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PLAN NEW LINERS OF MONSTER SIZE Companies in East to Have Ves sels Surpassing Any in Present Service FIGHT FOR SEA SUPREMACY Craft Now Building in Germany Will Make Others Appear Like Tugs NEW YORK, Dec-. 2.",.—Within the p.'ist few months announcements have come in rapid succession of the build ing' of four ocean liners designed for service between Now York and Europe, each of which will far surpass the largest ocean steamships now in oper ation. The first two of those will bo nearly mo feet longer than the larg est steamships now afloat. The third -will exceed these two In length by two or three feet. The latest of them all. now under way in Germany , will be still longer and will have a dis placement L'.VOI) tons greater than the largest boats that now enter New York harbor. Alongside her the ordinary liners now in service will look like mere tugs, but there is nothing to in dicate, that sho will mark the .nal word in the struggle for supremacy Which nowhere else is waged with such keen rivalry as in the ocean steam ship bUßlnesa of the North Atlantic. For nearly three-quarters of a cen tury the story of transatlantic navi gation has liull the record of an un ending race for leadership. In no other business in the world has competition over a long period been so keen. In mi other have such vast sums been ex- pendod to sccuro a slight temporary advantage or such heavy losses en dured in the effort to achieve suprem acy. The contest lia* been one not only of ship; and companies, but also of ports and nations and it has been followed with keen interest by tho g' neral public. The pies, ne,• of this strong element <.r rivalry iias had a decisive Influ ence upon the development of ocean liners th mselves. It has led to the rapid supplanting of the champions nf one decade by the newer, swifter, more luxurious and more comfortable ves sels of a succeeding period, it. has re duced rates at the same time that it has added to comforts and eonven- INf RFASK IX STEAMER SI7.F How tremendous the growth of the transatlantic steamship has been may lie appreciated by a comparison of some of the earlier liners with I hose of the present day. The first vessel with steam equipment to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, which made the voyage from the ty for which she was named t.. Liverpool in 1819 in thirty-five days. She we a little less than ninety-nine feet long and of hiki tons, it would reqi Ire nine Savannahs placed bow to stern to equal tin- le Rth of th- large t of th liners now under construction and a fleet of a him l red Ike her would not equal th.> tonnage nf the present, champion of the ocean ferry. The Savannah, however, was not a gen uine st.amship for her engine was merely an auxiliary to her sails and was relied upon only when the wind failed. IXiring the score of years following the Savannih's trip a number of ves sels crossed the Atlantc and o-e me, the Great Western, was establish..! from Bristol, England, to New \ ork in IS3S and continued Its service for a , imber of years. The real begun i g ol the transatlantic steamship business as i continuous service, however, m>y be said to have taken place in IS4O when t .■ first boat of the Cumrd Ine began trips between Liv ri-00l and Boston The Britannia was the ship that Inaugurated ibis service and she made her first trip in fourteen dnys •nd eight hours. She was 207 feet long j with a tonna*e of 1139 or about on - thirtieth of the largest sh.ps of her line at the present time. The competition that has continued aver since on the North Atl ntic as-| sumed a keen form in 18Jit when the . Collins line, an American enterprise, | v as inaugurate 1 with the avowed pur- DOS 6of excelling the Cunarder . Iho < Arctic of this line, a 8000-ton boat, es- i t bllshed a new record from Liver pool to New York of nine days and thirteen hours. For B number of years the line hold the spec 1 honors of -he ocean highway but its managers found record-breaking an expensive work and following the loss of two of their boats the panic of 1857 came along and put them out of busine s. While it lasted, however, the race for leadership between the, naut'eal rep- | resentatives of the tw< nations rat ed almost a frenzy of excitement both in Enxland and the United St'tes and lens of thousands of dollars were wagered on the performances of fav orite beats. HIHTOitY OF OCEAN TRAVEL In ISM all previous efforts of ship builders were surpassed by the con struction of the giint Great Eastern, 826 feet long. Inismuch as she proved ai flat fall ire She