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18 HISTORY OF ANCIENT TRIBES LA FIESTA DE LOS ANGELES The subjects to be presented in the Fiesta Boats are so closely interwoven with the early history of Southern Cali fornia that an extended review of tho origin, customs, relig on and manners of the different Indian tribes will be of vast import.ince to those who wili witness the pageant. It will excite a greater interest, when the peculiar habits and religions cc emo nies oi these ancient inhabitants are known, and the artistic ami reilistio dls> \ play will be more fully app ■ ciated. Last Sunday The Herald published a j history of the Aztecs, Toltees. SSttnifl and ; Incus and in the following columns some 1 of the other inei leuts and peoples to he portrayed in the floats, wil' be described. I The pet irj of the Aleutians wi.l be ex- , ceptiomdly interesting and laap ring, j That ancient race is of American conti ! Dental origin, and when first discovered Were engaged in active hostilities w th j the Kaniagm its of the continent. Their very name, which means People of the j Fast, suggests heir v igin. The number of Aleutians was origin- I ally estimated at 10,000, but at present j there are not more than fifteen hundred left from the ancient tribe. They are di vided into two classes, the Otkans and Unalashkans. The former belong to the ; Western part of Alaska, while the latter j originally inhabited the eastern part of the island. The Aleuts are light and nearly the i same color as the Innuit of the North- ! west. Their features are more intelligent and pleasing, owing to the admixture of Russian blood. Their stature is about the same as that of most civ lized races, if anything, above the middle height. Tlie I women are shorter but better proportioned, I nnd some are rather pretty in personal ap- • pea ranee. When the Aleuts were first discovered their national dress was not what would ' be called stylish nowadays. It consisted j of a long shirt, without a hood, but with a straight collar and tight sleeves. They wore no trousers, but this defect was rem edied "by high boots that reached to above | tlie knees. The shirt was made of the skins of fur animals or of birds. In rainy weather or when in his boat the native wore a water-proof shirfc, highly embroid ered and fringed' with feathers. The shirt ; was made of the entrails of sea lions. His hat was made of a very thin piece of wood, bent and painted, and adorned witli thin sheets or strips of bone. On top j he had a bird, somewhat similar to the | latest fashion in female headgear. The women dressed more expensively and elegantly. Sealskin sacques, so treas ured by the modern woman, were matters of little value to the Aleut belles. They were always dressed in furs. Their houses were dug in the earth, lined with upright jioles of driftwood and ! roofed with planks covered with turf, i They entered through boles in the top by : means of ladders. Some dwellings had | two and others live or six entrances of this kind. The idea of tenement houses seems to have originated with this tribe, as the houses were occupied by several hundred persons, who were divided by partitions of stakes, each space being appropriated by a family. Notwithstanding the close i association, no record has been made of ' any neighborly quarrels, and it seemed that ill lived happily and in peace. No tires were made in the houses, and ! rnu prr.n'.os in pBACF.-ot;rnpiED tx tiik manufacture of farthen pottery they were lighted by oil damps made of hollowed stones. But very little veutila tiou was allowed, aud it became so warm at times that the occupants were obliged tfi divest themselves of their clothes in order to be comfortable, Tbey slept un der grass mats and the clothes they wore during the day. The coiffure of Che ladies was consti tuted of bangs, that covered tbe forehead to the eyebrows, wbiic the back hair was lied in a knot. They practiced tattooing; the men making three holes in the under li]. and one in thecartilege of the nose. Both sexes wore a short bone cylinder in the nosa and in the chin they wore a rounded or flat piece of bone or stone. They pierced the ears and wore bone or naments In them. The greatest ambition of the Aleut was to be considered a great, hunter. Among other distinctions und privileges of a suc cessful hunter was that he could take as many wives as he pleased, and he gener ally and modestly appropriated only four. They had no marriage ceremony, nnd one o! the acta o( hospitality was to place these Women at the disposal of the guests. Sea otter and fur seal, the blubber of the whale, wild parsnips, berries and sea weed constituted their bill of fare. They i did not bother themselves about cooking ' tlie meats or vegetables; but believed in ! the consumption of the raw material. 1 Uoth sexes bathed together in the sea, : and their idea of raising children was unique, to say the least. Castoria and | paregoric medicines were unknown to the 1 Aleuts, and when their children cried. they were carried, even in winter, to the , seashore and held naked in the water ; until they became quiet. During the month of December the tribe ! devoted themselves to dances and festivals, at which naked men heat drums and the [ women wore dresses, that could hardly be j called decollette. 