hale, Huusbrough, Hawley,
Wiggins, Hunton, Irby, Kyle, McMillan,
Manderson, Mitchell, Morgan, Morrill,
Peffer, Perkins, Pettigrew, Proctor, Sher
man, Shoup, Squire, Stock bridge, Teller,
Turpie, Voorhees, Walthall, Washburn
and Wilson—4o.
Nays—Berry, Blodgett, Butler, Caf
ferv, Cameron, Cole, Daniel, Olives,
Dixon Gibßon, Gorman, Gray, Harris,
Hill. Htacook, Hoar. Jones (Ark.), Me
Pherson, Mills, Palmer, Piatt, Pugh,
Ktnsoin, Sawyer, Stewart, Vest, Vihis,
White and Wolcott—2o
Pairs were announced between Carl
isle and Paddock, Aldrich and Quay,
Bute and Allen, Jones vNev.) and Saun
ders, Pasco and Casey, Vance and
Wurren.
The bill is the one passed by the house
on the 9th of June, 1802, with various
amendments thereto.
Wasliharn moved that a conference
be asked, but on motion of Hoar thiß
motion went over.
DOLI'H CONCLUDES HIS REMARKS.
The fortifications appropriation bill
wae then taken np. The first amend
ment (the item for $50,000 for gun and
mortar platforms) having been read,
Dolph took tho Uoor and continued the
speech he begun this morning on the
subject of the annexation of the
Hawaiian islands. He yielded tempo
rarily to permit notices to be given of
memorial services, then went on with
the reading of his speech. Most of it
was devoted to the question oi the Nic
aragua ship canal, it having been orig
inally prepared aa an argument in favor
of the pending bill on that subject.
When he closed consideration of tbe
fortification bill was proceeded with, but
no progress was made.
Tbe house bill to amend the act for
the construction of a wagon bridge
across the Missouri river at Sioux City,
lowa, was passed, and the senate ad
journed.
HOUSE PROCEEDINGS.
An Hawaiian Keaolutton Introduced.
Sundry Civil Bill Discussed.
Washington, Jan. 31.—Representa
tive Stanford of New York today offered
tbe following resolution:
Resolved, That it iB the sense of thia
body that the time has come when the
preservation and extension of our com
merce and the upholding of our own
flag demand prompt action by thia gov
ernment toward the immediate annexa
tion of the Hawaiian islands to the
United States.
After miscellaneous business the
house resumed consideration of the sun
dry civil appropriation bill.
When tbe paragraph making an ap
propriation to continue the building of
the library of congress was reached, En
loe (Dem.) of Tennessee moved an
amendment providing tbat preference
be given home over foreign products,
when material of equally good quality of
home production is offered at equal or
lower prices. Cogswell (Rep.) of Mas
sachusetts hoped the amendment would
be adopted, because it involved such
good Republican protective doctrine.
Tbe amendment waß adopted.
Bland of Missouri gave notice that be
would demand in the house a yea and
nay vote on the amendment, as it was
plain to him that a Democratic houee
which was opposed to protection should
not put itself upon record in favor of
Tennessee marble aud against Italian
marble.
Buchanan (Republican) thanked God
that thie Democratic houee, even in a
moment of forgetfulness, had done an
American thing. [Laughter.]
Enloe eaid the gentleman from Mis
souri misinterpreted his amendment. It
did not Contain any principle of protec
tion.
Outhwaite (Democrat) asked: "Does
not the amendment give domestic mar
ble an advantage of 35 per cent?"
"That is," suggested Reed (Republi
can) of Maine, "are you really a Demo
crat?"
De Armond, Dem., of Mieeouii, made
a violent attack on the civil service law
in support of the amendment suspend
ing the law one year so far as it relates
to the government employea provided
for by the act.
Butler, Dem , of lowa, raised a point
of order against the item appropriating
for rivers and harbors, holding it was
only within the jurisdiction of the com
mittee on rivera and harbors. Without
disposing of the poiut the committee
rose and the house adjourned.
WASHINGTON NOTES.
Plnkerton Committee's Keport— Whisky
Trnst Committee, iSte.