exercise I no i a'lie. ular influence upon the development of the Atlantic liner. As trade and iravel between the United States and Europe developed, however, the num ber of companies and the number of ships engaged in the tnfflo increased and the competition became stead ly fiercer and more expensive as the struggle for speed and s'*e ran up the cost Of building and operatirg steam ships In IS'il) the time of passage was brought below eight days lor the Hrst lime by th City of Urussels of the Tnman line '.lliirtoon years liter, after il had been successively lowered by half a dozen title holders, the Qulon liner Alaska brought it under seven ' In 1191 the six-day mark was passed by the Majestic an 1 In 11"* the i five day record went by the board befo c the l.us't'nia The ctual crossing of the Atlantic has alre dy been accom plished under four flays by ;i i turbine iteimer running from Movllle. Ire land' to Cape Race, but the distnee rovered was only about two-thi ds that of the f II passa-e to New v. ,-k. No do bt however the time of the latter will at some future da'e be ' ro ght he'ow four days by special types of boats and special engines. While the race for speed supremacy Ins boen going merrily on the com petition among Atlantic steamships has followed two other lines—those ot In creasing size and increasing luxury. The result has been a steady succes sion of larger, costlier and more lux uriously equipped vessels. Ten years 1,'!.,, the swift Pcutschli.nd, 686 feet long and costing more than any liner ever built up to that time, was put Into service. Marine experts then an nounced that the 700-foot liner marked he limit of practical size for the rea «,,n thai harbor and pier accommoda tions win- not sufficient for larger boats The progress has continued with unabated vigor, however. The 780-foot Growth of Ocean Liner from Ship Savannah (1819) to Leviathan Europa to Make Appearance in 1913 I /^llSiiilll METROPOLITAN BTD'G. l^a 1819- SAVANNAH $gg& 59FT. kl^fe^ lft4O-BRITANNIA |j- m 198 FT H 19I3~EUROPA 900 Fli Mauritania arid Lusltanla are being followed by the 882-foot Olympic and Titanic and the 900-foot Europa will make her appearance in service in 1913. How soon the 1000-foot steamship is to become a reality it would require a bold prophet to foretell. Meanwhile New York lias no piers on Manhattan island that will receive a boat of a length greater than 825 feet and is fact) to face with the problem of providing larger docks or seeing her position us tin: port of the biggest ships pass to some other point. I'lUirr FOB SEA SUPREMACY The cost of the competition for the supremacy of the high seas has multi plied with the growth in size and speed of the liners. When the old Collins liners were projected the business world marvelled at the extravagance of spending $700,000 on a, single steam .-nip. Bach advance in size or speed since then lias been attained at an in creasing outlay. The cost of the huge liners that bear the palm today is close to $10,000,000. This is a very tidy sum to be expended for exceeding the j record tor size by a tow feet or clip ping a lew hours off the time of pass ' age. It requires net earnings of half : a million dollars a year to return 5 per cent upon the investment and the cost of running these great boats for a single round trip is $200,000 or more. In spite of the tremendous advance in the cost of constructing and operat ing ocean liners and of the far greater luxury of their equipment, the cost of ! transporting passengers and cargo is j much lower than by the old-time boats which now would not bo considered fit ! for the carriage of cattle. The charge I for a stateroom from Now York to i Liverpool on the Great Western in 1 IMis was $250 and the lowest cabin rate was $160. Food, service and conveni ! ences, of course, could not compare 1 with what is to be obtained today tor j half the sum. Considering the greater I purchasing power of a dollar in this earlier period, the reduction has been even more marked than the figures indicate. The reduction in freights has j been still greater than in the case of 1 passengers, so that the charge for carrying goods across the 3000 miles between the United States and Europe !is less than the coat- of transportation I over a similar distance anywhere else in the world. In one respect ocean competition has been brought under a certain degree lof regulation. This is In the matter ! of rates which are determined for dif- I ferent classes of vessels by agreement I among the leading lines. This has done- I away with the ruinous rate wars that ! prevailed formerly in