1 Curiously enough when they had their religious dances, hundreds of nude i women, wearing masks, danced in the > moonlight, and at those festivities men i were rigidly excluded and punished with death if they intruded. In tin* custom of buria Ithey had pecu j liar ideas. The. poor were wrapped in , their clothes or in mats and laid in clefts :of the rock with a mark over the face. ' The wealthy were placed in a sort of boat jor cradle, with their clothing and arms, j The coffin was slung to a horizontal pole t and left hanging in the open air. j But the advent of the Russians has ! changed all their old habits and customs. They now dress in clothing obtained from | the Russians and they no longer live in ! their underground dens. They cultivate : potatoes, but their food is still largely the flesh of sea animals. They speak | the Russian language and profess to be Greek Catholics. They are farther ad vanced than any other native American tribe, but are far from being civilized. They are greatly addicted to the use of snuff and of liquor, especially the latter when they can obtain it. Crime is almost unknown among them and their devotion to religion is very conspicuous. When an insult is offered no fight or dispute follows, but the one who has been insulted tixes a nickname on the offender, and that nickname rests with him as a stigma. Their business methods are of such a char acter that such practice in home circles would be rather expensive. They transact all sales through a middleman, and who ever desires to sell an article sends it to an agent, who seeks a purchaser. The Yuma Indians will attract no little attention, dressed in their native costumes and their faces painted as if ready to go on the war-path. The history of these Indians is no less interesting than that of other ancient tribes. Their home is on both sides of the Colorado River, near its junction with Gila, and for that reason they call themselves Sons of the River. The Spaniards knew of the Yumas in early times, and the tribe was visited in 1701 by Father Ruber, and by Scelmayr in 1744 and 1748. It was not until 1780, however, that Spanif-h settlements were started among them with two Franciscan missions. The Spaniards immediately took possession of the most fertile lands, and as the Yumas did not appreciate these acts, they mas sacred all tlie whites during the month of July, 1781. In the latter part of the last century their number was estimated at 3000, and but little was known of the religion and customs until the territory came into tlie limits of the United States, and they were visited by Lieutenant Whipple of the Army. At that time the Indians had be come reconciled to the whites, but had not forsaken their rude habits. Tbey Inhabited excavated huts, with roofs of boughs supported by posts, and lived partly by hunting and fishing and partly on maize, melons and pumpkins raised by the women. The latter culti vate the soil, while the men hunt and Ash. Another occupation to which the women were greatly devoted was the man ufacture of water-tight baskets and rude pottery, and as distillers they concocted a kind of brandy from the mesquite. Horses and dogs were the favored ani mals of the Yumas, and they never cared for other members of the animal king dom. As a means of exchange, as well as ornamentation, they wore round bits of shell pierced as beads. In their hair dressing they followed the habit of other Indian tribes in cutting their hair at the eyebrows and wearing it very long be hind. The wearing apparel for the men LOS ANGELES HERALD: SUNDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 24, 1895. consisted of breeches made of cloth, while the women were considered in style with an apron covering the lower part of the body, and made of bark, painted in every conceivable tint. Being intelligent nnd faithful an 1 true to the Americans tbey refused to join other tribes in war against the whites until 1858, When under Antonio Gann they started on the war-path, but were de feated by (leucral Ileintzelman. The Yumas have had considerable trouble with the neighboring tribes, es pecially the Maricopa*. Pi mas and I'apa gos. In l*2-< they wero nearly annihilated by their enemies and tbe remnant of the nation sought safety with the Mohaves, with whom they remained until 1H4.",, when they returned to their own hunting ground. The spirit of enmity toward their old enemies asserted itself soon again and in a few years they renewed the war with the Haricopas. They met their THE DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC.-VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA ON THE SUMMIT OF A MOUNTAIN. SEES THE GREAT SLOPE. Waterloo in 1857, when they and their I allies were defeated at Maricopa Wells and out of 100 Yuma braves only six survived. Finally Congress passed an act in 1805. setting apart some land as a reser vation for the Mohaves, Cocopas, Huala pais, Yumas and Chemehueves. They do not admire the life on the reservation and live around doing menial labor. Their number has now been reduced to a little over 900. Perhaps the tierccst and most trouble some Indians the I'nited States have had to deal with are tlie Apaches. Their dep redations and ravages have not only cost hundreds of human lives, but have com pelled many military expeditions to sub due them. The Apaches belong to a nomadic na tion of the great Athabascan family, roaming over portions of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona and parts of the He public of Mexico. The N'avajoes, the most northerly baud of the Apache tribe, inhabit the table lands and mountains of a district on the San Juan and Little Colorado. They are by far the most cvilized tribe, cultivating the soil and manufactulng excellent blankets, the knowledge of which they have undoubtedly acquired through in tercourse with the Mexicans. Their blankets have a market value of from $80 to $160 a piece. It was not until after many serious con flicts with tho United States troops and tlie Mexican army that the Navajocs were finally subdued in 1803, When to the number of 7000 they were held prisoners for several years and . were removed to a place on Pecos River. In this place, however, they were con stantly exposed to attacks from the Com anches and other tribes, and in 1808 General Sherman concluded a treaty un der which they were removed to Fort Wingate, and in the next year they were asigned to a reservation consising of 0120 square miles near their old site. Here they have become industrious, cultivating 'the soil and raising horses, sheep and goats. A Presbyterian mis sion and school were established among them, but the results have not been sat isfactory. The Apaches proper have repelled all at tempts Hi civilize and convert them and have continued their onslaught on set tlers in particular and on whites whenever and wherever they could find them. No mission was ever established among them as their habits were so vicious and their instincts so brutal and merciless that tbey would not respect a religious misionary any more than one from the White House. For fifty years tbe Apaches were led to war by MangUS Colorado, who gave the United* States no end of trouble with his continuous raids and attacks, until 1803, when be was captured and was killed in an attempt to escape. During the year 1871 the sum of $125,000 was appropriated for their supportt and an effort was made by the Government* t gather them on res ervations. This experiment has proved a sueees la a few instances. The plan, how ever, met with considerable opposition I from settlers who lived in the vicinity of I the reservation* and as a result of that J dissatisfaction nmre than one hundred Apaohei were killed in L871, while they ware practically held prisoners by United States troops at Camp ({rant, Arizona, ktabeeqaenuy their great chief, Cochise, p.iid a visit to the "Great Father" at Washington anil pledged tin? submission of his tribe. The acts of murder and nlun der of their chief Geronituo are of too I recent date Mfcl are too well know.rj.to re quire a review here. The Apaches are the most adept with their long, iron-pointed arrows, that are | always poisoned when used in warfare. ; They are mounted on small poines, that j are capable of great endurance. One of [ the most marked features of the j Apaciu-s are their small feet, that are en doted in hitch moccasins of buckskin, i while their clothes are made of deerskin. ! In the latter respect they have changed | their customs and have surierseded the teerskin hy breech-cloth with the usual ; ornamentations of high-colored blankets j and Straw hats. The women wear B short petticoat with their hair loose, while those tvhosfi husbands have been killed in bat- j tie have shortcut hair as a sign of mourn- j ing * . . , The manner in which the mothers I carry their babies in a standing position j in ■ basket is well known. They have j been photographed and illustrated until the sight is one with which everybody is I acquainted. j It has often been told that the Apaches were in the habit of scalping their ene* | rnieSi but such is not the tact. In their religion they seem to favor the belief in i one (iod, with a certain crude aspiration | about the spirit of Montezuma. Tbey have a superstitious reverence for the eagle and owl,and for all birds that are perfectly white. They equally respect the bear, but have a repugnance for the hog. Scattered here and there over New Mexico and Arizona arc found small towns or villages of semi-civilized In dians, denominated Pueblo Indians, who have to a small degree acquired the lan guage and many of the cutsoms of the Mexican population. The tribe was first discovered by the Spaniards in the early part of the sixteenth century in tbe terri tory thart is now known as New Mexico, where they lived in permanent villages, called pueblos. Between the years 1528 and 15-10 they were visited byAlvaro Nunez, Friar Marco de Niza and Coronado, but in 1586 they were subdued by the Span iards, who occupied the country. At that time, even, tbey were greatly ad vanced above other tribes, raising grain, vegetables ami cotton, which they spun ami wove, and