Washington, Jan. 31. —The house
judiciary committee today continued
consideration of the report of the Pinker
ton sub-committee, out reached no con
clusion. Boatner, in hie report, Bays he
finds nothing whatever in the constitu
tion which authorizes congress to inter
fere with, regulate or prohibit the em
ployment of Pinkerton or any other
detectives by persons or corporations,
except as far as they may be engaged in
interstate commerce. The trouble at
Homestead was beyond federal or con
gressional jurisdiction.
The judiciary committee of the houee
met and referred the resolution of Bur
rows of Michigan for an investigation of
the whisky trust to a sub committee
consisting of Bynum of Indiana, Stock
dale of Mississippi, Boatner of Louisi
ana, Buchanan of New Jersey and Pow
ers of Vermont. The time for the
beginniug of the investigation has not
yet been decided on.
The house committee on interstate
and foreign commerco today ordered a
favorable report on the senate bill ap
propriating )BSO 000 for the construc
tion of a ship canal to connect lakes
Union and Washington with Puget
sound.
General Douhleday'a Funeral.
Washington, Jau. 31, —The funeral of
GeD. Ahner Doubleday, whoee remains
were removed from New York to Wash
ington, took place today. There were
no religious or other exercises at the
grave, except the tiring of a parting
salute. The remains were interred in
Arlington cemetery. Thrown across the
casket was a flag floated at Fort Moultrie
at the beginning of the war.
Bealty on the Back.
PiiTsnrKO, Jan. 31.—Robert J. Boat
ty, on trial on the charge of conspiring
to poison Homestead workers, occupied
the stand nearly all day. He made a
general denial of the charges agaiiißt ■
him; be admitted that he engaged I
cooks Gallagher and Davidson to go to 1
Homestead, but eaid it was not for the
purpose of putting poison in the food of
non-union workmen.
An Asylum Fire*
Chicago, Jan. 31.—Eight hundred
patients were imperiled by an uitly blaze
at the Dunning insaue asylum thic
morning. Fortunately a panic wae
averted and the flames extinguished
after a loss of $20,000. The institution
iB left temporarily without heat, light
or water.
Not Allowoil to Kealgn.
Cincinnati, Jan. 31.—At a meeting of
the trueteee of Lane seminary this even
ing, it was decided to decline to accept
the resignation of Rev. Henry Preserved
Smith. He will be released from teach
ing, however, until hiß appeal is acted
upon by the synod.
Kx-Becrotary EnUlcott 111.
Salem. Mass., Jan. 31. —Ex Secretary
of war Endicott ia ill at his home of
Pueumonia, complicated with other
ailments. A consultation of physicians,
was held today and his son will be
summoned by telegraph.
Fire* ltnmire..
Loctsvtllk, Ky„ Jan. 31. —At Lon
don, Ky., last night, tire destroyed a
number of business blocks, a church
and several residencee. Loss, $100,000.
Successful men secure fine tailoring
with pleasing fit from H. A. Getz, 112
Weet Third street.
Plumblag; Work of Rvery
Description promptly attended to. at the
W. C. Furrey company, 159 to 105 North
Spring street.
Today's Forecast : Rain ;
Clearing Weather and Nor
therly Winds. The Total
Rainfall for the Season Is
16.21 INOHEB.
PRICE FIVE CENTS.
THE HAWAIIAN QUESTION
Informally Discussed by the
Cabinet.
England Has Not Yet Filed a
Protest.
The Navy Department Shows Ho
Unusual Activity.
Official Action Postponed Until the Ka*
Toys Arrive—Public Opinion Al.
most Unanimous for
Annexation.
By the Associated Press.
Washington, Jan. 31. —The discussion
of the Hawaiian question at the cabinet
meeting today was informal, and there
being nothing before the body for its
consideration no action was taken. The
matter of the reception of the commis
sioner;] of the provisional government
of Hawaii concerns only the presl
: dent and secretary of etate, with
whom their business must be trans
acted. The commissioners, of course,
will be received courteously and their
proposition listened to with sympathy, H
but the recommendation that may he B
made then will be determined by its j]
terms. It may be eaid there will be no |
precipitate action upon tbe matter j it 1
cannot be dieposed of in a day nor a
week. There will be no message to
congress from the president until after |
the commissioners are heard, and then j
only, it is surmised, in case a favorable
recommendation upon their proposition I
shall have been decided upon.