the course of i which freight was sometimes carried I from New York to London for loss than : nothing, the charges amounting to less than the London port dues. The establishment of stable rates is held to be a protection to the shipper as well as to the carrier and equalizes to a certain extent the position of the older and slower boats. by allowing thorn to make lower charges, Just as in the case of railroads differentials are I allowed to inferior or indirect lines. In fact the situation of the big steam ship companies is very much like that ! of the leading railroads in the respect 1 that competition is keen in the matter of service though not in that of rates. : Just as the two leading railway lines. between New York and the west spend millions of dollars in track equipment and fast trains in the attempt to ex ,el each other, although they are in agreement on the subject of rates to be charged, so the steamship lines j spend their millions in constructing floating palaces, in engines designed to slip a few seconds an hour off the rec ord of some competitor, or in adding Improvements and luxuries to tempt life traveling public. COMIWMSOX nil BAOBOAUS There is one important difference be tween the situation of the railways and that of the ocean liners. A rail way may be fairly secure in its con trol of the traffic of a given territory for the reason that it is not possible to put in a competing line at short notice. But. the ocean is still a free highway. While the liners, by reason i of their great capacity, regular sail ings and low freight charges have suc ceeded in takins the lion's share of the transatlantic business away from the tramp steamers, the latter are al ways on hand wherever cargo is to be had at a profit and any considerable advance in rates from any port would bring them flocking in great numbers ready to pick up freight at the lowest rates that would give them a living profit. This is perhaps one reason why the ocean trade, in spite of the great advance in the volume of business, never has paid very liberal returns on • the money invested The figures for twenty-six of the leading lines of vari ous countries show that their divi dends last year were only about ■! pet cent and this record is better than that of many other years. The failures In ■ the ocean transportation business have been far more numerous than the sue : cesses, and yet the business itself has LOS ANGELES HERALD: MONDAY MORNING, DECEMBER 20, 1910. grown until it is computed that a mil lion men, forty million tons of ship ping, and five billion dollars of capital are engaged in the ocean carrying trade of the world. Where the race for supremacy on the high seas, which extends to all parts of the world but has its hardest struggles, its closest finishes and its most exciting contests on the north Atlantic, is likely to end, it is impos sible to foretell. Nobody who has studied the wonderfully rapid advances of the past forty years would venture to predict that tho limit in speed or in size has been approached as yet. Most authorities hold to the opinion that there will be a much greater divergence in type than now exists between the bi .us designed primarily for speed and those constructed to provide the great est possible (iegree of comfort and lux ury, but the contest for leadership seems certain to remain an interesting and at times an exciting one. RAILWAY BUILDERS RUSH LINE THROUGH ROCKIES Grand Trunk Pacific to Open Vast Country in Northwest to Settlement (Special to The Herald) CHICAGO, Dee. 25.—Contractors of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway will have the line completed next summer to Yellowstone pass through the Rock ies, and already have passed the Atha baska river at the entrance to the pass. Supplies for the difficult sec tion between YellowheTd pass and Haaleton will thereafter be rafted down the Fraser river, putting an end , to the hazards of construction work in fastnesses between the Rockies and the Pacific coast, which the new trans continental will open Up for settle ment. Steel for the new line reached the Athabaska river during the autumn | and 2500 men and soft teams rushed the i work from the McLeod river to the j Athabaska, making splendid progress. The entire route has again been reeon- | noltered by Jack Stewart of the firm of Foley, 'Welsh & Stewart, which had the principal contracts for the con- , struction. His statements of the prog- ' ress to the interior show that Fort George and its surrounding country will lie in close touch with outside market. next summer, and the days of packing grub through