manufactured pottery. In some respects their habits are simi lar to those of the Toltecs and Aztecs. For instance their houses are immense structures, several stories high, and in one of their communities the entire popu- Union, amounting to tiom 400 to 700 souls were domiciled in one building. Such a structure generally occupied an entire square, the lower story of which was without openings, and an entrance was gained by ladders. One family occupied one apartment until the former increased to such an extent that additional acconio dations were necessary, when another room was built alKive.and communication had by way of a ladder. This mode of living continued until the latter part of the sixteenth century. Ever since that time' until the present Spanish Government, schools were main tained, and religious instruction given by Vrauciseian Catholic missionaries among them Tbey were then protected from hostile tribes aud oppression and supplied with cattle and herds, hut under Mexican rule {bey were deprived of this support and have since declined* Their citizen ship became a mutter of dt>ubt since New Mexico became a part of the United States, but in 1857 Chief Justice Slough deckled 1 that- the. Pueblo Indians were, under tie' treaty, eitsiensof this country. They retain their own government, each village having an elected Governor, and a court consisting of three old men, but executions for witchcraft has led to in terference bj the territorial authorities. In a circle of sixty miles from Santa Fe there are to lie found the ruins of over forty deserted towns, and similar ruins in oth.'r localities show that the Pueblos were once a powerful, industrious and in telligent people. In nearly all the villages there are Ro i i Catholic chapels, which are seldom used, as notwithstanding the efforts made by that church, the Pueblos still adhered to their native beliefs and ancient rites. They believe the Montezuma, their prophet, priest and king was bom in Teguayo in IH4O. All the Pueblos per formed rites and ceremonies in secret, connected with the looked for return of Montezuma. i Of all the events and scenes that the j floats will represent, none will be more I imposing and none will be received with f more emotion than that of the missions. What a nathetic story could be told of the devotion and deprivation of those j who bid farewell to the world to devote 1 themselves for life to the establishment j of the Church of Christ. Southern California has a large number | of missions, some in ruins, but mostly rebuilt. | On the Kith day of July, 1769. the mis ■ sion of San Diego de Alcala was founded. 1 The men am! officers assembled oh that \ day at the site selected for a military I post or presidio, and with gratitude for ; their deliverance from the perils of their j travels in Lower California, erected an ' altar where they celebrated mass. Bells I were swung over a tree, the water was j blessed, the cross raised and the royal 1 standard thrown to the breeze. Their [ actions were watched by groups of sav- I ages, armed witli spears, clubs, and ar ; rows, who were soon to learn the religion 1 of Christ. On the 5th of November, 1775, Father .Taume, who had devoted much time in mtsionary work among Indians, was mas ! sacred by them with several of the sol i diers. the church was destroyed, but J in 1H04 a new church was erected, where i the bodies of Padre .laume and his col ■ leagues were re-interred in the sanctuary, i In 1813 a more substantial church was built and the remains of this structure are I pointed out to visitors even today. ISan Gabriel mission was established in September, 1771 , by Padre Somera and Canibon with an accompanying guard of twenty men. At the sight of the Span i iards "a large band of natives gathe'red, | headed by two chiefs, who commenced ] warlike demonstrations. One of the padres i thereupon drew from his breast a paint ing of the Madonna and held it aloft to [ their view. Instantly they fell on their knees, the cross was raised and mass I was celebrated and the mission was form j ally established. Some of the padres de voted their artistic tastes to carving in AN ALEUTIAN SCENE—THEIR FAVORITE PASTIME IN FIGHTING HUGE POLAR BEARfv | wood,horn and leather and instructed the j natives in the art. Many specimens of their workmanship still remain about the mission. The country around the mis sion was splendidly adapted to agricul ture and grazing, and more cattle were raised in San Gabriel than at any other mission. In 1943, under decree of Governor Mi cheltorcna, San Gabriel, with eleven sister i missons, was given to the friars, who i were empowered to preside over them as | guardians of the Indians and custodians J of mission possessions. I In 1840, by order of Governor Pio Pico, j the mission and nearly all of its Indians were sold to William P. Reed at'd William Workman in satisfaction ff - "*«•— The padres disputed the Governn-'s power to dispose of tlie porperty, aim after much litigation the possessions reverted to the church. Within the very shadow of the chapel General Kearney defeated the Mexicans. Founded on the Ist of November, 1776, the mission of San Juan