THE NAVY DBPARTMKNT'S SUJ'INENESS.
There is seemingly no preparation be
ing made at the navy department for
sending vessels to Honolulu to support
the Boston. The statement that 900
marines will be cent to Honolulu on the
steamer Mariposa lacks confirmation.
The flying squadron, consieting of tbe
cruisers San Francisco, Atlanta and
Charleeton and the gunboat Yorktown,
are expected at Barbadoes in a few days
and they can eaeily be reached there by
telegraph if it ia decided to lend any of ;
them to Honolulu. It is probable, how
ever, that no extraordinary action will
be taken until after a conference ie held
between t h » Hawaiian annexation com- |
mieeioner ow on their wae to Wash
ington an • be secretary of state.
UNO. - - >"».,'T*»TI
It was stated today that the report of 1
i last night that the protest of l»Lgl«nd |
against tbe annexation of Hawaii by the |
United States wonld be presented today ,
was premature. It was eaid at the state .
department tbat it bad not been re- ,
ceived, and that there was no intirun- J
tion that it would come today. Lord 1
Rosebery'e statement to the Hawaiian \
charge at L'jndon yesterday, that Eng
land, France and Germany would pro
test against the annexation of Hawaii
by the United States, is believed to have
good foundation only so far ac England
is concerned. The intereate of France
and Germany in that country are not of
sufficient importance to warrant a pro
test.
MOTT EXPECTATIONS.
Dr. Mott Smith, the Hawaiian repre
sentative here, expects England to pro
test vigorously. He thinke there will
be a concentration at Honolulu as rap
idly aa possible of the naval forces of 1
England now iv the Pacific for the pur- t
pose of making a demonstration ; but it
ie not probable, in the opinipn of Dr. 1
Smith, that this will affect the eenti
ment of the people in any way. The \
commercial interests of Hawaii are prac
tically all with the United States, and
although the sympathies of the native j
population, under the influence of mem- i
bers of the* royal family, are undoubted
ly with tbe English, still the property
interest of the island will eventually
control its destiny. Thst interest is in j
favor of political incorporation with the j
United States.
CONGRESSMAN HARMER's VIKWH.
In eituatiou continues to j
be privately discussed by members, j
Ilarmer, a Republican member of the !
house foreign affairs committee, said to- I
i day: "I approve of the eteps already >
j taken by the representatives of the
! United States at Honolulu, as it has j
prevented the government of Great Bri- 1
tain from assuming a protectorate over
the islands, which would have resulted
in absolute posseseionin tbe near future,
which if to avoid, we were compelled to
accept the proposition for annexation at
once. I would lavor it. Our government
Bhould look to its own interests first,
which Great Britain never fails to do.
No European power should be allowed
to seize Hawaii at any time, especially
while the representatives are beaging at
our doors for annexation. It is claimed '
no international treaty would be violated
by annexation. France aud Great Bri- ,
tain recognized the independence of the
: islands in 1813 and subsequently tbe
United States. Much will depend upon
the developments of the next few days,
but. I believe with careful consideration,
keeping American interests conetantly
in view, we shall reach a conclnsion
which will be satisfactory to the people
of our country."
BARTER OPPOSES ANNEXATION.
Congreesman Harter (Dem. of Ohio)
is radically opposed to annexation, Bay
ing today : "The whole scheme is a job
intended to benefit a few sugar planters
wbo are anxious to secure the 2 cents
a pound bounty paid by the United
States on the native product. We will
knock that bounty out shortly and then
you'll hear no more about annexation."
ANNEX THE ISLANDS.
itear-Admiral Belknap TJrgel It at the I
Hazard of War. jfl
Boston, Jan. 31 —Relative to thefl
Hawaiian question Rear-A elm i ral GeorgaM
E. Belknap (retired) says: "To the peo-fl
•pie of the United States the present!
situation is of momentous interest and -1