the mountains on snowshoes to conches will be at an end. The extension of the, national transcontinental is transforming the region traversed, for settlers have gone in ahead of construction to such an extent that quite a population is found In the districts which were primeval wilderness and unpeopled prairies five years ago. it is said that 150 new postoßlcea out of the 220 which will .be established by the dominion govern ment during- the next eighteen months | will be located in that region, most of the balance being in northern Ontario and western Quebec. Every effort is being made to insure the building of .1 ' station and an elevator at each now town in the prairie district, and to se cure the promise of a Bchoolhouse from the government immediately thereafter. | Comparatively little has been known of the territory between the Rockies and the coast, although the region was ! thoroughly reconnoitered before the | present route of the Grand Trunk Pa cific was chosen. Seventy-five miles from Prince Rupert the line penetrates a gigantic terrace of mountains hav ing an elevation of 6000 feet with cor rugated walls and numerous ravines. Kitselas canyon, through which the. road will run, is about •' mile long and seldom more than 100 feat w'de, with sheer walls rising to 6000 and 700"> feet. Along the lower Ske river the scenery in coloring, numbers of catar acts and mountain lakes is said to re semble the most p'cturesquo districts of the Alps or or' Norway. i ♦♦* TRAVELERS FEAR BANDITS ALONG RUSSIAN RAILWAYS ODESSA, Dec. 26.—Armed robberies in the cars of the express trains be tween Odessa and the western frontier are this season becoming as frequent as they were during the winter months of last year. Foreigners traveling be tween London and Odessa have adopt ed the habit of remitting their money through London and Odessa banks, anil carrying only sue small amounts un they may require en route- RECORD OF EARLY HISTORY IS FOUND Data Extending Back to Six teenth Century Is Discovered in San Antonio Archives (Special to The Herald) SAX ANTONIO, Texas, Dec. 25.— . The discovery by a newly elected / county clerk at Bay City, Texas, of an cient and hlstorlcaly important docu ments has brought attention to the fact that in the county and city ar chives of Ban Antonio and in the pos session of the Catholic church here are yellowish papers written by the Fran ciscan monks, records of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, that to the historian would be a priceless boon. At Bay City the new county clerk in assuming his office and straightening up old papers so new book racks could be installed the other day came across the certified returns of the election in Texas for and against secession from the Union, a muster roll of companies that joined the Confederate army, an inventory of the Matagorda county property of Stephen P. Austin, the great colonizer of Texas, and also a case of papers a hundred and fifty j years earlier than these and concern i ing affairs of the earliest days of Texas. It is evident they contain matter of intense historical interest, but no ! county clerk, within the memory of the oldest Official, has ever had the hardi- I hood to disturb or Investigate these old ' papers. It is possible that the election returns on the vote for secession will ! be turned over to the State Historical society. HKCAIXS EARLY HISTORY The date brings back the days when Sam Houston as governor of Texas op posed secession and was deposed. From ' the beginning of Houston's administra i tion the whole United States was ex cited over the presidential election. I Most of the southerners felt that the i election of Lincoln would be followed by civil war. Gov. Houston did all he could to prevent Texas from leaving | the Union, but the majority of the peo ple favored secession and had no • sympathy with the governor's view?. He was Importuned to call a conven tion, but as he was not willing, several leaders of the secession movement is sued the call, whereupon Houston called an extra session of the. legislat ure to meet Jan. 21, 1861, to consider what should be done. Excitement was at such a. pitch, however, that the peo ple would not wait, On Jan. g they selected delegates to a stale convention which assembled in Austin Jan. 28, 1861, and was immediately recognized by the legislature in special session as repre senting the will of the people. By a : vote of lliti ayes to seven nays Texas I withdrew from tin- Union, an action that when submitted to the people was ratified by an overwhelmingmajority. Texas by the decision of the conven- ; ' tion