Capistrano came into existence soon alter the birth of the American republic Its erection of stone and mortar was commenced in 17y7 and completed in 1806. After a previous attempt to establish the mission upon a site known as "Inanil Savit Bajirit," it was abandoned, owiivi to the massacre of the padres at San Diego. The first missionaries were I'adres Amurrio and Pablo de Mugartertegtii, but the most noted minister of San Juan was Padre Jose Ma Zalvidea, who placed her at the head of the other missions. On the morning of December 38, 1812, while mass was being celebrated a terrible earthquake destroyed the building. The tower of the church came thundering through the roof upon the frightened wor shipers. Thirty-nine of the latter were buried in the ruins, and the church was never reconstructed. The ruins still stand to tell the catastrophe, and In the church yard near by lie the bodies of the padres who died in the services of tho church and civilization. In 1844 tbe mission was sold to James I McKinley and John Foster for $710, but twenty years later the church regained possession after much litigation. On March 20th, 1782, Padre Scrra and Cambon together with seventy soldiers and their families, arrived at a villag, called Asuncion, on the Santa Barbara channel, and at once established the mission San Huena Ventura, and to their surprise, the Indians received them with friendship, bringing them berries and seeds. In 1790, the primitive chapel was seconded by a splendid stone structure, where Padre Scoran, assisted by five other disciples of St. Francis, dedicated the chapel. From the planting of the cross until the Government took control in 1837, the books showed that San Buena Ventura had brought 3876 Indians into the church, and it stands today as a his toric monument. Almost instantaneous with the estab lisment of the San Buena Ventura the presidio of Santa Barbara was founded. On December 4, 1786, the latter institu tion was formally established,with Padres Antonio Paterona and Christobal Oramas in charge. This church however suffered considerable from earthquakes and a new structure was erected and dedicated in 1820, with marble columns, altar tables in Roman style and an image of Santa Barbara in cut stone, painted in oil. The Indians were taught weaving and dyeing, in which they showed great adept ness, and their carpentering and masonry are yet objects of admiration. The dis ciples of St. Francis still preside as cus todians of Santa Barbara mission, and beside the church lie the graves of her an cient fathers. On September 8, 1797, president Lasuen assisted by Padre Dumetz, performed the usual ceremonies, dedicating the Mis sion San Fernando Rey, according to in structions from the Viceroy of Mexico. In 1806 a new church supplanted tbe old structure and was dedicated to Fernando 111, King of Spain. This mission was in a flourishing condition and had valuable vineyards. In 1846 the mission was sold to Eulogio Celis, by order of Governor Pio Pico, for 114,000. The mission has a historical value, as within its walls tlie Mexican war closed and the paper of capitulation to General Fremont was signed. Raymond Hearts Party Dr. and Mrs. Raymond gave a very pleasant progressive hearts party to a few of their friends, Friday evening, Feb ruary 22, at their home, 2511 South Main street. Red hearts were the principal decorations, arranged to represent the dif ferent cards. Flowers and pepper boughs were also tastefully distributed about the rooms. Scores were counted, and after a very spirited contest, Mrs. McKay won the first prize for ladies: Mr. Kinsey and Mr. Mays tied on the first prize for gentlemen, Mr. Kinsey won on the cut. Mr. and M rs. Price received the consolation prizes. After refreshments were served, Mrs. Mays favored the guests with some fine piano solos and Dr. E. W. Raymond ren dered a comic song in his usual pleasing manner. Those present were Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Price, Mr. and Mrs. Mays, Mr. and Mrs. Kinsey, Mrs. Sullivan, Mrs. McKay, Dr. and Mrs. Treusdall, Dr. E. W. Raymond, Dr. L. A.! M. E. Raymond, Miss Rcva Raymond, Will Raymond and Gilbert Kinsey. Hotel Abbey Entertainment. The guests of Hotel Abbey have been indulging in a number of social entertain ments. A week ago Thursday a progres-; sive hearts party was given for which eleven tables were arranged. Miss Minnie Sullivan won first prize, Mr. W. Nord holt that for the gentlemen; Miss Ella Sena and Mr. O'Biyan received the con solation prizes. Last Tuesday evening Mrs. Irish enter tained several of the guests with a euchre party for which six tables were arranged. Last Thursday evening the young men gave a social hop which was attended by about forty couples. The spacious din ing room was tastefvlly decorated and dancing was enjoyed until a late hour. Dainty refreshments were served. Poisoned by Eating Parsnips Nevada, Mo., Feb. 23.— Five members of A. L. Slaback's family and a family by the name of Plumb were poisoned here by eating wild parsnips. All who ate the parsnips were taken violently sick. Doc tors were calle -, and the result of tke poisoning cannot be foreshadowed.