joined the Confederate state-- of America, and all officers were required to take the oath of allegiance to the new government. This was willingly done by ail but Gen. Houston, Secre ! tary of State Cade and Ad.it. Gen. Mar | tin. Their offices were declared vacant. HOUSTON BEFCSES TO QUIT In spite of the protests of Governor Houston, who refused to retire on the ground that neither the legislature nor convention had the right thus to de prive him of office granted by the clti ens. Lieutenant Governor Clark was sworn in as governor. June 8 Governor Clark issued a proclamation declaring that war actually existed, officers be gan to enroll volunteers and by No vember there were more than 15,000 Texani in the Confederate service. The Bay City document* throw much light on this stage of Texas his tory. Bay City, with Ban Antonio, was one of the old centers of population playing an Important part in the drama of the settlement of Texas. Not only would the historian find much new material, but the writer of romance, i 1 out of these yellowed papers, could I weave many a story of heroism, hard- I i ship and love. The Franciscan Friars, ' when they built up the missions extend • ing from the Rio Grande to the Sablne, kept complete records of their work : in civilizing and Christianizing the va rious tribes of Indians, and many of , these records, with other papers re ■ lating to Spain's activity in Fettling tho province of Texas, are now In posses : hlod of the Catholic church. Wore they translated from the Latin they -would Steam Trains to Aviation Field The Southern Pacific is the only Steam Railroad to the Grounds, direct to the main entrance, with sep arate entrance and exit for Southern Pacific pas sengers, Special Trains leave Los Angeles (Arcade Station, Fifth and Central Aye.) daily, Dc . 24, 1910, to Jan. 3. 1911, inclusive (except Jan. 2, no program) at 9:05 a. m., 11 a. m., 11:30 a. m., 12:01 p. m., 12:30 p. m.; 1 p. m. and 1:30 p. m. Returning leave Aviation Field 4:45 p. m.', 5 p. m. 5:15 p. m., 6 p. m. In addition to the ample regular train service from South , nrn California points, .special trains will be '>'■ '•"' ,' via chin., and Puente to Aviation Field as follows:" Leavo Riverside 0:15 a. in., December 24, 29. 30. Leave San!Ber nardino 9:23 a. m., Doo-mbiT 25, 2S, January 1. Leave Kcd lands 9:10 a. m., December 28, 20. 31. Lfave Coltons9:36 a m., Ontario 10:03 a. in.. Chlno 10:15 a. m., I'omonii 10:27 ■i m daily from December 24, 1910 to January 1, 1911. Re turning leave Los Angeles 6:1 p. m.. same dates, No Local Stops in Either Direction Plenty of Roomy Steam Heated Cars Seats for Everyone Round Trip (at Ticket Offices) from Los Angeles, 35c. Contests 1:30 p. m. Cut this out and use it for Time Table, and start early. Southern Pacific Los Angeles Offices: 600 So. Spring St., Arcade Station, Fifth and Central Avenue 'vhTbnlyOneofltsKind : Humorous : JlrttUlc ■■ Satirical : 'Dainty : Literary If You Are a Person of culture, refinement or intelligence, or all three, you cannot <^3pC afford not to know LIFE. If you have a sense of humor, you should see it every week. Sjjjl Perhaps you know LIFE slightly. $fifflgk Perhaps you don't know LIFE at all. Lm. i§«i|L To get acquainted will cost you Only One Dollar, TT^jf^S^^lT Canadian $1.13, Foreign $1.26. Send that amount with ~i*^ iliffSfieS your name and address to Life Publishing Company, 1 7 jgF_sHmllPv^raL, ± West 31st Street, New York, and LIFE will come to you ■=" —^fflPKsi&'in^y ecery weckfor three months. iSSP^Iir The conditions of this SPECIAL OFFER are : \ =~>!*p^'3'¥ &7 It is open only to new subscribers. 73i?<5gjifiK§HEfci^jgH, The subscription must come to us direct: not through an agent or dealer. ->~wieSlS}l&¥inr&^ No subscriptions will be renewed at this rate. stoe -Dollars a Year : For Sale Everywhere : ten Cents a Copy ■• "Che jlrtisU ■■ 'Che ®est Writers The Powell Sanatorium Company originators of the Electro-Dynamic method of Eradicating Diseases of the Heart, Kid neys and Nervous System, the efficiency of which has been demonstrated by many years of Incontestable success, invite atten tion to the fact that they have recently Increased their equipment to such an extent aa to be. able to take care of sixty or more patients during daytime, and that they have provided for overflow, an.l for those who cannot leave their offices during busi ness hours, by establishing a night servi.ie —7:30 to D:3»—every evening except Sun- Statistics show that In the last thirteen years i:,iO2 of our fellow citizens have .II" 1 from the above named diseases—perished for want of knowledge of the fact that a cure was within easy reach. Not wishing to Incur the. risk nf being adversely classed, we have kept our "light under a bushel"; but seeing that by so doing we have saved only a few hundred lives, when we might have saved as many thousands, we appeal from the lower court of TIME-WORN PRECEDENT to the higher tribunal of PUBLIC CONSCIENCE, knowing full well our ability to prove that tho great majority of cases, tiiklng them as they come, of Diabetes, B ight'T Dis ease, Dropsy. St. Vitus Dance, and other chronic diseases of a problematic; character, and a good percentage of cases of Loco motor Ataxla, can be cured by a faithful application of the measures above re ferred to, NUMEROUS EXAMPLES. Exceptional facilities: courteous attend ants; rates very reasonable. Inquirers welcome. Don't hesitate—investigate. The Powell Sanatorium Co. Third Floor Columbia Trust F>ldg.. SI3 W. Third St.. Los Angeles, Calif. prove an Invaluable addition to the history of the United States. Many of them arc works of art, printed In varl-colored inks, still bril- | Hunt, mi parchment brought from Spain, the sheets in ins well bound, several of the volumes having metal In the vaults of the office of the city clerk of San Antonio are numerous records, reports of Spanish officers in command of the garrison of Ban Fer nando, by which name Ban Antonio was known in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and reports of meetings of the city council after San Vntonlo became an American munici pality when the flag of the republic of Texas waved over the rulna of the Vlamo, where Bowie, Travis and Crockett met death in their defense of the city against Santa Ana. In the county clerk's office are papers bear- Ing the original signature of Spanish governors and American officers, like , Bowie and Crockett. When Theodore Roosevelt was here , recruiting his Rough Riders he became Interested in tlif unexplolted Held of Texas history ami promised that some day he would return and Rive the world its first complete history of the Lone Star state. PAPERS THAT CRITICISE TURKEY ARE SUPPRESSED CONSTANTINOPLE, Dec. 26.—The Democratic organ, Hurr-Memliket (free country), has beon suppressed by order of the court martial fitting in virtue of the Stab of Siege. The same fata has befallen a new illustrated comic newspaper entitled "TCshek" (The Assi, although its criticisms of the cabinet, which were inn into the mouth of an elderly donkey arrayed in tho official "stambullne," were marked by a cheerful if somewhat asinine good humor which has at tlmea boon lack ing in tin' criticism! of the organs of tii.' opposition. Tin"l editor of tins "Ksheki which achieved a short-lived popularity, will be proseauted, ami the court martial has given out that all newspapers which bear names that ••are contrary to national sooii man ners" will be Instantly HiipproHscd. INTERESTING ROUTES OF HAyEL fDßWHE#^bs\^%[Tb GO ;s° Whe|i Yo^Wa^j To°^= PACIfi^4:CT^IUNES SANTA CATALIIVA ONLY THREE HOURS FROM BROADWAY YET THERE YOU FEEL SUIT OUT FROM Till: WORLD AM) ITS WORRIES. " BOAT LEAVES SAN PEDRO DAILY— 10:00 A. M. EXTRA BOAT SATURDAY. 6 P. M. ' n a *.t*.TT-VT<-^ S*i/"k T~ZZ^+I~ I'M PACIFIC ELECTRIC i BLDO. BANNING CO., Agents mis-Main uoi. ~ "hotels-restaurants-resorts i Ye Alpine Tavern Situated on Mount T.owe A mile above the sea. American plan. $3 per day. Choice of rooms ir. hotel or cottage. No consumptive or invalids taken. Telephone pLseng.r Dept. Pacific Electric Ry.. or Times Free Information Bureau for furthe. Information. Annex/ TIMT *da "to jronl sotlal lifß by CAFE BRISTOL HI IN] I lIN I ml"c '"" crowd" at tare" Spring and 10c a Button, $1.00 a Rip Dutchess Trousers at I F. B. SILVERWOOD'S Sixth and Broadway j =T! Seven City Stores \ CTiOAK^g^UIT 2r,,000 SHARES of Uiu capital Slock of Mutual Home Bldg. Corporation NOW offered at 11.80 per share. .'O3-208 HIC.I.INS 111 II UIMi. 1 -i9°° r 1^ GATLIN INSTITOTE LOS ANGELES .... SA.I FRANCISCO 11255.gr/Wi6aWL P hone *««ll«(iME* »RDY 1377 oruJrite WEST 7S k MOWEFIO2Z OKWI""- M OWtS43IS A V Ihe "Diamond Shop" For Diamonds and save money. 218 West Third Street ' '>M "i '" r food trunks, fSs£~'^-«»^V!v^S irm-fllnis baica, ■OF"I «»P G.U.Whitney ""''""" ***"*^ —yy Iho oldest •>• t«bli»Ut<i auil inu»t reliable tninU ii.miiifai. turer. Mure and farlory. .':i« South Main. Shoes Half Price and Less Over two hundred big display bargain tables are displaying shoes for man. women and children, on sal* In many Instances tot half price and less. convince yourself anJ com* to th* MAMMOTH SHOE HOUSE, •19 South Druailwa/. 3